RU2593903C1 - Method for cultivating permanently frozen soils of forest tundra - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used to grow fodder crops on permanently frozen soils. Method of development of permanently frozen soils of forest tundra includes selecting flood-free, not marshy flat areas of tundra. In autumn in November and at the beginning of winter in December bushes, small forest and moss cover are removed from frozen soil, while natural protective forest or shrub strips are left intact and directed perpendicular to direction of prevailing winds. Then soil is cultivated with a disk harrow to the depth of 22 cm. After harrowing remaining large roots is collected from surface, transported from the plot or burnt on site. Thereafter, manure or peat-dung compost, organic and mineral fertilizers are introduced into the soil of the prepared plot and crops are planted. Protective forest or shrub strips are located at a distance of not more than 10 times of their height, density of 0.6-0.7 and width of not less than 4-6 m. Soil is cultivated with heavy duty disk harrow BDT-3,0. 80-100 tons of manure or peat compost are used per hectar. Lime is introduced in the amount of 6-8 t/ha, together with 0.4-0.5 t of ammonium nitrate, 0.2-0.25 t of superphosphate and 0.2-0.25 t of potassium chloride per 1 hectare. Fertilizer is embedded in soil with a heavy duty disk harrow BDT-3,0. In first years after cultivation of a plot the following are grown: oats for silage or green fodder or a mixture of oats with peas and vetch. Sowing is terminated before July 1 and soil is rolled with a roller.

EFFECT: method provides increased area of cultivation of permanently frozen soils and reduced length of their cultivation, higher yield of green mass of fodder crops up to 18-22 t/ha.

8 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used for growing feed crops on permafrost soils.

The following methods of soil development are known from the prior art.

So, there is a known method of development of land covered with woody vegetation, which includes chopping wood and its introduction into the soil simultaneously with a nitrogen-containing chemical meliorant. First, dehumidifiers 1.6-1.8 m deep at a distance of 30-40 m from each other are torn off in the area to be developed, then the wood is cut with stacking in rolls, it is crushed into chips 3-12 cm in size, it is evenly distributed on the soil surface, then a liquid fraction of livestock effluents is introduced onto the layer of ground wood in the ratio of 3-5 volumes to the volume of wood located on the surface and in the soil. After 3-5 days, the soil is milled to a depth of 30-40 cm, after which the treated soil layer is composted for 7-10 months. Soil moisture during the composting period is maintained within 55-65% of the total moisture capacity by adjusting the water level in the dehumidifiers within 0.5-1.0 m from the soil surface (AS USSR No. 1604188, published 07.11.1990, )

The closest analogue to the patented solution is the method of land development, which consists in the removal of natural vegetation, followed by fertilizing and tillage (AS USSR No. 1496663, published. 07.30.1989).

The disadvantages of the known methods are the impossibility of their application for permafrost forest-tundra soils, which are known to be highly acidic, which have low fertility, the soil formation process is poorly expressed and microbiological processes are very slow, which does not allow the use of the above methods in the North.

At the same time, the saturation of soils with bases varies within 10-15% of the absorption capacity, this suggests that 80-90% of the absorbing complex is occupied by hydrogen ion, the pH of the salt extract is in the range of 3.5-4.5. The content of aluminum sesquioxides is very high. Microbiological activity in these soils is weakened. Nitrification processes in natural conditions are practically absent, and the fungal decomposition of organic substances predominates. The content of nutrients in the soil is insignificant and clearly insufficient for the normal development of plants. The “permafrost” also has a negative effect on plants.

The technical result of the patented solution is to ensure the development of permafrost soils, increase the development area and reduce the development time of permafrost soils, as well as obtain the yield of green mass of fodder crops on these lands to 18.0-22.0 t / ha.

The claimed technical result is achieved due to the implementation of the method of development of forest-tundra permafrost soils, which consists in the fact that unbogged areas of the plain tundra are selected that are not flooded with flood waters, in the autumn in November and early winter in December, shrubs, light forests and moss cover are removed, leaving natural protective forest or shrubby stripes and orienting them perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds, they further disking the soil to a depth of 22 cm, followed by ronovaniem after harrowing produce charge remaining on the surface of the large roots, hauling them or burning portion in place, after which the prepared area make organic and mineral fertilizers and seeded forage crops.

For development it is recommended to choose unboggy areas of the flat tundra that are not flooded with flood waters.

Due to the lack of heat in the North, preference should be given to areas that have slopes of the southern directions - southeast, south, southwest, when choosing. The soil of these slopes is better warmed up by the sun, which is very important for the normal growth and development of plants.

The best in terms of mechanical composition are sandy loamy light and medium loamy so-called light soils. Such soils accumulate heat better, are easier to process, less compacted from precipitation, do not swim, i.e. do not form crusts on their surface. It is undesirable to develop heavy (cold) loamy soils in the North.

When selecting a site, attention should be paid to the natural vegetation cover, since it characterizes the degree of soil fertility. Under the cover of deciduous forest and a well-developed shrub, the soil has higher natural fertility. Under coniferous forest and in areas with moss-shrubbery, the soil is poorer. On heavy loams, a very thick mossy pillow is usually found; on medium- and light loamy soils, mossy vegetation is much smaller. Sometimes these soils are covered with grasses. On sandy loams, in most cases, moss-lichen and moss-shrubbery vegetation with an admixture of cereal grasses.

Forested and shaded areas require more material and labor costs for their development, but the soil of such areas is more fertile. Areas with a small vegetation cover are easier to develop, but they are poorer and will require further development of a significant amount of fertilizer. Soils are especially poor in nutrients, in which lichens predominate in the vegetation cover.

Left natural protective forest or shrubby stripes, oriented perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds, weaken the strength of the winds, in some cases they moderate the harmful effects of frost, warm the soil and the surface layer of air, promote snow retention and moisture accumulation in the soil, and protect the soil from erosion.

The distance between the strips is determined by the range of influence of the strip on the surrounding space. As a rule, forest or shrub stripes have a positive effect on the microclimate at a distance not exceeding 10 times their height. The best density of the strips is 0.6-0.7. With a high density, much snow lingers around them in winter, the melting period is delayed in spring, and a significant part of the site adjacent to the protective strip becomes unsuitable for sowing. The width of the protective strips should be at least 4-6 meters.

Soil cultivation in the developed areas is preceded by preparatory work. All shrubs, light forests and moss cover are removed from the site with bulldozers. It is better to carry out this work on frozen soil in the fall and at the beginning of winter, when the snow cover is still small.

The experiments performed showed that when vegetation was removed on frozen soil, the yield of green mass of oats was 58% higher than the removal of vegetation on thawed soil in the summer (Table 1).

Uprooting machines are used to clean fields from large trees. For rooting out stumps and cleaning stones, the DP-25 tiller is used, the D-695A tiller-gatherer, the D-608 tiller, the D-513A mounted tiller, the K-1 tillering harrow, the K-15 tiller, the KBP tiller-bulldozer-loader -2 and others.

Soil cultivation is the main agricultural measure that determines the effectiveness of other techniques.

The most reliable tillage tool in the conditions of forest tundra during the development of new lands is the heavy disc harrow BDT-2.2 (BDT-3.0), which loosens the soil quite well, shreds roots and twigs up to 3 cm thick, dwarf shrubs and a mossy pillow. The disc harrow can be processed to a depth of the created arable layer up to 22 cm, without fear of raising the lower fertile layer to the surface. On light soils there is enough cross-processing of 3-4 tracks, on heavy soils the number of tracks increases to 6-8 times.

In favor of disking, the data on the yield of green mass of oats obtained in our experiments speak. On soddy meadow soil, with conventional dump plowing, the yield of green oats for an average of 3 years was 16.1 t / ha, and with non-plow plowing and disking, respectively, 17.2 and 18.8 t / ha (Table 2).

In the development of forest-tundra soils, it is necessary first of all to increase their fertility, improve physical, physicochemical, thermal properties, and activate microbiological activity. Only through the integrated use of fertilizers and perfect agricultural technology can we achieve cultivation of infertile soils.

The soils of the forest-tundra woodlands are strongly acidic (hydrolytic acidity can reach up to 15-20 mEq. Per 100 g of soil), and they need to be calcified. The experiments showed that the efficiency of organic and mineral fertilizers in the calcareous background increases by 1.5-2 times.

Forest-tundra permafrost soils need higher doses of organic and mineral fertilizers. From organic fertilizers make manure or peat-manure compost. According to our data, the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers has a high efficiency on the yield of green mass of oats. To get 150-200 t / ha of green oat mass in the first year of development, you need to add lime 6-8 t / ha and at least 80-100 t / ha of manure or peat-dung compost, 4-5 t of ammonium nitrate, 2 each , 0-2.5 c of superphosphate and potassium chloride. In subsequent years, doses of organic fertilizers can be limited to 50-60 t / ha, and mineral fertilizers are applied annually in the same doses. Further cultivation of the soil is carried out by applying organic fertilizers after 2-3 years with the obligatory annual introduction of full mineral fertilizer (NPK).

Pure peat without the addition of manure or mineral fertilizers is not recommended. The use of peat in the form of peat-lime compost is effective.

Fertilizers and lime are embedded in the soil with the BDT-3.0 heavy disc harrow.

After cultivating the soil and applying appropriate fertilizers, you can begin to grow the first crops. In the early years, it is better to grow oats for silage or green fodder on new lands. The most effective mixture of oats with peas and vetch. However, on soils with high acidity and with a close occurrence of permafrost, oats for feed are recommended to be sown in pure form. The optimal seeding rate of oats is 2.5-3 kg / ha. When sowing a mixture of oats with peas, 1.0-2.0 c / ha of oats, 1.5-1.6 c / ha of peas are sown. 1-1.1 c / ha of oats and 1.3-1.5 c / ha of wikis are sown in the oat-oat mixture. Seeding depth - 3-4 cm.

Oats sowing with the SZP-3.6 and SZ-3.6 seeders should be completed no later than July 1. Be sure to roll up the roller ZKKSh-6 after sowing.

The recommended method for the development of permafrost soils allows to obtain up to 150-180 kg / ha of green oats in the first year of development, and up to 250 kg / ha on old arable, well-cultivated soils.

Claims (8)

1. The method of developing forest-tundra permafrost soils, consisting in the fact that they choose unboggy areas of the flat tundra that are not flooded with flood waters, in the autumn (November) and in the beginning of winter (December), shrubs, light forests and moss cover are removed from the frozen soil, leaving natural protective forest or shrubbery stripes and orienting them perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds, further disking the soil to a depth of 22 cm, after harrowing, they collect the large roots remaining on the surface, remove them x a portion or incineration in place, after which the prepared area of manure or dung-peat compost and organic fertilizers and inoculated cultures. 2. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that protective forest or shrubby strips are left at a distance not exceeding 10 times their height, density 0.6-0.7 and width not less than 4-6 meters. 3. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that the tillage is carried out with a heavy disk harrow BDT-3.0. 4. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that 80-100 t / ha of manure or peat compost is introduced into the soil. 5. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that lime is applied to the soil at a rate of 6-8 t / ha and against this background 0.4-0.5 tons of ammonium nitrate, 0.2-0.25 tons of superphosphate and 0.2-0.25 tons of potassium chloride per 1 ha. 6. The method according to p. 4, which consists in the fact that fertilizers are embedded in the soil with a heavy disc harrow BDT-3.0. 7. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that in the first years after development, crops are grown as oats for silage or green food or a mixture of oats with peas and vetch. 8. The method according to p. 7, which consists in the fact that the sowing is completed before July 1 and rolled in a roller.