RU2590895C2 - Method and system for control of concentration of oxygen and hydrogen in reactor and nuclear reactor plant - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: nuclear engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to control over concentration of oxygen and hydrogen in reactor plant (RP) coolant. RP comprises reactor, coolant arranged in reactor, gas system, mass exchange apparatus, disperser and sensor of oxygen concentration in coolant. Method involves following steps: oxygen concentration is evaluated; oxygen concentration is compared with upper and lower permissible values; if oxygen concentration exceeds upper permissible value, checking whether mass exchanger is activated, and it is deactivated, and from gas system into reactor gas containing hydrogen is fed, and/or disperser is activated; if concentration of oxygen in coolant is lower than allowable value, checking whether disperser is disabled, and disperser is deactivated or supply of gas containing hydrogen is terminated, and mass exchanger is activated.

EFFECT: prevention of hydrogen and oxygen combined feed into coolant, increased safety and service life of reactor plant.

11 cl, 6 dwg

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of nuclear energy and nuclear reactor installations, in particular, to nuclear reactor installations with liquid metal coolants. At the same time, the present invention can also be applied in various types of non-nuclear reactor plants.

State of the art

One of the main problems of nuclear reactor installations with liquid metal coolants is the corrosion of structural materials from which the reactor is made. To prevent corrosion, the method of forming protective oxide coatings can be applied, the integrity of which depends on the corrosion resistance of the materials of which the reactor is made, for example, steel.

Note that this problem can also occur both in nuclear reactor facilities with non-liquid metal coolants and in non-nuclear reactor facilities. Although the present invention has been described with respect to liquid metal reactor nuclear reactors, it can also be used in both non-liquid metal reactor nuclear reactors and non-nuclear reactor reactors.

Oxygen can be used to form oxide films. In the patent RU 2246561 (published February 20, 2005), a method and apparatus for dissolving coolant oxides in the form of granules in a coolant are disclosed, which provides an increase in the oxygen concentration in the coolant. Due to the fact that iron, chromium and other components of structural materials have a greater chemical affinity for oxygen than coolant components, such as lead and / or bismuth, oxygen introduced into the liquid metal coolant in the form of oxides of coolant components will oxidize the components of structural materials and when appropriate oxygen concentration to form protective oxide films on the surface of the walls of the reactor. To ensure this effect, the oxygen concentration in the coolant should be maintained within appropriate limits, depending on the design of the reactor and the structural materials used in it, as well as on the type and composition of the coolant.

In the event that the oxygen concentration in the coolant is excessively high, oxygen corrosion of structural materials can begin, which leads to a decrease in the life of the reactor, the risk of leakage of the coolant, increased accumulation of solid phase deposits in the coolant, etc. To reduce the excessively high oxygen concentration in the coolant, which could result, for example, from depressurization of the reactor and the penetration of atmospheric air into it, or to carry out routine work during which an excessive increase in the oxygen concentration in the coolant was allowed, or it is possible to use hydrogen gas to clean the coolant introduced into the coolant. A similar solution and device for its implementation are presented in patent RU 2247435 (published on 02.27.2005).

When hydrogen is introduced into the coolant, the oxygen concentration decreases due to the interaction of oxygen with hydrogen and the formation of water vapor. In the event that the oxygen concentration in the coolant takes an excessively low value, and this can occur both due to the excessive amount of hydrogen introduced into the coolant and the diffusion of the components of the structural materials in the coolant and their interaction with the oxygen dissolved in the coolant, the protective oxide can dissolve coatings, which will sharply increase the corrosion of structural materials of the reactor by coolant components. To prevent corrosion and increase oxygen concentration, the above method and device according to the patent RU 2246561 can again be used.

Thus, in order to properly control the oxygen concentration, it is sufficient to use two methods, in particular, increase the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and increase the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant, at which the oxygen concentration in the coolant decreases. However, the device that implements these methods, known from the prior art, is characterized by the problem of the possibility of joint implementation of these methods, which leads to the impossibility of changing the oxygen concentration in such a joint mode of implementation of the methods, and therefore to the risk of corrosion of structural materials of the reactor, as well as to useless and unjustified consumption of stocks of oxides of coolant components designed to increase the concentration of oxygen in the coolant. The volume of oxide components of the coolant inside the reactor (in the coolant) is limited, and its replenishment is associated with a decrease in the safety of the reactor due to the need for its depressurization, as well as with the decommissioning of the reactor. Thus, the disadvantages of the prior art lead to a decrease in the safety and life of the reactor plants.

Disclosure of invention

The present invention is the provision of a method and device for controlling the concentration of hydrogen and / or oxygen in a reactor installation, in particular, in the coolant of a nuclear reactor installation, without the disadvantages inherent in the prior art. In particular, the object of the present invention is to prevent the useless and unjustified consumption of oxides of coolant components intended to increase the oxygen concentration in the coolant. In this regard, the invention is faced with the task of preventing the supply of hydrogen to the coolant during the saturation of the coolant with oxygen, as well as preventing saturation of the coolant with oxygen when hydrogen is introduced into the coolant.

The objective of the present invention is solved by a method for controlling the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant of a reactor installation, comprising a reactor, a coolant located in the reactor, a gas system having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a mass transfer apparatus installed in the coolant, containing solid-phase oxides of the coolant (or its components) and configured to allow the coolant to flow through it, a device for introducing gas into the coolant (for example, a dispersant), partially installed in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, and an oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant.

The specified method contains the following steps: evaluate the oxygen concentration in the coolant based on data from the oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant; compare the assessment of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with the upper and lower acceptable values; in the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is greater than the upper permissible value, check whether the mass transfer apparatus is activated and / or deactivate it and / or signal that it needs to be deactivated, and a gas containing gas from the gas system to the reactor near the coolant is supplied hydrogen and / or activate a device for introducing gas into the coolant; if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value, check whether the gas inlet to the coolant is deactivated and / or if the supply of gas containing hydrogen is stopped in the volume near the coolant and / or the gas inlet to the coolant is deactivated and / or stop supplying a gas containing hydrogen to the volume near the coolant, and / or signal that it is necessary to deactivate the device for introducing gas into the coolant and / or stop supplying gas to the volume near the coolant, containing carrying hydrogen, and / or supplying a volume of hydrogen-free gas into the volume near the heat carrier, and the mass transfer apparatus is activated.

In addition to stopping the supply of a gas containing hydrogen to the volume near the coolant from the gas system, a hydrogen-free gas may be supplied to the volume near the coolant from the gas system in some embodiments.

In the event that after the supply of the gas containing hydrogen and / or the activation of the gas inlet to the coolant, the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or lower than the upper allowable value, it is possible to deactivate the gas inlet to the coolant and / or stop supplying about coolant from the gas system of a gas containing hydrogen. In addition to stopping the supply of a gas containing hydrogen to the volume near the coolant from the gas system, a hydrogen-free gas may in some cases be supplied to the volume near the coolant from the gas system.

In the event that, after activation of the mass transfer apparatus, the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower permissible value, then the mass transfer apparatus may be deactivated.

A solution to the problem of the present invention is also directed to a system for controlling the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant of a reactor installation, comprising a reactor, a coolant located in the reactor, a gas system having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a mass transfer apparatus installed in the coolant containing solid-phase oxides of the coolant (or its components) and configured to allow the coolant to flow through it, a device for introducing gas into the coolant (e.g. rgator), installed partially in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, and an oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant.

The control system contains: a module for estimating the oxygen concentration in the coolant, configured to receive data from a sensor of oxygen concentration in the coolant, evaluating, based on the received data, the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and transmitting an estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant to a module for comparing the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant with a valid value ; a module for comparing an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with an acceptable value, configured to obtain an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant from a module for assessing the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and comparing it with upper and lower acceptable values; a mass transfer apparatus control module configured to activate the mass transfer apparatus if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and if the gas inlet device to the coolant and / or into the volume near the coolant is deactivated does not supply gas containing hydrogen; and a control module for the gas system and / or the device for introducing gas into the coolant, configured to provide the supply of gas containing hydrogen from the gas system to the volume near the coolant and / or activating the device for introducing gas into the coolant if the oxygen concentration in the coolant is estimated above the upper permissible value and if the mass transfer apparatus is deactivated.

The control system in some embodiments, the implementation may include a warning signal generating module configured to generate a warning signal about the need to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is above the upper acceptable value and the mass transfer apparatus is in an activated state, and / or with the possibility of generating warning signal about the need to deactivate the device for introducing gas into the coolant and / or stopping the flow the volume of the hydrogen-containing gas near the coolant and / or the supply of the hydrogen-free gas to the coolant if the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and the gas inlet to the coolant is activated and a gas containing hydrogen is supplied into the volume near the coolant .

In some embodiments, the control module of the mass transfer apparatus can be configured to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower and / or upper allowable value, and / or if from the gas control module The system and / or device for introducing gas into the coolant received a signal about the need to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus.

The control module of the gas system and / or the device for introducing gas into the coolant in some embodiments may be configured to deactivate the device for introducing gas into the coolant and / or stop supplying hydrogen containing gas to the volume from the gas system, if the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or lower than the upper and / or lower permissible values, and / or if a signal is received from the control module of the mass transfer apparatus about the need for activating gas input devices to the coolant and / or stop the flow of coolant in the volume of gas around the gas system. In addition, the control module of the gas system and / or the device for introducing gas into the coolant can be configured to supply hydrogen-free gas to the volume of the coolant from the gas system.

A nuclear reactor installation is also directed to solving the problem of the present invention, having in its composition: a reactor, a coolant located in a reactor, a gas system having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a mass transfer apparatus installed in the coolant containing solid-phase coolant oxides (or its components) and configured to allow the coolant to flow through it, a device for introducing gas into the coolant (for example, a dispersant), partially installed in the coolant and partially in the volume o the amount of coolant and configured to supply gas from a volume near the coolant to the coolant, an oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant. In accordance with the invention, the reactor installation is configured to control the hydrogen concentration in the coolant in accordance with the method according to any of the above options and / or using the system according to any of the above options.

Thanks to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method and apparatus for controlling the concentration of hydrogen and / or oxygen in a reactor installation, in particular in a coolant of a nuclear reactor installation, without the disadvantages inherent in the prior art. A technical result is achieved, such as preventing useless and unjustified consumption of oxides of coolant components intended to increase the oxygen concentration in the coolant. In particular, it provides technical results such as preventing the supply of hydrogen to the coolant during the saturation of the coolant with oxygen, as well as preventing saturation of the coolant with oxygen when hydrogen is introduced into the coolant. In addition, safe switching is provided between the modes of controlling the composition and concentration of impurities, such as hydrogen and oxygen, in the coolant. This improves the safety, reliability and life of the reactor installation.

Brief Description of the Drawings

In FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a reactor installation in accordance with the present invention.

In FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a mass transfer apparatus.

In FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a dispersant.

In FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of an oxygen concentration sensor in a coolant.

In FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a method for controlling the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen in a coolant in accordance with the present invention.

In FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of a device for controlling the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen in a coolant in accordance with the present invention.

The implementation of the invention

The present invention is applicable to a reactor installation (for example, a nuclear reactor installation) having in its composition, as shown in one example in a schematic view in FIG. 1, reactor 101, coolant 104, gas system 108, mass transfer apparatus 114, dispersant 112 with power and control terminal 113, and oxygen concentration sensor 110 in coolant 104 with terminal 111.

The reactor 101 is a tank, the walls 102 of which are made of structural materials having sufficient mechanical, thermal, radiation and other types of resistances necessary for the safe operation of the reactor installation, for example, such as steel. The safety of reactor installations is of particular importance in view of the fact that in the reactor 101 in the core 103 there are radioactive materials that release energy during radioactive fission. At least a portion of this energy in the form of heat is transferred to the coolant 104, which is in the reactor and in contact with the core (that is, the radioactive materials are mainly located in the coolant), and then transferred to the heat exchanger 107, in which thermal energy is transferred to other materials ( e.g. water, steam or other heat-intensive materials), at some distance from the source of radiation. The heat exchanger may be, in some embodiments, a steam generator designed to produce steam, which can then be used to heat other media or to drive turbines. Further, after the heat exchanger 107 in the communications outside the reactor, the thermal energy is transferred without the risk of radiation contamination, which, therefore, is concentrated within the reactor. In this regard, in view of the severe, undesirable and long-term consequences of radioactive contamination of the surrounding territories, special importance is attached to the strength and safety of the operation of the reactor. To ensure a long and efficient process of heat transfer from the core 103 to the heat exchanger 107 in the reactor, the coolant is preferably circulated in the reactor 101 in a loop surrounding the core and the heat exchanger. Pumps may be used to provide circulation (not shown in FIG. 1).

One of the important factors in maintaining the strength of the reactor 101 over time is the prevention or weakening to the acceptable level of corrosion of structural materials from which its walls 102 and reinforcing, fastening, strength, and other elements of the reactor 101 are made. This factor should be taken into account if as the heat transfer medium 104, the heat transfer medium is used from liquid metals such as sodium, lithium, lead, bismuth, and the like. Heavy metals (lead, bismuth) have an advantage over light because of their increased safety, in particular, according to the criterion of reduced fire hazard.

In addition, heat transfer fluids made using heavy metals also have the advantage of the stability of their properties when water enters them. Naturally, the physicochemical properties of such a coolant will change when water enters it, however, such changes will be insignificant and will allow further operation to continue. This can be useful to increase the safety of the reactor installation due to possible accidents or leaks of equipment in which water is in or flowing in liquid form or in the form of steam - for example, equipment such as heat exchangers or steam generators. Even if the heat exchanger or the steam generator has a malfunction in the form of a leak, the reactor installation can be operated further until the time comes when it is convenient to repair or replace the malfunctioning (leaking) equipment, since the coolant using heavy metals allows this mode of operation due to an insignificant ( uncritical) dependence of their physico-chemical properties on the introduction of water in liquid or vapor form.

To reduce the corrosive effect on the structural materials of the reactor, it is considered promising to create oxide films at the boundary of the coolant and the structural material, for example, by supplying oxygen or oxygen-containing materials to the coolant, which can be transferred by the coolant to the walls of the reactor, where oxygen can enter into a chemical compound with the structural material (which can be, for example, steel) and form an oxide in the form of an oxide film on the surface of a structural material rial. An additional advantage of using such corrosion protection is a decrease in the heat exchange intensity between the coolant and the walls of the reactor due to the reduced thermal conductivity of the oxides. The introduction of oxygen (in particular, oxygen-containing compounds) in the coolant and increase its concentration can be achieved using mass transfer apparatus 114 installed in the coolant 104.

The mass transfer apparatus may be a container in which the solid-phase oxides of the coolant are located. For example, in the case where the heat carrier consists of lead and / or bismuth, the mass transfer apparatus may contain solid-phase oxides of lead and / or bismuth, for example, in the form of granules. These solid-phase oxides can dissolve in the coolant and due to the fact that they are oxides of the coolant components, the effect will be to some extent similar to the penetration of oxygen from the gas medium and the oxidation of these components, however, in this case it is possible to control the intensity of this process. In order for the solid-phase oxides of the coolant components to dissolve in the coolant, it is necessary that the coolant flows through the mass transfer apparatus. To ensure this, the mass transfer apparatus housing, in which the oxides of the coolant components are contained, for example, in granular form, has openings through which the coolant flows.

The efficiency (speed) of the dissolution of solid-phase oxides of the components of the coolant in the coolant depends, in particular, on the speed of flow of the coolant through the mass transfer apparatus. To control the flow rate of the coolant through the mass transfer apparatus in it or in that part of the reactor vessel in which the mass transfer apparatus is located, for example, a pump can be provided that can pump the coolant at different speeds, and the operation of this pump can be controlled externally (remotely). The flow rate of the coolant through the mass transfer apparatus can be controlled by a heater, which heats the coolant and due to this, convection is carried out. The operation of the heater can be controlled externally (remotely). The use of the heater has an advantage over the pump because the heater does not have moving elements, which is especially important for increasing the life of the mass transfer apparatus and the safety of the reactor as a whole due to the operation of the mass transfer apparatus (and hence the heater or pump) in a hot coolant with high radiation activity.

The efficiency (speed) of the dissolution of solid-phase oxides of the coolant components in the coolant also depends, in particular, on the volume and surface area of the solid-phase oxides of the coolant components with which the coolant contacts, and the volume of the container in which these oxides are located (for example, in the form of granules) and through which flows the coolant can be controlled by valves or valves that can be controlled remotely, for example, by means of an electric drive.

In addition, the efficiency (speed) of the dissolution of solid-phase components of the coolant in the coolant also depends, in particular, on the temperature of the interacting coolant and / or solid-phase components of the coolant. Their temperature can also be controlled, for example, using a heater, the operation of which can be controlled from outside the reactor (remotely).

Thus, there are many different ways to control the efficiency (speed) of the dissolution of solid-phase components of the coolant in the coolant, some of which are described above. In the present invention, all of these methods are collectively described as "activation" ("activate") of the mass transfer apparatus, since there is an increased dissolution of the solid-phase components of the coolant in the coolant. In the "inactive" ("deactivated") state, that is, for example, when the pump or heater, increasing the flow of coolant through the mass transfer apparatus, is turned off, or when, for example, the valves or valves are moved to such a position that the coolant is washed with a minimum amount of solid-phase components or does not wash them at all, or when a heater designed to increase the temperature of the coolant and / or solid-phase components of the coolant in order to increase the efficiency of their interaction, from it is key (examples are given in accordance with the above methods of increasing the efficiency (speed) of dissolution of solid-phase components of a coolant in a coolant; when using other methods, an inactive or deactivated state is determined by the corresponding minimum efficiency (speed) of dissolving solid-phase components of a coolant in a coolant), dissolution efficiency (speed) solid-phase components of the coolant in the coolant can be minimal or equal to zero (in the general case moreover, it may have some significance due to the fact that the coolant can pass through the mass transfer apparatus due to the general circulation in the reactor (and not due to the induction of the flow by the additional methods described above), and the current interaction temperature may provide some dissolution by itself (and not account, for example, additional heating)).

Therefore, when the term “activate” the mass transfer apparatus is used, this means that means are included that provide an increase in the efficiency (speed) of dissolution of the solid-phase components of the coolant in the coolant. In the opposite case, when the term “deactivate” the mass transfer apparatus is used, this means that the means that provide an increase in the efficiency (speed) of dissolution of the solid-phase components of the coolant in the coolant are switched on or transferred to a position at which the indicated efficiency (speed) has the lowest possible value .

Activation / deactivation may provide two or more equipment activity states. Under two conditions, when the mass transfer apparatus can have minimal (or zero) activity and maximum activity, the regulation of the oxygen entering the coolant can be controlled by the time during which the mass transfer apparatus is in the state of maximum activity. With a larger number of possible preset states of activity of the mass transfer apparatus, the rate of oxygen supply to the coolant can also be controlled (i.e., the volume of soluble solid-phase components of the coolant in the coolant per unit time). In the extreme case, it is possible to provide not discrete, but analog, continuous in magnitude, regulation of the activity of the mass transfer apparatus, which further increases the ability to control the rate (efficiency) of dissolution of solid-phase components of the coolant in the coolant, which further increases the accuracy of regulation.

In FIG. 2 shows one of the possible embodiments of the mass transfer apparatus. The mass transfer apparatus includes a container formed by the body 201, bounded by a bottom 202 and a cover 203. The tank contains a flow reaction chamber 210 located inside the container below the level of the coolant and bounded above by a perforated grating 204. The bounding lattice 204 is designed to hold a solid-phase granular oxidizing agent 206 from ascent by buoyancy. Through the bounding lattice 204 and the holes 207 in the wall of the housing 201, located in the upper part of the wall of the housing 201 above the bounding lattice 204, the oxygen-enriched heat carrier exits the mass transfer apparatus and mixes with the heat carrier of the main circuit of the installation.

The solid-state oxidizing agent 206 (in the particular embodiment, solid-phase oxides of the coolant components), placed under the lattice 204, dissolves when interacting with the coolant, enriching the coolant with oxygen. The heater 205, located in the reaction chamber 210 and passing through the perforated grate 204, is designed to heat the coolant in the reaction chamber 210. The inlet openings 208 are located in the wall of the housing 201 at the level of the lower end of the electric heater 205 so that the coolant moves in mainly through a layer of solid-phase oxidation means located in the reaction chamber 210 in the gap between the housing 201 and the electric heater 205. Outlets 207, inlets 208 and The perforations in the lattice 204 are preferably made in the form of narrow slits with a size smaller than granules of a solid-state oxidation agent.

In the operating position, the mass transfer apparatus is immersed in the coolant so that the outlet openings 207 are in the coolant. The mass transfer apparatus is placed in the reactor so that a coolant flow is provided through the installation site. If the height of the coolant layer is insufficient to immerse the body of the mass transfer apparatus into it, the installation site is equipped with a pocket into which the body of the mass transfer apparatus is recessed. The flow of the coolant through the pocket can be achieved due to the convective flow of the liquid metal coolant through the reaction chamber during operation of the electric heater 205.

The mass transfer apparatus shown in FIG. 2, works as follows. When the electric heater 205 is turned on due to natural convection, a coolant flow rate is generated through the granular solid-phase oxidizing agent 206, which is located in the flow-through reaction chamber 210 in the gap between the housing 201 and the electric heater 205. The coolant 104 (preferably liquid metal) from the surrounding volume enters the mass transfer apparatus through the inlet holes 208 and moves from bottom to top (shown by arrows) through granular solid-phase oxidation agent 206, placed in the reaction chamber at least 210. Granules of a solid-phase oxidation agent, when interacting with a heat carrier, dissolve in it, enriching the heat carrier with oxygen. The oxygen-rich coolant exits the mass transfer apparatus through the outlet openings 207 and mixes with the coolant of the reactor main circuit. The value of productivity, that is, the amount of oxygen coming from the mass transfer apparatus per unit time, is controlled by changing the power of the electric heater. At elevated temperatures, the dissolution of the solid-state oxidation agent increases. Since the density of the solid-phase oxidizing agent (e.g., lead oxide) is lower than the density of the heat-transfer agent (e.g., lead or lead-bismuth), the solid-phase oxides of the heat-transfer components tend to be upward and held in the heat-carrier body by a grating 204, which allows the heat-carrier flow to pass through it.

In the upper part of the heating element 205, wires 115 are led out by means of which electric voltage is supplied to the heating element 205. Due to the fact that it is sufficient to heat the heat transfer medium with the heater 205 to activate the mass transfer apparatus, then to ensure the operability of the mass transfer apparatus 114 in FIG. 1, it is enough to pass only wires (cable 115) through the reactor casing 102, through which electric current will flow, providing heating of the heating element 205 of the mass transfer apparatus and, thereby, its activation. This ensures safe remote control of the mass transfer apparatus (and hence the regulation of oxygen concentration in the coolant), since such a device minimizes the number and size of holes in the reactor vessel and eliminates the need for penetration into the reactor vessel or depressurization of the reactor to control the oxygen concentration in the coolant, as a result which ensures a high degree of tightness and strength of the reactor vessel, which positively affects the term and without hazards of operation of the reactor installation.

The mass transfer apparatus provides the ability to control the oxygen concentration in the coolant, however, it has the disadvantage that the supply of consumables — solid-phase oxides of the coolant components — is limited. Several mass transfer apparatuses of increased capacity can be installed in the reactor, but there may be a restriction in the volume of the reactor and the space required for other equipment of the reactor installation. Replenishment or updating of supplies is associated with a decrease in reactor safety due to the need for its depressurization, as well as decommissioning of the reactor, which leads to a decrease in the safety and life of the reactor plants. In this regard, it is desirable that solid-phase oxides of the components of the coolant are wasted only at the time when it is necessary, and not spent unnecessarily and unjustifiably.

Useless and unjustified consumption of solid-phase oxides of the coolant components can occur if the mass transfer apparatus is in the active state at the same time and when hydrogen gas is introduced into the coolant designed to reduce the excessively high oxygen concentration in the coolant, which could lead, for example, to depressurization of the reactor and penetration into it atmospheric air or routine maintenance during which an excessive increase in acid concentration was allowed ode in the coolant, or the coolant for cleaning. The decrease in the increased oxygen concentration in the coolant is of high importance due to the fact that too high an oxygen concentration entails the risk of oxygen corrosion of the walls of the reactor.

Hydrogen can be introduced into the coolant in several ways. To implement one of them, the reactor installation comprises a gas system 108 having an outlet into the reactor 101 into a volume 106 near the heat carrier 104 (in the preferred embodiment shown in Fig. 1 above the heat carrier). The coolant 104 occupies only part of the reactor capacity to reduce the risk of depressurization of the reactor due to thermal expansion of the coolant during heating. The upper part 106 of the reactor vessel, located above the surface 105 ("level") of the coolant 104, is filled with a gas representing an inert gas (He, Ne, Ar) or a mixture of inert gases to prevent corrosion and undesirable chemical reactions. To supply gas to the volume above the coolant or near the coolant, which in other embodiments may be a separate volume from the tank in which the coolant is located, and a gas system 108 is provided.

The gas system 108 comprises pipelines (pipes), shutoff valves 109 (valves, valves, etc.), filters, pumps, and other equipment commonly used in gas systems and known in the art. The gas system is connected to sources of inert gases and hydrogen and can mix them. Thus, the gas system can supply not only an inert gas or a mixture of inert gases. To ensure corrosion resistance, a gas containing hydrogen can be supplied to the reactor near the coolant - for example, a gas mixture of inert gas with hydrogen (pure hydrogen can create the risk of an excessively fast and uncontrolled decrease in the oxygen concentration in the coolant and destruction of oxide films, which leads to corrosion). The gas mixture may contain a fraction of hydrogen, for example, from 1/3 to 1/5 (or less) of its volume - in this ratio there is a sufficient activity of hydrogen contained in the gas, without unnecessary risks of a sharp decrease in the oxygen concentration in the coolant and the onset of corrosion of structural materials.

In particular, inert gases and hydrogen can be supplied to pipelines or mixing tanks of the gas system from tanks in which the gases are compressed under pressure due to the regulation of valves (for example, valves, valves using electric or hydraulic actuators), or due to motive pumps pumping these gases from the containers in which they are stored to the required mixing tanks or pipelines, under the corresponding conditions of the shutoff valves on the connecting pipes / pipes rovodah. These gases or their mixtures can be fed into the reactor in a volume near the coolant by means of pipelines from containers in which gases are stored, or from mixing tanks due to appropriate control of shutoff valves (e.g. valves, valves) and / or pumps (if the pumps are not activated, then gas can be supplied due to the increased pressure under which they are located in the respective containers).

In the case where a gas containing hydrogen is supplied to the reactor volume near the coolant, hydrogen can diffuse into the coolant, bind with oxygen or reduce the oxides of the constituent coolant, for example, bismuth or lead. Hydrogen partially diffused into the coolant due to convection or circulation of the coolant in the reactor can be carried deep into the reactor, where it can also bind with oxygen or reduce the oxides of the constituent coolant. The resulting water molecules can evaporate from the surface of the coolant into the volume above it. In order to prevent the destructive effect of hydrogen on the protective oxide films on the surface of the walls of the reactor, water vapor (for example, using a humidifier) can be added to the gas containing oxygen, which, when it enters the coolant, will create oxygen protecting oxide films in addition to hydrogen from interaction with hydrogen.

The described method of passive saturation of the coolant with hydrogen to reduce excessive oxygen concentration and thereby prevent corrosion can be used, for example, in stationary conditions, when the required rate of decrease in oxygen concentration is low and hydrogen entering through the surface of the coolant from the volume near the coolant is sufficient for this (the implementation of such a method of controlling the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen in the coolant can be taken into account by the regulatory system of the reactor installation). However, this method has such disadvantages as inertia and low process control due to the low efficiency of the passive penetration of hydrogen from the gas into the liquid coolant. Thus, the introduction of hydrogen into the coolant due to diffusion through the surface of the coolant is not very accurate, slow and uncontrollable. At the same time, in some cases, for example, when carrying out hydrogen purification of the coolant from solid-phase oxides of structural materials or when the concentration of oxygen in the coolant is excessively high, which creates the risk of oxygen corrosion, a controlled and faster way to increase the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant is required.

To provide such a method of increasing the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant with the indicated properties, gas is introduced into the coolant from the volume above the coolant. To introduce gas into the coolant in the reactor, an input device to the coolant is provided, installed partly in the coolant and partly in the volume above the coolant. The device provides the ability to supply gas from the volume above the coolant to the coolant due to the fact that it has openings interconnected by a channel and located one in the volume above the coolant and the other in the coolant. In one embodiment, this may be a tube having a channel inside that connects the holes at the ends of the tube, one end of which is above the coolant and the other in the coolant. In another embodiment, such a tube may be equipped with a pump that injects gas from a volume above the coolant into the tube and, thus, into the coolant. The device for introducing gas into the coolant can be made in the form of a dispersant, the device and the principle of operation of which is described below, or by a combination of these or other devices (as well as another device) that provide the possibility of introducing gas into the coolant.

Gas can be introduced into the coolant, for example, in two ways. First, in order for the gas to enter the coolant, an increase in pressure can be created in the volume above the coolant compared to the pressure inside the coolant (for example, if the gas in the volume above the coolant does not press on the entire surface of the coolant, and / or if the coolant can flow into the volume in which there is no increased pressure created by the gas in the volume above the coolant), which can lead to the forced penetration of gas into the coolant with lower internal pressure through the device GUSTs gas inlet to the coolant. The pressure value can be determined by pressure sensors in this volume or by a gas system pipe connected to it, or by the amount of gas pumped into this volume, which can be determined using flowmeters. The disadvantage of this method is the tendency of the device for introducing gas into the coolant to clog the outlet (s) located in the coolant due to the formation of films and solid-phase particles or due to the penetration of solid-phase impurities, dust from the gas above the coolant into the device for introducing gas into the coolant. In order for the outlet (s) of the gas inlet to the coolant not to become clogged, it is advantageously made on the moving elements of the gas inlet to the coolant installed in the coolant, for example, at the lower end of the rotating element of the gas inlet to the coolant.

Secondly, the introduction of gas into the coolant can be achieved by creating a local low pressure zone in the coolant, for example, near the device for introducing gas into the coolant (gas entrainment by the coolant). For example, this can be done using the elements of the device for introducing gas into the coolant rotating or moving in the coolant. In one of the options, this can be, inter alia, disks in the lower part of the dispersant, which can have blades and during rotation create a region of reduced pressure in the coolant due to centrifugal forces. The use of a dispersant has several advantages in comparison with the use of a passive device for introducing gas into the coolant (i.e., a device providing gas injection only at an increased gas pressure in the volume above the coolant) or another active device. Further, the present invention is described with respect to a dispersant, however, it can be replaced by the general term "device for introducing gas into the coolant" and vice versa.

In accordance with the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1, a dispersant 112 is installed in the reactor 101, which also provides a controlled method for increasing the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant 104 by introducing a gas, which may contain hydrogen, from the volume 106 above the surface 105 of the coolant 104 into the coolant 104. For this, the dispersant 112 is partially installed in the coolant 104 and partially in the volume near the coolant 104. Gas containing hydrogen can be introduced into the coolant directly from the pipeline of the gas system, however, in this case, the specified pipeline should be omitted in eplonositel, which can lead to fouling and clogging of the pipeline and, thereby, reduce safety and life of the reactor plant.

In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the dispersant 112 is installed vertically, since in this case it is possible to use the volume 106 above the coolant 104 as a volume near the coolant (in this connection, additional measures to organize a separate volume for gas are not required), and the dispersant 112 is in a position that prolongs its period operation, since the coolant and the solid-phase oxides present in it do not penetrate into the dispersant (which would require their upward movement) and do not lead to clogging of the dispersant, which extends its life. Since the dispersant has the ability to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant, the gas trapped through the hole in the upper part of the dispersant, which is in the particular case in the volume above the coolant, passes through the channel in the dispersant (for example, in the shaft) from top to bottom and is discharged from the bottom of the dispersant located in the coolant (for other types of dispersant location, the direction names change accordingly).

In order for the gas to enter the coolant, an increased pressure can be created in the volume near the coolant, which would lead to the forced penetration of gas into the coolant, which has lower internal pressure, through the dispersant. The pressure value can be determined by pressure sensors in this volume or by a gas system pipe connected to it, or by the amount of gas pumped into this volume, which can be determined using flowmeters. In order to prevent the outlet (s) of the dispersant from becoming clogged, they are preferably made on the moving elements of the dispersant installed in the coolant, for example, at the lower end of the rotating dispersant.

In addition to creating increased gas pressure in the volume near the coolant, the introduction of gas into the coolant can be achieved by creating a local low pressure zone in the coolant, for example, near a dispersant (gas entrainment by the coolant). For example, this can be done with the help of disks in the lower part of the dispersant, which can have blades and during rotation create a region of low pressure in the coolant due to centrifugal forces. The gas passing from the volume above the coolant through the longitudinal channel into the lower holes near the disks rushes into the indicated region of reduced pressure. Due to the velocity gradient of the coolant near the dispersant, in particular, disks, that is, the situation when the coolant near the dispersant moves faster than away from it, the gas entering the coolant in the form of bubbles is split into smaller bubbles, thereby forming a finely dispersed two-component suspension heat carrier gas. In the case when the gas contains hydrogen, conditions are formed for an effective increase in the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant. Due to the fact that the dispersant has moving (rotating) elements, it is possible to move (wash) the coolant near the surfaces of the dispersant, due to which solid particles and films are washed off from the dispersant and thus carry out its automatic self-cleaning. This property increases the service life of both the dispersant itself and the life and safety of the operation of the reactor installation as a whole.

In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the dispersant can have two disks, one of which rotates, and the other does not - thanks to this combination, a region of reduced coolant pressure is formed between the disks, into which gas can flow from the holes in the shaft or one or two disks. Since it is possible to provide a sufficiently small distance between the disks, and one of the disks rotates relative to the other, the pressure decreases more than in the case when both disks rotate. Due to this, the efficiency of introducing gas into the coolant is increased and gas bubbles become even less, that is, the efficiency of dissolving gas, in particular hydrogen, in the coolant is increased and, thereby, an increase in hydrogen concentration.

The control of the introduction of hydrogen-containing gas into the coolant, and thereby the regulation of the hydrogen concentration in the coolant, is achieved due to the possibility of controlling the operation of the gas system, which can create increased pressure in the volume near the coolant, and due to the ability to control the operation of the dispersant, which is in a passive state (without rotation of the disk) does not introduce gas from the volume above the coolant into the coolant, and in the active state (with the rotation of the disk) introduces oxygen-containing gas from the volume n into the coolant hell is a coolant, and the speed (efficiency) of gas injection into a coolant can depend on the speed of rotation of the disk. The use of dispersant with rotating disks is more attractive, since it is not necessary to create increased pressure in this volume to ensure gas is introduced from the volume near the coolant into the coolant, but it is enough to actuate (activate) the dispersant, which simplifies and thereby increases the reliability of the control system.

To actuate ("activate") the dispersant, the rotation of the shafts and disks (or one of the shafts and one of the disks) is required. This can be done using, for example, an electric motor. To reduce the destructive effect of high temperatures and coolant vapors on the electric motor and, accordingly, extend its service life, it is preferably located outside the reactor (although in some cases it can also be located inside). To bring the parts of the dispersant into rotation, a shaft can pass through the wall of the reactor from the electric motor, for which a hole must be made in the wall. However, in a preferred embodiment, to increase the structural strength of the reactor and, thus, the safety of its operation, it is possible to transfer rotation from the electric motor to the dispersant elements using a magnetic coupling, parts of which are mounted mainly opposite each other on opposite sides of the reactor wall. The magnetic field generated by one magnetic coupling half can transmit the force of rotation to another coupling half located on the other side of the reactor wall, thereby driving the dispersant. When the dispersant motor is located outside the reactor, it can be controlled through the wire (cable) 113 shown in FIG. 1 and intended for supplying electricity to an electric motor by supplying / not supplying a supply voltage or changing its parameters.

The actuation of the dispersant achieved by an electric motor is referred to as the “activation” of the dispersant in the present invention, and the stop of the electric motor at which the dispersant stops its operation is referred to as the “deactivation” of the dispersant in the present invention. The speed of rotation of the electric motor can be regulated in various ways: binary (off / on), with several speeds of rotation or with the possibility of imparting any speed of rotation in a certain range of speeds. Moreover, the higher the rotation speed, the more gas (including oxygen) dissolves in the coolant and the more small gas bubbles form.

Shown in FIG. 3, the dispersant consists of the following basic elements: dispersant housing 301 with a fixed upper disk; a hollow shaft 302 connected to the lower rotary disk 303; a flange 304 securing the dispersant to the reactor vessel; an electric motor 307 with a leading magnetic coupling half 306, transmitting rotation to the hollow shaft 302 using a driven magnetic coupling half 305. An electric motor 307 with a half coupling 306 is mounted on the reactor wall 102 from the outside, and the half coupling 305 is mounted on the inside of the reactor wall 102.

In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the upper disk (stator) of the dispersant is fixedly connected to the housing 301 of the dispersant. The lower rotating disk 303 is connected to the rotating shaft 302. The lower disk and the shaft are hollow, the cavities are interconnected. In the upper part, the shaft cavity is connected to the gas circuit through openings. The surface of the lower disk, forming a gap, is perforated with holes (for example, at least twelve) of small diameter, located around the circumference. The upper disk can also be perforated with small holes for liquid metal to enter the cavity between the disks. In the upper part, the rotating shaft is connected to the shaft of the sealed electric motor 307, powered from the frequency converter, using magnetic coupling halves 305, 306.

The dispersant is immersed in the coolant so that the holes in the upper part of the shaft are above the level, and the upper and lower disks are below the liquid level. When you turn on the sealed electric motor, the lower disk rotates at a given angular speed. In this case, as a result of the movement of the coolant relative to the lower disk, a reduced pressure zone is formed in the gap, which causes gas injection from the cavity of the lower disk through the holes in the upper part of the lower disk into the gap. In the gap, due to the coolant velocity gradient, the bubbles are crushed and the finely dispersed gas phase together with the coolant enters from the gap into the main coolant stream.

In other embodiments of the dispersant, the fixed disk may be the lower disk, and the rotating upper one. In addition, the cavity connecting the volume near the coolant and the holes in the disk can be both in the shaft and in the housing. Moreover, the holes themselves can be made both in a rotating disk and in a fixed one (or simultaneously in these disks).

As already noted, the principle of action of a gas dispersant is based on the fragmentation of gas bubbles in a liquid when they enter the stream with a large velocity gradient. In such a flow, due to the non-uniformity of the forces of the velocity head applied to the surface elements, large bubbles are destroyed with the formation of small ones. The creation of a highly gradient fluid flow in a gas dispersant in a preferred embodiment of the dispersant is carried out in the gap between the rotating and stationary disks. The degree of dispersion of the gas phase, ceteris paribus, depends on the velocity gradient in the stream. An increase in the velocity gradient is achieved by decreasing the gap between the disks or increasing the linear velocity of the relative motion of the disks.

The reactor 101 also houses a sensor 110 for the concentration of oxygen in the coolant 104. In a preferred embodiment, it is implemented as a sensor for the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the coolant, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 4. Shown in FIG. 4, the solid-state oxygen concentration sensor comprises a ceramic sensing element 401 sealed in a housing 405, a reference electrode 402, and a central electrode consisting of two parts — a lower 406 and an upper 111 located in the sensor cavity.

The ceramic sensing element 401 is made entirely of solid electrolyte in the form of a cylindrical element and part of a sphere conjugated to each other. For the manufacture of element 401, for example, partially stabilized zirconia, fully stabilized zirconia or hafnium oxide can be used. The lateral surface of the cylindrical element is connected to the inner side surface of the housing 405 by means of a connecting material 404, which may be, for example, ceramic or pressed carbon fiber.

The sensor is equipped with a plug 403 of metal oxide, for example aluminum, having a hole and overlapping the cross section of the cavity of the ceramic sensor 401. The tube is designed to fix the reference electrode 402 in the inner cavity of the ceramic sensor 401. The reference electrode 402 is located in the cavity formed by the inner surface of the ceramic the sensing element 401 and the surface of the plug 403, and occupies at least part of it. The electrode 402 can be made, for example, of bismuth, lead, indium or gallium.

The free end of the lower part of the central electrode 406 facing toward the side of the spherical element is brought into the volume of the reference electrode 402 through the hole in the plug 403. An electrical contact is provided between the reference electrode 402 and the lower part of the central electrode 406. At least part of the sphere of the ceramic sensor 401 protrudes beyond the housing 405, made, for example, of steel. During operation of the sensor, this protruding part is immersed, for example, in a molten liquid metal, in which oxygen activity is determined.

The materials of the housing 405, the ceramic sensing element 401 and the connecting material 404 have the same coefficient of thermal expansion and are chemically resistant to the working medium, for example, lead melt at temperatures not exceeding 650 ° C. This allows you to maintain the efficiency of the sensor at rates of temperature change (thermal shock) in the liquid metal up to 100 ° C / s in the temperature range 300-650 ° C.

A sleeve 408 is welded to the free part of the housing 405. The upper part of the central electrode 111, which in FIG. 1 in the form of a cable or wire passes through the wall 102 of the reactor vessel. The annular cavity between the sleeve 408 and the upper part of the Central electrode 111 is filled with a dielectric material 410, which is preferably used glass. Material 410 provides leak-tightness of the internal cavity of the sensor. This is necessary to prevent oxygen from entering the internal cavity of the sensor and change the properties of the reference electrode 402. The lower part of the central electrode 406 located in the internal cavity of the housing 405 is placed in an insulator 407, preferably made of alumina.

The principle of operation of the oxygen thermodynamic activity sensor is based on measuring the difference in electrical potentials between two electrodes separated by a solid electrolyte (for example, ZrO ₂ ÷ Y ₂ O ₃ ) with selective oxygen-ion conductivity. The magnitude of the difference in electrical potentials between the two electrodes is formed due to the difference in the oxygen potentials of the controlled medium and the medium with a predetermined oxygen potential (reference electrode). As a reference electrode, liquid metal solid oxide systems can be used, for example, {Bi} - <Bi ₂ O ₃ >. The potential difference value received from the sensor can be converted into the value of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen, its concentration, or other convenient value. In another embodiment, the control of means for increasing the oxygen concentration can be controlled directly depending on the potential difference value received from the sensor (for example, according to the correspondence table or via formula correspondence established by empirical or theoretical methods).

Direct or converted readings of an oxygen concentration sensor (for example, the thermodynamic activity of oxygen) can be compared with threshold values and decisions can be made to activate the mass transfer apparatus or dispersant in accordance with the result of the comparison. For example, it can be determined that the oxygen concentration is below a threshold value, and then a decision is made to activate one of these devices in order to increase the oxygen concentration (for example, its thermodynamic activity).

In accordance with the present invention, a method for controlling the concentration of oxygen and hydrogen to achieve the above technical results may comprise the following steps shown in FIG. 5.

Firstly, the readings of the oxygen concentration sensor are obtained (step 501) and the oxygen concentration in the coolant is estimated (step 502) based on the data from the oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant, and then the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is compared with the upper and lower acceptable values. In particular, in step 503, the concentration estimate is compared with the upper acceptable value. In the event that the oxygen concentration is greater than the upper permissible value (for example, greater than the maximum permissible value, that is, is outside the range of acceptable values), check whether the mass transfer apparatus is deactivated (step 504).

In order to make a decision on supplying a gas containing hydrogen from the gas system to the reactor in the volume near the coolant and / or activating the dispersant, it is preferable to give positive answers to both questions: is the oxygen concentration in the coolant higher than the permissible value and the mass transfer apparatus is deactivated. If it is determined that the mass transfer apparatus is in an active state, in step 505 it is deactivated and then, in step 506, a gas containing hydrogen and / or activation of the dispersant is supplied from the gas system to the reactor in a volume near the heat transfer medium. If the mass transfer apparatus was in an inactive state, that is, it was deactivated, then step 506 can be performed immediately after checking the state of the mass transfer apparatus, that is, after step 504, without deactivating the mass transfer apparatus due to the lack of need for this. In any of these options, the technical result of the present invention will be achieved, which consists in preventing the mass transfer apparatus from being simultaneously in the active state and introducing the gas containing hydrogen into the coolant.

The above sequence of actions can be carried out automatically, for example, using a specialized system or device. However, there may be situations when it is urgent to reduce the oxygen concentration in the coolant, for example, by introducing hydrogen containing gas into the coolant, and it is not automatically possible to turn off the mass transfer apparatus automatically. In this case, the flow of gas containing hydrogen from the gas system into the reactor into the volume near the coolant can be started and / or the dispersant is activated, and to ensure the mass transfer apparatus is deactivated, a signal can be sent to deactivate it, for example, in visual, sound or other human perceived form. In this case, qualified and highly motivated personnel servicing the reactor and monitoring its state, having received such a signal, can turn off (deactivate) the mass transfer apparatus, thereby ensuring the receipt of the technical result of the present invention.

In the event that the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the upper allowable value, after step 503, proceeds to step 507, which compares the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant with the lower allowable value. In the event that the oxygen concentration is less than the lower acceptable value (for example, less than the minimum acceptable value, that is, is outside the range of acceptable values), it is checked whether the dispersant is deactivated and / or if there is no gas supply (near the coolant) to the volume, containing hydrogen (step 508).

In order to decide on the activation of the mass transfer apparatus, the predominant embodiment requires positive answers to both questions: is the oxygen concentration in the coolant lower than the acceptable value and the flow of gas containing hydrogen from the gas system to the reactor is stopped and / or the dispersant is deactivated . If it is determined that a gas containing hydrogen is supplied from the gas system to the reactor near the coolant and the dispersant is in the active state (that is, the gas containing hydrogen is introduced into the coolant), the dispersant is deactivated in step 509 and / or the flow is stopped near the heat carrier gas containing hydrogen, and then at step 510, the mass transfer apparatus is activated. If, however, the supply of hydrogen containing gas to the volume near the coolant was not carried out (was stopped) and / or the dispersant was in an inactive state, that is, it was deactivated, then step 510 can be carried out immediately after checking the state of the dispersant and the gas system, that is, after the step 508, without deactivating the dispersant and / or stopping the flow of hydrogen containing gas into the volume near the coolant, since this is not necessary. In any of these options, the technical result of the present invention will be achieved, which consists in preventing the mass transfer apparatus from being simultaneously in the active state and introducing the gas containing hydrogen into the coolant.

The above sequence of actions can be carried out automatically, for example, using a specialized system or device. However, there may be situations when it is urgent to increase the oxygen concentration in the coolant, for example, by dissolving the oxides of the coolant components in the coolant, and it is not automatically possible to turn off the dispersant and / or stop supplying hydrogen containing gas to the volume near the coolant. In this case, the mass transfer apparatus can be activated, and to ensure the cessation of the supply of gas containing hydrogen from the gas system to the reactor in the volume near the coolant and / or the dispersant is deactivated, a signal can be sent about the need for termination and / or deactivation, respectively, for example, in the visual sound or other form perceived by man. In this case, qualified and highly motivated personnel servicing the reactor and monitoring its condition, having received such a signal, can turn off (deactivate) the dispersant and / or stop the flow of gas containing hydrogen from the gas system into the reactor near the heat carrier, thereby ensuring a technical result of the present invention.

After the step 510 of activating the mass transfer apparatus or the step 506 of supplying a gas containing hydrogen and / or activating the dispersant is carried out, the oxygen concentration is checked, for example, in the same manner as before, that is, by evaluating the indicated concentration. As shown in FIG. 5, this can be done by returning to step 501. In addition, step 501 proceeds from step 507 if the assessment of the oxygen concentration in the coolant indicates that the concentration is greater than the lower acceptable value. In this case, the oxygen concentration in the coolant is in an acceptable range (range of acceptable values), that is, less than the upper acceptable value and more than the lower acceptable value, which means that there are no measures to change the oxygen concentration in the coolant (or change or abandon previously measures taken) are not required. After that, the method depicted in FIG. 5 is cyclically repeated. At the same time, when repeating the method of FIG. 5 Exceptions or replacements are possible. For example, if the mass transfer apparatus is already activated, then at step 510 such activation is not carried out or is carried out symbolically, fictitiously (for example, a start signal is sent to the start circuit, but this circuit does not start because the apparatus is already started), or if the dispersant is activated and / or the gas supply is provided, then at step 506, the gas supply and / or activation are not carried out or are carried out symbolically or fictitiously. The method of FIG. 5 can be modified by introducing verification of the need to perform steps 506 and 510 in view of their possible implementation before that, respectively.

At step 506, five alternatives are possible, which will lead to the achievement of the desired result, which consists in increasing the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant (introducing hydrogen into it). In one of the alternatives, a gas containing hydrogen is supplied into the volume near the coolant from the gas system, for example, in a volume that does not lead to an increase in pressure, but simply displaces the gas without hydrogen (for example, into a second pipeline of the gas system having an outlet into the reactor volume near the coolant ) In order for hydrogen to enter the coolant, the dispersant must be in an active state. Therefore, this alternative is used if the dispersant was in the active state prior to the supply of the gas containing hydrogen, for example, it was used to introduce hydrogen-free gas into the coolant (for example, an inert gas or a mixture of such gases).

In the second alternative, a gas containing hydrogen could already be in the volume near the coolant before activating the dispersant, and to achieve the result, i.e. entering hydrogen-containing gas into the coolant and, thereby, increasing the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant, it is enough to activate the dispersant.

In the third alternative, until the desired result was obtained, the gas in the volume near the coolant did not contain hydrogen, and the dispersant was turned off, and to increase the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant, it was necessary to supply hydrogen-containing gas to the volume near the coolant (in the extreme case, this could be pure hydrogen, intended for mixing with gas in the indicated volume), and activate the dispersant.

In the fourth alternative, the dispersant is not activated, and a gas containing hydrogen is supplied into the volume near the coolant from the gas system in an amount (volume) or under a pressure sufficient to create such pressure in the volume near the coolant that would cause gas to penetrate into the coolant through the dispersant even with an inactive dispersant.

In the fifth alternative, a gas (containing hydrogen) is supplied to the volume near the coolant from the gas system in an amount (volume) or under a pressure sufficient to create such pressure in the volume near the coolant that would cause gas to penetrate into the coolant through the dispersant, and the dispersant will be activated - this allows you to extend the life of the dispersant.

Common to all these alternatives is that the result of increasing the hydrogen concentration is achieved only if there is a gas containing hydrogen in the volume near the coolant under a pressure exceeding the internal pressure in the coolant at the location of the outlet (s) of the dispersant, but they differ they are only a way to create the required pressure difference and initial conditions: the dispersant is activated or deactivated and is there a gas containing hydrogen in the volume near the coolant, and under what avlenie. Thus, the present invention should be considered used in the case of performing any of the above actions, if they lead to the flow through the dispersant (or dispersant) of gas containing hydrogen from the volume near the coolant to the coolant.

As already noted, the ingress of gas (including hydrogen-containing) into the coolant is also possible if increased gas pressure is created in the volume near the coolant and the dispersant is not activated. However, in this case, it is likely that the outlet (s) of the dispersant are clogged, and therefore, to increase the reliability and service life of the reactor equipment, which leads to an increase in the safety and life of the reactor installation with this method of introducing gas into the coolant (due to the increased gas pressure in the volume near the coolant) the dispersant should still preferably be activated so that its outlet (s) at the lower end immersed in the coolant is washed by the coolant, etc. dotvraschaya accumulation in / on it oxides Fat, films, etc. Thus, at step 506, even if a gas containing hydrogen is introduced into the volume near the coolant from the gas system in such a volume that the gas pressure in the volume near the coolant increases, which leads to the penetration of gas (with hydrogen) into the coolant even without activation dispersant, the dispersant is preferably also activated (although the case without activation of the dispersant is also included in the scope of the present invention).

In addition, the regulation of gas pressure in the volume near the coolant in such a way that it itself begins to penetrate into the coolant through the dispersant even without its activation can be undesirable due to the formation of large bubbles and is much less accurate due to the less accurate control of the pressure in the gas system than regulating the speed of rotation of the dispersant, and, accordingly, local pressure reduction in the coolant near the rotating end (disks) of the dispersant, and therefore it is preferable application of regulation of oxygen concentration in the coolant using an activated dispersant.

In the event that the regulation of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is carried out only by methods that use an activated dispersant, in the present invention it is preferable to use only the first three previously described alternatives of step 506, which combines the fact that the result of increasing the hydrogen concentration is achieved only when the presence of a gas containing hydrogen in the volume near the coolant and the activation of a dispersant introducing gas from the volume near the coolant into the coolant, but they differ ish initial conditions: activated or deactivated, and whether the dispersant of approximately coolant gas containing hydrogen. Thus, the present invention should be considered used in the case of performing any of the above actions, if they lead to the dispersant supplying a gas containing hydrogen from the volume near the coolant to the coolant. It should be borne in mind that the supply of gas containing hydrogen into the volume near the heat carrier, both with the creation of pressure in this volume that exceeds the internal pressure of the heat carrier (not only locally near the dispersant, but also in the entire volume), and without creating such pressure, in any case, it will be considered to occur as a result of supplying a gas containing hydrogen to the volume near the coolant, and, therefore, be one of the variants of the present invention, be included in the scope of protection of the claims and fall within the scope of this paragraph awning.

In relation to step 509, which provides for the cessation of the supply of gas containing hydrogen and / or deactivation of the dispersant, it should be noted that when performing any of these actions or their combination, that is, the cessation of supply of gas containing hydrogen and / or deactivating the dispersant, the result consisting in stopping the introduction of hydrogen into the coolant and increasing its concentration in it, can be achieved using any of the five alternatives described in relation to step 506 and leading to an increase in the concentration of water kind in the coolant (introducing hydrogen into it).

After the gas supply containing hydrogen to the volume near the coolant is stopped, hydrogen can be introduced for some time into the coolant due to the dispersant in the active state, or due to the diffusion of hydrogen into the coolant through the interface, however, the hydrogen in the volume after some time will be exhausted without gas containing hydrogen. If the natural consumption of hydrogen in the volume near the coolant does not occur fast enough or it is necessary to exclude hydrogen from this volume in general, then a gas containing no hydrogen may be supplied to the volume near the coolant from the gas system. The supply of hydrogen-free gas from the gas system to the volume near the coolant can be carried out immediately as soon as a decision is made to stop the introduction of hydrogen into the coolant, and this will imply that the supply of hydrogen-containing gas has ceased, since the supply (substitute ) the gas does not contain hydrogen.

In the case when the oxygen concentration estimated in step 502 and compared in step 503 becomes equal to or lower than the upper acceptable value (in other cases, approaches the lower limit or crosses the lower limit of the acceptable range), the dispersant can be deactivated and / or stopped supplying a gas containing hydrogen to the volume near the coolant from the gas system (if necessary, in addition to stopping the supply of hydrogen containing gas to the volume from the gas system to the volume colonies of coolant gas system may supply gas not containing hydrogen). This allows you to maintain the oxygen concentration in the coolant in the allowable range, that is, not lower than the lower limit of the allowable range of oxygen concentration in the coolant. Tracking the condition "the oxygen concentration in the coolant is equal to or lower than the permissible value" is due to the fact that in this case the present invention is aimed at combating an excessively high oxygen concentration. Therefore, to solve the problems of the invention, it may be sufficient to ensure that the oxygen concentration in the coolant is equal to or lower than the upper allowable value by introducing a dispersant into the coolant, and when the oxygen concentration exceeds the upper allowable value, the dispersant can be reactivated.

In addition, if, after activation of the mass transfer apparatus, the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower acceptable value, it is possible to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus, since the oxygen concentration is already in the allowable range of values. After stopping the increase in the oxygen concentration in the coolant by dissolving the solid-phase oxides of the coolant components, its concentration in the coolant will fall to the lower limit of the allowable range of values and when the oxygen concentration in the coolant (estimate of this value) becomes again lower than the lower allowable value (which is preferably the lower limit of the allowable range values), the mass transfer apparatus can be activated again.

Due to the cyclical nature of the method, its repeatability and automatic regulation of the oxygen concentration in the coolant can be ensured, which reduces the need for intervention by qualified personnel and, in the limit, generally eliminates its participation in the process of regulating the operation of the reactor installation. However, a variant is possible in which the method of the present invention is not cyclically repeated. For example, the completion of the introduction of hydrogen or coolant oxides into the coolant can be carried out not by the condition of restoring the permissible oxygen concentration, but by timer, after some time of active work of the mass transfer apparatus or dispersant. Further, the control system can go into standby mode starting the method from step 501, or start the method from this step automatically, thereby also ensuring the cyclicality and automatism of work. This can be useful when assessing the oxygen concentration should be free from the influence of various factors and requires the mass transfer apparatus or dispersant to be in an inactive state and, therefore, not affecting the sensor readings at the time it is received.

The upper and lower permissible values, as well as the value (range) of the permissible oxygen concentration in the coolant, can be determined on the basis of preliminary theoretical or calculated values or can be obtained experimentally during commissioning or calibration work (or in a combination of these methods). The specific thresholds and acceptable values depend on the design of the reactor installation and the features of its manufacture, and may vary from installation to installation even for one type of reactor and depending on the operating conditions or preparation for operation of the reactor installation. The criterion for determining specific threshold values and acceptable values can be considered to be the corrosion resistance of the structural materials of the reactor, its safety and the sufficiency of oxygen concentration or the characteristics of its increase to ensure corrosion resistance, safety and long life of the reactor. In some cases, for simplicity, the upper and lower acceptable values may be taken equal to each other.

For example, in one of the possible options, the lower permissible concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant can be determined by calculation and experimental means, and have a value calculated by the following formula:

LgC = -0.33-2790 / T + lgCs + lgjCPb,

where C is the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant, wt. %;

T is the maximum temperature of the coolant in the circuit, K;

Cs is the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant at saturation at a temperature of T, wt. %;

j is the coefficient of thermodynamic activity of lead in the coolant, inverse wt. %;

CPb is the concentration of lead in the coolant, wt. %;

lg is the mathematical operation of taking the decimal logarithm (that is, the base 10 logarithm).

For example, when performing a reactor vessel made of stainless steel X18H10T and using a eutectic alloy of lead with bismuth as a coolant, at a maximum temperature in the reactor of 623 K (for example, in the core or near the walls of the vessel), the extremely low oxygen concentration can be 2.6 · 10 ^-10 wt% (the value is determined on the basis of the specified data and data determined empirically or by calculation for a specific implementation of the reactor installation). Despite the fact that the extremely low oxygen concentration is acceptable for the operation of the reactor installation and can be used as the lowest permissible value, for example, provided that the oxygen concentration increases rapidly without time delays after the measured oxygen concentration falls below the value of the extremely low oxygen concentration or approaches this value , it is advisable not to allow such situations to increase the safety of the operation of the reactor.

In this regard, thresholds or acceptable values having values above the extremely low oxygen concentration can be taken. For example, the task can be set to maintain the oxygen concentration in the range from 6 · 10 ^-8 to 6 · 10 ^-7 wt. % With a decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen to a level of 6 · 10 ^-8 wt. % it can be determined that the lower acceptable value has been reached, and a decision has been made to increase the oxygen concentration in the coolant. After fulfilling this decision, the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant increases and when the value reaches 6 · 10 ^-7 wt%, the achievement of the upper acceptable value can be determined and, accordingly, a decision can be made to reduce the oxygen concentration in the coolant by introducing hydrogen. In some embodiments, the end of the change in oxygen concentration can be determined not by reaching an upper or lower acceptable value, but on the basis of time or other characteristics of the process of changing the oxygen concentration (for example, the change in oxygen concentration can be stopped after the duration of this process from the moment it starts set value).

The steps of the method are preferably performed in the sequence shown and described, but in some embodiments, where possible, the steps can be performed in another sequence or in parallel.

The advantages of this method of controlling the concentration of oxygen and hydrogen in the coolant are based on the following. Due to the fact that before starting the introduction of hydrogen or oxygen into the coolant, it is checked that oxygen or hydrogen is no longer introduced into the coolant, respectively, and the useless consumption of material is prevented when the introduced components interact with each other, forming water, without changing the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen ( although that's what they are for). Due to the fact that hydrogen is introduced in a gaseous form and can be introduced into very large volumes of coolant, the prevention of useless consumption mainly relates to solid-phase oxides of coolant components, the supply of which in the mass transfer apparatus in the reactor is limited, and the replacement of mass transfer apparatus or replenishment of the oxide stock is associated with shutdown of the reactor and its depressurization, which is associated with the risks of radioactive contamination of the environment. Thus, the present method increases the life of the reactor installation and increases its safety.

In addition, the safety of the operation of the reactor installation is also affected by the fact that by preventing the simultaneous introduction of oxygen and hydrogen into the coolant, the impurity composition of the coolant (i.e., the oxygen and hydrogen content in it) is immediately changed in the necessary direction, since with the simultaneous introduction of oxygen and such a change would not have occurred in hydrogen, and, at best, would have remained out of place. As a result, corrosion of structural materials - oxygen or components of the coolant would develop, and this method allows to avoid this and timely change the supplied materials to keep the oxygen concentration in the coolant within acceptable limits, maximizing the life and safety of the reactor.

These advantages are also provided by turning off equipment (for example, a mass transfer apparatus) intended for introducing other material (for example, oxygen in the composition of the oxides of the coolant components), before activating equipment (for example, a gas system and / or dispersant) intended for introducing the required material ( e.g. hydrogen) - and vice versa. In addition, there is a mode also aimed at achieving the technical result of the present invention and providing the indicated advantages, according to which the necessary equipment can be activated even if other equipment to be deactivated is still in an active state. The objectives of the present invention are solved by activating the alarm, which ensure that the attention of the staff to this circumstance and, as a result, allow him to take the necessary measures.

To implement the above method of controlling reactor equipment, a control system in accordance with the present invention can be used. Such a control system, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 6 contains: a module 601 for estimating the concentration of oxygen in the coolant, a module 602 for comparing the estimates of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with a valid value, a mass transfer apparatus control module 603, and a gas system and / or dispersant control module 604.

The oxygen concentration in the coolant module 601 is configured to receive data from the oxygen concentration sensor 110 in the coolant, estimate based on the received oxygen concentration in the coolant, and transmit the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant to module 602 for comparing the oxygen concentration in the coolant with a valid value.

Module 602 comparing the estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with a valid value is configured to obtain an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant from the module 601 to assess the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and compare it with the upper and lower acceptable values. Comparison results with allowable values in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 are transmitted to the mass transfer apparatus control module 603 and the gas system and / or dispersant control module 604.

The mass transfer apparatus control module 603 can activate the mass transfer apparatus 114 if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and if the dispersant and / or hydrogen containing gas are not supplied to the volume near the coolant.

The gas system and / or dispersant control module 604 can activate the gas system to supply hydrogen-containing gas to a volume near the coolant and / or activate the dispersant (depending on what needs to be done so that the hydrogen-containing gas enters the coolant) in the event that the assessment of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is higher than the upper allowable value and if the mass transfer apparatus is deactivated. To activate the gas system, module 604 can control shut-off valves (eg, valves, valves) and pumps that are part of the gas system.

In addition, the mass transfer apparatus control module 603 may deactivate the mass transfer apparatus if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower and / or upper permissible value, and / or if the gas system control module 604 and / or a dispersant received a signal about the need to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus.

The gas system and dispersant control module 604 can deactivate the dispersant and / or stop the supply of hydrogen-containing gas to the volume near the coolant from the gas system (or even provide hydrogen-free gas to the volume near the coolant from the gas system), if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or lower than the upper and / or lower permissible value, and / or if a signal is received from the module 603 for controlling the mass transfer apparatus to deactivate dispersant and / or stopping the flow into the volume near the coolant from the gas system of the gas.

From module 602, modules 603 and 604 can receive signals giving instructions for activating / deactivating the corresponding devices, enabling / disabling signals for activating / deactivating the corresponding devices (for example, in binary form), and signals indicating the degree or magnitude of the required activation corresponding devices, which may have a value from zero to a maximum.

The modules 603 and 604 can also communicate with each other in binary form, for example, informing that the corresponding device is active or inactive, or that the device needs to be deactivated, or that the device can be activated (in some cases, a signal is issued that directly prohibits operation or controls the supply of power or control signals to equipment controlled by another module). In another embodiment, the modules can exchange information about equipment operating modes, mode changes and operation parameters and changes in operation — for example, that the device is activated or deactivated at a certain speed, which can be determined in instantaneous values or in the amount of change for a certain , single, partial or full time period. In some embodiments, modules 603 and 604 may receive information about the activation or deactivation (or degree of activity) of equipment controlled by neighboring modules (in particular, modules 604 and 603, respectively) directly from the equipment or from drivers or cards controlling that equipment. So, for example, the mass transfer apparatus control module 603 can receive information on the state of the dispersant (activated, deactivated, and / or degree of activation) and / or on the status of equipment that controls or diagnoses a gas system, such as sensors, shutoff valves (valves, valves, etc.) .p.), pumps, etc. (the state of this equipment can be expressed in the closed / open position, throughput, flow rate, activated / deactivated state and / or degree of activation), directly from the dispersant itself and / and and equipment of the gas system (power terminals or sensors) and / or from boards / drivers / control cards for the specified equipment, as well as with the control equipment of the output of module 604. And vice versa, the gas system and dispersant control module 604 can receive information about the state of the mass transfer apparatus ( activated, deactivated and / or degree of activation) directly from the mass transfer apparatus (power terminals or sensors) and / or from the boards / drivers / control cards of the device, as well as from the control equipment of the module 6 output 03.

In some embodiments, the module 602 may provide a signal to indicate, by light, sound, or other means, that the upper acceptable level has been exceeded, lower than the lower acceptable level, is within acceptable limits, or any events of concentration change or its being in certain ranges (limits). Such an indication may be perceived by personnel monitoring and controlling the reactor installation, and activation / deactivation of equipment or issuing commands to activate / deactivate equipment to modules 603 and 604 may also be carried out by personnel, for example, based on decisions made after the perception of this indication.

For this, the control system may include a warning signal generation module, configured to generate a warning signal about the need to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus if the oxygen concentration in the coolant is higher than the upper acceptable value, and the mass transfer apparatus is in an activated state, and with the possibility of generating a signal warnings about the need to deactivate the dispersant and / or stop supplying gas into the volume near the coolant, containing hydrogen is present, and / or supplying gas to the volume around the heat medium not containing hydrogen, if the evaluation of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is below the lower permissible value and a dispersant and activated in a volume of about coolant fed gas containing hydrogen.

The structure of the control device (control system) in accordance with the present invention may have other configurations, which may be options obtained by addition, exclusion or replacement. The block diagram shown in FIG. 6, as well as a flow chart of the control method of FIG. 5 and examples of the implementation of the reactor installation and devices and devices in FIG. 1-4 are given for illustrative purposes only and cannot limit the scope of protection of the present invention as defined by the claims. Any actions, objects, modules, elements, equipment and other characteristics indicated in the singular can also be considered used if there are several of them in the installation or method, and vice versa, if there are many, then one object or action may be sufficient to use the sign. .

The regulatory system can be performed automatically, that is, all decisions can be made on the basis of the received and processed data by the system itself and be executed. With this automatic operation, a closed cycle appears, which includes a coolant containing oxygen, an oxygen content (concentration) sensor, processing and decision modules, actuator control modules that affect the coolant - and the results of this are again evaluated using concentration sensors oxygen and again decisions are made to regulate the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant.

The advantage of such automatic control of the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant is that the need for the participation of qualified personnel in the management of the reactor installation can be eliminated. However, there may also be a risk that the operating modes of the reactor installation may go beyond acceptable limits due to the closed control loop in the presence of unlimited positive feedback, in which an attempt to control the undesired parameter deviation leads to an even greater deviation of the parameter to the undesirable side (this can happen both due to imperfection of processing algorithms, and due to equipment failures).

In another embodiment, the system for controlling the concentration of oxygen in the coolant can be performed with the participation in the processing of data and / or decision-making personnel. In this case, it is necessary to ensure highly qualified personnel, but this ensures that all possible parameters are taken into account and the reactor installation is prevented from entering dangerous or critical operating modes due to the fact that a person, unlike an automatic device, can adaptively evaluate the current situation and change the algorithms of actions with taking into account safety issues and long-term operation.

To provide personnel with the ability to obtain information and influence the control system, the reactor installation can have a control panel equipped with indicators, such as light (indicators, light panels, screens, information boards, etc.), sound (loudspeakers, sirens, warning systems etc.) and other, for example, tactile indicators. In addition, the control panel may be equipped with information input means for requesting necessary information, testing and entering control commands. Input means can be buttons, toggle switches, levers, keyboards, sensors, touchpads, trackballs, mice, touch panels and other data input means known in the art. Due to the multitude of information equipment, the control panel can be extended and in order to make it more convenient for personnel to use the control panel, a chair equipped with wheels can be provided as part of the equipment, which, in addition to ensuring the convenience of the personnel, provides quick and convenient access for the person in the chair to remote parts of the control panel, as personnel can easily push away from their current location and as a result of forward movement the wheels provided by the wheels, in a short period of time to be at the desired location.

At the same time, it should be noted that both options for the implementation of the regulatory system - both automatic and with the participation of personnel, have disadvantages. So, for example, in the option of manual control there may be such a disadvantage as a not very high speed of data processing and decision-making by personnel in comparison with the required reactor installation. On the other hand, a fully automatic control system may be unsafe in case of failures or imperfect data processing algorithms. In this regard, it is possible to implement a combined version of the regulatory system when the data processing and regulation processes are performed automatically, but the data about them is displayed by means of indicators to personnel and, for example, in the case of a parameter exceeding the permissible limits (or approaching the permissible limits ), or arbitrarily, if necessary, qualified personnel can adjust the operation of the automatic control system or adjust independently, manually.

Modules of the control system can be made hardware based on discrete electronic components, integrated circuits, processors, assemblies, racks, etc. The control system can be performed analog, digital or combined. So, for example, modules having electrical connections with equipment located in the reactor or in the control panel, and controlling its operation or processing data from them, may contain voltage, current, frequency, analog waveform converters to digital and vice versa, drivers, sources currents or voltages and the elements that control them. All of these elements and modules can be located on one or more circuit boards, combined or shared between different components or boards, or be made and placed without the use of circuit boards.

Modules of the control system can also be implemented in software. For this purpose, integrated circuits with programmable logic, controllers, processors, computers can be used as hardware, and programs containing commands or codes that are executed by the indicated circuits, controllers, processors, computers, etc., connected with devices and equipment of the reactor. Programs are stored in memory devices, which can be executed in various forms known from the prior art and can be computer-readable storage media: read-only memory devices, hard and flexible magnetic disks, flash memory, optical disks, random access memory devices, etc. . Programs may contain sequences of codes or instructions for executing the method and algorithms in accordance with the present invention in part or in full. Microchips, controllers, processors and computers can be connected to the input / output of information, which can be separately located or be part of the control panel. Modules of the control system described as separate modules can be software modules or be combined into one or more programs, as well as into one or more blocks or elements of programs.

The control system and its modules can be performed in a hardware-software manner, that is, part or all of the modules can be performed in a hardware manner, and part of the modules or control device in software form. For example, in a preferred embodiment, the control modules for reactor equipment (mass transfer apparatus, gas system, dispersant) and the sensor conversion modules can be performed in hardware, and the modules for processing data and commands, displaying information, and adjusting processing parameters (such as thresholds and permissible values) can be executed programmatically based on a computer, process or controller. Specialized microcircuits can also be manufactured containing all the necessary hardware elements and into which programs or data processing parameters can be loaded.

In a preferred embodiment, all electronic and other elements and components are mainly made in a radiation-resistant design to enable the components to work and the system as a whole as part of a nuclear reactor installation, which can be a source of ionizing radiation, even in emergency conditions to maintain the ability to control the operation of the reactor and prevent possible negative consequences, thereby providing an increased level of security and long-term ok service.

Claims (11)

1. The method of controlling the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant of a reactor installation, comprising a reactor, a coolant located in the reactor, a gas system having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a mass transfer apparatus installed in the coolant containing solid-phase coolant oxides and made with the possibility of flowing through it of the coolant, a device for introducing gas into the coolant, installed partially in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and with the possibility of supplying gas from a volume near the coolant to the coolant, and an oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant, the method comprising the following steps:
- evaluate the concentration of oxygen in the coolant based on data from the sensor of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant;
- compare the estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with the upper and lower acceptable values;
- if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is greater than the upper acceptable value, check whether the mass transfer apparatus is activated and / or deactivate it and / or signal that it needs to be deactivated, and gas is supplied from the gas system to the reactor in the volume near the coolant, containing hydrogen and / or activate the device for introducing gas into the coolant;
- if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower permissible value, check whether the device for introducing gas into the coolant is deactivated and / or if the supply of gas containing hydrogen is stopped in the volume near the coolant and / or the device for introducing gas into the coolant is deactivated and / or stop supplying gas containing hydrogen to the volume near the coolant, and / or signal that the device for introducing gas into the coolant and / or stop supplying gas to the volume near the coolant, contains containing hydrogen and / or supplying a volume of hydrogen-free gas into the volume near the coolant, and the mass transfer apparatus is activated. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that in addition to stopping the flow of gas containing hydrogen into the volume of the coolant from the gas system,
a hydrogen-free gas is supplied into the volume near the coolant from the gas system. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that if after supplying a gas containing hydrogen and / or activating a gas inlet into the coolant, the assessment of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or lower than the upper allowable value, the input device is deactivated gas into the coolant and / or stop the flow into the volume near the coolant from the gas system of a gas containing hydrogen. 4. The method according to p. 3, characterized in that, in addition to stopping the supply of gas containing hydrogen to the volume near the coolant from the gas system, a hydrogen-free gas is supplied to the volume near the coolant from the gas system. 5. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that if, after activation of the mass transfer apparatus, the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower acceptable value, the mass transfer apparatus is deactivated. 6. A system for controlling the concentration of oxygen and / or hydrogen in the coolant of a reactor installation, comprising a reactor, a coolant located in the reactor, a gas system having an outlet into the reactor in a volume near the coolant, a mass transfer apparatus installed in the coolant, containing solid-phase coolant oxides and made with the possibility of flowing through it of the coolant, a device for introducing gas into the coolant, installed partially in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and with the possibility of supplying gas from a volume near the coolant to the coolant, and an oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant,
moreover, the regulatory system contains:
a module for estimating the oxygen concentration in the coolant, configured to receive data from a sensor of oxygen concentration in the coolant, for evaluating, based on the received data, the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and transmitting an estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant to a module for comparing the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant with a valid value;
a module for comparing an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant with an acceptable value, configured to obtain an estimate of the concentration of oxygen in the coolant from a module for assessing the concentration of oxygen in the coolant and comparing it with upper and lower acceptable values;
a mass transfer apparatus control module configured to activate the mass transfer apparatus if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is less than the lower acceptable value and if the gas inlet device to the coolant and / or into the volume near the coolant is deactivated does not supply gas containing hydrogen;
a module for controlling the gas system and / or the device for introducing gas into the coolant, configured to provide the supply of gas containing hydrogen from the gas system to the volume near the coolant and / or activating the device for introducing gas into the coolant if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is higher upper permissible value and if the mass transfer apparatus is deactivated. 7. The system according to claim 6, characterized in that the control system comprises a warning signal generating module configured to generate a warning signal about the need to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is above the upper permissible value and the mass transfer apparatus is in the activated state , and / or with the possibility of generating a warning signal about the need to deactivate the device for introducing gas into the coolant and / or stopping the flow in about gas coolant containing hydrogen and / or flow in the volume around the gas coolant not containing hydrogen, if the evaluation of the oxygen concentration in the coolant is below the lower permissible value, and the gas injection device into the coolant activated and a volume of about coolant fed gas containing hydrogen. 8. The system according to p. 6, characterized in that the control module of the mass transfer apparatus is configured to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus if the estimate of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or higher than the lower and / or upper permissible value, and / or in the case if from the gas system and / or input device control module
gas to the coolant received a signal about the need to deactivate the mass transfer apparatus. 9. The system according to p. 6, characterized in that the control module of the gas system and / or the device for introducing gas into the coolant is configured to deactivate the device for introducing gas into the coolant and / or stop the flow of gas containing hydrogen from the gas system into the volume of the coolant, in the event that the assessment of the oxygen concentration in the coolant becomes equal to or lower than the upper and / or lower permissible value, and / or if a signal is received from the control module of the mass transfer apparatus to deactivate gas injection device into the coolant and / or stop the flow of coolant in the volume of gas around the gas system. 10. The system according to p. 9, characterized in that the control module of the gas system and / or the device for introducing gas into the coolant is made with the possibility of supplying into the volume near the coolant from the gas system a gas that does not contain hydrogen. 11. Nuclear reactor installation, comprising:
reactor,
coolant placed in the reactor,
a gas system having an outlet to the reactor in a volume near the coolant,
a mass transfer apparatus installed in the coolant containing solid-phase oxides of the coolant and configured to flow through the coolant,
a device for introducing gas into the coolant, partially installed in the coolant and partially in the volume near the coolant and configured to supply gas from the volume near the coolant to the coolant,
oxygen concentration sensor in the coolant,
moreover, the reactor installation is configured to control the concentration of hydrogen in the coolant in accordance with the method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-5 and / or using the system according to any one of paragraphs. 6-10.

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