RU2581876C2 - Greenhouse process - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: greenhouse process for growing plants using nutrient solutions is characterised by the fact that, to prevent clogging of nozzles or pipes of irrigation with precipitation of salts the mother saturated solutions are prepared using ultrasound oscillations, which are then separated by microfiltration to polluted and clean streams. The polluted stream is then centrifuged with the release of dense mud sediment. The clean saturated filtrate is kept in cooled settlers to separate the excess of salt by crystallisation. The irrigation system is made of zones, in which various solutions within the general formulation are delivered to the plant by its own pipes. For local lighting and ventilation the photo and vent-units are made mobile, which move on suspended carts, which can be used for transportation of people and equipment. In treatment of seeds before cultivation of seedlings, a soluble composite coating is formed on seeds, comprising in addition to micronutrient the supplements of substances that enhance the future photosynthesis in the leaves. In the lighting devices a colour coating is created, optimising the spectral characteristics of lighting for this type of plants.

EFFECT: greenhouse complex provides a high degree of automation and mechanisation of works with the standard control systems of microclimate and existing systems of preparing and delivering the nutrient solutions, it is economical and productive.

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Description

The present invention relates to a technology for growing plant products in industrial greenhouses and can be used in phytotrons to produce high-quality plant products with pronounced life-stimulating properties and the ability to slow down the aging process.

Known methods of growing agricultural products in greenhouses with pre-sowing seed treatment using hydroponic irrigation, artificial environments, lighting and ventilation, as well as greenhouse transport modules moving along the pipes of the register of ground heating, spaced horizontally.

The greenhouse process with drip irrigation is considered to be the most perfect, in which the nutrient solution of fertilizers is supplied to the plant through a thin tube in the form of drops (see "Recommendations: the technology of preparation and supply of nutrient solution in greenhouses at low-volume hydroponics" M .: Rosagropromizdat, 1988; and " Drip irrigation system for sheltered soil "VNIIvodpolymer, Latvia. SSR, Jelgava, 1987. VDNH).

The disadvantages of these and other existing greenhouse processes are:

- clogging of thin tubes with a precipitate of salts, which increases the amount of labor in the greenhouse;

- the absolute dependence of plant productivity on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of natural light;

- high energy costs for stationary lighting and ventilation of plants;

- almost complete impossibility to influence the photosynthetic processes and the function of the root system in the process of growing plants;

- insufficiently high automation of the process and low productivity with a large number of manual operations.

The objectives of the present invention are to develop a more economical and productive method of growing plants in physiologically sound mode, allowing a higher degree of automation and mechanization of work with standard microclimate control systems and small changes to existing systems for the preparation and supply of nutrient solutions.

The goals are achieved in the following ways:

1. Clogging of thin tubes with a salt precipitate is prevented by the following additions to the existing dissolution and supply system of fertilizers, for example superphosphate:

a) mother liquor saturated solutions are obtained using ultrasonic vibrations, and then separated by microfiltration into contaminated and clean streams, the contaminated stream is then centrifuged to produce a dense mud sediment, and the pure saturated filtrate is kept in cooled sumps to separate the excess salts by crystallization, after which the mother liquor used to prepare the working irrigation solution after it reaches the temperature that is available according to the regulations for cultivation in the greenhouse;

b) when the working solutions of fertilizers are fed into the irrigation system through a series of filters, they are not mixed as usual, but fed separately through their own systems to the plant through its individual tube or nozzle;

c) the precipitate of the fertilizer that was dissolved before fertilizer (the precipitate after crystallization) is poured into the sludge tank with the same or smaller amount of heated water relative to the volume of the solution, and after complete dissolution, a weak solution is pumped into the tank for heating to the regulated temperature, followed by feeding into the preparation system working solution for watering.

With these additions, more complete utilization of fertilizers is achieved, since sludge and cooling the solution are carried out in a special container from which soluble fertilizer sediment can be used, and not where the mother liquor is prepared, the precipitate from which is emitted together with insoluble particles. In addition, a certain increase in the cost of the irrigation system due to duplication of it for different types of fertilizers quickly pays for itself by reducing manual operations for replacing clogged tubes and constantly searching them over large areas of greenhouses, as well as replacing them. The tubes and nozzles with individual fertilizer supply systems can work without replacement for several years.

In a specific example, the general scheme for preparing a nutrient (working) solution for irrigation has the following form (Fig. 1):

- filling fertilizer into the uterine tank 1 for dissolution,

- pouring hot water and obtaining a dirty mother liquor,

- pumping the solution after sedimentation of the turbidity from the mother tank into the settling tank 2 for cooling to air temperature in the greenhouse and the loss of excess dissolved fertilizer,

- centrifugation of the cooled mother liquor on the apparatus 3 with the rejection of the dirty fraction into the sewer and the allocation of a clean mother liquor in the tank 4,

- pumping (dosing, according to the recipe) of the cooled solution without sediment with the associated determination of the parameters by the device 5 from the tank 4 into the tank 6 for preparing the working solution, monitoring the main ingredients of the solution (sensors not shown) and to achieve the temperature of the irrigation liquid,

- supply of the finished working solution to the irrigation system through line 7,

- injection into the settling tank 2 of water in the same amount or less in relation to the volume of the previous solution to dissolve the precipitate and obtain a weak fertilizer solution,

- microprocessing in a centrifuge 3,

- pumping the purified weak fertilizer solution into a thermostatic tank 4 to equalize the temperature and control the initial solution parameters (sensors not shown),

- supply of a weak fertilizer solution to the system (capacity 6) for preparing a working nutrient solution,

- pumping the finished working solution for irrigation through line 7.

The precipitate of solid insoluble particles from the mother tank is removed through the lower outlet into the sewer (removal system not shown).

All stages of this process are easily automated by currently available tools.

2. The dependence of the plant on the intensity and quality of natural lighting is eliminated by the following measures:

a) natural lighting in the most important periods of plant life is replaced by improved artificial lighting with the necessary parameters;

b) the spectral composition of artificial lighting is selected according to the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll for a given plant species and the transmission characteristics of light waves of different lengths with the surface layer of a leaf blade;

c) the correctness of the selection of the emission spectrum of the lamps is checked, for example, by the synthesizing function of the sheet.

The general scheme of the organization of the required lighting in a specific example takes the following form:

- determination of critical and semi-critical, in terms of necessary lighting, periods of plant development,

- obtaining absorption spectra of chlorophyll and the surface plate of the sheet,

- the creation of lighting fixtures appropriate color coatings for the correction of the emission spectrum of lamps,

- checking the correct selection of the parameters of artificial lighting, for example, according to the starch-forming function of the sheet.

This scheme is also valid in cases of the use of activators or inhibitors of photosynthesis, for example, vanadium, for tomatoes, etc.

3. Energy saving during artificial lighting and ventilation of plants is achieved by the fact that the lighting units and fans are made in a portable form and placed on trolleys that are moved along rows of plants along spaced monorails or pipes, which provides periodic powerful lighting and ventilation of plants in rows.

Such carts or modules can be grouped into several pieces, carrying various functional devices and assemblies.

A specific example of a light block trolley is shown in FIG. 2.

Contact and supporting monorails or pipes 8 are spaced. Contact brushes 9 slide along them and spring-loaded wheels 10 roll. The electromotors 11 work synchronously. Frame 12 carries a photoblock with lamps 13 and fans 14.

4. Saving the space of greenhouses with the possibility of sowing more plants is achieved by the fact that the usual central roads in the greenhouse can be significantly reduced in width, since mobile carts can freely move with people and equipment between standard rows of plants. There can be several types of carts: for people and equipment, for photoblocks, for ventilation units, for the export of ready-made vegetables, etc.

In this case, the rows (ridges) of plants are better placed not across, but along the greenhouse, or, in the case of organizing the greenhouse in a round building, in a spiral, which facilitates the automation of lighting, ventilation, and spraying of plants. Ridges (rows) along their length can have several gaps that form transverse paths, facilitating the removal of fruits and other operations.

5. Facilitation of labor operations and increase in labor productivity is achieved by the fact that workers mainly move around the greenhouse on carts with drawers and technological equipment.

6. The ability to influence the processes of photosynthesis, growth and development of plants is also achieved by specialization of individual sections of the root system during zone nutrition.

By zone nutrition we mean the supply of various nutrient components, including air (gas-air mixtures), to different sections of the soil or substrate covered by the root system. In this case, the substrate with the future root system is enclosed in an isolated volume, for example, in a peat pot with a rapidly destructible wall.

A specific example is shown in FIG. 3.

The mesh cylinder 15 is made with the possibility of introducing plants 16 into it with a piece of 17 seedling soil. The cylinder is placed in a layer of substrate 18, which can damp and disperse excess nutrient solutions and air mixtures that accumulate in the auxiliary substrate 19 inside the mesh cylinder. Zone nutrition of the plant is represented by tubes 20 for substances most prone to sediment and for gas-air mixtures, tubes 21 for solutions of substances that act as physiological stabilizers of the growth and development of plants, and tubes 22 for other nutrient solutions.

Through all the tubes, pure water or solutions can be supplied to restore the functions of the substrates.

7. Optimization of the conditions for the physiologically full germination of plant seeds is achieved by the fact that the seed creates a certain excess of trace elements with the addition of substances that affect the quality of photosynthesis in future leaves.

In a specific example, for tomato seeds, a balanced trace element solution can be supplemented with a soluble vanadium compound, which improves the absorption of light energy by the plant. The retention of an increased amount of trace elements on the plant, in this case, in the seed stage, is achieved by the use of harmless film-forming agents, for example, weak solutions of gelatin, polyethylene oxide, etc., and the seed treatment can be repeated.

This operation can be used not only in the greenhouse process, but also in open ground, where its value even increases.

Using the proposed greenhouse process with the described features provides the following advantages compared to existing processes:

- the ability to control the synthetic abilities of plants on an industrial scale and to obtain maximum varietal and species productivity from plants, which is achieved by identifying the absorption spectra of the plant and the emission spectrum of lighting devices, zone nutrition of plants and the selection of photoperiodicity modes;

- reduction in the volume of manual operations, which is achieved by the use of irrigation systems that exclude clogging of nozzles and thin tubes by sedimentation of fertilizer salts, as well as the use of mobile photoblocks, allowing seedlings to be illuminated in large areas when planting it immediately in a permanent place or in appropriate nutrient pots, eliminating subsequent picking seedlings when transplanting it;

- increasing productivity and working culture, which is achieved by using mobile carts for transporting people and technical equipment, as well as ways of working with seed material, which eliminates some side manual operations. This is also facilitated by the system of zone watering of plants, preventing clogging of the irrigation tubes, as well as a high level of automation in the preparation and dosing of nutrient solutions.

Claims (1)

A greenhouse process for growing plants using nutrient solutions, characterized in that in order to prevent clogging of nozzles or irrigation tubing with salt precipitation, uterine saturated solutions are obtained using ultrasonic vibrations, which are then separated by microfiltration into contaminated and clean streams, and the contaminated stream is then centrifuged to give a dense mud sediment, and the pure saturated filtrate is kept in cooled sumps to separate excess salts by crystallization, etc. than the irrigation system is made by zone, in which different solutions, within the framework of the general formulation, are supplied to the plant by their own tubes, while for local lighting and ventilation, movable photo and ventilation units are moved on suspended carts that can be used to move people and equipment, moreover, when treating seeds before growing seedlings, a soluble composite shell is formed on the seed, including, in addition to trace elements, additives that improve future photosynthesis in the leaves While on the lighting apparatus create color coating, optimizing the spectral characteristics of illumination for a given plant species.

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