RU2571346C1 - Method of recultivation of tailing dumps in sub-arctic conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ecology.

SUBSTANCE: method includes sowing of seeds of grass mixture of long-term herbs and adding of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. In the first year the technical recultivation is performed by creation of insulating drainage layer from rocky rocks, crushed stone and gravel (substrate). Then the artificial layer (substratum) is laid which consists of river sand, soil and sawdust, granulated slag, coal powder, peat and sludge cake with subsequent stirring of the surface layer by milling and its subsequent rolling. In the second year after shrinkage of artificial soil substratum is added and biological recultivation is performed by planting of wood and shrubby vegetation and sawing of seeds of grass mixture of long-term local cereals in the scattered method with simultaneous adding of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. The wood and shrubby vegetation comprise kinds of willow, such as tea-leaved willow, and/or beautiful willow, and/or Yenisei willow, and the grass mixture comprise meadow grass and red fescue. Surface spraying of crops is performed by the solution of sulphitic and alcohol distillery slop.

EFFECT: method allows within the short period of time to create productive soil and vegetable cover on technogenically disturbed ground of tailings dams.

11 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of reclamation of man-made disturbed lands, in particular to ecology, and specifically to a method for restoring soil and vegetation on rocky grounds of the territories of tailings under the conditions of the Subarctic.

There is a method of restoring completely destroyed natural plant communities (ed. St. USSR No. 1217284, IPC ¹ АВВ 79/02, publ. 1986), which consists in dense and ultra-rare planting of turf and leaving strips for self-growth. At the same time, in the center of the site there is a strip 10-12 m wide with a dense turf landing, on both sides of which there are successively empty strips 30-35 m wide and ultra-rare landing strips 10-12 m wide.

The disadvantage of this method is the strong vulnerability of the tundra phytocenoses, since when the sod is taken in place of the surrounding phytocenoses, an erosion-hazardous surface devoid of vegetation is formed, which must be immediately restored. From our many years of experience, it has been established that in the North, due to harsh soil and climatic conditions, self-growth of disturbed lands lasts more than 40 years, and the sod layer weakly takes root.

A known method, including harrowing the soil and the formation of vegetation and soil cover by introducing into the bare soil a mixture of unsorted seeds along with their reproductive, particles of the axes of inflorescences, leaves and stems (RU 2157605 C1, IPC ² AB 79/02, publ. 2000).

The disadvantage of this method is that on the rocks of the tailings without creating an insulating layer and artificial soil biological reclamation is not possible, since the soils of the tailings are phytotoxic.

A known method of land reclamation, including the formation of vegetation and soil cover by spreading on bare ground the aerial part of the phytomass of local climax species of plants (RU 2321979 C2, IPC ³ A01B 79/02, publ. 10.12.2011).

The disadvantage of this method is that the use of the aerial part of the phytomass of local climax species of plants, in particular at the stage of wax ripeness of seeds, is not possible, since in the conditions of the Subarctic, plants do not always form seeds that can take root, and the aerial part of plants does not always give high-quality phytomass necessary for the normal growth of seeded grass mixtures on artificially created substrates. In addition, our long-term experimental studies in experimental plots showed that sowing grass mixtures of local climax plant species on bare soils even with the use of mineral fertilizers gives a very low effect.

The closest is the method of biological reclamation of disturbed lands of the Far North (RU 2497608 C1, IPC ⁴ А01В 79/02, В09С 1/00, published December 10, 2011), including harrowing the soil and forming vegetation and soil cover, by spreading above ground on bare ground parts of the phytomass of local plant species, soil harrowing and sowing seeds of grass mixtures of local plant species, the application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers at the rate of 100 kg / ha, and an old man of local plant species, applied to the surface with a layer of 8, is used as a protective layer -20 cm

The disadvantage of this invention is that in the conditions of the Subarctic on rocky soils of tailings without creating an insulating layer and drainage, as well as without creating an artificial productive layer, biological reclamation is not possible.

The purpose of the invention: the creation of a productive soil and vegetation cover on the technologically disturbed lands of tailings in the conditions of the Subarctic.

The goal is solved as follows. In the first year, technical rehabilitation of the tailings area is carried out, which consists in creating an insulating drainage layer of rock particles with a diameter of up to 20 cm in height 70-80 cm (substrate), then applying a layer consisting of crushed stone and gravel with a diameter of 2-3 cm in height 30- 40 cm, on top of which a layer of 30-40 cm of artificial soil (substrate) is applied, consisting of river sand, soil and / or sawdust, granulated slag, coal powder, peat, cake, soil. After that, rolling and mixing of the surface layer by milling is carried out. This technological operation must be carried out, since the soils of tailings are phytotoxic. In the second year, after shrinkage of the artificial soil, the substrate is backfilled and its biological reclamation is carried out. To this end, to strengthen the artificial soil, tree-shrubby vegetation is planted at a distance of 70 × 70 cm with a root lump of earth, which should be at least 30 × 30 × 30 cm, which contributes to good plant survival. Varieties of willow are used as shrubs, namely: leafy, and / or beautiful, and / or Yenisei, the most resistant to chemical emissions (industrial impacts) of MMC Norilsk Nickel. Then, the seeds of grass mixtures from perennial grass roots of meadow bluegrass and red fescue are sown in a scattering manner, at the rate of 100 kg per 1 hectare, with the simultaneous application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers at the rate of 60 kg of active substance per 1 hectare. Moreover, fertilizers are applied annually for 3 years. To prevent blowing of seeds and preservation of moisture in artificial soil, surface spraying of crops with a solution of sulphite-alcohol stillage is carried out.

For two or three years, the plants form a quality herbage and form a dense turf, create a productive soil layer on an artificial substrate, which prevents the development of erosion processes.

EFFECT: creation in a short period of time of a productive soil and vegetation cover on technologically disturbed lands of tailings under the conditions of the Subarctic.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The figure is a schematic representation of the creation of a drainage layer and a fertile soil layer for the restoration of tailings.

Claims (11)

1. The method of reclamation of the territory of tailings under the conditions of the Subarctic, including the sowing of seeds of grass mixtures of perennial grasses and the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, characterized in that in the first year they carry out technical reclamation by creating an insulating drainage layer of rock, gravel and gravel (substrate) , then an artificial layer (substrate) is applied, consisting of river sand, soil and sawdust, granulated slag, coal powder, peat and cake, followed by mixing of the surface layer by milling and its subsequent rolling, in the second year after shrinkage of artificial soil, substrate is added and biological reclamation is carried out by planting trees and shrubs and sowing seeds of grass mixtures of perennial grasses in a scattering manner with the simultaneous introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, and woody shrubs are used as shrub plants varieties of willow, such as filamentous, and / or beautiful, and / or Yenisei, and as grass mixtures - meadow bluegrass and red fescue, provo Yat surface spraying crops with a solution of sulfite-alcohol vinasse. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the height of the insulating drainage layer of rock (substrate) is 70-80 cm 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the height of the layer consisting of crushed stone and gravel is 30-40 cm 4. The method according to p. 3, characterized in that the diameter of the rubble and gravel is 2-3 cm 5. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the height of the artificial layer (substrate), consisting of river sand, soil, sawdust, granulated slag, coal powder, peat and cake is 30-40 cm 6. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the planting of trees and shrubs is carried out at a distance of 70 × 70 cm 7. The method according to p. 6, characterized in that the bushes are planted with a radical lump of land. 8. The method according to p. 7, characterized in that the root lump of the earth should be at least 30 × 30 × 30 cm. 9. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the sowing of seeds of grass mixtures of perennial grasses is carried out at the rate of 100 kg / ha. 10. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers is carried out at the rate of 60 kg of active substance per 1 ha of restored area. 11. The method according to p. 10, characterized in that the fertilizer is applied annually for 3 years.

Images