RU2550599C2 - Greenhouse complex for far north regions (device and method) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: greenhouse complex has cultivation columns for hydroponic growing of plants located in the cultivation room. The cultivation room is divided into zones that enable to carry out cultivation of various plants in different conditions, independently of each other. The room is isolated from the external environment by two tents with air space between them. The air space between the tents and the distance of one tent from another is stabilized by the matrix-shaped inflatable device. The method comprises the cultivation of plants in a greenhouse complex as described above.

EFFECT: almost three times reduction of heat loss of the complex.

2 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to intensive methods of growing plants in severe climatic conditions of the Far North, and can be used both in temporary (rotational) settlements and in historically developed cities and towns for growing greenhouse crops and seedlings under sharp fluctuations in environmental parameters.

Solutions for the industrial production of vegetables in the Far North are known in the art, where there is insufficient lighting for about 4-5 months a year [see "SUPER-GREENHOUSE OF THE THIRD GENERATION WITH LIGHT-RESISTANT COATING OF TYPE" SANDWICH "TS-M-1000A-1000-SnP PL. 1,500 sq. m FOR CONSTRUCTION IN THE REGIONS OF THE FAR NORTH ”(http://www.patent-company.ru/Tipproject/T-1500m2.html), as well as a project entitled:“ GREENHOUSE TYPE TC-600A ANNUAL USE OF AREA 100 sq. m. m FOR GROWING PLANTS BY THE METHOD OF MULTI-TIRE NARROW-RACKED HYDROPONICS FOR THE FAR NORTH AREAS »(http://www.patent-company.ru/Tipproject/T-600A.html)].

The disadvantage of these specific prototypes (as well as other greenhouses described in large numbers in the literature) is a lack of understanding of the nature of intensive crop production. You can grow vegetables, for example, at least where and at least somehow, even in an apartment in the Far North. The problem is that it is necessary to create a stably working production for a particular region using all the internal capabilities of the plant, that is, give freedom for the full realization of all the genome reserves of this particular bioobject. Only in this case harmoniously developed, beautiful and useful fruits for humans begin to form. But at the same time it is still necessary to organize the self-sufficiency of the enterprise, and even better - profitable production.

The problem of the usefulness and safety of plant products for workers and permanent residents of the Far North is a strategic task for Russia, which we cannot understand at all even at the academic level. Therefore, such greenhouses pass into circulation, which we cite as prototypes. The authors have little idea of the subject they are talking about. So, in the first case, from 1,500 sq.m of the greenhouse, a collection of 835 tons per year is declared (which corresponds to 556 kg / sq.m, excluding walkways and the necessary sanitary distances between plants and rows), and a few lines below indicate a gross yield of 160 kg / sq.m. Unfortunately, such "clerical errors" can often be found in popular literature.

And in the second case, the calculation is made of heat consumption, which is 335 Gcal per ton of product. Such waste of heat will completely eat up all profits from the sale of vegetables, even at a high cost in the Far North. But besides this, there are still electricity costs for lighting, heating and ventilation.

The aim of the invention is to develop an engineering solution for the production of plant products in isolation from an external aggressive environment, based on knowledge of the biological characteristics of cultivated vegetables and other plant products and the possibilities of their profitable cultivation in the Far North. We declare a device and method that can really provide the population of the northern regions with useful plant products.

The goals in terms of the device are achieved as follows.

Firstly, the proposed complex (greenhouse) is installed on a pile foundation, which is known, however, the foundation and the space adjacent to the greenhouse are isolated by inflatable awnings, which sharply reduce heat loss from the floor of the greenhouse (complex) both in the direction of vertically directed heat loss into the ground and horizontally directed heat loss away from the greenhouse.

Secondly, the cultivation hall is isolated from the external environment by two tents with air space between them, which also sharply reduces heat loss in the up and to the side.

Thirdly, the necessary distance between the two arched awnings is supported by a mattress-like inflatable device located in the upper part of the structure, which is a pioneering solution and has never been used before. This method of separating two inflatable paintings in itself guarantees a high level of thermal protection in the upper part of the complex (greenhouse) and, in addition, dramatically reduces the use of metal to support the upper canvas (tent) and maintain the necessary distance (air gap) between the paintings (awnings).

Fourth, the cultivation hall is divided into zones enclosed by translucent material, which protects this zone from sudden heat losses, losses of the gas-air mixture inside the zone, prevents a sharp change in microclimatic conditions inside the zone, and also contributes to the reflection of light from fences. It is also a pioneering decision.

Fifthly, each zone with its cultivation columns and its microclimate receives a nutrient solution from its local node containing at least two pumps and a container for neutralizing and filtering the circulating nutrient solution. This solution allows you to independently cultivate different plants in different zones with different requirements for microclimate and other environmental conditions. In the Far North, with a sharp deficit of greenhouse areas, this is a very important circumstance and was applied for the first time.

Sixth, illumination of cultivation columns was performed combined: for general lighting, searchlights with a high vertical position were used, and for local lighting of columns, removable LED strips with a set of LEDs of the required spectrum were used.

Seventh, the plant is supplemented with carbon dioxide in an economical mode with the supply of carbon dioxide with fresh air inside the column.

Eighth, ventilation and heating of the air inside the column (the location of the roots of the plants) is performed using devices for supplying heated air to the inner space of the columns, which prevents dust and pathogens from entering the closed root space through the openings in the column.

Ninth, warm air leaving the columns and the fenced area enters the external room and contributes to its heating. This direction of air movement also prevents the entry of microbes and fungi into the inner space of each fenced area and is used for the first time.

Tenth, in the complex (greenhouse) a simple recirculating air recovery system was used. We do not disclose this mechanism in the open press, since it is a know-how.

Such technical solutions can reduce the heat loss of the device (greenhouse, complex) at least three times as compared to standard solutions, as well as extend the life of nutrient solutions.

In the aspect of the method (that is, optimizing the conditions for the full deployment of all the qualities of the genome during the growth and development of a particular plant), the feedback system developed by the authors is used. In simple terms, this is the reaction of the operator (agronomist) to the primary symptoms of metabolic disorders in the plant and the subsequent necessary changes in the composition of the nutrient solution and / or microclimatic conditions. The system is simple, but it is also the know-how of the project and cannot be published.

The figure 1 shows the fundamental points of the invention. In terms of the device (greenhouse), the complex is represented by a pile base 1 (foundation), on top of which a heat-insulating pillow 2 is made, and on the pillow there is a cultivation room with cultivation columns 3. Support columns 4 are arranged in the center of the device to support the awnings, reinforced with stretch marks 5. The cultivation hall is covered by an inner 6 and an outer 7 awnings, between which a mattress-shaped inflatable structure 8 is placed on an appropriate supporting base (not shown). The external awning is strengthened (from being torn off by strong winds) by piles 9. Between the external and internal awnings a technological space is made, divided into separate sections by light-transparent partitions 10. The placement of cultivation columns is carried out in zones 11, which are provided with nutrient solution from their zonal solution units with their own injection 12 and suction 13 pumps and a zonal tank 14. In addition to the zonal tanks and pumps necessary for recirculating supply of nutrient solution to cultivation onnam, made basic with its capacity of 15 pumps 16 for the preparation of fresh nutrient solutions and download them to the zonal capacity. Entrance to the premises of the cultivation hall is through the vestibule 17 with triple entrance gates and two air-thermal curtains equipped with powerful ultraviolet emitters (not shown). Aisles 18 between the zones of the cultivation hall are used for free access by personnel and necessary technological equipment (for example, mobile plants for additional plant illumination) to various zones.

All other office premises (fertilizer warehouses, finished product warehouses, primary mortar unit for cleaning fertilizers, water treatment units, a backup diesel generator in case of an emergency power outage, domestic premises, premises for growing seedlings and seedlings, etc.) can be performed in any reasonable engineering performance and the essence of the invention are not related.

The device operates as follows.

After the necessary verification and testing of all systems of the complex, seedlings (or seedlings) of plants grown in another room are planted in columns 3 of the cultivation hall in the corresponding zone 11 and the necessary operating mode of the zone pumps 12 and 13 is organized. The sterilization mode is checked with UV lamps (not shown) and filtering the return solution on the way to the tank 14. Having set the parameters for automatic control of the operation of the mortar unit and other systems (for example, microclimate systems) in one zone, begin a similar planting of plants in at the next zone 11.

After the established period of application of the nutrient solution in the zonal solution unit, the solution is replaced by pumping fresh solution from the base tank with 15 pumps 16. That is, in short terms, we have a greenhouse complex for the Far North regions, including devices for hydroponic growing of plants, characterized in that the cultivation room is divided into zones that allow cultivation of completely different plants under different conditions independently of each other, and the hall is isolated from external conditions by two tents with the stuffy space between them, while the space between the awnings and the distance of one awning from another is stabilized by a mattress-like inflatable device.

From the point of view of the method of plant cultivation, in the literature there are many tips, recommendations, drawings and other material, but all this cannot serve as a prototype for the industrial method of cultivating plants year-round in the Far North. Closest to the subject of the invention are I.A. Antufiev’s inventions (RU 85069 - Device for growing plants and urban greening, RU 2231250 - Device for industrial growing strawberries and other plants, RU 2240678 - Method and device for growing plants, RU 2383127 - Device and method for intensive plant growing, RU 2386244 - Cottage module and method for intensive plant growing, RU 2414121 - Installation for plant cultivation in the office).

The cultivation method is hydroponic, where in a vertical column, in its upper part, the nutrient solution is sprayed with a nozzle of a special design (not disclosed), and the plants are placed in the holes of the column, and the roots of the plants are in the zone of the flow of the nutrient solution or in the zone of the precipitated aerosol of the nutrient solution. Plants are enclosed in a special container - a capsule (used for the first time in the invention) reusable (for example, plastic) and inserted into the holes of the cultivation column. Outside the column, tapes with LEDs of a certain radiation spectrum are made. The tapes are hung on a bracket at the top of the column and connected to a power switchgear.

The figure 2 presents the main principal points of the vertical cultivation columns, on which the proposed method is carried out. The column is mounted on a support column 19 with an isolated system 20 for controlling the operation of devices and monitoring functions within the column (for example, a nozzle, pressure in the supply pipe, etc.). Individual plant 21 is contained in a container capsule 22 and inserted into the opening of the column. A dispenser 23 is made on the column cover to which the bracket 24 is attached. LED strips 25 are hung on the bracket.

The proposed method is as follows. After conducting test tests and preparing the column for operation, an individual plant 21 (seedlings) is placed in the capsule 22 and inserted into the hole in the wall of the column 3. For a tight fit of the capsule to the edges of the hole, the capsule is sealed outside with a porous material (for example, foam rubber). Unfilled openings in the column are plugged with plugs (not shown) to create a tightness of the internal volume of the column 3. In the process of cultivation, the necessary correction of the process is carried out using an isolated system 20 on the support stand 19 and / or by a corresponding change in the nutrient solution in the base tanks 15 with subsequent replacement of the solution in the zonal container 14 and feeding it with pumps 12 to the columns 3. Thus, they provide feedback with the growth and development of the plant through its nutrition and the creation of the required microclimate sky conditions for cultivation. Cultivation is continued until the fruits reach a predetermined volume and weight.

That is, in short terms, we have a method of plant cultivation, characterized in that the cultivation space is divided into zones isolated from each other with different microclimatic conditions, with their local solution nodes and nutrient solution recirculation systems, which allows different plants with different needs to be cultivated in one room to the external environment and nutrient solutions, while gas-air mixtures with carbon dioxide are fed into the cultivation column, preventing the ingress of microorganisms inside the column.

Information sources

1. "SUPER-GREENHOUSE OF THE THIRD GENERATION WITH LIGHT-RESISTANT COATING OF TYPE" SANDWICH "TS-M-1000A-1000-SnP PL. 1,500 sq. m FOR CONSTRUCTION IN THE FAR NORTH AREAS ”(http://www.patent-company.ru/Tipproject/T-1500m2.html).

2. “GREENHOUSE OF TYPE TS-600A ALL-YEAR ROAD USE OF AREA 100 sq. M. m FOR GROWING PLANTS BY THE METHOD OF MULTI-TIRE NARROW-RACKED HYDROPONICS FOR THE FAR NORTH AREAS »(http://www.patent-company.ru/Tipproject/T-600A.html)].

3. Antufiev I.A. RU 85069 - A device for growing plants and landscaping cities.

4. Antufiev I.A. RU 2231250 - Device for the industrial cultivation of strawberries and other plants.

5. Antufiev I.A. RU 2240678 - Method and device for growing plants.

6. Antufiev I.A. RU 2383127 - Device and method for intensive cultivation of plants.

7. Antufiev I.A. RU 2386244 - Suburban module and method for intensive crop production.

8. Antufiev I.A. RU 2414121 - Installation for the cultivation of plants in the office.

Claims (2)

1. A greenhouse complex for regions of the Far North, characterized in that it has cultivation columns for hydroponic cultivation of plants located in a cultivation hall, which is divided into zones that allow cultivation of various plants in various conditions independently of each other, and the hall is isolated from external conditions two awnings with air space between them, while the space between the awnings and the distance of one awning from the other is stabilized by a mattress-like inflatable device. 2. The method of cultivation of plants in the Far North, characterized in that the cultivation of plants is carried out in the greenhouse complex according to claim 1.

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