RU2548575C2 - Device for measurement of angle of slanted surface - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: measurement equipment.

SUBSTANCE: device comprises axle-mounted flange and dial, two reading channels, device for digital processing and averaging of results from reading channels, digital indicator. The reading channels contain respectively LEDs, condensers, verniers, photodetectors and interpolators. The dial has a circular transparent zone, circular measuring scale and zero mark scale. The verniers have transparent zones and scales. During rotation of the dial the photodetectors generate the signals SIN (α×N) and COS (α×N), where α - current angle of dial rotation; N - total of scale marks of the dial measuring scale. The interpolators generate two sequences of rectangular pulses shifted with reference to each other by quarter of their period in one or another side. The device for digital processing and averaging of results from reading channels averages the data with indicating by the digital indicator.

EFFECT: improvement of accuracy and recurrence of results of measurements, improvement of convenience of operation, minimising of time for measurements, possibility of automatic measurement of difference of angles of slant of two planes.

2 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to instrumentation, in particular, to devices for measuring the angles of inclination of flat and cylindrical surfaces and the difference of the angles of inclination of two surfaces, for installing surfaces at a given angle to a horizontal plane and can be used in geodesy, construction, mining.

Known angle sensors of the object, based on the absorption of optical radiation by a liquid. The sensor contains an optically transparent annular ampoule fixed to the object with a liquid partially absorbing optical radiation, an optical radiation source located in the center of the ampoule, and optical radiation receivers. The disadvantage of such devices is the sensitivity to temperature extremes and low measurement accuracy (AS USSR No. 1139966, G01C 9/06; AS USSR No. 1000754, G01C 9/18, 9/02).

The closest in technical essence to the claimed one - the prototype - is a device for measuring surface slope (quadrant) manufactured by Novosibirsk Instrument-Making Plant OJSC (Optical Quadrant KO-10. Passport, AL 2.787.046 PS, 2007).

The specified device contains a base for installation on flat or cylindrical surfaces, on which a body is fixed, closed by an outer casing, an axis rigidly mounted in the housing parallel to the base with a sleeve mounted on it, a dial with a uniform circular measuring scale, fixed in a frame on the sleeve inside the body, a flange mounted on a sleeve outside the housing and the casing, two bubble levels of the horizon, mounted on the flange perpendicular to each other, a reference dial scale, digitized in angular units index. The sleeve is made with the possibility of rotation by manual rotation of the flange and precise rotation by the fine-tuning mechanism.

In this prototype device, the reference dial is placed on the casing, the index is printed on the glass fixed in the flange, the glass window for the reference dial is made on the flange, and the circular measuring dial is digitized in angular units. In addition, the device comprises an optical channel including a lens, a light guide, a mirror, a micrometer with a scale, a prism block and an eyepiece. The readout of the angle of inclination of the base of the device relative to the horizontal plane is made after setting the longitudinal level by turning the flange on which it is mounted in a horizontal position. The countdown is made visually through the eyepiece after combining the strokes of the micrometer with the strokes of the upper (inverted) and lower (direct) images of the measuring scale of the limb. In this case, the full value of the tilt angle (degrees, tens of minutes, units of minutes, tens of seconds, units of seconds) is counted by the position of the divisions of three scales (direct and inverted images of the measuring scale of the limb and the scale of the micrometer) relative to each other and the stroke of a fixed index.

The prototype has the following disadvantages. Visual readings through the eyepiece of the optical channel limits readout accuracy. The complexity of the countdown procedure increases the time taken to take readings and causes fatigue when working with the device. The accuracy of the readout depends on the state of the operator and is not constant from measurement to measurement. In addition, the device does not allow automatic measurement of the difference in the angles of inclination of two planes. To determine the difference in the angles of inclination of two planes, it is necessary to carry out two independent measurements and then calculate the difference between the results.

The objective of the invention is to obtain the following technical results: improving the accuracy and repeatability of measurement results while improving usability, reducing the time it takes to take measurements by taking the readings of the device from the screen of a digital indicator and expanding the functionality of the device by automatically measuring the difference in the angles of inclination of two planes.

The specified technical results are achieved as follows. The proposed device for measuring the angle of inclination of the surface, as well as the prototype, contains a base for mounting on flat or cylindrical surfaces, on which a body is fixed, closed by an outer casing, an axis rigidly fixed in the case parallel to the base, with a sleeve mounted on it, a limb with a uniform circular measuring a scale fixed in a frame on the sleeve inside the housing, a flange mounted on the sleeve outside the housing and the casing, two bubble levels of the horizon, mounted on the flange perpendicular to each other, a reference dial scale, digitized in angular units, and an index, and the sleeve is made with the possibility of its rotation by manual rotation of the flange and precise rotation by the fine-tuning mechanism. Unlike the prototype, the device has the following: a reference dial is placed on the flange, the index is placed on the casing above the reference dial, on the dial there is a zero mark scale in the form of a non-periodic sequence of transparent strokes with opaque gaps and a circular transparent zone, and the measuring scale is made in in the form of a sequence of equal width transparent strokes separated by equal opaque gaps in width, the device further comprising an optoelectronic device A property containing two diametrically opposed reference channels relative to the axis of rotation of the limb, each of which contains a illuminator and a nonius located on one side of the limb, as well as a photodetector optically coupled to them, located on the other side of the limb, and an interpolator connected to the outputs of the photodetector, a device for digital processing and averaging of data of reading channels, inputs connected to the outputs of the interpolators, a digital indicator, inputs connected to the outputs of the digital processing device and averaging data of the reading channels, placed on the case with the possibility of observing it through a window in the casing, a button for selecting operating modes and zeroing the readings of a digital indicator associated with the other input of the digital processing device and averaging the data of the reading channels, the noni being made in the form of a plate on which a transparent zone located opposite the circular transparent zone of the limb, and indicator scales, four of which are located opposite the measuring scale of the limb and have transparent strokes and opaque spaces, equal in width to the strokes and gaps on the measuring scale of the limb, while the indicator scales have relative angular shifts in the angular periods of these scales, ensuring the formation of the first signal scale + SIN (α × N), the second signal scale -SIN (α × N), third the signal scale + COS (α × N), the fourth signal scale -COS (α × N)), where α is the current angle of rotation of the dial, N is the total number of strokes of the measuring scale of the limb, the fifth scale is placed at the same distance from the axis of rotation of the limb , as the scale of the zero mark of the limb and has a similar structure to it, the fifth the scale of one of the noni is optically connected with the scale of the zero mark of the limb when combining the zero reference of the reference circular scale with the index, and the number of photodiodes and their placement in the photodetector corresponds to the number and placement of indicator scales and the transparent zone of the nonius.

A device for digital processing and averaging of data of reading channels can be implemented using general-purpose controllers (AVR series, PIC, etc.) or programmable logic integrated circuits (FPGA). For installation on cylindrical surfaces, an angular groove is made at the base. The measuring limb and noniuses can be made of a solid transparent and opaque material, mainly glass. Scales can be made by various known methods, for example, on glass - by spraying.

In the particular case of the implementation, the device for digital processing and averaging of data of the reading channels additionally contains a standard USB interface connector for connecting to a personal computer. This allows you to expand the functionality of the sensor, namely, to remotely access the measurement results with the possibility of even more convenient presentation on the computer screen and, if necessary, automatically collect and archive these results for any period of time in the computer database without human intervention.

An example of a specific implementation of the device shown in the drawings.

Figure 1 presents a diagram of a device for measuring the angle of inclination of the surface. Figure 2 shows the placement of the reference dial on the flange relative to the index on the casing. Figure 3 presents the measuring dial. Figure 4 shows the mutual arrangement of the scales and the transparent zone of the vernier.

In the drawings, the numbers indicate: 1, 12 - noni, 2, 11 - capacitors, 3, 10 - LEDs, 4 - flange, 5, 6 - bubble levels of the horizon, 7 - sleeve, 8 - axis of rotation, 9 - frame, 13 - limb, 14, 15 - photodetectors, 16 - fine-tuning mechanism, 17, 18 - interpolators, 19 - device for digital processing and averaging of data of reading channels, 20 - digital indicator, 21 - USB interface connector, 22 - button for selecting operating modes and zeroing of indications of digital indicators, 23 - the basis, 24 - a reference scale, 25 - a casing, 26 - an index, 27 - a measuring scale, 28 - a circular transparent zone, 29 - a scale zero mark, 30 - circular cutout, 31 - transparent zone, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 - indicator scales.

A device for measuring the angle of inclination of the surface (Fig. 1) contains a base 23 on which a housing is fixed (not shown in the drawing), closed by an outer casing 25. An axis 8 with a sleeve 7 mounted on it is rigidly fixed parallel to the base 23. On the sleeve 7 inside the case there is a glass limb 13 fixed in the frame 9, and a flange 4 is fixed outside the case and the casing 25. The sleeve 7 is rotatable by manual rotation of the flange 4 and precise rotation by the fine-tuning mechanism 16. A reference bubble level 6 is fixed on the flange 4 and perpendicular to it, the second bubble level of horizon 5.

The device for measuring the angle of inclination of the surface also contains an optoelectronic device, including two reading channels placed diametrically opposite to the axis of rotation of the dial 13, a device 19 for digital processing and averaging of data of the reading channels and a digital indicator 20. With the input of the device 19 for digital processing and averaging of data of the counting channels, a button 22 for selecting the operating modes and zeroing the readings of the digital indicators 20 is connected. Device 19 for digital processing and averaging of data of the counting channels of the sod rzhit external connector USB-interface 21. The device 19, digital signal processing and averaging the reference channel data is implemented using a general-purpose AVR ATmega168 series controller.

The first reading channel contains a illuminator, including an LED 3 and a condenser 2, and a vernier 1 located on one side of the dial 13, an optically coupled photodetector 14 located on the other side of the dial 13, and an interpolator 17 connected to the outputs of the photodetector 14 with inputs. The second reading channel contains a illuminator, including an LED 10 and a capacitor 11, and a vernier 12, located similarly on one side of the dial 13, an optically coupled photodetector 15, located on the other side of the dial 13, and an interpolator 18, the inputs are connected th to the outputs of the photodetector 15.

The outputs of the interpolators 17, 18 are connected respectively to the inputs of the device 19 for digital processing and averaging of data of the reading channels, with the outputs of which the corresponding inputs of the digital indicator 20 are connected. The digital indicator 20 is placed on the housing with the possibility of its observation through a window in the housing 25 (Fig. 2).

On the flange 4 (figure 2) there is a circular reading scale 24, digitized in angular units, on the casing 25 above the circular reading scale 24, namely, on the axis passing through the center of the reading scale 24 perpendicular to the base 23, index 26 is placed.

On the limb 13 (Fig. 3), a circular transparent zone 28, a uniform circular measuring scale 27 in the form of a sequence of transparent equal in width strokes separated by equal opaque widths in them, and a zero mark scale 29 in the form of a non-periodic transparent sequence are made sequentially from the outer edge strokes separated by opaque spaces. The mutual arrangement of scales and zones may be different. The presence of a circular cutout 30 in the center of the limb 13 allows alignment of the limb 13 relative to its axis of rotation 8 along a special centering circle on the limb 13 (not shown in the figure), having a common center with a measuring scale 27 of the limb, with its subsequent fixation in the frame 9.

Noniuses 1, 12 (Fig. 4) are made in the form of a glass plate on which there is a transparent zone 31 and five indicator scales 32, 33, 34, 35, 36.

Noniuses 1, 12 are set so that the transparent zone 31 is located opposite the circular transparent zone 28 of the limb 13 at the same distance from the axis of rotation of the limb as the circular transparent zone 28 of the limb 13, four indicator scales 32, 33, 34, 35 are placed in two of the row opposite the measuring scale 27 of the limb 13, the scale 36 is placed at the same distance from the axis of rotation of the limb 13 as the scale 29 of the zero mark of the limb 13. The scale 36 of the vernier 1 is optically connected with the scale of the zero mark 29 of the limb 13 when combining the zero reference of the counting scale 24 with an index of 26.

Scales 32, 33, 34, 35 of noniuses 1, 12 contain alternating transparent, equal in width strokes with opaque gaps. The periods of the indicated scales of the noniuses 1, 12 and the measuring scale 27 of the limb 13 are equal. The scale of 36 noniuses 1, 12 has a structure similar to the structure of scale 29 of the zero mark of limb 13.

Scales 32, 33, 34, 35 have relative angular shifts of the initial strokes of these scales, providing the formation of a signal 32 + SIN (α × N), a scale 35 - signal -SIN (α × N), a scale 34 - signal + COS (α × N), scale 33 - signal -COS (α × N)), where α is the current angle of rotation of the dial 13, N is the total number of strokes of the measuring scale 27 of the limb 13. Scales 32, 33, 34, 35 may have different relative positions with angular shifts, providing the formation of the above signals.

The radial length of the strokes of the measuring scale 27 of the limb 13 is chosen so that its strokes overlap the scales 32, 33, 34, 35 of the noniuses 1, 12, but do not fall into the zone of the zero mark scale 36 and the transparent zone 31 of the noniuses 1, 12.

The number of photodiodes and their placement in the photodetectors 14, 15 corresponds to the number and placement of indicator scales 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 and the transparent zone 31, respectively, of the noniuses 1, 12. In this device, the photodetectors 14, 15 contain 6 photodiodes.

A device for measuring the angle of inclination of the surface is as follows. The device is installed base 23 on a controlled flat or cylindrical surface and rotate on the base so that the bubble level of the horizon 5 was located horizontally.

Before starting measurements, after energizing the device, the reading scale 24 is set to zero position relative to index 26 on the housing 25, for which by manually turning the flange 4 relative to axis 8, the reading scale 24 is set relative to index 26 to position “0” and the bushing is turned 16 by turning the sleeve 7 with dial 13 until the readings "0" are established in all digits of the digital indicator 20.

The radiation of the LEDs 3, 10 passes through the transparent zone 31 and the transparent strokes of the scales 32-36 of the noniuses 1, 12, as well as through the transparent zone 28 and the transparent strokes of the measuring scale 27 of the dial 13 and is registered by the corresponding photodiodes of the photodetectors 14, 15.

The readings “0” on the digital indicator 20 during the rotation of the dial 13 are recorded once per revolution of the dial 13 when the scale of the zero mark 29 of the dial 13 is established opposite the scale 36 of the nonius 1 and the maximum optical connection between them occurs. In this case, a short zero-mark pulse is formed on the corresponding photodiode of the photodetector 14. On the photodiode of the photodetector 14, located opposite the transparent zone 31 of the nonius 1, at any position of the limb 13, the necessary reference voltage is created, which outputs the signal of the photodiode forming the zero mark pulse from the saturation region.

Then, the flange 4 is rotated manually and by the fine-tuning mechanism 16 until the reference bubble level of horizon 6 is set to the horizontal position: the bubble is placed in the middle position with an accuracy of half the division of the reference bubble level of horizon 6.

Moreover, during the rotation of the limb 13, the illumination of the photodiodes of the photodetectors 14, 15 corresponding to scales 32-35 changes according to harmonic laws, as a result of which these photodiodes generate signals + SIN (α × N), -SIN (α × N), + COS (α × N) and -COS (α × N)). The change in the illumination of photodiodes according to the harmonic laws SIN (α × N) and COS (α × N), when the measuring dial 13 is rotated, is achieved by appropriate selection of the gap between the noniuses 1, 12 and dial 13. Photodiodes forming the signals + SIN (α × N) and -SIN (α × N) are turned on in parallel, forming the total signal SIN (α × N) at the outputs of photodetectors 14, 15. Also included are photodiodes forming the + COS (α × N) and -COS (α × N) signals, creating a total COS (α × N) signal at the outputs of the photodetectors 14, 15. One period of the signals SIN (α × N) and COS (α × N) corresponds to the rotation of the dial 13 by one period of strokes of its measuring scale 27. Moreover, the relative phase shift between the signals SIN (α × N) and COS (α × N) ( + 90 ° or -90 °) is determined by the direction of rotation of the limb 13.

Further, the signals SIN (α × N) and COS (α × N) from the photodetectors 14, 15 are fed to the inputs of the respective interpolators 17, 18, each of which generates at its outputs two sequences of rectangular (with duty cycle 2) pulses A and B, shifted relative to each other by a quarter of their period in one direction or another, depending on the phase difference of the input signals SIN (α × N) and COS (α × N), (+ 90 ° or -90 °), i.e. depending on the direction of rotation of the measuring dial 13, and having a period of K times smaller (the value of K can be from units to thousands, depending on the choice of the interpolation coefficient) than the period of the input signals SIN (α × N) and COS (α × N ) This allows you to repeatedly reduce the discreteness of the reference angle. At the same time, the use of a measuring scale 27, which does not contain numbering, allows you to perform a scale 27 with the best angular resolution, because compared with the prototype there is no need for numbering strokes for visual scoring on the scale.

The pulses from the interpolators 17, 18 are fed to the corresponding inputs of the digital processing and averaging device 19 of the reading channels, where, first, the readings from each of the two interpolators 17, 18 are independently accumulated on each edge of the pulses of sequences A and B in the direction of increase or decrease, depending on the sign of the shift between sequences A and B. Next, the device 19 for digital processing and averaging of data of the reading channels performs the operation of automatic averaging of these data and the output is averaged the result on the digital indicator 20 in the format "degrees, minutes, seconds". If the measured angle of inclination is negative, the readings are displayed on the digital indicator 20 with a minus sign.

It is possible to issue the measurement result via the USB interface 21 on request from an external computer. Through the same connector, the computer transmits commands that specify the operation mode of the device (hardware zeroing of the digital indicator 20 by the zero mark pulse, or turning off the reaction to this pulse with zeroing in the arbitrary position of dial 13 using button 22, or by a special resetting command from the computer through the connector USB interface 21) and device status information. In addition, the button 22 itself allows you to select operating modes between zeroing the readings of the digital indicator 20 by the zero mark pulse, or turning off the reaction to this pulse with zeroing in the arbitrary position of the dial 13 by the button 22 itself, or by the reset command from the computer. In the proposed device, the button 22 performs the function of zeroing the readings of the digital indicator 20 with a short press on it, and the function of switching modes with a long press.

Equipping the device with an optical-electronic unit that allows you to take readings either from a digital indicator 20 or from the screen of an external computer, significantly increases the usability of the device, reduces the time taken to take readings, increases the accuracy of the measurement and the repeatability of the measurement results by eliminating the influence of the operator’s state. The use of interpolators 17, 18 in the reference systems makes it possible to use the measuring scale 27 of the limb 13 with a large period of strokes while maintaining the discreteness of the angle reading, which greatly simplifies the manufacturing technology of the limb 13. On the other hand, when using a measuring scale 27 with the same period of strokes, much lower resolution of angle reading.

The presence of the button 22 and the possibility of zeroing the readings of the digital indicator 20 at an arbitrary position of the limb 13 allows, by zeroing the readings of the digital indicator 20 when installing the device on one plane, after installing it on another controlled plane, immediately get on the digital indicator 20 the difference in the angles of inclination of these planes, taking into account sign of the difference of angles. The same problem can be solved by connecting an external computer via the USB interface connector 21, transmitting a reset command from it.

In the proposed device, the presence of a second, diametrically opposite relative to the first reference system and the subsequent automatic averaging of the data of both reference systems provides a significant increase in the measurement accuracy by compensating the second reference system for errors of the first reference system caused by the misalignment of the measuring scale 27 of limb 13. Accordingly, this simplified alignment of the optical circuit in the manufacture of the device due to less stringent requirements for its quality, in particular, ebovany to accommodate misalignment of the measuring scale 27, the limb 13 relative to its axis of rotation 8, while maintaining the level of measurement precision. Due to the fact that each of the two reference systems is compact and has an optical connection with a small area of the limb 13, the influence of the misalignment of the measuring scale 27 of the limb 13 relative to its rotation axis 8, on maintaining a constant phase difference between the SIN (α × N) and COS signals (α × N) reference systems during the rotation of the dial 13 is practically absent, which leads to the absence of interpolation errors in each reference system and, therefore, increases the accuracy of the reference within the angles corresponding to one period of strokes of the measuring scale 27 s.

According to the proposed technical solution, a prototype device was manufactured, which demonstrated the above advantages over the prototype device.

Thus, in comparison with the prototype, the present invention improves the accuracy and repeatability of the measurement results while improving the convenience of working with it, reduce the time it takes to take measurements by taking the readings of the device from the screen of a digital indicator and expand the functionality of the device by automatically measuring the difference in the angles of two planes.

Claims (2)

1. A device for measuring the angle of inclination of the surface, comprising a base for mounting on flat or cylindrical surfaces, on which a body is fixed, closed by an outer casing, an axis rigidly fixed in the housing parallel to the base, with a sleeve mounted on it, a dial with a uniform circular measuring scale, fixed in the frame on the sleeve inside the housing, a flange mounted on the sleeve outside the housing and the casing, two bubble levels of the horizon, mounted on the flange perpendicular to each other, a reference dial digitized in angular units, and the index, and the sleeve is made with the possibility of its rotation by manual rotation of the flange and precise rotation by a fine-tuning mechanism, characterized in that the reference dial is placed on the flange, the index is placed on the casing above the reference dial, there is a dial on the dial a zero mark in the form of a non-periodic sequence of transparent strokes and a circular transparent zone, and the measuring scale is made in the form of a sequence of equal in width transparent strokes separated by equal in width and non-transparent gaps, while the device further comprises an optical-electronic device containing two diametrically opposite relative to the axis of rotation of the dial reading channels, each of which contains a illuminator and a vernier located on one side of the dial, as well as an optically coupled photodetector located on the other side of the limb, and an interpolator, inputs connected to the outputs of the photodetector, a device for digital processing and averaging of data of the reading channels, inputs connected to the outputs of the inter monitors, a digital indicator, inputs connected to the outputs of the device for digital processing and averaging of data of the reading channels, placed on the case with the possibility of its observation through a window in the casing, a button for selecting operating modes and zeroing the readings of a digital indicator associated with another input of the device for digital processing and averaging of data reference channels, and the noni are made in the form of a plate on which there is a transparent zone, located opposite the circular transparent zone of the limb, and indicator scales, four of which x are placed opposite the limb measuring scale and have transparent strokes and opaque gaps equal in width to the strokes and gaps on the limb measuring scale, while the scales have relative angular shifts in the angular periods of these scales, providing the formation of the first signal scale + SIN (α × N) , the second scale - the signal -SIN (α × N), the third scale - the signal + COS (α × N), the fourth scale - the signal -COS (α × N),
where: α is the current angle of rotation of the limb;
N is the total number of strokes of the measuring scale of the limb,
the fifth scale is placed at the same distance from the axis of rotation of the limb as the scale of the zero mark of the limb and has a similar structure, the fifth scale of one of the noniuses is optically connected with the scale of the zero mark of the limb when combining the zero count of the reference circular scale with the index, and the number of photodiodes and their placement in the photodetector corresponds to the number and placement of indicator scales and the transparent zone of the vernier. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for digital processing and averaging data of the reading channels further comprises a connector of a standard USB interface for connecting to a personal computer.

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