RU2322711C2 - X-ray and gamma-ray shielding material (alternatives) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: radiation shielding materials.

SUBSTANCE: proposed X-ray and gamma-ray shielding material has matrix incorporating fixed shielding filler composed of metal-containing polydispersed single-component and multicomponent mixture with energy-interrelated particles measuring 10^-9 to 10^-3 m. Matrix is made of insulating material in the form of three-dimensional spherical component or in the form of other component of arbitrary enclosed form transformed from the spherical component, its surface curvature radius being more than 0.1 mm; it is enclosed by continuous active-energy layer of shielding filler, 10^-9 to 10^-3 m thick. Mass of shielding filler formed in this way, other shielding properties being equal, is lower than that of same but non-formed shielding filler. Shielding material of first alternative design has its matrix made of electricity conductive material whose surface is covered with continuous insulating layer. Shielding filler layer may be covered with shielding layer of wear-resistant insulating material. Shielding material of second alternative design has its matrix made of electricity conductive material whose surface is covered with continuous layer of insulating material. Shielding filler layer may be covered with shielding layer of wear-resistant insulating material. Shielding material of third alternative design has its shielding filler fixed within insulating matrix and is made in the form of several separate enclosed layers, each next one of them being disposed in a spaced relation within preceding layer. Material of fourth alternative design has its shielding filler enclosing each of plurality of intermediate insulating media disposed in matrix and are similar in design to matrix of first alternative design. Material of fifth alternative design has each intermediate layer made of electricity conductive material covered with continuous insulating layer. Shielding filler layers in third, fourth, and fifth alternative designs may have similar or different chemical composition. Intermediate media of fourth and fifths alternative designs may be solid or hollow.

EFFECT: enhanced percentage of shielding filler in material affording high reliability of shielding without taking additional high-cost measures.

12 cl, 3 ex

Description

The invention relates to radiation protective materials (REM) and can be used for the manufacture of individual and collective means of protecting people and equipment from x-ray and gamma radiation.

Known REM, including the matrix and the associated protective metal-containing filler in the form of dispersed particles [1]. The disadvantage of this REM is the high percentage of lead in the filler in the total volume of the material (66-89%), which leads to an increase in the mass of the material and to its weight, and this, in turn, causes certain inconvenience in the operation of such products. Along with this, this REM has an uneven distribution of the heavy filler in the volume of the light matrix, which violates the uniformity of its structure and, as a result, limits the possibility of using such material for the manufacture of all kinds of protective equipment.

REMs are known, including a matrix and associated heavy protective fillers, the most common of which is lead [2]. In addition to toxicity, for example, of the same lead, the density of such a filler differs sharply from the density of the matrix (for example, concrete, polymers, etc.), which causes its uneven distribution over the matrix volume, and this, in turn, leads to a decrease in protective properties of the material as a whole.

Known REM, including a polystyrene polymer matrix and lead as a filler [3]. This material has the same disadvantages as the above materials [2].

Known REM, including a matrix in the form of artificial silk yarn from viscose, containing in the form of a mechanical impurity from 15 to 65% by weight of a protective filler in the form of barium sulfate (BaSO ₄ ) [4]. However, the introduction of barium sulfate in the textile basis of the material leads to a sharp decrease in its strength.

Known REMs, which include intermediate carriers in the form of filaments, which are introduced into the matrix raw material in the form of a polymer composition and have impurities in the form of bismuth oxide, colloidal silver [5]. Studies of the properties of a textile base with such impurities have shown that they have a limited scope, because have low strength.

REM, including a matrix in the form of threads, is intended, in particular, for the manufacture of a woven protective material, from which, in turn, protective clothing for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation can be sewn.

The reasons for the deterioration of the physicomechanical properties of the protective threads [4, 5] are due to the negative influence of the particles of the protective filler, which violate the uniformity of the structure of the matrix material — the threads.

Known REM, including a matrix in the form of a thread containing a protective coating of heavy protective fillers [6]. This REM is free from the drawbacks of the above REM [4, 5] due to the fact that the protective coating is made of ultrafine particles with sizes (10 ^-6 ÷ 10 ^-7 ) m, which, according to the discovery [7], have an anomalously strong property (compared to the known Booger's classic addiction) attenuate x-rays. However, the use of an ultrafine mixture, which is chemically active and, as a result, pyrophoric, is technologically difficult because requires special conditions in the manufacture, transportation, storage and technological use.

As a result of the discovery made in the field of physics of polydisperse media with particle sizes (10 ^-5 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m [8, 9], it was found that the latter also exhibit the ability to abnormally strongly (compared with the well-known classical Bouguer dependence) change the intensity of penetrating radiation .

The well-known Bouguer dependence [10], characterizing the exponential attenuation of a narrow beam of quanta by an REM layer, has the form:

Here: I - the intensity of the radiation transmitted through the layer of rare-earth metals with a thickness of x;

I ₀ is the intensity of the incident radiation;

μx is the photoabsorption cross section, where μ is the linear attenuation coefficient (classical regulated tabular value for each rare-earth metals), and x is the thickness of the rare-earth metals.

Moreover, the scale of changes in the intensity of penetrating radiation is determined by the degree of dispersion, segregation, and spatial arrangement of the particles of the polydisperse mixture. In this case, the segregation of the polydisperse mixture is an uneven distribution of particles caused by mixing of the polydisperse mixture, as a result of which the particles self-organize into a system of energetically interconnected ensembles that increase (compared with the classical table values) the photoabsorption cross-section. The experiments showed that a metal-containing polydisperse mixture segregated by mixing with particle sizes in the range (10 ^-5 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, which (unlike ultrafine particles) is widely used in modern technologies without special restrictions (during manufacturing, transportation, storage and use), when interacting with penetrating radiation, shows significant deviations from the well-known classical Bouguer dependence.

Later it was found that when expanding the range of particle sizes in a polydisperse mixture to (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m (when it contains up to 10-30% of ultrafine particles), the chemical activity of the mixture does not reach the level that imposes special restrictions in the process of its manufacture, transportation, storage and use (and first of all, from the point of view of the pyrophoricity of the mixture).

Based on the discovery [8, 9], an REM [11] was developed, which includes a matrix with a fixed protective filler in the form of a metal-containing polydisperse mixture of energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m.

However, serious technological difficulties arose in the way of using the above discovery [8, 9] to create REMs with abnormally high stable RE properties.

The fact is that significant deviations from the known Bouguer dependence during the interaction of X-ray and gamma radiation with polydisperse media (PDS) are manifested on both sides of the exponent [15]. In other words, under certain technologically difficult to control conditions, the state of the PDS (i.e., with a certain dispersion, segregation and spatial arrangement of the particles of the medium) can cause anomalies associated with both an increase in the absorption of radiation (or gamma radiation) and a decrease absorption. It is quite clear that an abnormal decrease in the penetration of penetrating radiation is completely unacceptable for REM.

The situation is further aggravated by the fact that an abnormal decrease in the penetration of penetrating radiation (the so-called "cross" of radiation) can be caused not only by the above technological factors in the manufacture of rare-earth metals, but also by operational ones. Thus, as a result of experiments [15], an abnormal distribution of X-ray radiation was detected along the geometry (ie, curvature) of the irradiated layer, which was previously subjected to deformation by tangential forces, which caused anisotropic rearrangement of the rubber structure along the section of the layer. This rearrangement consists in increasing the packing density of the matrix dispersed in the volume of the matrix, namely, in the part that is adjacent to the glued edges (glues) of the rubber layer.

In order to really imagine this situation, mentally place a sufficiently thick layer of rubber between two curvilinear with a large radius of curvature (R≥1000 mm) motionless fixed rigid metal sheets, and the rubber layer located between them is fixedly glued to the surface of the latter, and to a protruding edge of the rubber layer has a tensile load applied. With such a loading pattern, the middle part of the rubber layer will stretch, and in the glued areas it will compress. Obviously, in the areas of the rubber layer adjacent to the adhesives, as the deformation increases, the packing density of the metal-containing filler dispersed in the volume of the rubber matrix will increase (in the experiment, ZnO). In the course of experiments [15], it was found that the indicated anomalous effect is observed only at a certain strain. No anomaly was observed if the strain was less than or greater than a certain value. It is quite clear that when the concentration of the metal-containing filler in the rubber matrix changes, the strain value also changed, at which a "cross" of radiation was observed.

It seems logical to conclude that during shear deformation of the rubber layer at the boundaries of its adhesives, the particles of metal-containing filler dispersed in the matrix are installed at some optimal distance from each other, which corresponds to energetically active distances between particles at which, under the influence of primary penetrating radiation (PPI) intense secondary penetrating radiation (VPI) is generated, i.e. conditions arise for the manifestation of the so-called “tunneling” effect of radiation quanta [13] (in this case, radiation “cross”).

Closest to the proposed invention is REM, adopted as a prototype [12], which includes a matrix with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m.

The REM prototype [12] has significantly lower protective properties than the REM analog [11], which can be seen from a wide range of ratios of the total mass M of the segregated polydisperse mixture from the particles of the protective filler and the mass m of the same polydisperse mixture from the particles of the protective filler non-segregated mixture having equal protective properties with a mass of M, namely:

Thus, both technical solutions (both analogue [11] and prototype [12]) due to the impossibility of obtaining stable, predetermined parameters characterizing abnormally high radiation-protective properties, regulate the total mass M of protective filler from specially prepared particles in fractions from bulk unprepared mass m of the same protective filler in very wide ranges, namely:

This ensures that the values of the actual protective parameters of the manufactured rare-earth metals [11, 12] (whose values due to the action of random factors vary widely) fall into the given wide ranges of the ratios between the masses M and m.

Along with this, the REM prototype [12] has one more drawback, namely, that instead of using the phenomenon of tunneling of quanta (photons) of penetrating radiation to provide highly effective protection, special REM [12] adopted constructive measures to suppress it, which without increasing the protective properties leads to a significant increase in the cost of this REM.

The invention is based on the tasks:

1) the creation of such material options for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, in which due to the implementation of:

- matrix of a dielectric material in the form of a volumetric spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, and is covered by a continuous an energetically active layer of protective filler with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, and the total I the mass of the protective filler thus formed with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture;

- matrix of an electrically conductive material in the form of a volumetric spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, and is covered with a continuous layer of dielectric material the surface of which, in turn, is covered by a continuous fixed thereon energetically active layer thickness of the protective filler (10 ^{-3 -9} ÷ 10) m of the metal-containing mono- or polydisperse mnogoeleme tnoj mixture energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^{-3 -9} ÷ 10) m, the total weight of thus formed protective filler in the protective properties equal to mass of the unformed less protective filler from this mixture;

- matrices made of a dielectric material, and a protective filler in the form of at least two autonomous continuous energetically active layers covered by a dielectric material (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m thick from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with dimensions (10 ^{-3 -9} ÷ 10) m, formed as arranged in each other with a gap bulk or spherical elements in the form of transformed past other elements of any closed shape, the surface of which x has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0,1 mm, where R - radius of curvature, wherein the total weight of thus formed protective filler in the protective properties equal to mass of the unformed less protective filler from this mixture;

- matrix of a dielectric material, and a protective filler in the form of an autonomous continuous energetically active layer with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, covering the surface of at least one volumetric intermediate carrier of dielectric material placed in the matrix, made in the form a spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature, determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, while the total mass of the protective filler thus formed with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture;

- matrices of a dielectric material, and a protective filler in the form of an autonomous continuous energetically active layer with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, covering the surface of at least one bulk intermediate carrier of an electrically conductive material coated with a continuous layer dielectric material and made in the form of a spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature, is determined my R≥0,1 mm from the expression where R - radius of curvature, wherein the total mass of thus formed protective filler in the protective properties equal to mass of the unformed less protective filler of the same mixture,

the protective properties of the proposed material options and the stability of the system of energetically interconnected particles of a polydisperse mixture of a protective filler are enhanced, in particular, by implementing the “tunneling” effect of quanta [13], which consists in transforming the PPI quantum flux into the energy of the VPI quantum flux induced in the closed layer (s) and propagating in it (in them) over a many times increased path length with a corresponding energy loss, since the propagation of quanta occurs along a closed path on itself the surface of a volumetric element made of particles of a protective filler, and due to this, it is provided:

a) increasing the cross section for the interaction of penetrating radiation with the proposed REM versions (i.e., an increase in μx in expression (1), where μ is the linear attenuation coefficient and x is the path length of the VPI quanta (in contrast to the thickness of the irradiated layer according to Bouguer);

b) increasing the manufacturability of the proposed REM versions with the possibility of obtaining stable and abnormally high (compared with the classical Bouguer dependence in expression (1)) protective characteristics.

The tasks are solved in that:

1) in a material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including matrix material with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, according to the invention, the matrix is made of dielectric material in the form of a volumetric spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature, determined from the expression Ia R≥0,1 mm, where R - radius of curvature and the covered continuous energetically active layer thickness of the protective filler (10 ^{-3 -9} ÷ 10) m, the total weight of thus formed protective filler in the protective properties equal to mass of the unformed less protective filler from the same mixture; the protective filler layer may be coated with a protective layer of wear-resistant dielectric material;

2) in a material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including matrix material with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, according to the invention, the matrix is made of electrically conductive material in the form of a volumetric spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature, determined from the expression Nia R≥0,1 mm, where R - radius of curvature and covered with a continuous layer of dielectric material, the surface of which, in turn, is covered by a continuous layer of an active energy shielding filler thickness (10 ^{-3 -9} ÷ 10) m, the total weight the protective filler thus formed with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture; the protective filler layer may be coated with a protective layer of wear-resistant dielectric material;

3) in a material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including matrix material with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with dimensions (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, according to the invention, the matrix is made of dielectric material, and the protective filler is made in the form of at least two autonomous continuous energetically active layers covered by dielectric material with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, formed in the form of times spherical volumetric elements placed in each other with a gap or in the form of transformed from the other other elements of an arbitrary closed shape, the surfaces of which have a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, and the total mass of the protective filler with equal protective properties is less than the mass of unformed protective filler from the same mixture; layers of protective filler may include the same or different in chemical composition of the mixture;

4) in a material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including matrix material with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, according to the invention, the matrix is made of dielectric material, and the protective filler is made in the form of an autonomous continuous energetically active layer with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, covering the surface of the matrix, at least one volume a bulk intermediate carrier of a dielectric material made in the form of a spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, and the total mass of the formed thus, the protective filler with equal protective properties is less than the mass of unformed protective filler from the same mixture; layers of protective filler may include the same or different in chemical composition of the mixture; intermediate carriers can be made in the form of solid or hollow volumetric elements;

5) in a material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including matrix material with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, according to the invention, the matrix is made of dielectric material, and the protective filler is made in the form of an autonomous continuous energetically active layer with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, covering the surface of at least one volumetric intermediate carrier I am of an electrically conductive material coated with a continuous layer of dielectric material and made in the form of a spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, moreover, the total mass of the protective filler formed in this way with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture; layers of protective filler may include the same or different in chemical composition of the mixture; intermediate carriers can be made in the form of solid or hollow volumetric elements.

The above characteristics characterizing the group of inventions are significant, since each of them affects the corresponding technical result, which together with other technical results provides a solution to the problem.

So, in the first embodiment of the material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, the matrix is made of a dielectric material in the form of a volumetric spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 m, where R - radius of curvature and the covered continuous energetically active layer thickness of the protective filler (10 ^{-3 -3} ÷ 10) m, provides a protective filler used in the manifestation of a qualitatively novog effect, namely: due to the propagation of secondary radiation quanta (into which the primary radiation is transformed, which is due to the manifestation of the “tunneling” effect of quanta [13]) through a closed (self-propagating) layer of the protective filler layer [13], their path length increases (ie, x in the Bouguer formula, see [1] on p.2). At the same time, the cross section for the interaction of X-ray and gamma radiation with the substance increases, thereby increasing the specific characteristics of the protective properties of the proposed REM.

In addition, the creation of a layer closed around the matrix material of particles of a polydisperse metal-containing protective filler does not cause technological difficulties, which ensures stable quality of abnormally high specific protective characteristics of the proposed REM.

The regulation of the value of the radius of curvature R is intended (depending on the specific technical conditions in both the first and all subsequent proposed REM versions) to ensure a smooth change in direction of the energetically active layer of protective filler, which increases the manufacturability of the proposed REM and improves the conditions for the manifestation of the effect " tunneling 'quanta.

It should be especially noted that in the proposed embodiment, the effect of “tunneling” of quanta does not manifest itself as a harmful and dangerous phenomenon, to suppress which additional costly measures are taken in the prototype [12], but as a useful effective means of increasing the RE properties.

In the claims, a continuous energetically active layer of protective filler, unlike, for example, a continuous layer, means a layer in which the particles of the mixture are at energetically active distances measured in tens and hundreds of angstroms (depending on the dispersion and Fermi energy of the energetically interconnected particles of the mixture) . It is such continuity of the layer under the action of PPI that ensures the generation of VPI in it, i.e. provides the effect of the "tunneling" of quanta.

In the first embodiment of the material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, the matrix is made of dielectric material.

In the known analogue [14], a layer of particles of a polydisperse metal-containing mixture of a protective filler covers the surface of a matrix made also of a dielectric material in the form of a textile base, i.e. the surface of the thread, and for the analogue [11], a similar layer covers the surfaces of individual filaments, then twisted into a thread. Moreover, in a layer of polydisperse particles (which, in contrast to ultrafine particles [16], are electrically conductive) fixed at energetically active distances from each other on the surface of the filament (or on the surface of a separate filament) and formed into energetically interconnected x-ray absorbing ensembles (also as in the proposed version of the material), due to the dielectric base, the electrostatic potentials of individual particles and their ensembles do not short-circuit (do not short-circuit). However, in these analogs, dangerous secondary radiation, the occurrence of which is due to the "tunneling" effect of quanta, propagates through a layer of protective filler to the ends of the thread or individual filaments (including twisted into a thread), through which it is emitted, which is completely unacceptable from the point of view of radiation protection .

In contrast, in the proposed first embodiment of the protective material, the matrix of dielectric material is made in the form of a volumetric spherical element (or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element), i.e. open radiating ends of the matrix made in this way are absent. Naturally, they are absent in the layer of the polydisperse mixture of protective filler, covering this matrix. In this case, individual particles of a polydisperse mixture of a protective filler, forming a layer with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, are fixed in a dielectric material on the surface of the matrix (occupying, in fact, its surface layer) at energetically active distances both in tangential directions, so and the height of the layer. As a result, the dangerous secondary radiation, the occurrence of which is due to the "tunneling" effect of quanta, propagates along a closed (to itself) surface of the layer, without going beyond it.

As in the first embodiment, and in the following versions of the proposed material as dielectric material can be used:

- natural polymers such as collagen, albumin, casein, gum, wood resin, starch, dextrin, latex, gutta-percha, zein, soy casein and compositions based on them;

- synthetic polymers such as polyacrylates, polyamides, polyethylene, polyesters, polyurethanes, synthetic rubbers, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea or epoxy resins and compositions based on them;

- organoelement polymers such as organosilicon polymers;

- gas-filled plastics such as foams and polystyrene;

- film-forming substances such as cellulose ether varnishes;

- liquid non-polar materials such as benzene, transformer oil, etc.

For a metal-containing protective filler formed according to the invention, the total mass with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed same protective filler.

It is known that the prototype [12] has a total mass of segregated (i.e., also formed in its own way) protective filler with equal protective properties less than the mass of the unformed same protective filler (1.01 ÷ 1.96) times. And for the analogue [11], the total mass of the segregated (formed) protective filler with equal protective properties is even less than the mass of the unformed same protective filler, namely (2–20) times.

In contrast to the known technical solutions [11, 12] in the proposed first version of the material, a decrease in the total mass of the protective filler is achieved through the use of a fundamentally new structural and technological approach, as a result of which a continuous energetically active layer of the protective filler is given (depending on the specific technical conditions) thickness (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m covers the matrix on its continuous, smoothly closed on itself surface. This, in turn, causes the manifestation of a qualitatively new effect - a multiple increase in the path length of the quanta of penetrating radiation, as a result of which a higher level of protection with a smaller mass of protective filler is provided. However, in contrast to the known technical solutions [11, 12], the proposed REM also has an additional effect, namely: an increase in its manufacturability with the possibility of obtaining stable specific characteristics of the protective properties.

It should also be emphasized that in this case it is unlawful to declare the declared REM a little apart of the known analogues (in particular, [11, 12]), since a qualitatively new positive effect is achieved only when using without exception all the characteristics specified in paragraph 1 of the claims of the present invention .

So, for example, if from a given set of features we isolate a sign that the total mass of the formed protective filler with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture, then the manifestation of a qualitatively new effect associated with a multiple increase in the path length of the quanta of penetrating radiation will be impossible. If the indicated total mass of the formed protective filler is not less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture, but, say, will be larger, then in the layer of protective filler that encompasses the matrix along its continuous surface smoothly closed onto itself, due to the excess of energy interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m cannot be maintained energetically active distances between them, as a result of which the conditions for the emergence of the effect of "tunneling" of quanta will disappear. As a result, the flux of quanta of IPI will not be transformed into the energy of the flux of quanta of IPI induced in the closed layer. And the secondary flux of quanta, in turn, will not propagate along the layer over the many times increased (compared with the layer thickness) path length with a corresponding energy loss. This indicates that the considered feature is closely interconnected both structurally and functionally with the rest of the set of features; it cannot be considered in isolation from the latter, because a positive effect is achieved only with the help of the totality of signs.

In the second embodiment of the material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, in contrast to the first embodiment, the matrix is made of electrically conductive material, but covered with a continuous layer of dielectric material. From the point of view of the physics of the interaction of PPI with a continuous energetically active layer of protective filler fixed on the indicated continuous layer of dielectric material, there are no differences between the first and second proposed REM options. However, the second option opens up prospects for giving high-tech methods abnormally high radiation protective (RE) properties to products based on electrically conductive matrices such as silicate mass, gypsum, concrete, etc., which are difficult to impart to radiation protective properties by known methods.

In the first and second embodiments of the proposed REM, according to the invention, to prevent mechanical damage to the protective filler layer during operation, the latter can be coated with a protective layer of wear-resistant dielectric material, for example, rubber, polyamide, fiberglass, etc.

A sign regarding the implementation of the matrix in the form of a volumetric spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element with regulation of the lower value of the radius of curvature, moreover, this element is either directly covered by a continuous energetically active layer of protective filler (if the matrix is made of dielectric material, as in the first version of the proposed REM), or this element is previously covered by a continuous layer of dielectric material, and then on top It is a continuous energetically active layer of protective filler (if the matrix is made of electrically conductive material, as in the second version of the proposed REM), is new with respect to the prototype [12], because the specified sign in the latter is generally absent.

In the third embodiment of the material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, the protective filler is made in the form of at least two autonomous layers covered by a dielectric matrix material with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, formed as being placed in each other with a gap volumetric spherical elements or in the form of transformed from the other other elements of an arbitrary closed shape, the surfaces of which have a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, removable protective filler of a qualitatively new effect. The essence of this effect is as follows: the flow of PPI quanta, having fallen on the first layer of a protective filler made in the form of a closed element, is transformed into the energy of the VPI quantum flux induced in this closed layer (in accordance with the “tunneling” effect of quanta); The VPI propagates in the layer over a significantly longer (compared to the layer thickness) path length with a corresponding energy loss. Some of the PPI quanta that are not absorbed by the first layer of protective filler fall on the second layer, also made in the form of a closed element, placed with a gap inside the closed first layer. In this case, the process repeats: PPI is transformed into the energy of the VPI flow induced in the closed second layer (in accordance with the effect of "tunneling" of quanta); VPI spreads along the second layer along the path length with a significantly increased (compared to the thickness of the layer) path with a corresponding energy loss. Since there can be 3, 4, 5 or more such layers in the form of closed elements placed with a gap inside each other, the part of the quanta that are not absorbed by each previous closed layer generates in each subsequent layer of VPI, the quanta of which propagate over closed surfaces of these subsequent layers also pass a much longer path (compared with the thickness of the layer) and accordingly lose energy, which, ultimately, leads to a sharp increase in the specific characteristics of the RE properties of the proposed REM.

The sign relating to the implementation of the layers of protective filler in the third embodiment in the form of several volumetric closed elements placed in each other with a gap and covered by the volume of the dielectric matrix is new in relation to the prototype [12], because the specified sign in the latter is generally absent.

Due to this embodiment of the protective filler in the proposed REM, the latter acquires a qualitatively new, higher level of specific characteristics of the RE properties compared to the prototype [12]). In other words, the technical result of the second embodiment of the invention is to obtain the proposed REM with a low percentage of metal-containing filler, which without sacrificing protective properties reduces the mass of REM in general at a higher level than that of the prototype [12].

Fulfillment of the condition under which, in the third embodiment, the total mass of the protective filler formed in the above manner with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture, depending on the specific technical conditions (while maintaining the degree of attenuation of x-ray and gamma radiation), X-ray absorbing fillers in rare-earth metals even to a greater extent than is the case (in particular, from 2 to 20 times) with the analogue [11]. According to the invention, in the third embodiment of the proposed REM, such a result is achieved by changing the number of autonomous continuous energetically active layers of protective filler placed inside each other with a gap and covered by the volume of the matrix.

REM is also known [17, 18], in which the matrix is made of a dielectric material (rubber), and the polydisperse protective filler is in the form of particles of a complex oxide of rare earth elements (REE) covered by a dielectric matrix and fixed in it.

However, in the proposed third embodiment, rare-earth metals covered by a dielectric matrix polydisperse particles of a protective filler, in contrast to the analogue [17, 18], are formed in the form of several volumetric closed elements with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, placed in each other with a gap, which allows the use of the "tunneling" effect of quanta to increase the specific characteristics of RE properties.

Depending on the specific technical conditions in the proposed third version of the rare-earth metals, the layers of the protective filler may include the same or different in chemical composition of the mixture. Moreover, in addition to the possibility of obtaining a more extended absorption spectrum of PPI from the third variant of the proposed REM, an additional effect is achieved that is not inherent in either the prototype [12] or the analogue [11]. As is known, in a polydisperse mixture, the difference in particle sizes causes a difference in their Fermi energy levels, which causes the transition of electrons from particles with large sizes to particles with smaller sizes. As a result, particles with larger sizes are charged positively, and particles with smaller sizes are negatively charged, and the ensemble of particles as a whole as a result of such recharging acquires energy stability. Under real conditions, the described mechanism of particle recharging is influenced by a whole series of factors, in particular, the presence of an oxide film on the particles, the presence of impurity atoms and molecules adsorbed on the surface, etc. Therefore, the process of leveling the electrochemical potential in the ensemble, at which they are charged, strictly speaking, is random in nature. The magnitude and sign of the charge to a greater extent depend on the topology of the system. However, dispersion is still decisive in the described mechanism, i.e. particle size of the mixture.

By analogy with this, the difference in the chemical composition of particles in adjacent autonomous layers also determines their difference in Fermi energy levels. As a result of recharging adjacent autonomous layers of particles of different chemical composition relative to each other, the latter receive opposite charges: “plus” - layers that have a higher Fermi energy level, and “minus” - on the contrary, layers that have a lower Fermi energy level. Between such layers, forces of mutual attraction arise. Such a system is more stable, because the position of the layers is additionally stabilized by the forces of the Coulomb interaction.

In the fourth embodiment, the matrix is made of dielectric material, and the protective filler is in the form of an autonomous continuous energetically active layer with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, covering the surface of at least one volumetric intermediate carrier made of dielectric material placed in the matrix, made in the form of a spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, ensures that the protective filler used achieves a qualitatively new result, namely, the implementation of the "tunneling" effect of quanta as a useful effective means of increasing the RE properties of the proposed REM.

In the proposed fourth embodiment, rare-earth metals, each intermediate carrier of dielectric material is coated with a continuous energetically active polydisperse layer of protective filler and is configured with no emitting ends. As a result of this, the intense VPI generated (in accordance with the “tunneling” effect of quanta) under the action of PPI propagates along a closed (itself) layer surface, without going beyond it, with a multiple increase (compared with the layer thickness) of the quantum path length and with a corresponding loss of energy.

Thus, the “tunneling” effect of quanta plays an important role in giving the proposed fourth variant of rare-earth metals higher specific characteristics of rare-earth properties compared to the prototype [12], in which the effect of “tunneling” quanta, on the contrary, plays the role of a harmful and dangerous factor, for elimination of which special costly measures are taken.

Indeed, in the prototype [12], under the influence of PPI in a layer of protective filler fixed on an intermediate carrier, due to the planar orientation of the ensembles of its particles (in accordance with the “tunneling” effect of quanta), intense VPI is generated, which, being emitted from the ends of the intermediate carriers, gets into a matrix in which the ensembles of particles of the protective filler have a volume orientation that excludes the possibility of the manifestation of the “tunneling” effect of quanta, as a result of which the latter is suppressed. However, such special measures to eliminate the manifestation of the effect of "tunneling" quanta as a harmful factor (in contrast to using this effect in the fourth embodiment of the proposed REM to increase the specific characteristics of the RE properties) without increasing the protective properties only lead to an increase in the cost of REM.

An analogue [11], in which a textile base is used as intermediate carriers (in the form of filament or filament segments) or mineral fiber in the form of its segments, an intense VPI is generated under the influence of PPI in the polydisperse protective coating of these intermediate carriers, which is emitted through the ends these intermediate carriers, which is completely unacceptable for REM.

In contrast to the analogue [11], in the proposed fourth variant of rare-earth metals, the radiating ends of intermediate carriers coated with a layer of protective polydisperse filler are absent with all the obvious advantages mentioned above.

In the fifth embodiment of the material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, in contrast to the fourth embodiment, the bulk intermediate carriers are made of electrically conductive material, but covered with a continuous layer of dielectric material. From the point of view of differences in the physics of the interaction of PPI with each continuous energetically active layer of protective filler fixed on a continuous layer of dielectric material covering each closed bulk intermediate carrier, in the fifth variant of the proposed rare-earth metals there are none in comparison with the fourth variant considered above. However, the fifth variant of the proposed REM expands the possibilities of using various types of conductive spherical volumetric elements or other closed volumetric elements commercially available in related industries as intermediate carriers (in accordance with claim 5). This, in turn, helps to improve manufacturability and reduce the cost of manufacturing the proposed REM version.

In the fourth and fifth embodiments, the layers of protective filler fixed on intermediate carriers may include the same or different in chemical composition of the mixture. In this case, by analogy with the third option, in addition to the possibility of obtaining from the fourth and fifth variants of the proposed REM a more extended absorption spectrum of PPI, an additional effect can be achieved that is not inherent in either the prototype [12] or the analogue [11].

However, as was shown by the example of the third variant of the proposed rare-earth metals, the stability of systems in the form of continuous energy-active layers of polydisperse mixtures of particles of a protective filler of various chemical composition, fixed (in the fourth and fifth versions) on the surface of various intermediate carriers, placed, in turn, in the volume of the dielectric matrix, it is provided (in addition to the action of other forces) also by the Coulomb interaction forces (i.e., by the forces of mutual attraction of the layers). In this case, the intermediate carriers are most preferably made in the form of plate-shaped elements with rounded ends, on the surfaces of which continuous energetically active layers of the protective filler are fixed in full accordance with the configuration of the intermediate carriers. Obviously, intermediate carriers with the above layers fixed on them, which, after recharging the layers (in accordance with their Fermi energy levels) with opposite charges, should be placed in the matrix in alternating order (plus, minus) at distances at which the dielectric constant of the matrix does not prevents the transition of electrons from one layer to another.

In the fourth and fifth embodiments of the invention, the metal-containing protective filler formed according to the invention has a total mass with equal protective properties less than the mass of the unformed same protective filler. In contrast to the known technical solutions [11, 12], in which the total mass of the segregated (formed) protective filler with equal protective properties is also less than the mass of the unformed same protective filler, in the proposed fourth and fifth variants, a decrease in the total mass of the protective filler is achieved by using fundamentally new constructive and technological approach. The essence of this approach is as follows. In the matrix of dielectric material, intermediate carriers are placed, made in the form of spherical elements or in the form of transformed from the latter other elements of an arbitrary closed shape. These elements are made either entirely from a dielectric material (according to the fourth embodiment of the proposed REM), or from an electrically conductive material, but covered with a continuous layer of dielectric material (according to the fifth embodiment of the proposed REM). The autonomous intermediate carriers made in this way are covered by continuous energetically active layers of a polydisperse protective filler with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m. The above essential features of the fourth and fifth variants of the proposed REM provide the used protective filler with a qualitatively new effect, namely: propagation through a closed (by itself) layer of protective filler of generated VPI quanta on each autonomous intermediate carrier (which is caused by by the formation of PPI in accordance with the manifestation of the “tunneling” effect of quanta) their path length increases many times (ie, the value of x in the Bouguer formula, see [1] on page 2). At the same time, the cross section for the interaction of X-ray and gamma radiation with the substance increases, thereby increasing the specific characteristics of the protective properties of the proposed REM variants.

In addition, the design of intermediate carriers completely excludes the possibility of radiation going beyond REMs, in contrast to [11], in which radiation can go beyond REMs through the ends of intermediate carriers. In contrast to the prototype [12] in the proposed REM variants, the effect of “tunneling” of quanta is used as an effective means of increasing the RE properties.

At the same time, in the prototype [12], the effect of “tunneling” of quanta plays a harmful and dangerous role, to neutralize which special expensive measures are taken.

In the fourth and fifth embodiments of the invention, the intermediate carriers can be made in the form of solid or hollow volumetric elements. The latter version is particularly preferred when it is necessary to ensure a minimum weight of rare-earth metals.

The technical result of the fourth and fifth variants of the invention is to obtain a material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation with a low percentage of protective filler, providing high reliability of protection without the use of additional costly measures.

The above embodiments of the invention are illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1

A crude spherical element (ball) with a diameter of 4 cm was formed from crude rubber based on synthetic rubber, on the surface of which a complex layer was deposited from a particle size (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m by rolling it on a flat glass surface in a powder of a polydisperse mixture rare earth oxide (REE) with a thickness of about 0.5 mm. Then, on the surface of the specimen, without breaking the spherical shape, a protective layer of 4 mm thick was formed from the same crude rubber. To do this, a profile blank was cut from a sheet of crude rubber pre-rolled on a calender of 4 mm thickness using a template, which was wrapped around the matrix with maintaining a spherical shape and ensuring a tight joint of the joint. As a result, a spherical element was obtained, under the protective layer of crude rubber of which a closed (on itself) layer of REE was fixed in an amount of 13% by weight relative to the weight of the entire sample. Then the spherical sample was slowly deformed under the press (with the space open from its sides) until a plate-like blank with rounded ends about 2 cm thick was formed. After that, a sheet 0.32 cm thick was formed on the laboratory calender according to TU 38-105455- 72 with dimensions (12 × 16) cm ² , which was placed in an autoclave, where it underwent vulcanization in an atmosphere of hot air. The radius of curvature at the ends of the sheet was ≈0.16 cm, and the radius of curvature of the REE layer inside the sheet was R> 0.1 mm.

The mass of the sample was 108.4 g, and the mass of the complex REE oxide in it was 14.1 g.

The obtained sample of the first proposed variant of rare-earth metals was tested under the following conditions: voltage at the anode of the x-ray tube U = 128 kV, the energy of the quanta of x-ray radiation E = 85 keV. The sample was irradiated with a wide beam of x-ray radiation. The exposure time is 0.5 s.

In the pure oxide of pure REEs, an average of 81.4% is present, which is 14.1 × 0.814 = 14.48 g in the sample with a complex oxide mass of 14.1 g. Then, the surface density of REEs with the dimensions of the sample (12 × 16 ) cm ² is 11.48 / 12 × 16 = 0.06 g / cm ² , and the average pycnometric density of REEs with the chemical composition of the complex oxide (CeO ₂ is 52%, LaO ₂ is 23%, NdO ₂ is 19%, PrO ₂ - 5%; mechanical impurities - 1%) is:

0.814 × (6.789 × 52 + 6.18 × 23 + 6.908 × 19 + 6.475 × 5): 99 = 0.814 × 6.65 = 5.4 g / cm ³ .

As a result, the estimated protective thickness of REE in the proposed first version of REE is:

X _p = 0.06 / 5.4 = 0.011 cm.

X-ray control followed by comparison with a step-wise lead attenuator showed that the proposed first variant of rare-earth metals has an actual protective lead equivalent X _f = 0.01 cm. The reduced protective thickness of REE corresponding to this protective lead equivalent is: X _ol = 0.01 × 11.34 / 5.4 = 0.021 cm.

As a result, the protective equivalent of the proposed first variant of REE with these test modes (U = 128 kV and E = 85 keV) relative to the actual protective thickness of REE in it is

K = X _pr / X _p = 0.021 / 0.011 = 1.9.

Then the same sample was tested under the following conditions: the voltage at the anode of the x-ray tube is 40 kV, the energy of the x-ray quanta is 27 keV. Irradiation was similarly carried out with a wide beam of x-ray radiation for 0.5 s.

X-ray control followed by comparison with a step-based lead attenuator showed that the same REM sample under these test conditions has a protective lead equivalent of X _f = 0.06 cm.

The reduced protective thickness of REE corresponding to this protective lead equivalent is:

X _ol = 0.06 × 11.34 / 5.4 = 0.126 cm.

As a result, the protective equivalent of the proposed first variant of REE under these test modes (U = 40 kV and E = 27 keV) relative to the same actual REE protective thickness in it is:

K = X _pr / X _p = 0.126 / 0.011 = 11.4.

Thus, due to the propagation of the VPI quantum protective filler over the closed (by itself) layer (into which the PPI is transformed, which is due to the manifestation of the “tunneling” effect of quanta), their path length increases many times, as a result of which the cross section for the interaction of X-ray and gamma radiation with matter increases. And this, in turn, leads to the fact that under different irradiation conditions the same sample of the first variant of REE has abnormally high values of the protective equivalent with respect to the same actual protective thickness of REE in the same REE.

Since the work of a closed (by itself) layer of a protective filler, due to the manifestation of the effect of "tunneling" of quanta, in the second proposed variant of rare-earth metals does not differ from the first option, it is not necessary to consider it as an example of testing a specially made sample.

Example 2

Using the same crude rubber and a protective filler in the form of a polydisperse complex REE oxide using the same technological methods as in Example 1, a three-dimensional spherical element was formed with a diameter of 3.5 cm with three closed inside it concentrically placed one inside the other with a gap layers of complex REE oxide with a thickness of about 0.5 mm. At the same time, the gaps between these layers and the thickness of the outer protective layer of crude rubber were 2 mm. The total REE content was 35.5% by weight relative to the weight of the entire sample.

After that, the spherical sample was slowly deformed under the press with the space open from its sides until a plate-like blank was formed with rounded ends about 2 cm thick. Next (by analogy with Example 1), a sheet 0.32 cm thick was formed from the said blank on the laboratory calender TU 38-105455-72 with dimensions (8 × 8.8) cm ² , which was placed in an autoclave, where it underwent vulcanization in an atmosphere of hot air. The radius of curvature at the ends of the sheet was ≈0.16 cm, and the radii of curvature at the edges of the deformed and placed in each other layers of the protective filler in the form of a polydisperse complex REE oxide - R> 0.1 mm.

The mass of the sample was 47.9 g, and the mass of the complex REE oxide in it was 17.0 g.

The obtained sample of the proposed third variant of rare-earth metals was tested under conditions similar to those in example 1:

a) U = 128 kV, E = 85 keV, t = 0.5 s;

b) U = 40 kV, E = 27 keV, t = 0.5 s.

The amount of pure REE in the sample is: 17.0 × 0.814 = 13.8 g. Then the surface density of REE is: 13.8 / 8 × 8.8 = 0.196 g / cm ² with a pycnometric density of REE - 5.4 g / cm ³ .

As a result, the calculated protective thickness of the REE in the proposed third version of the REE is: X _p = 0.196 / 5.4 = 0.036 cm.

X-ray control followed by comparison with a step-wise lead attenuator showed that the proposed third variant of rare-earth metals under the irradiation conditions (a) has an actual protective lead equivalent X _f = 0.07 cm, and under the irradiation mode (b) - X _f = 0.51 cm . Further (by analogy with example 1) we have:

a) at U = 128 kV, E = 85 keV and t = 0.5 s:

X _ave = 0,07 × 11,34 / 5,4 = 0,147 cm; K = X _pr / X _p = 0.147 / 0.036 = 4.1.

b) at U = 40 kV, E = 27 keV and t = 0.5 s:

X _ave = 0,51 × 11,34 / 5,4 = 1,07sm; K = X _pr / X _p = 1.07 / 0.036 = 29.7.

Thus, in the proposed third embodiment, rare-earth metals, the presence of several closed continuous layers of dispersed protective filler fixed in the dielectric matrix with each other with a gap provides a higher level of protection.

Example 3

Using the same crude rubber and a protective filler in the form of a polydisperse complex REE oxide using the same technological methods as in Example 1, a bulky cylindrical element was formed with a diameter of 4.4 cm and a width of 2.7 cm, inside of which in one plane in 3 spherical intermediate carriers were placed in contact with each other.

Each intermediate carrier was a spherical element (ball) with a diameter of 2 cm onto which a layer of polydisperse complex REE oxide with a thickness of about 0.5 mm was deposited. The spherical elements were placed in a cylindrical cage of crude rubber with a wall thickness of 0.2 cm, the ends of which were flush-covered with lids of the same rubber with a thickness of 0.2 cm.

The total REE content was 20.4% by weight relative to the weight of the entire sample.

The cylindrical sample was slowly deformed under the press with the space open from its sides: first, in the axial direction (from 2.7 cm to 2.2 cm), and then in the radial direction to form a plate-like blank with rounded ends about 2 cm thick. After that (by analogy with example 1) on a laboratory calender a sheet with a thickness of 0.32 cm was formed from the specified blank according to TU 38-105455-72 with dimensions (10 × 8.8) cm ² , which was placed in an autoclave, where it was vulcanized in atmosphere of hot air. The radius of curvature at the ends of the sheet was ≈0.16 cm, and the radii of curvature at the edges of the deformed layers of protective filler fixed in the intermediate carriers were R> 0.1 mm.

The mass of the sample was 52.0 g, and the mass of the complex REE oxide in it was 10.6 g.

The obtained sample of the proposed fourth version of the rare-earth metals was tested under conditions similar to those in example 1:

a) U = 128 kV, E = 85 keV, t = 0.5 s;

b) U = 40 kV, E = 27 keV, t = 0.5 s.

The sample was irradiated with a wide beam of x-ray radiation with its collimation by means of a collimator with a diameter of 30 mm with the condition of radiation passing through two deformed intermediate carriers with closed layers of a polydisperse protective filler fixed in them.

The amount of pure REE in the sample is: 10.6 × 0.814 = 8.6 g. Then the surface density of REE is: 8.6 / 10 × 8.8 = 0.098 g / cm ² with a pycnometric density of REE - 5.4 g / cm ³ .

As a result, the estimated protective thickness of the REE in the proposed fourth version of the REE is:

X _p = 0.098 / 5.4 = 0.018 cm.

X-ray control followed by comparison with a step-wise lead attenuator showed that the proposed fourth variant of rare-earth metals under the irradiation conditions (a) has an actual protective lead equivalent X _f = 0.03 cm, and under the irradiation mode (b) - X _f = 0.2 cm . Further (by analogy with example 1) we have:

a) at U = 128 kV, E = 85 keV and t = 0.5 s:

X _ol = 0.03 × 11.34 / 5.4 = 0.063 cm; K = X _pr / X _p = 0.063 / 0.018 = 3.5;

b) at U = 40 kV, E = 27 keV and t = 0.5 s:

X _ol = 0.2 × 11.34 / 5.4 = 0.42 cm; K = X _pr / X _p = 0.42 / 0.018 = 23.3.

As you can see, with this design, the proposed fourth option has an abnormally high level of protection.

Since the work of closed (on themselves) layers of a protective filler fixed on intermediate carriers due to the manifestation of the “tunneling” effect of quanta does not differ from the fourth variant described above in the fifth proposed variant, it is not necessary to consider it as an example of testing a specially made sample of the fifth variant.

Claims (12)

1. Material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including a matrix with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono-or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, characterized in that the matrix is made of dielectric material in the form of a volumetric spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature, determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, and is covered by a continuous energetically active layer of protective filler with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, and the total mass of the protective filler thus formed with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture. 2. The material according to claim 1, characterized in that the protective filler layer is coated with a protective layer of wear-resistant dielectric material. 3. Material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including a matrix with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, characterized in that the matrix is made of electrically conductive material in the form of a volumetric spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where e R is the radius of curvature, and is covered with a continuous layer of dielectric material, the surface of which, in turn, is covered by a continuous energetically active layer of protective filler with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, and the total mass of the protective filler formed in this way with equal protective properties less than the mass of unformed protective filler from the same mixture. 4. The material according to claim 3, characterized in that the protective filler layer is coated with a protective layer of wear-resistant dielectric material. 5. Material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including a matrix with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, characterized in that the matrix is made of dielectric material, and the protective filler is made in the form of at least two autonomous energy-active continuous layers covered by dielectric material with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, formed in the form of placed each in each other with a gap of volumetric spherical elements or in the form of arbitrary closed shapes transformed from the other other elements, the surfaces of which have a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, and the total mass of the protective filler formed in this way at equal protective properties less than the mass of unformed protective filler from the same mixture. 6. The material according to claim 5, characterized in that the layers of the protective filler include the same or different in chemical composition of the mixture. 7. Material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including a matrix with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, characterized in that the matrix is made of dielectric material, and protective filler material is in the form of continuous energetically autonomous active layer thickness (10 ^{-3 -9} ÷ 10) m covering surface arranged in matrix screen, at least one volumetric interm an accurate carrier made of a dielectric material made in the form of a spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature, and the total mass of such way protective filler with equal protective properties less than the mass of unformed protective filler from the same mixture. 8. The material according to claim 7, characterized in that the layers of the protective filler include the same or different in chemical composition of the mixture. 9. The material according to claim 7, characterized in that the intermediate carriers are made in the form of solid or hollow volumetric elements. 10. Material for protection against x-ray and gamma radiation, including a matrix with a fixed protective filler from a metal-containing polydisperse mono- or multi-element mixture with energetically interconnected particles with sizes (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, characterized in that the matrix is made of dielectric material, and the protective filler is made in the form of an autonomous continuous energetically active layer with a thickness of (10 ^-9 ÷ 10 ^-3 ) m, covering the surface of at least one volume inter a weft carrier made of an electrically conductive material coated with a continuous layer of dielectric material and made in the form of a spherical element or in the form of an arbitrary closed shape transformed from the last other element, the surface of which has a radius of curvature determined from the expression R≥0.1 mm, where R is the radius of curvature moreover, the total mass of the protective filler formed in this way with equal protective properties is less than the mass of the unformed protective filler from the same mixture. 11. The material of claim 10, wherein the layers of the protective filler include the same or different in chemical composition of the mixture. 12. The material according to claim 10, characterized in that the intermediate carriers are made in the form of solid or hollow volumetric elements.