RU2316035C2 - Equatorial solar clock - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: measuring technique.

SUBSTANCE: equatorial solar clock comprises gnomon of summer time and gnomon of winter time that are rigidly interconnected and connected with the circle of hour angles that is made of a transparent material with dull surface and has regular scale and diagram of shifting of the reference point of local time with respect to the center or the edge of the shadow that is made of plot of the time equation applied on the image of shadows formed by the gnomon of summer and gnomon of the winter time. The plane of the circle of the hour angles is parallel to the plane of the celestial equator of the Earth.

EFFECT: enhanced precision.

3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to technical physics, in particular to instruments for determining time by the Sun, and can be used to determine time in the bright period.

The equatorial sundial of V.A. Ivanov is known, protected by copyright certificate No. 2200339, registered in the State Register of Inventions of the Russian Federation on March 10, 2003, containing a base in the upper part of which there is a plane parallel to the plane of the celestial equator and equipped with dial elements with a lower part . The dial contains a summertime gnomon installed in the center of the circle on a summertime dial, and on a lower surface a wintertime gnomon mounted on the center of a wintertime dial. The center of the circumference of the winter time scale is shifted upward relative to the center of the circumference of the winter time scale by 05-1R, where R is the radius of the circumference of the winter time scale. Both scales, winter and summer, additionally contain diagrams of the displacement of the reference point of local time relative to the center of the shadow cast by the gnomons of winter and summer time.

From the description of the copyright certificate No. 2200340, registered in the State Register of Inventions of the Russian Federation on March 10, 2003, the invention contains a base with a stand, in the upper part of which a winter time gnomon is fixed with the possibility of angular movement and fixing the position in the vertical plane. At the upper end of the gnomon, a circle of watch angles made of a transparent material and a summer time gnomon are coaxially fixed. The base contains the sight, and the circle contains the true time reference scale and the displacement diagram of the local time reference point relative to the center of the shadow, which is made in the form of a graph of the time equation plotted on the image of the shadows cast by the gnomons.

The described design of the equatorial sundial is adopted as a prototype. The disadvantage of the prototype is the inability to count time during the spring and autumn equinoxes, inaccuracy due to refraction.

The technical result from the use of the invention is the possibility of counting the time in the spring and autumn equinox, convenience and improving the accuracy of counting, and the line of sight from below allows you to fix them on a vertical column at a height that avoids damage and get rid of the shade of plants and small buildings, the presence of a visor makes it possible to count down the time during the spring and autumn equinox, the dial is made in different colors, compensation for the error from refraction at p account settings specified schedule data time correction equation.

The specified technical result is achieved in that in the equatorial sundial containing the gnomon of summer time and the gnomon of winter time, rigidly connected coaxially with the circle of hour angles in the middle, the upper end of the gnomon of summer time with a collar is connected to a clamp fixed on a pole, and the circle of hour angles the edge is connected to the base, which is attached with a bracket to the post below the summertime gnomon mounting clamp. The plane of the circle of hour angles is set parallel to the plane of the celestial equator of the Earth. To determine the time in the spring and autumn equinox, a visor is fixed on the lower edge of the circle of hour angles, on which the shadow from the gnomon of winter time falls. The circle of hour angles is made in the form of a scale of transparent material with a matte surface and with a diagram of the offset of the local time reference point relative to the center or edge of the shadow, which is made in the form of a graph of the time equation plotted on the image of the shadows cast by the summer gnomon and the winter gnomon.

The diagram of the shift of the local time reference point relative to the center of the shadow cast by the summer time gnomon or the winter time gnomon is made in the form of a graph of the time equation plotted on a time axis depicting, on a one-to-one scale, the shadow from the summer time gnomon, from the spring equinox to the autumnal equinox, and the shadow from the gnomon of winter time, from the autumnal equinox to the spring equinox.

When the ratio of the diameter of the gnomon of summer time to the diameter of the gnomon of winter time and the diameter of the circle of the reference scale of true solar time is 1: 2: 38, and with refraction compensation for every 250 mm, the diameter of the scale of winter and summer gnomons increase by 1 mm. The local time reference point coincides with the center of the shadow on April 16, June 12, August 29 and December 25, with the leading edge of the shadow on March 27, July 23, January 24 and March 5, and with the rear edge on September 17, October 5 and November 28 . One of the surfaces of the circle of watch angles is made matte.

The image is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the design of the claimed equatorial sundial. Figure 2 shows the reference scale of true solar time. Figure 3 is a diagram of the offset of the reference point of local time relative to the center of the shadow cast by the gnomons of summer and winter time.

In figure 1 ... 3 the numbers denote:

1 - a pillar of street lighting;

2 - a clamp of fastening on a column;

3 - clamp mount summer gnomon;

4 - summertime gnomon;

5 - a circle of time angles;

6 - gnomon of winter time;

7 - base;

8 - bracket mounting the base to the post;

9 - visor for counting time during the spring and autumn equinox;

10 - a scale of reference of true solar time;

11 is a diagram of the offset of the local time reference point relative to the center of the shadow cast by the gnomons of summer and winter time.

The claimed equatorial sundial contains a base 7 made of stainless steel sheet, which has a bend at an angle equal to the latitude of this locality, so that the plane of the circle of hour angles 5, fastened rigidly to the base, is parallel to the plane of the celestial equator. A visor 9 is fixed on the lower edge of the circle of time angles from below, according to the shadow of which local time is determined from the gnomon 6 of winter time during the spring and autumn equinox. The base 7 is fastened with a bracket 8 to the pillar 1. The summertime gnomon 4 is rigidly coaxially connected to the winter time gnomon 6 with a circle of hour angles 5 in the middle. Gnomon 4 with the upper end of the clamp 3 is connected to the clamp 2, mounted on a pillar 1.

The circle of time angles 5 is made of a transparent material, such as organic glass, and contains a scale 10 (figure 2) of the reference time of the true solar time and a diagram 11 (figure 3) of the offset of the reference point of local time relative to the center or edges of the shadow cast by the gnomons 4 and 6 Scale 10 is a circle divided by a multiple of 24 number of parts, for example 144, at the price of one division of 10 minutes (figure 2). Above each hourly division, the daylight saving time is indicated by a larger red number and a smaller blue winter time digit to instantly know the summer or winter time without changing anything or calculating anything.

Diagram 11 (figure 3) is made in the form of a graph of the equation of time plotted on the image of the shadow cast by the gnomon 4 of summer time and the gnomon 6 of winter time. The diameter of the gnomon 4 refers to the diameter of the gnomon 6 and to the diameter of the circle of the scale 10 as 1: 2: 38, and to compensate for errors from refraction for every 250 mm increase in the diameter of the scale, the winter 6 and summer 4 gnomons are increased by 1 mm in diameter. The exact local time coincides with the center of the shadow on April 16, June 12, August 29, and December 25, with the leading edge of the shadow March 27, July 23, January 24, and March 5 and the back edge of the shadow September 17, October 5, and November 28.

The claimed equatorial sundial (Fig. 1) for operation is set in a certain way.

At first, at a certain height, a clamp 2 is attached to pillar 1, connected to the clamp 3, inside of which there is the upper end of the gnomon 4. The gnomon 4 is screwed to the gnomon 6, between which the circle of the clock angles 5 is clamped, the lower edge is rigidly connected to the base 7 and the visor 9. The base 7 of the bracket 8 is attached to the pillar 1 below the clamp 2. After loosening the clamp 3 and the bracket 8, set the angle of inclination of the circle of hourly angles using the level-gon so that it corresponds to this point in the terrain. This can be achieved by moving the bracket 8 up or down and letting gnomon 4 in the clamp 3. After fixing the clamp 3, you need to loosen the clamp 2 and rotate around column 1 in the shadow from gnomon 4, if it’s in summer, or from gnomon 6 in winter, set the exact time and clamp the clamps 2 and brackets 8. Using a level-square or a square, check the angle of inclination and, if necessary, adjust it more carefully, repeating these operations. The presence of the visor 9 allows counting the time all year round, since in the spring and autumn equinox the shadow is absent on the scale and it is clearly visible at this time on the visor, which is adjacent to the scale.

The use of modern data for constructing the diagram (Fig. 3) made it possible to clarify it, since the prototype used the data of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia of 1954 and have some difference.

A double dial on the scale (figure 2), when above each division two digits indicating summer (red and larger) and winter (blue and smaller) times allow you to instantly determine winter or summer time. When constructing a large-diameter sundial, a significant error is introduced by refraction, since the luminary is not a point, so the edges of the shadow gradually close with increasing shadow length. Therefore, in the formula for the ratio of the diameters of the gnomon of summer time 4, winter time 6 and the circle of hour angles 5 as 1: 2: 38, it is necessary to add 1 mm to the diameters of the gnomons of winter 6 and summer 4 time for every 250 mm increase in the diameter of the circle of hour angles 5. V In this case, even on a large-diameter sundial, the reading from the edges of the shadow will have an error comparable to the reading from the center of the shadow. With a scale diameter of 644 mm, the diameter of the summer gnomon is 19 mm (16.8 + 2.2) and the diameter of the winter gnomon is 35, 8 (33.6 + 2.2), where 2.2 mm is added to compensate for the error from refraction, the shadow speed is 1.4 mm per minute, the error in the calculation of summer and winter time is less than ± 1 minute, which exceeds the accuracy of the known equatorial sundials with a scale of the same diameter. The line of sight from below allows you to fix the equatorial sundial at an acceptable height, eliminating damage and unwanted shade of small buildings and small trees.

Claims (1)

An equatorial sundial containing a gnomon of summer time and a gnomon of winter time, coaxially and rigidly connected to each other and to a circle of time angles, which is made of a transparent material with a matte surface and has a uniform scale and a diagram of the shift of the reference point of local time relative to the center or edge of the shadow, which is made in the form of a graph of the equation of time plotted on the image of the shadows cast by the gnomon of summer and the gnomon of winter time, while the plane of the circle of hour angles is set parallel but the planes of the celestial equator of the Earth, characterized in that the upper end of the summer gnomon is connected by a clamp to a clamp fixed to a pole, the circle of hour angles is fixed by an edge to the base, which is attached to the pole below the clamp of the summer gnomon to determine the time in spring and the autumnal equinox on the lower edge of the scale is a visor fixed to which the shadow from the gnomon of winter time falls, and the dial is made in different colors.

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