RU2301825C1 - Artificial soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, growing of farm crops under protected or open ground conditions, as well as reclamation or enrichment of poor soil.

SUBSTANCE: artificial soil contains high moisture capacity material and biologically active substance. Artificial soil contains sapropel as high moisture capacity material and non-toxic ecologically clean pure carbon black of wood origin as biologically active substance, with volumetric content of carbon black constituting 20-40%.

EFFECT: simplified process for preparing of artificial soil owing to utilization of natural products.

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Description

The invention relates to compositions of artificial soils and can find application in agriculture when growing crops in closed or open ground conditions, as well as in the reclamation or enrichment of poor soils.

There is a method of producing artificial soil by collecting bedless manure at the place of keeping animals on a layer of moisture-absorbing material until it is completely impregnated, unloading the resulting mixture in a manure storage, mixing with additives, biothermal disinfection and enrichment. Highly hygroscopic mineral material is used as a moisture-consuming material, which is poured into channels closed by gratings for the accumulation and removal of manure, and after biothermal disinfection, the resulting mass is additionally enriched with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. As a highly hygroscopic material, expanded clay, expanded fibrous vermiculite or zeolite, foamed granular or bundled fibrous metallurgical slag or ash from thermal power plants are used, and sapropel, peat, farm waste, sand, and macro and micronutrients are used as additives (USSR, No. 1599356, С05F 3 / 00, 1990).

A known method of obtaining compost based on liquefied manure with mineral substrates and high moisture capacity in the channels of the livestock building, followed by mixing and adding disinfectable mixtures and nitrogen-fixing bacteria and worms requires a lot of time and time to prepare the finished product. In addition, the use of this method is limited by the presence of a livestock complex in the economy. Moreover, the presence of liquid substrate requires biological disinfection and anaerobic composting, which complicates the technology of preparing artificial soil and requires an increase in energy consumption. Known artificial soil is not applicable to any land and may not correspond to the physiological needs of cultivated crops for nutrients and environmental reactions, i.e. this ratio of elements may not be suitable for cultivated crops, while this ratio of elements cannot be adjusted during the growing season.

Also known is a method of producing artificial soil containing a moisture-absorbing material, a nitrogen-fixing component and sapropel. As a moisture-consuming material, it contains a non-toxic water-soluble gel-forming polymer, as a nitrogen-fixing component - Nostoc Linckia blue-green algae, as well as additional plant condensed alfalfa extract (RF, No. 2031101, С09К 17/00, 1995).

A disadvantage of the known artificial soil is the presence of a non-toxic water-soluble gel-forming polymer as a water-intensive material, which is an artificial product of the chemical industry. In addition, the technology of preparing artificial soil is very complex and requires compliance with the sequence of the technological process.

The addition of the nitrogen-fixing component - Nostoc Linckia blue-green algae requires a special microbiological laboratory or production, which is not available for the mass consumer of this soil, where it is prepared.

Also known is a method of producing artificial soil containing a moisture-absorbing material, as a biologically active substance, a plant extract, as well as sapropel. Contains a gel-forming non-toxic, water-soluble polymer in an amount of 0.005-0.150% by weight of sapropel as a moisture-consuming material, and a condensed alfalfa extract in an amount of 1.5-15.0% by weight of sapropel as a plant extract [(RF, No. 2032704 , C09K 17/00, 1995 (prototype)].

Growing vegetables on low-volume substrates is widespread in the world. The main reason for the widespread use of this technology is the high economic efficiency obtained both by increasing productivity and due to significant energy savings.

The energy-saving technology for growing greenhouse vegetables on substrates has a number of important advantages both in comparison with the soil crop and with the “old” basin hydroponics, namely:

- the possibility of more accurate and quick regulation of the parameters of the root habitat medium (concentration, acidity of the nutrient solution, nutrient content, humidity, temperature, etc.) due to its small volume and the use of microprocessor technology, which provides a significant increase in the yield of cultivated crops (this factor played a major role in the dissemination of this technology);

- improving product quality;

- a more rational use of thermal energy through the use of subsubstrate heating and reducing energy costs for steaming;

- elimination of the need for the preparation and delivery of soil, the introduction of organic fertilizers and loosening materials, as well as the processing of soil in greenhouses (plowing, milling);

- a decrease of 15-30 times the amount of substrate depending on the culture;

- significant water savings through the use of drip irrigation and energy savings on evaporation due to the coating of the surface of the soil and substrate with a film;

- saving the amount of mineral fertilizers (up to 40%);

- reduction of pesticide consumption for basic disinfection of greenhouses, improvement of phytosanitary conditions;

- increase the ability to standardize the substrate;

- increasing labor productivity, organizational and technological level of production.

When creating the necessary conditions, this technology can be highly efficient, allowing you to get from 1 m ² to 32 kg of tomatoes and 45 kg of cucumbers.

The disadvantages of the known artificial soil is the presence of a polymer as a water-absorbing material, since it is an artificial chemical product, and not a natural compound. In addition, the technology for preparing artificial soil based on a polymer is rather complicated, laborious, and requires careful observance of the conditions for its preparation.

The objective of the present invention is to increase the efficiency of artificial soil, the use of a nutrient medium of plant origin, and as a biologically active substance is an environmentally friendly energy-saving product.

This object is achieved in that the artificial soil containing a moisture-absorbing material and a biologically active substance contains sapropel as a moisture-intensive material, and a non-toxic environmentally friendly carbon black of wood origin as a biologically active substance, and the carbon black content by volume is 20-40 %

The proposed artificial soil retains all the positive properties of low-volume hydroponics, while eliminating the noted drawbacks and expanding the possibilities of using the initial components of plant origin in the preparation of soils and seedlings. In the proposed artificial soil, sapropel is used as a moisture-consuming material, and carbon black of wood origin as a biologically active substance, which significantly expands the possibilities of farms in the preparation of greenhouse soils and seedlings.

In the proposed artificial soil substrate, sapropel provides the necessary soil moisture capacity and physical environment for the root system of the grown crops.

Sapropel is a colloidal finely structured product of sediment accumulation in freshwater bodies of water, mainly lakes. Plant and animal, lower and higher organisms living in water bodies, as well as organic and inorganic components brought by surface and underground drains take part in the formation of sapropel.

In the national economy, sapropels are mainly used as raw materials for the production of fertilizers. The main fertilizer value of sapropels is given by the quantity and quality of its organic part, which is from 15 to 95% of the dry weight. From 20 to 65% of the organic substances of sapropels are water-soluble and hydrolyzable substances. They can not only be directly absorbed by plants, but also serve as a favorable substrate for the development of microorganisms. The introduction of sapropel into the soil enhances the microbiological activity aimed at enhancing the biochemical processes of the conversion of substances into the mobilization of nitrogen reserves in the soil.

The average content of the most important chemical elements and their fluctuations that make up the sapropels are shown in table 1.

Table 1

Macrocell The range of fluctuations of macronutrients,% Trace element The content of trace elements, mg / kg dry sapropel average vibration limits Nitrogen (N) up to 4-6 Sulfur (S) 1.5-2.5 Manganese 299.2 20.0-1200.0 Phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) 0.05-1.68 Zinc 128.7 23.3-394.1 Calcium (CaO) 1-55 Copper 12.8 1.66-53.3 Iron (Fe) 2-6 (rarely until 16-18) Molybdenum 3.3 1.0-18.7 Aluminum (Not) 0.5-1.0 (in clay to 4-5) Cobalt 1.94 Footprints - 14.6

In addition to the listed chemical components, sapropel also contains biologically active substances: vitamins, growth stimulants, hormones, antibiotics, etc. Moreover, from vitamins the amount of carotene (provitamin “A”) ranges from 1.32 to 25.47 mg per 100 g of dry sapropel, and the content of such an important vitamin as B ₁₂ can range from 10.0 to 2082.0 mg / kg dry sapropel.

Another component of the artificial soil substrate is carbon black of wood origin, which improves the water-physical conditions of the substrate and, with its high sorbing properties, eliminates excess salts and residues of agrochemicals (pesticides), protecting plants from their toxic effects. In addition, carbon black, due to its black color and porosity, significantly increases the heat capacity of artificial soils, which reduces the energy consumption for ensuring the thermal regime, reduces the unproductive moisture consumption for evaporation, and improves the natural conditions of cultivated crops.

Carbon black, being a product of the secondary use of natural resources of plant origin, is obtained as a result of processing carbon-containing raw materials using a new domestic environmentally friendly and clean technology, by thermochemical cracking of waste from plant and wood origin. The feedstock for producing carbon black is wood waste, waste from pulp and paper production, sawdust, wood chips, cutting boards, etc. Moreover, the yield of carbon black from the weight of the feedstock is more than 30%.

Qualitative indicators of universal carbon black of wood origin of the SU-N brand are presented in table 2.

table 2

Name of indicator Norm for brand SU-N Actual value Test method Appearance Black grain without mechanical impurities Visually Maximum absorption capacity for oil products 15-20 cSt at 20 ° C,% 400-600 420 - The total pore volume in water, cm ³ / g, not less 1,0 2.0 GOST 17219-71 Bulk density, g / cm ³ , no more 160 160 GOST 15190-70 Fractional composition. Max fraction of sieve residue: GOST 16187-70 No. 50,%, no more 2 0.2 No. 30,%, no more 8 2.2 No. 10,%, no more fifty 60,2 on a pallet,%, no more 40 37,4 Ash content,%, no more 7.0 1,1 GOST 12596-67 Mass fraction of moisture,%, no more 3,5 1.7 GOST 12597-67

The technical characteristics of carbon presented in Table 2 make it possible to use it as a sorbent of wood origin with a high absorption capacity that protects artificial soil from contamination by residues of agrochemicals and other products of technogenic origin.

In addition, universal carbon black contains the following chemical elements, most of which are plant nutrients and are used in the cultivation of cultivated crops, with the exception of lead and cadmium, the content of which is significantly lower than the MPC.

Element Concentration,% max Phosphorus 0.0033 Potassium 0,054 Calcium 0.164 Magnesium 0,036 Manganese 0.015 Iron 0,048 Lead 0,00028 Cadmium 0.00004 Zinc 0.0021

The technology for producing universal carbon black from wood processing waste allows one to change the quantitative composition of chemical elements, both from the types of raw materials and by adding chemical additives containing the necessary plant nutrition elements.

Example. Experience in a spring greenhouse: the comparative effect of sapropel and carbon black on the yield and quality of sweet pepper (Zuhra variety).

The experiment was carried out in a film greenhouse with a pepper culture of Zukhra cultivar on greenhouse soil (peat + carbon black = 1: 1) with an organic matter content of 31%, pH _salt. = 6.6, water-soluble forms of nitrogen (N-NO ₃ + N-NH ₄ ) 12 mg / 100 g, phosphorus 7.7 and potassium 5.1 mg / 100 g. Beds were cut 1.2 m wide and 4 m long (S = 5 m ² ), on which meliorants were added to two furrows according to the experimental scheme (see table 3). 60-day-old seedlings were planted in holes of 2 rows per bed. Conducted 20 harvests of fruits. The results of crop accounting and the biochemical composition of the fruits are shown in table 3.

Table 3

Option Productivity Dry matter% Sugar,% Vitamin C, mg% kg / m ² % mono- the amount Greenhouse soil (control) 12.49 one hundred 3.27 2.49 3.07 92.6 Sapropel - 2 l / m ² 14.81 119 4.29 2,55 3.07 101.8 Carbon (C) - 2 l / m ² 13.15 105 3.37 2.49 2.99 106.1 Sapropel + C - 1 + 1 l / m ² 18.22 146 3.70 2,52 2.83 94.4 NPK - 50 g / m ² 20.04 161 3.85 2.43 2.95 97.5 The accuracy of the experiment,% 4.79

The greatest increase in yield was obtained with the introduction of readily soluble mineral fertilizers (Kemira): + 61% to the control. Sapropel in effect on pepper yield was inferior to the action of complete mineral fertilizer, which can be explained by the lower digestibility of the nutrient elements of sapropel and their incomplete release during the mineralization of organic matter.

Carbon black, introduced in its pure form, did not significantly affect the growth and development of plants, which is quite expected, since its positive effect is associated primarily with the improvement of the water-physical properties of the soil. These soils had good water-physical properties and did not need further improvement.

The positive effect of carbon manifested itself in the preparation of artificial soil (sapropel + carbon) in a ratio of 1: 1 by volume. Carbon was a stimulator of the mineralization of the organic matter of sapropel and the extraction of mobile nutrients from it. Even with a half dose of sapropel in the composition of artificial soil, its combined action with carbon contributed to a significant increase in yield (+ 46% to control), second only to the effect of full mineral fertilizer, while reducing production costs by 1.5 times.

The positive effect of artificial soil was also manifested in the accumulation of monosaccharides and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in pepper fruits, which indicates the stimulation of physiological processes in plants.

The preparation of artificial soil under production conditions does not require special equipment and high costs. If artificial soil is being prepared in nurseries and other cultivation facilities, the components of artificial soil are imported in volume in the right ratio so as to create a 20 cm layer of artificial soil in a greenhouse with an area of 1000 m ² (one section of a typical seedling complex), 80 m ³ sapropel and evenly level it. This creates a soil layer of approximately 10 cm. Then 16 m ^{3 of} carbon black (~ 20% of the sapropel volume) are introduced and is also evenly distributed over the area. The most suitable unit for these purposes is the chassis based on the T-16 tractor. To level the surface of the soil, bulldozer mounted on this tractor are used. Then, cultivating and then milling the soil surface to a depth of 12-15 cm is carried out sequentially, which will ensure uniform mixing of the components of artificial soil. Cultivator and milling suspensions are also mounted on the basis of the T-16 chassis after removing the body. You can also use modern imported milling units complete with a mini-tractor.

When preparing artificial soil in an open area, you can use more powerful bulldozer mounts based on DT-75 or T-150. To mix the soil components, a KF-4.2 milling cultivator based on the MTZ-80 tractor (82) can be used, carrying out processing in two directions.

In contrast to the known artificial soils, the proposed artificial soil in the form of sapropel and carbon black is an environmentally friendly active biological substrate of plant origin, the use of which will contribute to the development of biological farming and will allow:

- reduce the cost of preparing the substrates, reduce the risk of overdose of the applied agrochemicals, through the sorbing properties of carbon black;

- use environmentally friendly natural materials of plant origin in contrast to polymers based on organics;

- save agrochemicals for the preparation of nutrient solutions, irrigation water and heat to maintain a favorable microclimate.

In addition, the existing technology requires strict control on the use of the nutrient medium, while the proposed technology has an increased buffering ability to use the nutrient medium and other agrochemicals when processing from pests, diseases, etc., which is especially typical for open soils. The substrate based on sapropel and carbon promotes the use of various types of crops with the required ratio of nutrients in the growing process.

The proposed artificial soil is especially effective for growing plants and vegetables by the method of low-volume hydroponics.

Claims (1)

An artificial soil containing a moisture-absorbing material and a biologically active substance, characterized in that it contains sapropel as a moisture-absorbing material, and non-toxic environmentally friendly carbon black of wood origin as a biologically active substance, and the carbon black content by volume is 20-40%.