RU2390088C1 - Collector magnetic electric machine with pole anchor - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention may be used as power micro-motors and tachometre generators in automatic devices, and also power electric motors and DC generators with capacity of up to several kW in all fields of economy. Proposed collector magnetic electric machine with pole anchor comprises explicit inductor poles excited by permanent magnets, anchor with explicit poles, collector, mechanism of brush-contact unit with brushes, closed drum simple serial (wave) coil winding of anchor made by coils, every of which is located on according explicit anchor pole and comprises one or several turns. Besides it is necessary to observe certain ratios between number of inductor explicit poles and number of anchor explicit poles, and also to make poles of inductor and poles of anchor with a certain width of pole arc, and collector plates of collector and brushes - with a certain width and certain number. This magnetic electric machine may be used as DC generators and motors with independent excitation from permanent magnets. ^ EFFECT: invention provides for high power indices with proper switching and possibility of smooth and deep control of output parametres of collector magnetic electric machine with pole anchor with simultaneous achievement of design simplicity and high reliability, and providing possibility to use this magnetic electric machine. ^ 4 cl, 9 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of electrical engineering and relates to the design of DC collector electric machines with excitation from permanent magnets, and can be used as power micromotors in automatic devices, tachogenerators, as well as power electric motors and DC generators with a capacity of up to several kilowatts per all sectors of the economy. The power of the proposed magnetoelectric machines during their operation in the electric motor mode can be carried out not only from stationary electric networks of alternating current of industrial frequency with subsequent conversion to direct current, but also from mobile and portable autonomous sources of direct current (mini-electric stations, rechargeable batteries and galvanic batteries).

The design of an electric Gerard machine with a pole anchor (DC Machines. Volume 1. E. Arnold, prof. And I.L. La-Cour. M.: State Technical Publishing House. - 1931. Pages 22-23) is known, having an inductor with four poles, an anchor with four poles, each of which has its own winding coil, four collector plates connected in pairs through one, and two brushes located between the poles of the inductor and at an angle of 90 ° relative to each other, the coil of the armature winding are interconnected counter-according, and the beginning of the first and to The end of the fourth coil is connected to two corresponding plates located along the axis of the poles of the armature. The disadvantage of such electric machines is the large ripple of the moment when working as an electric motor and the large ripple of the output voltage when working as an electric generator due to the same number of poles of the inductor and the armature, low energy performance, and due to the fact that the armature winding is open , inevitably sparking during switching due to the large self-induction of the coils.

The design of an electric machine for feeding arc lamps of an electric company Westinghouse is known, having six excitation poles, two collectors, four brushes, eight armature poles, each pole of which has its own section of the winding (DC machines. Volume 1. E. Arnold, prof. And I.L. La-Kur. M.: State Technical Publishing House. - 1931. P.23). The armature winding is made in the form of odd and even sections, forming two independent winding systems, each of which is connected to its collector. The second and third brushes are short-circuited with each other, connecting both winding systems in series. The first and second brushes are used to relieve voltage in generator mode. The disadvantage of such electric machines is the design complexity due to the presence of two collectors, a large output voltage ripple when operating with an electric generator, and due to the fact that the armature winding is open, sparking is inevitable during switching due to the large self-induction of the sections.

Known construction the collector electrical machine with a pole armature firm Schuckert and ^Co., armature winding which is similar to the three-phase winding and formed coils, arranged on a triple T-shaped anchor, the poles of which are shifted relative to each other by 120 °, the winding ends are connected in a "star ”, And the beginning of the winding is attached to three collector plates, on which two brushes slide (DC machines. Volume 1. E. Arnold, prof. And I. L. La-Kur. M.: State Technical Publishing House. - 1931. Pages .22-23). The disadvantage of the analogue is the poor use of the useful volume of the electric machine, which negatively affects energy performance, and due to the fact that the armature winding is open and each armature winding coil consists of only one section, sparking is inevitable during switching due to the large self-induction of the coils, and for this reason, the use of these electrical machines is only possible at low voltages.

Known collector electric machines with closed drum windings of the anchor (G.N. Petrov. Electric machines. In 3 hours. Part 3. Collector machines of direct and alternating current. Ed. 2 nd, rev. And add. M: Energy , 1968. Pages 8-29, 35) formed from series-connected sections, each of which is connected to the corresponding collector plate. A section consists of one or more turns. One or more sections having common insulation form a coil of the winding, which is laid in grooves and covers several teeth of the armature. The total number of collector plates is equal to the total number of winding sections. Depending on the way the sections are connected to the collector plates, the anchor windings are divided into simple parallel windings, simple serial windings, complex or multi-way parallel windings, complex or multi-way serial windings, combined complex windings or complex or multi-way parallel-serial windings. In accordance with the external shape of the contours formed by the windings connected in series, the parallel drum windings are called looped, the sequential - waved, combined complex - "frog". The main characteristic of simple sequential windings: 2 · a = 2, where a is the number of parallel chains (branches) in the armature winding. A disadvantage of the described electrical machines is the structural complexity of the armature winding, which is performed by coils distributed over the surface of the armature, covering several teeth of the armature and intersecting each other in the frontal parts, which reduces the reliability of these windings. In addition, collector electric machines of medium and high power are made with additional poles, which also complicates their design.

Known collector electric DC machines with permanent magnets (V.A. Balagurov, F.F.Galteev, A.N. Larionov. Electric machines with permanent magnets, M. - L .: Energy, pp. 454-453), characterized high efficiency due to the absence of excitation losses, lower specific gravity in the low power range. These electric machines have a housing, a magnetic system with excitation from permanent magnets, bearing shields with bearings, a shaft, a collector, brush holders with brushes and an armature that is no different from the armature of motors with electromagnetic excitation. Magnetic systems are made with magnets in the form of brackets, in the form of a parallelepiped with a radial magnetization of permanent magnets, with an annular magnet body. A disadvantage of the described electrical machines is the structural complexity of the armature winding, which is performed by coils distributed over the surface of the armature, covering several teeth of the armature and intersecting each other in the frontal parts, which reduces the reliability of these windings.

Known adopted for the prototype tachogenerator of constant current with permanent magnets (V.A. Balagurov, F.F. Galteev. Electric generators with permanent magnets. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1988. P. 46-51) type TGP-2, containing a housing with pole system, staple-shaped permanent magnets, armature with distributed winding, bearing shields with bearings, shaft, collector, brush holders with brushes, casing. The disadvantage of the prototype is the structural complexity of the winding of the armature, which is performed by coils distributed over the surface of the armature, covering several teeth of the armature and intersecting each other in the frontal parts, which reduces the reliability of these windings.

The aim of the present invention is to provide a new, fairly simple, reliable, technologically advanced design of a collector magnetoelectric DC machine.

The objective of the present invention is the optimal choice of the number of poles of the inductor and the poles of the armature when performing a closed drum simple sequential (wave) coil winding of the armature, the optimal choice of the pole arc of the pole of the inductor and the pole of the armature, the width of the switching zone and the number of collector plates of a collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature.

The technical result of the present invention is to obtain the design of a collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature with high energy performance and good switching, with the possibility of deep and smooth control of the output parameters of the machine and the possibility of using it both at low and at high voltages.

This object is achieved in that the collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole anchor contains a housing, an inductor with pronounced poles, the excitation of which is carried out by means of permanent magnets, bearing shields with bearings, a shaft, a collector, a brush-contact assembly with brushes and a pole armature with a closed drum a simple sequential coil winding of the armature, each coil of which is placed on the corresponding pronounced pole of the armature, and the beginning and ends of the coils are connected between oh a certain way and are connected to respective collector plates collector, forming a closed electrical circuit with two parallel branches regardless of the number of poles of the inductor. The explicitly expressed poles of the inductor are always even, starting from four, and with the help of permanent magnets magnetized in the radial or tangential direction, form in the air gap in the radial direction the "north" magnetic poles "N" and the "south" magnetic poles "S" of the inductor with alternating magnetic polarity. The core of the pole anchor is made with pronounced poles, the number of which slightly differs from the number of pronounced poles of the inductor. It should be noted that with an increase in the number of pronounced anchor poles, ceteris paribus, the commutation of the machine improves due to the increase in the angular space limiting the width of the commutation zone, but the rotational moment decreases disproportionately and the rotor speed increases, which slightly reduces the energy and specific indicators of the machine . In the present invention, the inductor is a stator and the armature is a rotor, the armature winding is supplied with direct current through a brush-contact assembly. Possible designs of a magnetoelectric collector machine with a pole anchor with an external inductor and an internal armature, with an internal inductor and an external armature, as well as with an inductor and armature rotating relative to each other and relative to the stationary shaft. In accordance with the present invention, to create a closed drum simple sequential coil winding of the armature and to obtain the best energy performance with good commutation of the collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature, the number of pronounced inductor poles Z _p and the number of explicit armature poles Z _I are interconnected and are determined by equalities ( 1) and (2), respectively, when condition (3) is satisfied:

where p = 2, 3, 4, 5, ... is the number of pairs of pronounced inductor poles, starting from two, R is a positive integer, i = 1, 2, 3, ... is a positive integer.

The width of the pole arc bz _{P of the} pronounced pole of the inductor is related to the pole division tz _{P of the} pronounced poles of the inductor and is determined by the expression:

where tz _P = 360 ° / Z _P and bz _P are measured in geometric degrees. To make better use of the net volume and to obtain higher energy performance with good commutation of the collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature, it is desirable to choose bz _P close to tz _P. The width of the pole arc bz _{I of the} pronounced pole of the anchor is connected with the pole division tz _{I of the} pronounced pole of the anchor and is determined by the expression:

where 0.7≤k <1, a tz _I = 360 ° / Z _I and bz _I are measured in geometric degrees. Switching in the switched coil of the armature winding should take place at that time when the change in the magnetic flux penetrating the pole of the armature on which the switching coil is located is minimal and is caused by the “curvature” of the main magnetic field of the poles of the inductor by the magnetic field of the armature.

The width of the switching zone in the angular measurement to obtain good switching should not exceed the difference between the width of the pole arc of the pole of the inductor and the width of the pole arc of the pole of the armature and is determined by the expression:

The collector plates are made of the same width. The total number of collector plates n _KP collector is determined by the equality:

where c = 2, 3, 4, ... is a positive integer starting from two. The number of collector plates to which the beginnings and ends of the coils of the armature winding are connected is equal to the number of pronounced armature poles.

Brushes are made of the same width. The number of brushes is proportional to the number of pronounced poles of the inductor.

The width of the collector plate and the width of the brush are selected so that condition (6) is satisfied.

The pole anchor is made with a closed drum simple sequential coil winding of the anchor, each coil of which is located on the corresponding explicit pole of the armature, and the end of the coil located on the previous explicit pole of the armature is connected to the beginning of the coil located on the subsequent explicit pole of the armature, spaced poles on the previous number of armature poles equal Z _I -Z _P, and connected to the nearest appropriate collector plate collector equidistant from these armature poles, etc., etc. This compound forms a closed electrical circuit with two parallel branches regardless of the number of poles of the inductor.

The invention is illustrated by drawings. Figure 1 and figure 4 shows a General view of a collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature with a radial and tangential arrangement of permanent magnets, respectively. In Fig.2, Fig.5, Fig.7, Fig.8 shows examples of the invention in the form of cross sections of a collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature. Figure 3, figure 6, figure 9 shows the connection diagrams of the coils of the armature winding with the collector plates of the collector, and for the sake of clarity, the pole of the armature with the armature of the armature and the collector plates are shown in expanded form in the radial direction, and the pole of the inductor with permanent magnets and brushes are shown in expanded form in the axial direction.

The pronounced poles of the anchor are indicated by a letter and a number, for example, Я2. The number 2 denotes the number of the pronounced pole, and the letter I - the belonging of the pole to the anchor.

The position of the armature relative to the inductor in the corresponding figures is shown at the same time. The correspondence of the figures is given in table 1.

Table 1 Correspondence of the drawings of the general view, cross-sections and connection diagrams of the coils of the armature winding with the collector plates of the collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole anchor Figure Z _p Z _i n _KP general view cross sections wiring diagrams one 2 3 four 5 10 four 5 6 6 8 16 four 7; 8 9 6 8 24

Consider the design of a collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole anchor (figure 1, figure 2, figure 4, figure 5, figure 7, figure 8). The machine contains the following main parts: housing 1, pronounced poles 2 of the inductor, core 3 of the armature, armature winding, shaft 6, collector 7, brush-contact assembly, bearings 10 and bearing shields 11. The inductor was excited by means of permanent magnets. The magnetic system of the inductor can be made with an annular magnet body, with a radial (figure 1, figure 2) and tangential (figure 4, figure 5, figure 7, figure 8) arrangement of permanent magnets. The pronounced poles 2 of the inductor are attached to the housing 1 and can be formed directly by permanent magnets with a radial arrangement and radial magnetization (Fig. 1, Fig. 2) or can be made of soft magnetic steel with high magnetic permeability (Fig. 4, Fig. 5 7, FIG. 8) with a tangential arrangement of permanent magnets 12. In the first case, the housing 1 is made of soft magnetic steel with high magnetic permeability, in the second case of non-magnetic material, for example, an aluminum alloy. Permanent magnets 12 can be made trapezoidal (FIG. 5), stapled, ring-shaped, and also in the form of a parallelepiped (FIG. 7, FIG. 8). The pronounced poles 2 of the inductor can be made of whole pieces of soft magnetic steel, and can be composed of sheets of electrical steel with high magnetic permeability, bonded together in the axial direction. For medium-power machines and for machines operating under a sharply variable load, in order to prevent "round" fire on the collector, clearly expressed poles 2 of the inductor can be made with grooves in the axial direction (Fig. 8) with a compensation winding laid in them (in the figure not shown) connected through a brush-contact assembly in series with the coil winding of the armature. An armature with a winding and a collector 7 using bearings 10 and bearing shields 11 is positioned relative to the inductor. An anchor core 3 and a collector 7 are mounted on a shaft 6 made of steel. In order to reduce hysteresis and “eddy” current losses, the armature core 3 magnetized with a high frequency is made of a burst package of insulated sheets of electrical steel with high magnetic permeability. The core 3 of the armature has distinct poles 4 (FIG. 2, FIG. 5, FIG. 7, FIG. 8), on each of which there is a corresponding coil 5 of a closed drum simple sequential coil winding of the armature. Each coil 5 of the armature winding is made of a winding copper wire or a winding copper bus and consists of one or more turns. The collector 7 has copper collector plates 8, electrically isolated from each other and from the shaft 6. The ends and beginnings of the coils 5 are connected to each other and to the collector plates 8 in such a way (for example, in Fig. 3) that the end of the coil located on the previous one is clearly expressed pole armature, for example H2, is connected with the beginning of a coil located in a subsequent explicitly expressed armature pole e.g. H4 spaced from the pole on the previous number of armature poles equal to Z _I -Z _P, and connected to the nearest appropriate collector plate 8 Cast 7 and equidistant from these armature poles, etc., forming a closed electrical circuit with two parallel branches, regardless of the number of salient poles of the inductor 2.

The mechanism of the brush-contact assembly is most often attached to the bearing shield 11 from the side of the collector 7 and may be able to move the brushes 9 along the collector plates 8 in the tangential direction to install the brushes 9 in the zone with the best commutation. Brushes 9 are installed on the axis of the pronounced poles 2 of the inductor in the axial direction or close to it. The number of traverse brush bolts on which the brush holders with brushes 9 are attached is equal to the number of pronounced poles 2 of the machine inductor. Several brushes 9 may be located on the brush bolt, but the number of brushes 9 on each brush bolt must be the same.

A collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole anchor operates in motor and generator modes.

Consider the motor mode (figure 2, figure 3, figure 5-9). The pronounced poles 2 of the inductor are excited with the help of permanent magnets and form in the air gap in the radial direction the "north" magnetic poles "N" and the "south" magnetic poles "S" of the inductor with alternating magnetic polarity. A voltage is supplied from the independent DC voltage source to the brushes 9, the “plus” of the power source being connected to the brushes indicated by the “+” sign in the figures, and the “minus” of the power source being connected to the brushes indicated by the “-” sign in the figures. Under the action of a constant voltage in the direction from the “positive” brushes to the “negative” brushes, a direct electric current flows through the two branches of the armature winding of the armature winding 5 through the coils 5 of the closed armature winding, shown in the figures by arrows, while magnetizing the pronounced pole of the armature 4 then as the "north" magnetic poles "N", then as the "south" magnetic poles "S" depending on the position of the poles of the armature relative to the brushes. In the coils 5 of the armature winding connected at a certain point in time to unipolar brushes, switching occurs. In figure 2 and figure 3, the switching occurs in the coil 5, located on the pronounced pole of the armature Y2, and in figure 5-9 - on the pole of the armature Y3. The "north" magnetic poles of the "N" armature tend to push out from under the "north" magnetic poles of the "N" inductor and pull themselves under the "south" magnetic poles of the "S" inductor, and the "south" magnetic poles of the "S" armature, in turn tend to push out from under the “southern” magnetic poles of the “S” inductor and get pulled under the “northern” magnetic poles of the “N” inductor, thereby creating a torque acting on the stator and the armature of the magnetoelectric motor. When moving the armature relative to the inductor by one pole, the picture repeats. The direction of the torque acting on the armature when the inductor is stationary is shown in the figures by an arrow with the letter M.

Consider the generator mode (figure 2, figure 3, figure 5-9). When the armature is rotated by a third-party source of torque in the direction opposite to that shown by the arrow with the letter M in the figures, the constant magnetic flux of the pronounced poles 2 of the inductor created by the permanent magnets penetrates the air gap and the pronounced poles 4 of the anchor either from the side of the inductor or from the side of the armature, while creating an alternating magnetic flux in the pronounced poles of the 4 armature, inducing in each coil 5 of the armature winding the EMF time-variable. Variable EMF coils of each parallel branch are summed. Using the collector, the EMF of the branches is straightened and directed in parallel branches in one direction, forming the “plus” of the EMF source on the “plus” brushes and the “minus” source of the EMF on the “minus” brushes. If the external circuit - the load circuit is closed, then a rectified electric current flows through it in the direction from the "plus" brush to the "negative" one, electric power is given to the consumer.

Deep and smooth control of the output parameters of a collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature is carried out by smoothly changing the DC voltage across the armature winding.

The use of a collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature both at low and at high voltages with good switching is possible due to the implementation of a closed drum simple sequential coil winding of the armature.

Claims (4)

1. A collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole anchor, comprising a housing, an inductor with pronounced poles, the excitation of which is carried out using permanent magnets, bearing shields with bearings, a shaft, a collector, a brush-contact assembly with brushes and an anchor with a closed drum winding, characterized the fact that the anchor is made with pronounced poles and a simple simple sequential winding coil, each coil of which is placed on the corresponding explicit pole of the armature, and the ends and ends of the coil the necks are interconnected in a certain way and connected to the corresponding collector plates of the collector, forming a closed electrical circuit with two parallel branches, the number of pronounced inductor poles Z _P is determined by the equality: Z _P = 2 · p, where p = 2, 3, 4, 5 , ... is the number of pairs of pronounced poles of the inductor, starting with two, the number of pronounced poles of the armature Z _I is determined by the equality: Z _Я = Z _P + R under the condition: R ≠ i · p, where R is a positive integer, i = 1, 2, 3, ... - a positive integer, the width of the pole arc b _Zp EXPRESSED second pole of the inductor is connected with the pole pitch t _Zp salient poles of the inductor and is given by: 2 _{/ 3t Zp ≤b Zp <t Zp} , where _Zp = 360 t ° / _Zp and b _Zp measured in geometrical degrees, the pole width b of the arc obviously _Zya the expressed pole of the anchor is connected with the pole division of t _{Zя of the} clearly expressed pole of the anchor and is determined by the expression: b _Zя = k · t _Zя , where 0.7≤k <1, at _Zя = 360 ° / _Zя and b _Zя are measured in geometric degrees, the width switching zones in the angular dimension defined by the expression: b _K3 <b _Zp -b _Zya, collector plates made of the same collector br us, the total number of collector plates n _gearbox is defined by: n _CP = c · Z _I where a = 2, 3, 4, ... - a positive integer, starting with the two and the number of collector plates, which are connected to starts and ends of the coils windings of the armature, equal to the number of pronounced poles of the armature, brushes are made of the same width, and the number of brushes is proportional to the number of pronounced poles of the inductor. 2. A collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole anchor according to claim 1, characterized in that the inductor is located outside, the anchor inside. 3. The collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole anchor according to claim 1, characterized in that the inductor is located inside, the anchor is outside. 4. A collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole anchor according to claim 1, characterized in that the pronounced poles of the inductor are made with a compensation winding.

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