RU2386842C1 - Golodyaev's jet engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention can be used in both atmosphere and space at aerospace flight vehicles. Proposed jet engine comprises housing, nozzle with plug, combustion chamber accommodating heat-release element made from termite mix and ignition device. Working medium converts into superheated steam when heat-release element burns. Heat-release element represents a cylindrical hollow tube with variable-thickness walls. Heat-release element surface is coated by thin-wall high heat conductivity metal, from the nozzle to engine rear wall. Working medium accommodated inside combustion chamber represents liquid or solid material. Combustion chamber is divided by thin-wall sealing baffles into one or more compartments across heat-release element. Heat-resistant tube is arranged inside combustion chamber, aligned with heat-release element and having the length equal to that of aforesaid element. ^ EFFECT: improved ecology, higher safety and reliability. ^ 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to aviation and astronautics, in particular to jet engines capable of operating both in the atmosphere and in space, and can be used for installation on aerospace aircraft, namely, rocket technology, rocket propellant rocket engines of the earth type -earth, launch accelerators for aircraft, launch accelerators for long-range anti-aircraft missiles as a short-pulse launch accelerator of high power.

The purpose of the invention is to create an engine:

- environmentally friendly;

- with the possibility of long-term storage;

-compact;

- cheap;

- fireproof and explosion proof from an external source.

Known technical solutions:

1. The name “REACTIVE ENGINE”, publication number No. 2313683, application number 2006123116/06, C1, publication date 2007.12.27, RU, 2006.06.30, 2007.12.27, IPC index F02K 7/00 (2006.01). List of documents cited in the search report: RU 2205287 C2, 05.27.2003. RU 2200864 C2, 03.20.2003. RU 2084675 C1, 07.20.1997. US2005183413 A, 08.25.2005. GB 2383612 A, 07/02/2003. DE 1262076 A1, 02.29.1968. GB 743498 A, 1/18/1956. GB 1354701 A, 05.30.1974. Author Morozov Oleg Nikolaevich (RU). Patent holder Morozov Oleg Nikolaevich (RU), 127018, Moscow, 3rd avenue, Maryina Roscha, 40, SE "NPO TEKHNOMASH", department 803, pat. pov. A.V. Kornilov. In which the jet engine comprises a hollow body with a diffuser at one end thereof and an output nozzle at the other, as well as a device for igniting the fuel mixture installed in the body. The engine is equipped with a fuel chamber mounted in the housing in such a way that the inner surface of the housing and the outer surface of the fuel chamber form a diffusion gap, with a fairing installed at the end of the fuel chamber facing the diffuser and an outlet nozzle at its other end in the cavity of the fuel chamber having the ability to connect to the fuel tank, a heater is placed, and a fuel valve is located at its outlet, while the device for igniting the fuel mixture is located behind the outlet nozzle of the fuel chamber. The fuel chamber or fairing can be mounted axially displaceable in the housing, and nozzles can be installed on the housing for supplying the fuel mixture component to the diffusion gap. A jet engine may contain several housings attached to the block with a fuel chamber in each of them. The invention provides a simplification of design and cost reduction (analogue).

The disadvantage of this design is the design complexity, the presence of separate fuel chambers and a combustion chamber, a combustible working fluid is used - a fuel mixture, the high cost of components and fuel mixture, a high degree of fire hazard in running order, because most flammable liquids ignite at temperatures below 500 degrees Celsius, and with a certain oxidizer-fuel ratio, an engine explosion is possible. Organic chemistry products used as fuels are mostly toxic to humans.

2. The name "REACTIVE ENGINE OF SOLID FUEL", publication number No. 2141571, C1, publication date 1999.11.20, RU, application No. 97109228/06, filing date 1997.05.30, published 1999.11.20, IPC6, F02K 9/00. List of documents cited in the search report US: 4442666 A, 04.17.84. SU 1832859 A1, 11/27/95. SU 1087749 A, 04.23.84. RU 2056519 C1, 03.20.96. FR 2567197 A1, 01/10/86. GB 1177065 A, 04/10/67. Applicant Nurmukhametov Iskander Rifovich, Author Nurmukhametov I.R. Patent holder Nurmukhametov Iskander Rifovich. Correspondence address 143952, Moscow Region, Reutov, 5 Dzerzhinsky St., Building 2, Apt. 34, I. Nurmukhametov In which the solid fuel jet engine for increasing the efficiency of the design of the combustion chamber, streamlining the gas flow process, increasing traction, improving the reliability and safety of the rocket engine design comprises a housing, a cylindrical fuel charge with a combustion chamber made in it, and according to the invention, the combustion chamber has the shape of a non-combustible cone material with holes for the passage of gases, facing its apex in the direction of travel, with metal flax placed inside the fuel charge you, who are supplied with electric current to create an electric arc (prototype).

The disadvantages of this design are the presence of easily combustible solid fuel, its explosiveness, the possibility in different temperature conditions of the environment to non-linear combustion of the fuel and to its explosion; limited shelf life of fuel and special storage conditions for humidity and temperature; high requirements for the absence of blows to the engine; low ignition temperature (up to 500 degrees Celsius) of most solid fuels; the presence of a high voltage source to create an electric arc.

Effect: the solution is a jet engine containing a housing, a combustion chamber and a nozzle, characterized in that the heat-generating element is located in the combustion chamber, coated on all sides with a thin-walled metal with high thermal conductivity, preferably from a thermite mixture, in the form of a cylindrical hollow tube with walls cyclically variable thickness with the ignition device, not touching the combustion chamber wall opposite the nozzle and located along the axis from the nozzle to the rear wall of the engine, and also to the floor On the sides of the combustion chamber there is a working fluid in the form of a liquid or solid material, which at the temperature of combustion of the heat-generating element turns sequentially into various aggregate states of the substance, namely, superheated steam and then into a low-temperature plasma, while the combustion chamber preferably has one or more compartments and is divided by thin-walled sealing bulkheads across the heat-generating element, and a heat-resistant tube is located inside the same length from the nozzle having a plug When the combustion chamber.

Preferably termites are used as the heat release element. In the 60s of the last century, the outstanding Russian scientist N.N. Beketov carried out the reaction of interaction between barium oxide and aluminum and this, as well as his further research on the production of alkali metals by the action of metallic aluminum on their compounds, laid the foundation for a new branch of metallurgy - aluminothermy. Scheme reactions

MO + M1 = M1O + M + Q kcal,

where MO is a metal oxide and M1 is the metal used for reduction (aluminum), they called aluminothermic reactions, and reactive mixtures of metal oxides with another metal are called termites. An example is the well-known reaction of burning iron-aluminum termite:

Fe2O3 + 2Al = 2Fe + Al2O3 + 198 kcal.

Aluminothermic reactions have found great application in the civilian industry to produce a large number of pure carbon-free metals: chromium, manganese, etc. Iron-aluminum termite is widely used for welding ferrous metals (aluminothermic welding of rails). The characteristic features that distinguish the process of burning termites from the burning of other pyrotechnic compositions are:

1) the absence of gaseous reaction products during combustion, which determines the flamelessness of combustion;

2) the high temperature of the combustion reaction, for most termites used, it is in the range of 2000-2800 ° C;

3) the formation during combustion of molten fire-liquid slag.

Among other qualities, it is necessary to indicate the difficulty of igniting termites (the self-ignition temperature of all aluminum termites is above 800 ° С, the self-ignition temperature of iron-aluminum termite is 1300 ° С) and the high density due to the use of oxides having a large specific gravity for their manufacture (for example, Fe2O3 - specific weight 5.1).

According to experiments, the amount of heat released during the burning of termites should be at least 0.55 kcal per 1 g of composition, otherwise the combustion reaction proceeds with difficulty and does not reach the end. Based on this situation and taking into account the large amount of heat that should be spent on the decomposition of metal oxide, it becomes obvious that only high-calorie combustibles can be used in termites. The properties of some simple substances characterizing the possibility of their use in termites are given in the table below. Aluminum is the most suitable fuel for termites both in calorific value and significant specific gravity, and in the relatively low melting temperature (2050 ° С) of the oxide. The use of magnesium, in addition to economic considerations and low specific gravity, is hindered by the still high melting point of its oxide (2800 ° С).

Combustible for termites.

Fuel Specific gravity of fuel Oxide Formula Heat of formation of oxide, counting per 1 g - oxygen atom Termite Recipe Thermal effect of combustion of 1 g of termite in kcal % Fe2O3 % fuel A1 2.7 Al2O3 131 75 25 0.93 Mg 1.7 MgO 146 69 31 1.05 Sa 1,5 Cao 152 57 43 0.93 Ti 4,5 TiO2 109 69 31 0.57 Si 2,3 SiO2 104 79 21 0.58 AT 2,3 B2O3 101 88 12 0.59

It was established by experience that iron-magnesium termite does not produce liquid spreading toxins at all. The use in termites of Ca, Ti, Si, and B as individual fuels does not seem appropriate, but their alloys may be of some interest in this regard. The termite, in which the CaSi alloy was taken as fuel (in a weight ratio of 2: 1), produced very low-melting slags. The CaSi alloy is quite corrosion resistant in air, and the thermal effect of a termite made with its participation is 0.7 kcal / g; the presence of silicon in the termite slows down the combustion process. Lowering the solidification temperature of the slag occurs due to the formation of calcium silicate CaSiO3 having a melting point of 1512 ° C. The special fusibility of the slag resulting from the combustion of a mixture of two termites - iron-aluminum and iron-calcium, taken in a weight ratio of 60:40. The thermal effect of such a mixture is 0.9 kcal / g. The compound 5CaO * 3Al2O3 melts at a temperature of about 1400 ° C. Aluminosilicates formed during the combustion of iron-aluminum termite containing silicon have a higher melting point. So sillimanite Al2O3 · SiO2 melts three 1816 ° С. The oxide used to make termites must satisfy the following requirements:

1) have a minimum heat of formation;

2) contain a sufficient amount of oxygen (not less than 25-30%);

3) have the largest possible specific gravity;

4) to be reduced to a metal having a low melting point and a high boiling point.

The properties of some oxides are given in the table.

Oxide Heat of formation of oxide, counting per 1 g - oxygen atom The oxygen content in the oxide in% Specific gravity of oxide Termite Recipe Thermal effect of combustion of 1 g of termite in kcal % oxide % aluminum B2O3 101 69 1.8 56 44 0.73 SiO2 104 53 2.2 63 37 0.56 Cr2O3 90 32 5.2 74 26 0.60 MnO2 62 37 5,0 71 29th 1.12 Fe2O3 66 thirty 5.1 75 25 0.93 Fe3O4 66 28 5.2 76 24 0.85 CuO 38 twenty 6.4 81 29th 0.94 Pb3o4 43 9 9.1 90 10 0.47

Chromium melts at 1800 ° C, boils at 2300 ° C. Copper melts at 1083 ° C, boils at 2360 ° C. Oxides of elements with low atomic weight are not suitable for use in termites due to the fact that they have significant heat of formation and low specific gravity. The use of metal oxides with a large atomic weight (for example, Pb3O4) is impeded by the low oxygen content in them; termites made with their participation contain little fuel and produce insufficient heat during combustion. The most appropriate should be considered the use in termites of metal oxides having an average atomic weight [about 40 to 80 (see table)]. Copper oxide in the presence of appropriate reducing agents very easily gives off its oxygen; The burning of copper-aluminum termite proceeds at high speeds and resembles an explosion. The manganese metal released during combustion of manganese-aluminum termite has a lower boiling point (2000 ° С) compared with iron; during combustion, its rapid evaporation occurs:

3MnO2 + 4Al = 3Mn + 2Al2O3 + 411 kcal.

Chrome-aluminum termite burns relatively slowly, but emits significantly less heat when burning than other termites:

Cr2O3 + 2Al = 2Cr + Al2O3 + 123 kcal.

The most acceptable from all points of view should be considered the use of iron-aluminum termite as an incendiary composition. For the manufacture of iron-aluminum termite, iron oxide (Fe2O3) and iron oxide Fe3O4 (iron oxide-oxide) are more often used. The equation for the termite combustion reaction in this case is as follows:

3Fe3O4 + 8Al = 4Al2O3 + 9Fe + 774 kcal,

where W (Fe3O4) = 76%;

W (Al) = 24%;

W (Al2O3) = 45%;

W (Fe) = 55%.

One of the positive factors of iron-aluminum termite is the low fluidity and rapid solidification of the slags formed during its combustion. Powdered iron-aluminum termite has a gravimetric density of 1.8-2.0, compressed (with the addition of a few percent cement) - 3-3.4. On presses of high power, allowing for pressures of the order of 3000-6000 kg / cm ² , termite is well pressed without the addition of a cementer; compressed termite has great mechanical strength. For the manufacture of termite take iron oxide and aluminum powder coarsely ground (sieve No. 8-10); the presence of dust is not allowed, since its presence greatly accelerates the termite combustion process. Termite samples of conventional grinding without pressing in weighing 1 kg burn for 15-20 s; the same samples, but pressed under a pressure of 200 kg / cm ² , burn for 35-50 s. A termite briquette weighing 1 kg, having the shape of a cylinder with a height of 15.5 cm and a diameter of 5.5 cm, burns for 40 seconds, 50 g of termite is melted a sheet of iron 2 mm thick for several seconds. Pure iron-aluminum termite, which does not contain additives, is non-explosive, insensitive to lumbago bullet and very little sensitive to both mechanical and thermal influences. Ignition of iron-aluminum termite can not be carried out either with the help of matches, or from stopin, or from conventional igniter compositions. To ignite the powdered termite, several different mixtures have been proposed. All of them contain magnesium fuel or finely ground aluminum powder as fuel.

Ignition mixtures:

SiO2 - 55%

Magnesium - 45%

Aluminum powder - 7.5%

Aluminum powder - 7.5%

Magnesium powder - 17%

Magnesium - 12%

A.A.Shidlovsky. Fundamentals of pyrotechnics. Moscow

As a working fluid, it is preferable to use water H ₂ O. The weight of 1 mole of water is 18 grams. In the vapor state, in the form of gas under normal conditions, has a volume of 22.4 liters. 1800 grams of water is 100 moles, or 2240 liters of saturated water vapor. If this steam is heated to a temperature of 100 ° C, then taking into account the coefficient of volumetric expansion of gases (Gay-Lusaka) equal to 0.00366 per 1 degree, the volume of steam will be 3060 liters, and when heated at 1500 ° C the volume will increase by 12297 liters of steam and low-temperature plasma with a total volume of 14537 liters. 1 gram of rocket fuel based on ammonium nitrate with hexogen and aluminum powder emits about 2 liters of gas, and 1800 grams produce about 3600 liters of gas, which is about 30 percent relative to superheated steam.

The best performance of iron-aluminum termite

3Fe3O4 + 8Al = 4Al2O3 + 9Fe + 774 kcal.

If in a closed volume equal to the volume of water heat water to 400 ° C, then the water will be in the form of steam at any pressure. Those. 774 kcal of heat from 3 moles of iron oxide and 8 moles of aluminum can heat up to 774 ° C 1000 grams of water or about 450 grams of water to a temperature of approximately 1500 ° C. This creates a simultaneous pressure in the initial fluid volume of 1.8 liters per 8000 kg per square centimeter. The calculated cross section of the engine nozzle allows you to keep the pressure within 100-400 kg per square centimeter, which means that if there is a large excess of the working fluid inside the combustion chamber, it will be ejected through the nozzle with a steam outlet speed, which will increase engine thrust. For normal engine operation, it is enough to create a volume of steam that constantly maintains pressure within the strength of the engine body, and the remaining volume can be occupied by water with a low temperature. This effect is provided by the properties of molten metal to create a layer of superheated gas around the metal. And the magnitude of this gas depends on the burning area of the termite. The area is provided by the undulating surface of the termite (cyclic variable thickness). T.O. the volume of water can many times exceed the volume and mass of termite.

It is possible to use compressed carbon dioxide in the form of dry ice at a pressure of 60 kilograms per 1 centimeter square and normal temperature, or heavy paraffins, or low-melting metals, such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, lead, tin, as a working fluid.

The use of the Golodyaev's jet engine makes it possible to abandon rockets that are explosive in the normal state. Allows you to store these engines indefinitely. A small delay in starting the engine to warm up somewhat limits the scope of military applications. However, when using copper-aluminum termite with a working fluid, the period of heat generation will be insignificant in time, which will cause heating of the water at a tremendous speed.

Statics

A jet engine 1 comprising a housing 2, a combustion chamber 3 and a nozzle 4 is characterized in that a heat-generating element 5 is made of a thermite mixture 7 in the combustion chamber 3, preferably in the form of a cylindrical hollow tube 8 with walls 9 of cyclically variable thickness with an ignition device 10, coated with all sides with a thin-walled metal 6 with high thermal conductivity, and this element 5 does not touch the opposite nozzle 4 of the wall 11 of the combustion chamber 3 and is located along the axis 12 from the nozzle 4 to the rear wall 11 of the engine 1, and also in the cavities 13 of the chamber of combustion 3 is located the working fluid 14 in the form of a liquid or solid material 15, which at the temperature of combustion of the heat-generating element 5 turns sequentially into various aggregate states of the substance, namely, superheated steam 16 and then into a low-temperature plasma 17, while the combustion chamber 3 preferably has one or more compartments 18 and is divided by thin-walled sealing bulkheads 19 across the heat-generating element 5, and a heat-resistant tube is located one length from the nozzle having a plug 20 21 inside the combustion chamber 3. There are no engines or pumps in engine 1

The drawing shows a section of a jet engine Golodyaev.

Device operation

Case 2 is used - a pressure vessel. The working fluid 14 is poured into it, for example, water. A plug 20, a heat-resistant tube 21 is fixed to the nozzle 4 to pass the working fluid 14 in the form of superheated steam 16 or low-temperature plasma 17 and to keep part of the working fluid 14 from premature discharge from the combustion chamber 3 until it reaches the required temperature. A heat-generating element 5 is also fixed on the nozzle 5 with bulkheads 19 of the compartments 18 fixed on it, which prevent the quick overheating of the working fluid 14 and the destruction of the engine 2 from excessive pressure in the combustion chamber 3. Ignition devices 10 and a thin-walled metal shell are located on the heat-generating element 5 6 with high thermal conductivity. It protects the contents of the combustion chamber 3 from mutual mixing and penetration. A small distance between the back wall 11 and the element 5 and the end face of the heat-resistant tube 21 allows the working fluid 14 to be freely ejected through the nozzle 4. When the pressure necessary for the normal operation of the engine 1 is reached, the pressure is squeezed out of the nozzle 4. The wall thickness 9 of the heat-generating element 5 is cyclically variable. it with the maximum possible area of contact with the working fluid 14 and provides high bending strength of the element 5. The working fluid 14 is ejected from the housing 2 of the engine 1 through the nozzle 4 with the speed necessary for the movement of the rocket. The combustion of element 5 occurs in response to the movement of the heating products 16 and 17 of the working fluid 14 and ensures their more complete heating, which leads to the absence of the need for pumps, motors and power sources

If in a closed volume equal to the volume of water heat water to 400 ° C, then the water will be in the form of steam at any pressure. Those. 774 kcal of heat from 3 moles of iron oxide and 8 moles of aluminum can heat up to 774 degrees 1000 grams of water or about 450 grams of water to a temperature of approximately 1500 ° C. This creates a simultaneous pressure in the initial fluid volume of 1.8 liters per 8000 kg per square centimeter. The calculated cross section of the engine nozzle allows you to keep the pressure in the range of 100-400 kg per square centimeter, which means that if there is a large excess of the working fluid inside the combustion chamber, it will be ejected through the nozzle with a steam outlet speed that will increase engine thrust. For normal engine operation, it is enough to create a volume of steam that constantly maintains pressure within the strength of the engine housing, and the remaining volume can be occupied by water with a low temperature. This effect is provided by the properties of molten metal to create a layer of superheated gas around the metal. And the magnitude of this gas depends on the burning area of the termite. The area is provided by the wavy surface of the termite (cyclic variable thickness). T.O. the volume of water can many times exceed the volume and mass of termite.

Technical and economic indicators

Golodyaev's jet engine provides high environmental requirements, as during its operation, only water vapor is released, and when the termite is burned, pure metal and slag are obtained without gas evolution. Low cost termite. Water can be used of any quality. In case of external heat exposure or explosion, the presence of water ensures high fire safety, and a high ignition temperature of the iron-aluminum termite at 1300 ° C eliminates spontaneous combustion. High manufacturability, simplicity of design makes its technical and economic indicators significantly higher compared to peers. When returning from other planets of the solar system, using planets with a small addition of low-melting material (e.g. water, paraffin) and iron-aluminum termite as a working medium of the planet will save on working fluid transportation to the planet, which can make up to 70% of the spacecraft’s weight. Thus, the cost of preparing expeditions to the planets and vice versa is very significantly reduced.

A prototype rocket engine was made. A high-pressure vessel (up to 100 kg per square centimeter) with a nozzle was used as an engine. A heat-generating element made of iron-aluminum termite weighing 100 grams in the form of a tube. The volume of the combustion chamber was 1 liter. As a working fluid, water of 0.7 liters was used. The sample showed satisfactory results.

List of items

1 jet engine

2 building

3 combustion chamber

4 nozzle

5 thermal element

6 thin-walled metal

7 termite mix

8 cylindrical hollow tube

9 walls of variable thickness

10 ignition device

11 wall

12 axis

13 cavity

14 working fluid

15 stuff

16 superheated steam

17 low temperature plasma

18 compartments

19 bulkhead

20 stub

21 heat resistant tube

Claims (1)

A jet engine comprising a housing, a nozzle with a plug, a combustion chamber in which a thermally emitting element from a thermite mixture and an ignition device are located, and the working fluid turns into superheated steam when the thermally emitting element is burned, characterized in that the heat emitting element is made in the form of a cylindrical hollow tube with walls of cyclically variable thickness, the surface of the heat-generating element, located from the nozzle to the rear wall of the engine, is coated on all sides with a thin-walled metal with high t conductivity, the working fluid is located in the cavities of the combustion chamber and is a liquid or solid material, the combustion chamber is divided by thin-walled sealing bulkheads across the heat-generating element into one or more compartments, inside the combustion chamber coaxially with the heat-generating element there is a heat-resistant tube having a length equal to the length of the heat-generating element .

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