RU2365826C2 - Mode of operation of heating system against cold and hot heat sources - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: heat-and-power engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to heating systems. Mode of operation of heating system, consisting of cylinders system with located inside pistons for isothermal expansion of air, feeding for heating, outfitted by generator and valves for air inflow, and also form tanks for intermediate storage of isothermally expanded air, barrel for adiabatic air compression, keeping air pressure 0.5 kg/cm², motor and interconnectors, consisting in that barrel driven into action by motor, provide air exhaust from storage tank up to its exhaustion up to 0.5 kg/cm², after what by means of generator there are actuated pistons in barrels system, in which it is isothermally expanded air placed inside barrels, during this process it is generated power, after what isothermally expanded air feed into storage tank, from which it is delivered into barrel for its following adiabatic compression and heating up to temperature +30°C with pressure, equal to atmospheric, from which by-turn heated air is ejected into heated room.

EFFECT: receiving of saving building's heating, greenhouses ensured by heat removal (power) from environment - atmospheric air or water.

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Description

1. The technical field to which the invention relates.

The invention relates to heating systems.

2. The level of invention

There are no analogues to this invention, but if they exist, then these analogues are not known to the author.

3. Disclosure of invention

The main objective of the method of operation of the heating system is to obtain the most economical heating of buildings, structures, greenhouses due to the selection of heat (energy) from the environment - atmospheric air or water. In the first case, energy can be taken from atmospheric air at minus temperatures within -10 ° С - 15 ° С, and energy can be taken from water in the range of + 1 ° С - + 4 ° С. In these cases, taking heat (energy) from the atmospheric air within the above temperatures, obtaining due to its expansion in isothermal cylinders from 1 to 0.5 kg / cm ² , we store it proportionally to the temperature, counting from absolute zero on the Kelvin scale . In our example, it is equal to 273K-15 ° С = 258K. This is from atmospheric air at a temperature of -10 ° С - 15 ° С, and from water - 273K + 4 ° C = 277K.

For heating, the temperature in the apartment + 30 ° C, i.e. 273K + 30 ° C = 303K. This means that we will receive 258 units of energy from the environment from the air, and 303 units must be returned. The efficiency will be equal to:

.

.

It turns out that 258 calories would have been received, and 303 calories given away. This means that 85% was received from the external environment, and we give back 100%, which is 15% more, i.e. spent on heating 15% of the required.

In the second case, we get energy from water. For example, we will receive from it as a result of isothermal expansion of air 277 calories, and give 303 calories to the room. We determine the efficiency by the formula:

.

.

This means that 303 calories were given for heating, and 277 calories of energy were received from water. To this amount of heat, we add from the network 8.6% of calories in the form of electricity, and then the air temperature in the apartment will be + 30 ° С, and water + 4 ° С.

Conclusion: it is desirable to carry out heating by this method, taking heat from the water in the reservoir, but if there is no reservoir, then this should be done at the expense of atmospheric air.

Thus, the way the heating system works is based on the inverse thermodynamic cycle: this is the law of the transfer of energy (heat) to work and vice versa - the transition of work into thermal energy. Quantitative indicators of this law are expressed and calculated with deep accuracy by the formula:

,

,

where T ₂ K is the temperature that the working fluid (air) acquires as a result of heating, in this case due to adiabatic compression, having done some work;

T ₁ K is the temperature of the cold source: air in the atmosphere, water in the pond.

To carry out these thermodynamic cycles, it is necessary to have a number of cylinders for isothermal expansion of atmospheric air, sucked into them, where it then slowly expands due to heat extraction from atmospheric air entering the expandable air through the walls of these cylinders (expansion with a pressure of 1 kg / cm ² to a pressure of 0.5 kg / cm ² ). Further, the expanded air, passing through the container 2, is sucked into the adiabatic compression cylinder 5, where it is compressed to an initial pressure of 1 kg / cm ² and pushed into the heated room, spending 15% or 8.6% more work than we get with isothermal air expansion in the cylinders.

4. Brief description of the drawing

The main elements of this heating system (method) will be:

- a set of cylinders of isothermal expansion of air 4 from a pressure of 1 to 0.5 kg / cm ² with an electric generator and gearbox;

- tanks 2 for intermediate storage of isothermally expanded air up to 0.5 kg / cm ² ;

- cylinder 5 adiabatic compression of air from 0.5 to 1 kg / cm ² (atmospheric) and temperature + 30 ° C;

- a number of pipelines 8, 9, 10.

Assigning system elements

- The electric motor 1 drives the cylinder 5 of adiabatic air compression and directs it to the apartment;

- Capacity 2 is used to store and pass through it isothermally rarefied air up to 0.5 kg / cm ² ;

- An electric generator with a reducer 3, operating due to isothermally expanded air in the cylinders 4 due to heat through the cylinder walls from the atmosphere or from water;

- Isothermal system of cylinders 4 for expansion of atmospheric air in them up to 0.5 kg / cm ² ;

- Cylinder 5 for adiabatic compression of the air received from the tank at P = 0.5 kg / cm ² to P = 1 kg / cm ² ;

- The rods 6 are used for packing pistons of an isothermal system on them;

- Drain valves 7 in the cylinders are designed to facilitate the operation of the piston system and cool the cylinders from the inside;

- Air flows from the tank 2 through the pipe 8 to the adiabatic compression cylinder 5. Air moves to the apartment through the pipe 9. The pipe 10 serves to supply rarefied air up to 0.5 kg / cm ² in the tank 2;

- Pistons 11 in the system of rarefaction of air in the cylinders 4;

- The valve 12 serves to suck air into the cylinder 4;

- Valve 14 lets air into the adiabatic compression cylinder 5;

- The valve 15 release compressed to 1 kg / cm ² and heated by compressing up to + 30 ° C air into the apartment;

- 13 - fastening of the container 2 to the wall of the heated room.

5. The implementation of the invention

The system consists of the following basic elements in a static state:

- two long cylinders (pipes) of the desired diameter, installed on the south side of the building (preferably). This is essentially the wall of a multi-cylinder piston isothermal device, each with 5 cylinders with three valves each: suction, exhaust and drain;

- a number of pistons 11, 5 in each cylinder tube, mounted on rods 6 (two pipes) of small diameter, entering the center of each piston 11. This piston system 11 is introduced into the pipes 4, where they occupy each place;

- for all 10 cylinders, one electric generator with gear 3, connected by connecting rods to the central pipe 6, on which pistons are mounted to transmit their efforts (work) to gear 3, and it will actuate the electric generator, generating electricity;

- adiabatic compression cylinder 5 for compressing the incoming air of their capacity at 0.5 kg / cm ² to a pressure of 1 kg / cm ² and pushing it into the apartment using an electric motor powered from the network.

Heating system operation

but. Turn on the electric motor 1 from the network, which drives the cylinder 5 with the piston for pumping air from the tank 2, and bring the pressure in it to 0.5 kg / cm ² . As soon as the air is pumped out from the tank 2 and brought to 0.5 kg / cm ² in it, it is necessary to crank the electric generator 3, which generates electricity by isothermal expansion of air in the cylinders (there are 10 of them), and the system will work.

b. The rarefaction of air at a constant temperature in the isothermal cylinders 4 occurs slowly, so there are many of these cylinders. Their number is determined empirically.

at. Cylinder 5 with a piston for adiabatic compression of air to a temperature of + 30 ° C must operate at high speeds and maintain a pressure in the vessel of 0.5 kg / cm ² .

Drainage in cylinders 4 for atmospheric air and a pipe 6 in the center of the pistons 11 create the best conditions for heat transfer to isothermally expanding air through the cylinder walls from external atmospheric air or water.

Proposals for the implementation of the heating system

The most important thing is the manufacture of isothermal cylinders. They can be made quite simply from steel, cast-iron or duralumin pipes. Suppose you need to have 10 cylinders 20 cm long each. It is necessary to take a pipe from the above metals of the desired diameter, for example 100 mm, and cut off 10 cylinders 20 cm long. Prepare flanges for the cylinders, 2 for each cylinder. The inner diameter of the flanges is equal to the outer diameter of the cylinder. Drill 6 screw holes in the flanges. Weld the resulting flanges to the very ends of the cylinders. According to the size of the flanges, make thick wooden discs from aspen or oak, each with a center hole equal to the outer diameter of the pipe going to the gearbox with an electric generator and connected to the gearbox by a connecting rod. The first disk is mounted on this pipe, a cylinder with a flange is attached to it, and we fasten them with screws. But before putting them on the pipe, it is necessary to install all three valves on a wooden disk: suction, exhaust and drain. In this cylinder, mounted on the inner tube, insert the prepared piston and fix it on the inner tube near the valves (all three). Thus, the first cylinder is ready for operation. We insert the second disk onto the inner tube, and then the second cylinder and fasten them with screws, inserting them into the holes of the flanges of the second cylinder and the disk located between them.

Made 10 pistons. For their manufacture, duralumin wheels are suitable, two for each piston with an outer diameter of 4 mm less than the inner diameter of the cylinder, and having holes in the center equal to the outer diameter of the inner pipe. Between the duralumin discs, a felt disc is inserted, 5-7 mm larger than the discs. Felt will play the role of rings in the cylinders of piston engines, i.e. for tightness. All this is mounted on the inner pipe, fastening them with screws. It turns out the piston, fixing it to the inner tube motionlessly with screws under the felt disc. And then, we put the piston on the inner tube of 2 duralumin disks, and between them a felt disk, and fix them on the pipe in the 2nd cylinder as it was done in the first cylinder in front of the valve disk. And then, using this technique, we install the 3rd, 4th, 5th cylinders on the inner tube. We close the 5th cylinder from the outside with a disk and fasten it to the flange with screws. The inner pipe should protrude out through the center of the disc.

In this way, the remaining 5 cylinders are mounted on the 2nd inner pipe. On this, the work is completed on the manufacture of the isothermal part of the heating system. Further, a pipe for supplying rarefied air to the tank is mounted to the exhaust valve. We fix this part on the wall from the outside of the building and here we fix the storage capacity of rarefied air.

An adiabatic compression cylinder with an electric motor is mounted in a separate chamber. The chamber must have thermal and sound insulation, and heated air through the pipe enters the room or section for heating.

And most importantly, wooden discs must be made thick from aspen or oak, so that in each one you can mount all three valves: suction, exhaust and drain. In this case, the pistons will work closely, reaching the discs, pressing when squeezing air into the container and at the end of the expansion of air in the cylinder.

A detailed example of the method of operation of the heating system

Explanations on the operation of the cylinders in the scope of all of the processes below, performed in the heating system to ensure its operation, will be as follows:

- how and due to what air enters into them;

- how is he pumped out of there;

- how is its isothermal expansion and lowering of its pressure occurs.

1. How and due to what air enters them

This happens through the operation of the valves. So when opening the valve 12 for suction (intake) of air from the atmosphere to fill the isothermal cylinder with atmospheric air at an atmospheric pressure of 1 kg / cm ² per half of the cylinder, the suction valve 12 closes, and the piston thus passes half the length of the cylinder. In this position of the piston, the suction valve 12 is closed.

Further, when the piston moves to the end of the cylinder, the isothermal expansion of the air entering the cylinder occurs. The movement of the piston is due to the isothermal expansion of the air entering the cylinder. The pistons are mounted on rods 6, and the rods have connecting rods that are attached to the disk with the gearbox 3, and therefore the pressure of the expanding air in the cylinder is transmitted to the pistons to the connecting rods that rotate the disk with teeth around the circumference. And through the shaft of the generator also with the teeth rotates the generator 3, forming a gearbox, generating an electric current. The generated electric current goes to the work of the adiabatic cylinder 5, driven by the electric motor 1 by means of the connecting rod 5a.

The drain valve 16 is, in fact, an opening for the inlet and outlet of atmospheric air for circulation in the opposite side of the isothermal expansion, i.e. on the back of the piston. Drainage provides a more complete and accelerated isothermal expansion of air, i.e. heat transfer from the inner walls of the cylinder to the expanding air from the air coming from the atmosphere through the drain valve 16 to the cylinder. The air entering the cylinder, washing its walls, brought their temperature equal to atmospheric air. The incoming air through the drain valve 16 at the end of the isothermal expansion of air in the cylinder 4 presses on the piston 11 from the opposite side and pushes the air diluted to 0.5 kg / cm ² into the intermediate chamber 2 by opening the valve 7 into the pipeline 4, which is connected to the intermediate chamber storage 2. The expulsion of rarefied air up to 0.5 kg / cm ² occurs due to atmospheric air with a pressure of 1 kg / cm ² on the piston 11 from the back side to the expanded air.

2. How air is pumped out of the intermediate storage chamber

The air is evacuated from the intermediate storage chamber 2 by an adiabatic cylinder 5 by turning on its electric motor 1 due to the supply of electricity from the electric generator 3 of the isothermal cylinder system with an additional electric motor 18 receiving electric power from the network for complete adiabatic air compression from a pressure of 0.5 kg / cm ² to atmospheric pressure of 1 kg / cm ² . With this compression, it heats up to + 30 ° С, its volume increases by 1/10 and therefore it is necessary to take it from the network to this 1/10 part of the energy. And 9/10 is the received electricity from isothermal expansion of air in an isothermal system of cylinders. Thus, out of 10 apartments, 9 are heated due to the extraction of heat from atmospheric air during isothermal expansion at an ambient temperature of 0 ° С. And at -10 ° C we will make heating by adding 13% of the electricity from the network. Air from the intermediate chambers 2 enters the cylinder 5 through the pipe 8.

3. How is the isothermal expansion of air and pressure reduction

From the above described operation of the valves, it was said how isothermal expansion of air and its pressure decrease are made. But here it is necessary to stop especially. As mentioned above, air through the valve 12 is sucked into the cylinder. Filling it halfway at a pressure of 1 kg / cm ^{2, the} valve 12 closes, and the piston continues to move further in the isothermal cylinder 4, which leads to an increase in its volume, as well as a decrease in pressure in it. The pressure decreases, so its temperature should also decrease, since the air, pressing on the piston, does the work, spending the energy of the expanding air. It is necessary to have an isothermal expansion. But for its implementation, it is necessary to have heat flow through the walls of the cylinder 4 from the atmosphere to maintain a constant temperature when expanding close to it or equal to the air temperature in the atmosphere, then in this case it is possible to take more heat from the atmospheric air and direct it to heating by its further adiabatic compression from 0.5 kg / cm ² to atmospheric, equal to 1 kg / cm ² , which will require adding 10% or 20% of the electricity from the network. In the first case, if the air temperature is 0 ° C, add 10%, in the second case, if the air temperature is -10 ° C, add 20% of the electricity from the network. And the lower the temperature of the atmospheric air, the more energy must be added from the network, focusing on the formula for determining the efficiency of the inverse thermodynamic cycle:

,

,

where T ₂ K is the temperature of the hot spring;

T ₁ K is the temperature of the cold source.

For the convenience of the entire heating system, it is necessary to install an electric motor 18 on the same axis as the electric generator that removes electricity during isothermal expansion of air. There are two of them in our example: one to operate at a temperature of 0 ° C, and its power should be 10% of generator 3, and the second - at temperatures up to -10 ° C, its power should be 20% of the power of the generator. Thus, in total, the electric motor and the electric generator will ensure the operation of the adiabatic compression cylinder, i.e. its electric motor, and the supply of heated air up to + 30 ° C in a heated room at atmospheric pressure of 1 kg / cm ² .

In connection with the questions posed and for a complete understanding of the system, it was necessary to add elements to the design of the heating system and make a new drawing that differs from the first in some details: socket 17 for supplying electricity from the generator 3 to the electric motor 5 of the adiabatic cylinder; an additional electric motor 18, operating from the mains, increasing the power of the electric generator and serving for the initial inclusion of the pistons 11 in motion; a socket 19 for supplying electricity from the network for the operation of the additional electric motor 18; power grid 20; socket 21 for pumping air by the engine 5 from the intermediate tanks before starting the operation of the isothermal system. Above isothermal cylinders, graphs are shown at the top - these are isothermal processes, the magnitude of which is hatched in a cell. The reverse thermodynamic cycle with adiabatic compression and isothermal expansion is shown below the adiabatic cylinder. The magnitude of the isothermal process is shaded into the cell, and the narrow strip on top of the cells, increasing from right to left, is those 10% of the energy that should be added from the network. This strip is 1/10 of the adiabatic process, and 9/10 is isothermal, in the cell. The adiabatic compression process is the sum of the shaded part in the cell plus a narrow strip above it the boundary of the adiabatic compression of air in the cylinder 5 of adiabatic compression. This calculation is at an air temperature of 0 ° C.

On top of the generator placed in the context of the gearbox. The gearbox is the end of the axis of the electric generator with teeth at the end, placed between two disks 3, also having circumferences on the inside of the teeth. They mesh with the teeth of the discs. The reduction will be the ratio of the number of teeth on the disks and on the axis or the ratio of the diameter of the disks to the diameter of the end of the axis with the teeth of the generator. On the disks are mounted connecting rods connected to the rods 6. The disks have an axis in the center around which they rotate. The axis must hold them strictly parallel to each other so that the discs rotate normally and set the rods in motion, and those are the pistons mounted on them. The reduction should be between 1:10, 1:15. This means that the disk will make one revolution, and the axis of the generator - 10-15 revolutions per second. The speed reducer must be tested empirically, because there is no data on how much heat can be transferred through the cylinder walls to isothermally expanding air in the cylinders from outside atmospheric air or liquid. When the temperature drops below 0 ° C, the volume of intake air decreases.

But since this system, according to the principle of action, has been designed for centuries and is the most advantageous in all respects, it must be possessed. It can also be used to supply warm air to mines, it is profitable and safe, and most importantly, economical, it belongs to the low-cost technologies of know-how.

Elementary calculation of heat for the implementation of the method of operation of the heating system

In the above example, the outdoor temperature is 0 ° C, the temperature of the adiabatically compressed air entering after its isothermal expansion into a heated room is + 30 ° C. The solution is made using temperature on the Kelvin scale. This means that the temperature of the incoming outdoor air at 0 ° C is 273K, and the temperature of the incoming warm air into the apartment at + 30 ° C is 303K.

We carry out the calculation with 1 kg of air, using the formula for determining the efficiency:

,

,

where T ₂ is the temperature of the air heated to + 30 ° C (303K);

T ₁ - outdoor temperature 0 ° C (273K).

For heating air weighing 1 kg per 1 ° C, 0.24 kcal / g is required.

In our example, the heating is + 30 ° C:

1 kg × 0.24 kcal / gr × 30 ° C = 7.2 kcal - spent heat.

Efficiency at these temperatures is 0.1 or 10%.

We find the amount of heat that will perform useful work at an efficiency of 0.1 with a direct thermodynamic cycle:

7.2 kcal × 0.1 = 0.72 kcal (useful work).

We find the amount of heat that will be given to the cold source: 7.2 kcal-0.72 kcal = 6.48 kcal.

This is a calculation of the direct thermodynamic cycle with the given data in the way the heating system works.

We are interested in the inverse thermodynamic cycle. It can be seen from the example that 6.48 kcal was given to the cold source, and useful work was 0.72 kcal. In the reverse cycle, the opposite is true: we obtain 6.48 kcal from cold air at 0 ° C (273 K) with an isothermal expansion of 1 kg of air, and we transfer 7.2 kcal to the heated room at + 30 ° C (303 K), spending on adiabatic compression in addition to the total obtained in the isothermal expansion of only 0.72 kcal. This shows that the room received heat from 1 kg of air at a temperature of + 30 ° C (303K) 7.2 kcal, and spent 0.72 kcal, which is 1/10 of the heat received in the room. On this heat, equal to 0.72 kcal, and we spend energy from the network. For this, an electric motor 18 is installed.

PS. In the above calculation, the inflow of air into isothermal cylinders by 0.5 of their volume at constant atmospheric pressure and the expulsion of heated air to + 30 ° C from the adiabatic cylinder are also not brought into the heated room at atmospheric pressure, because these processes overlap and are calculated Not needed.

Claims (1)

The method of operation of the heating system, consisting of a system of cylinders with pistons located inside them for isothermal expansion of air supplied to the heating, equipped with an electric generator and valves for air intake, as well as containers for intermediate storage of isothermally expanded air, a cylinder for adiabatic compression of air that maintains pressure air 0.5 kg / cm ² , the motor and the connecting piping, which consists in the fact that the cylinder driven by the electric motor, they pump the pumping of air from the storage tank until it is discharged to 0.5 kg / cm ² , after which the pistons are driven by an electric generator in the cylinder system, in which the air inside the cylinders isothermally expanded, during which electricity is generated, and then isothermally expanded air enters a container for its storage, from which it enters the cylinder for its subsequent adiabatic compression and heating to a temperature of 30 ° C with a pressure equal to atmospheric, from which, in turn, th air is pushed out in a heated room.