RU2345019C1 - Brick - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: brick contains through-cavities arranged between its countersurfaces with the free area of one of the cavities varying lengthwise. Such a cavity contains at least two lengthwise sections both characterised by the cavity free area first gradually decreasing to reach the minimum value as per the specific section and subsequently gradually increasing to reach the maximum value as per the specific section. The brick ultimate compressive strength "σ" is equal to a value defined under the following condition: 7.0 MPa<σ≤35.0 MPa. The brick is fabricated of clay and sand, their wt % being as follows: clay - 75-59; sand - 25-41 with the clay containing the following components, with concentration per 100 g of clay wt %: SiO₂ - 56.05-64.12; Al₂O₃ - 23.47-24.99; Fe₂O₃ - 2.47-3.56; impurities - the rest. The brick length, width and thickness vary within the range of 200-300 mm, 100-150 mm and 30-140 mm accordingly.

EFFECT: optimisation of the brick heat exchange with the environment during drying, burning and cooling; enhanced power of the mortar cohesion with the cavity surfaces and the brick; improvement of the brick sound insulation properties.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to construction, namely to the production of bricks, and can be used in the design and manufacture of bricks, as well as in the construction of bricks of various structures.

State of the art

A brick is known with one void connecting the bed surfaces. The cross-sectional area along the length of the void is variable. Void is used to simplify bricklaying. A hole was made in the diaphragm overlying this void for gripping the brick with the fingers of the hands when dipping it in the mortar and laying it in place (USSR patent No. 50272, published January 31, 1937). The following features of the analogue coincide with the features of the claimed invention: a brick in which one void is made with a variable passage length along the void length.

Such a brick, with a void size corresponding to most of the internal volume of the brick, has good thermal resistance, but is exposed to the risk of destruction by breaking, chipping, cracking, etc. its thin walls under the action of the applied load.

In analogue, an increase in the surface area of the void was achieved by increasing the volume of the void, reducing its mass, reducing the surface of one of the bed surfaces. Although the adhesion force of the surface of the void with the solution increased, however, the adhesion force of the lower (see FIG. 2 in the description of the patent analogue) bed surface with the solution decreased due to a significant decrease in the surface area of the lower bed surface. In this case, the adhesion force of the mortar with the brick decreases, which facilitates the separation of the brick from the solidified mortar.

In addition, structurally, the void is designed so that it contributes to filling it with a solution.

The closest analogue (prototype) to the claimed invention is brick (GOST 530-95 dated 07/01/1996, International Standard. Ceramic bricks and stones, Fig. A11 - a brick with three through holes) with through voids connecting opposite surfaces (see figure 1). Each void along its length contains a section equal to the length of the void, where the area of the passage through the void increases from the minimum area of the passage through the void to the maximum area of the passage through the void. The surface of the void is described as the lateral surface of a truncated cone.

The set of essential features similar to the claimed invention can be formulated as follows: a brick containing through voids between opposite surfaces, and at least one void is made with a variable passage length along the void length.

Such a brick, in comparison with the analogue described above, is more durable by replacing one void with several voids. However, the total surface area of the voids is not large, which leads to poor heat transfer of the brick with the environment during its drying, firing and cooling.

The prototype, due to the design of the void (the straightness of the generatrix of the void surface), has a low adhesion force of the mortar to the void surface (especially from the bottom bed surface, see FIG. 1) and, as a result, low adhesion force of the entire brick to the solidified mortar. In addition, the prototype has low sound absorption due to the ineffective organization of the reflection of sound waves in the void from its surface.

Disclosure of invention

Brick is intended for use in construction work in the construction of foundations, walls, supports, pipes, furnaces and other structures.

The claimed invention is aimed at solving the following problem: improving the heat transfer of bricks with the environment during its drying, firing and cooling.

This problem is solved due to the fact that the brick contains through voids between opposite surfaces, and at least one void is made with a variable cross-sectional area along the void length, and the invention differs from the prototype in that the above void contains, in length, at least two sections, and in each of the sections, the void cross-sectional area along the length of the section decreases to the minimum void cross-sectional area in this section, and then increases to the maximum Flax flow areas voids in this area, while the tensile strength brick compressive «σ» is equal to the value determined by the condition:

7.0 MPa <σ≤35.0 MPa,

and for the manufacture of bricks, clay and sand are used in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

clay 75-59 sand 25-41

moreover, the clay contains components, kg per 100 kg of clay mass:

SiO ₂ 56.05-64.12 AlO ₃ 23.47-24.99 Fe ₂ About ₃ 2.47-3.56 impurities rest

the length of the brick is from 200 mm to 300 mm, the width of the brick is from 100 mm to 150 mm, the thickness of the brick is from 30 mm to 140 mm.

In carrying out the invention, the following technical results can be obtained.

The first technical result is an increase in the total surface area of the voids due to multiple changes in the area of the passage section along the length of the void, which helps to improve the heat transfer of the brick with the environment during its drying, firing and cooling, reducing the drying, firing and cooling times.

Compare the surface of the voids of the prototype and the declared brick, provided that the volumes of their voids are equal, which ensures the equal mass of the bricks. Figure 4 presents a longitudinal section of the void of the prototype. Figure 5 presents a longitudinal section of the void of the claimed invention. For ease of calculation, the void of the declared brick is adopted in the form of alternating cylinders of small and large radius.

The volume of the truncated cone (see figure 4) is determined by the formula:

where H is the length of the void. Figure 4 is indicated by 15 (dimension - cm);

R ₁ - a small radius of a truncated cone. Figure 4 is indicated by 13 (dimension cm);

R ₂ is the large radius of the truncated cone. Figure 4 is indicated by 14 (dimension cm).

The lateral surface of a truncated cone (see figure 4) is determined by the formula:

where L is the length of the generatrix of the truncated cone (void surface). Dimension L - see. For R ₁ / R ₂ not exceeding 2.5, L = H can be taken.

Take R ₁ = 1 cm, R ₂ = 2 cm, H = 10 cm.

Then V _yk = 73.27 cm ³ , S _yk = 94.2 cm ² .

In the application, all linear dimensions are determined in cm, areas are determined in cm ² , volumes are in cm ³ .

For the declared brick, the void volume is determined by the formula:

where H is the length of the void (figure 5 is indicated by 16);

r ₁ is a small radius (in figure 5 is indicated by 17);

r ₂ is a large radius (in figure 5 is indicated by 18).

19 denotes the height of the cylinder with a large radius. The height is N / 10. Position 20 indicates the height of the cylinder with a small radius. The height is N / 10.

The lateral surface of the void (see figure 5) is determined by the formula:

From the condition of equality of the volume of voids

V _yk = V, then we write

from here we express r _{2 in} terms of r ₁ , V _yk and H

For given H = 10 cm, V _yk = 73.27 cm ³ , and also taking r ₁ = 0.5 cm, we define r ₂ .

For r ₁ = 0.5 cm, r ₂ = 2.1 cm. For r ₁ = 1.0 cm, r ₂ = 1.92 cm. For r ₁ = 1.5 cm, r ₂ = 1.57 cm.

Then we determine S by the formula (1).

When r ₁ = 0.5 cm and r ₂ = 2.1 cm S = 199 cm ² . When r ₁ = 1.0 cm r ₂ = 1.92 cm S = 167 cm ² . When r ₁ = 1.5 cm r ₂ = 1.57 cm S = 102 cm ² .

For these examples, the void surface area of the declared brick is from 10 to 100% larger than the void surface area of the prototype brick.

The heat exchange of the brick with the environment is characterized by a heat flux, which can be determined by the formula:

where Q is the heat flux from the heated air (during drying and firing) to the surface of the brick or from the surface of the brick to the cooling air (when cooling the brick);

i - plot of the heat transfer surface of the brick;

a is the heat transfer coefficient for a given portion of the heat transfer surface;

F is the area of the i-th portion of the heat transfer surface, in particular the surface area of the void;

t _v is the temperature of the air located at the heat exchange surface area;

t _s is the wall temperature of the heat exchange surface section;

T is the drying, calcining or cooling time.

With a positive Q - heat flow is directed from the heated air to the brick, with a negative Q - heat flow from the heated brick to the cooling air.

It can be seen from the formula that with an increase in the heat exchange surface area, the heat flux from the heated air to the surface of the brick or from the heated brick to the cooling air increases.

The heat transfer coefficient in formula (2) depends on many parameters / 1 /, including the nature of the movement of the coolant near the brick wall. The implementation of the void with a variable along the length of the void area of the flow area, changing many times from maximum to minimum, contributes to intensive mixing of the air flow passing through the void. The better (more intense) the mixing of the air flow when moving in a vacuum, the higher the heat transfer coefficient. Figure 9 and figure 10 shows high-quality pictures of air flows, for example, when drying a brick passing through the voids of the brick prototype (figure 9) and the claimed brick (figure 10). 11 and 12 show the movement of air in other possible voids of the declared brick. Due to the peculiarities of the structural implementation of the claimed brick in its void, more intensive mixing of the air flow occurs, which leads to an increase in the coefficient "a" and, consequently, to the improvement of the heat exchange of the brick with the surrounding hot air during its drying and firing, and also leads to the improvement of the heat transfer of the brick with flowing cold air as it cools.

Intensive mixing of hot air in the void (during drying and firing of bricks) leads to turbulization of the air flow and intensification of the heat exchange process on the surface of the void of the brick.

As a result, the drying, calcining and cooling time of the brick is reduced. Energy costs for brick production are reduced.

The second technical result is an increase in the adhesion force of the solution to the surface of the void, which prevents the filling of the void with the solution. 13 shows the claimed brick 37. The enlarged surface of the void and its configuration prevents the penetration of the solution 38 into the void 36.

The third technical result is an increase in the adhesive force of the mortar with the brick, which makes it difficult to tear the brick from the solidified mortar. On Fig shows a diagram of the loading of the brick 40 peeling force 39. The increased surface of the voids and their configuration contributes to a better adhesion of the surface of the voids and the entire brick 40 with the solution 41.

The fourth technical result is an increase in sound absorption of bricks. On Fig and Fig presents a diagram of the interaction of sound waves with the surface of the voids of the claimed brick. The design of the voids of the claimed brick causes intense interference of sound waves. Due to interference, the amplitudes overlap and weaken, passing through the brick and repeatedly reflected from the walls of the voids of the sound waves. Enhances the interference and the fact that the surface of the void in the longitudinal direction has a wavy shape. Then the incident parallel beam of sound waves or other radiation, reflected from the undulating surface of the void, ceases to be parallel, which also contributes to the interference of the waves and their attenuation (see Fig. 16).

Additional technical results are:

1. The increase in the area of water impregnation of the brick surface by increasing the surface area of the void. This property is important during construction work.

2. Improving the reliability of the retention of bricks using a hook device for carrying bricks. A diagram of the hook fixture is shown in FIG. The wavy surface of the void contributes to the engagement and reliable retention of the brick hook device.

The following are particular embodiments of the invention.

The brick can be made so that all voids along their length contain at least two sections, and in each of the sections, the area of the passage section of the cavity along the length of the section is reduced to the minimum area of the passage section of the cavity in this section, and then increases to the value the maximum passage area of the void in this section.

The brick is made so that the aforementioned sections are made adjacent or non-adjacent.

The brick is made so that the void has two entrances, and the aforementioned sections adjoin the entrances to the void.

The brick is made so that the ratio of the maximum area of the passage section in the section to the minimum area of the passage section in the section is a value from the range of values from 1.0001 to 5.

The brick is made so that in the aforementioned section the distance along the void axis between the passage section with the maximum area and the passage section with the minimum area is a value from the range of values from 0.001 to 2 diameters of the passage section of the minimum area. The smaller the indicated distance, the larger the surface area of the void.

The brick is made so that the void in the longitudinal section contains the boundary of the longitudinal section of the void, and the boundary of the longitudinal section in the above sections is made in the form of elements of conical sections, namely in the form of different ellipses with different lengths with different values of eccentricities and focal parameters. This embodiment of the section of the border of the longitudinal section will ensure the departure from sound resonance in the void of the brick.

The brick is made so that the void in the longitudinal section contains the boundary of the longitudinal section of the void, and the boundary of the longitudinal section in the above sections is made in the form of elements of conical sections, namely in the form of different length elements of different hyperbolas with different values of eccentricities and focal parameters. This embodiment of the section of the border of the longitudinal section will ensure the departure from sound resonance in the void of the brick.

The brick is made so that the void in the longitudinal section contains the boundary of the longitudinal section of the void, and the boundary of the longitudinal section in the above sections is made in the form of elements of conical sections, namely in the form of ellipses and hyperbolas of different lengths. This embodiment of the section of the border of the longitudinal section will ensure the departure from sound resonance in the void of the brick.

The brick is made so that in at least one cross-section, at least in one of the above-mentioned sections of the void, the void contains a cross-section boundary, and the cross-section of the void is made in the form of an ellipse.

The brick is made so that in at least one cross-section, at least in one of the above sections, the void contains a cross-section boundary, and the cross-section boundary in one of its sections (cross-section boundary sections) is made in the form of elements of various ellipses. This embodiment of the section of the border of the cross section will ensure the departure from sound resonance in the void of the brick.

The equipment currently being worked out fulfills voids so that the length of the border of the cross-section (passage) of the void section in each of the above sections decreases to the minimum length of the boundary of the passage section of the void in this section, and then increases to the value of the maximum length of the boundary of the passage section of the void in this section .

The equipment currently being worked out performs voids so that the diameter of the border of the cross (passage) section of the void in each of the above sections is reduced to the minimum diameter of the border of the passage section of the void in this section, and then increases to the value of the maximum diameter of the border of the passage section of the void in this section . In the application materials, diameter is understood as the maximum distance between all possible pairs of points on the boundary of the section (source 121, p. 178).

Thus, the objective of the invention is solved.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 shows a brick prototype, in which the void is made with a variable length of the void with an area of the passage section.

Figure 2 shows a brick in which the void is made with a constant passage length along the void length.

Figure 3 shows the claimed brick, in which the void is made with repeatedly changing along the length of the void with the area of the passage section.

Figure 4 shows a longitudinal section of a void with a variable along the length of the void area of the passage section. The image illustrates the determination of the volume and surface area of the void.

Figure 5 shows a longitudinal section of the void of the claimed brick with a variable length of the void area of the passage section. For simplicity and clarity, the void is made of cylinders with different radii. The image illustrates the determination of the volume and surface area of the void.

Figures 6, 7 and 8 show bricks containing voids with variable passage lengths along their lengths.

Figure 9 shows the air flow in the void of a brick with a constant flow area over the length of the void.

10, 11 and 12 depict turbulent air flows in the voids of bricks with a variable passage area over the lengths of the voids.

On Fig presents a fragment of masonry walls and bricks, in which part of the void is filled with mortar.

On Fig presents a diagram of the loading of brick tearing force. Cement, frozen in the voids, prevents the separation of the brick from the mortar.

On Fig and 16 presents the mechanism of attenuation of sound in voids due to interference of sound waves.

On Fig presents a hook device for transferring bricks (stone).

On Fig presents a device for receiving from the molding mass of bricks containing voids, with a variable length of voids area of the passage.

On Fig, 20 and 21 shows the voids of the bricks with different configurations of the transverse and longitudinal sections.

The materials presented a table with geometric and other characteristics of the resulting bricks. The table shows a comparative analysis of the claimed brick with traditional brick.

The implementation of the invention

For clarity, an explanation of the differences between the declared brick from analog bricks, we will first give descriptions of analog bricks, and then a description of the declared brick.

The prototype brick (see Fig. 1) contains bed surfaces, one of which is indicated by 1, spoon surfaces, one of which is indicated by 2, bonded surfaces, one of which is indicated by 3, and through voids, one of which is indicated by 4, are located between opposite bedding surfaces, one of which is indicated by the number 1. The void 4 is made with a variable length of the void with the area of the passage section.

The brick currently being manufactured (see FIG. 2) contains bed surfaces, one of which is indicated by 6, spoon surfaces, one of which is indicated by 7, bonded surfaces, one of which is indicated by 8, and through voids, one of which indicated by 5, located between opposite bedding surfaces, one of which is indicated by 6. Void 5 is made with a constant passage length along the void length.

The claimed brick (see figure 3) contains bedding surfaces, one of which is indicated by 10, spoon surfaces, one of which is indicated by 11, bonded surfaces, one of which is indicated by 12, and through voids, one of which is indicated by 9 , are located between opposite bedding surfaces, one of which is indicated by the position 10. The void 4 is made with a variable along the length of the void area of the passage section.

The void (see Fig. 6) along its length contains two sections, indicated by 23 and 24. On the first of these sections, the void cross-sectional area along the length of the section decreases to the minimum void cross-sectional area in this section (the diameter of the minimum bore is indicated by 22), and then increases to the maximum area of the passage through the void in this section (the diameter of the maximum passage through is indicated by 21).

In the second of these sections, the void cross-sectional area along the length of the section decreases to the minimum void cross-sectional area in this section (the diameter of the minimum cross-sectional area is indicated by 25), and then increases to the maximum void cross-sectional area in this section (maximum passage diameter the cross section is indicated by 26). For this brick, the cross section of the void varies continuously.

A possible option is the manufacture of bricks, when the void along the length has sections on which the passage section of the void does not change. These are sections 52, 53 and 54, indicated in FIG. 7, and section 55, indicated in FIG.

The brick depicted in Fig. 8 has a void in which sections with a variable passage section 56 and 57 are adjacent to the bed surfaces, respectively 58 and 59. In the cross section, the boundaries of the cross sections of the void are made in the form of ellipses (see Fig. 8 of section AA , BB, BB).

As a rule, a brick is made so that all voids or most voids along their length contain at least two, or three, or four, or more sections, and in each of the sections, the area of the passage section of the voids along the length of the section is reduced to a minimum the area of the passage section of the void in this section, and then increases to the value of the maximum area of the passage section of the void in this section.

The brick is made so that the above-mentioned sections are made adjacent, as shown in Fig.6, or non-adjacent, as shown in Fig.8.

Typically, the brick is made so that the void has two entrances 60 and 61, and these entrances are adjacent to the bed surfaces 59 and 58 (see Fig. 8).

In Fig. 8, section 56 is adjacent to the entrance to the void 61, and section 57 is adjacent to the entrance to the void 60.

It is advisable that the brick is made so that the ratio of the maximum area of the passage section in the section to the minimum area of the section in the section is from a range of values from 1.0001 to 5. The smaller the ratio of the areas, the more effectively the void absorbs high-frequency sound. The larger the area ratio, the more effectively the void absorbs the sound of lower frequencies. The sound absorption mechanism will be described in more detail below.

Technologically, the brick is made so that in the section the distance along the void axis between the passage section with the maximum area and the passage section with the minimum area is from the range of values from 0.001 to 2 diameters of the passage section of the minimum area. The smaller the indicated distance, the larger the surface area of the void. The smaller the area ratio and the smaller the distance between the passage section with the maximum area and the passage section with the minimum area, the more effectively the void absorbs high-frequency sound. The above sections along the length of the void may be two or more.

The brick is made so that the void 62 (see Fig. 19) in longitudinal section contains a boundary 63 of the longitudinal section of the void, and the boundary of the longitudinal section in the area between points 64 and 66 is made in the form of different length elements of different ellipses (ellipse element between points 64 and 65 and the ellipse element between points 65 and 66). To prevent resonance of sound waves in a brick void, the elements of ellipses are made of different lengths with different values of eccentricities and focal parameters. The above sections along the length of the void may be two or more.

The brick is made so that the void in the longitudinal section contains a boundary 77 of the longitudinal section of the void (see Fig. 21), and the boundary of the longitudinal section in the area between points 78 and 80 is made in the form of different length elements of different hyperbolas (a hyperbole element between points 78 and 79, a hyperbola element between points 79 and 80). To prevent resonance of sound waves in a void, elements of hyperbolas are performed with different values of eccentricities and focal parameters. The above sections along the length of the void may be two or more.

The brick (see Fig. 20) is such that the void 67 in the longitudinal section contains a boundary 68 of the longitudinal section of the void, and the boundary of the longitudinal section in the area between points 69 and 71 is made in the form of ellipse and hyperbola elements, namely between points 69 and 70 - in the form of an ellipse element, between points 70 and 71 - in the form of an element of a hyperbola. This embodiment of the portion of the boundary of the longitudinal section will also provide effective avoidance of sound resonance in the void of the brick. The above sections along the length of the void may be two or more.

The brick (see Fig. 19) contains in the cross section AA in one of the sections along the length of the void one border of the cross section of the void, and the border of the cross section of the void is made in the form of an ellipse. The above sections of the void along the length of the void may be two or more.

A brick (see FIG. 20) in a cross section AA in one of the sections along the length of the void contains a border 72 of the cross section, and the border of the cross section of the void (also called the boundary of the passage section) between points 74 and 73, as well as between points 73 and 75 are made in the form of elements of various ellipses. The ellipse element between points 73 and 74 is identical to the ellipse element between points 75 and 76. The ellipse element between points 73 and 75 is identical to the ellipse element between points 74 and 76. There can be two or more of the above sections along the length of the void.

Currently developed, described in this application, the technology of manufacturing bricks with a variable length of the void area of the passage section.

For the manufacture of bricks, clay and sand are used in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

clay 75-59 sand 25-41

moreover, the clay contains components, kg per 100 kg of clay mass:

SiO ₂ 56.05-64.12 AlO ₃ 23.47-24.99 Fe ₂ O ₃ 2.47-3.56 impurities rest

 the length of the brick is from 200 mm to 300 mm, the width of the brick is from 100 mm to 150 mm, the thickness of the brick is from 30 mm to 140 mm.

The compressive strength of bricks “σ” is reached equal to the value determined from the condition:

7.0 MPa <σ≤35 MPa.

It has been experimentally confirmed that the above ratios of the components in the raw material ensure the production of high-quality bricks with a given strength (compressive strength), as well as with a given geometry of voids.

The brick manufacturing method is carried out by plastic molding and includes the preparation of raw components, the actual molding, drying, firing (firing and hardening), cooling and packaging.

Clay and sand are mined using opencast bucket excavators in quarries. Then the clay is laid in the piles. Under the influence of atmospheric factors, the clay texture is destroyed, its ductility and molding properties are improved.

Clay is shipped from quarries from the heights with an excavator or other loading mechanism along the entire heights of the heights.

After aging in the piles, the clay is delivered to the warm clay store of the workshop and put into the pile. Clay storage temperature is 10-40 ° С.

After aging in the piles, the clay is brought into the open clay store of the workshop and laid in the pile. Subsequently, the clay is imported into a warm clay store and also placed in a pile. Clay storage temperature is 10-40 ° С. Thus, the clay is subjected to additional processing and storage in a warm warehouse before it is mixed with sand.

Subsequently, the components (clay and sand) are crushed using a primary roller crusher, put into bins, dosed, processed on a disintegrator, roller mills, mixed, moistened with water and turned into a molding mass, which is molded on screw screw presses in the form of a continuous beam, cut then cutting machines for individual bricks. Thus, it turns out raw (it is also called raw brick or clay brick). The moisture content of the molded clay brick can range from 20 to 25%.

Below in an example of a specific implementation, the process of drying and firing bricks will be described in more detail.

A simplified diagram of a screw vacuum press is presented in Fig. 18. The press has a housing 51, a screw 81, a tube 82 for forming a void 85. The molding mass 83 leaves the press in the form of a continuous beam, after which the beam is cut into bricks. The tube 82 is connected to a source of high pressure 86 (a cylinder of compressed air) through a valve 87 and to the surrounding air through a valve 88. A tip with an elastic ring 90 is located at the end of the tube 82. In the absence of excess pressure in the tube, the diameter of the tip does not exceed the diameter of the tube. When pressure is applied to the tube, the tip increases in size (its elastic ring swells) and its diameter becomes larger than the diameter of the tube. The pressure is supplied from the cylinder 86 through the open valve 87 with the valve 88 closed. The pressure is released from the tube through the valve 88 when the valve 87 is closed. The valves can be opened and closed manually or by electric drives on command from the control system 89 (computer). The molding material 83 continuously leaves the press, therefore, increasing the tip in size and decreasing it in size leads to the formation of bulges (key 85) and thinning (key 84) in the channel. The shape of the cross-section and longitudinal section of the void in the molding material (and therefore in the brick) is determined by the mode of operation of the tip with an elastic ring 90, as well as the dimensions of the tip (its elastic ring). In particular, in the experiments, the length of the elastic ring ranged from 5 to 10 mm.

It was experimentally confirmed that the pressure on the molding material from the side of the tube tip when it is pressurized is from 2 to 2.5 MPa. In the experiments, the time between the pressure peaks in the tip was 5 s, 1 s, 0.04 s, 0.02 s, 0.01 s, 0.005 s, 0.00004 s.

In the process of molding the molding material, its substantial compaction and hardening from the inside is carried out while applying pressure to the tip. This leads to the creation of areas with variable hardness on the surface of the void. In the region of thinning the void, the hardness of the surface of the void is less; in the region of thickening of the void, the hardness of the surface of the void is greater. This is similar to reinforcing bricks from the inside with harder materials.

Thus, the void contains sections along its length, and in each of the sections the void cross-sectional area along the length of the section decreases to the minimum void cross-sectional area in this section, and then increases to the maximum void cross-sectional area in this section.

In the course of the study, several types of tips have been worked out, capable of giving round and elliptical shapes to the boundary of the cross section of the void. Tips have been developed that are capable of forming, under certain pressurization modes, the boundary of the longitudinal section of the void in the form of ellipse elements and hyperbole elements.

Studies have also shown that a variable bore of the molding material can be created by other devices, for example, using vibrating up-down, left-right tubes inside the molding material.

In the experiments, clay bricks were made using the device shown in Fig. 18 and in the traditional way with passage sections constant along the length of the voids. For clay bricks made by the traditional method, transverse ribs of various configurations and depths were cut manually on the inner surfaces of the voids, which made the passage sections of the voids variable along the length of the voids.

Declared bricks can be performed with various compressive strength characteristics σ determined from the condition:

7.0 MPa <σ≤35.0 MPa,

and with different voidness “P”, in particular, voidness can occur in the following ranges:

2.25% <P≤5%;

5% <P≤10%;

10% <P≤15%;

15% <P≤25%;

25% <P≤30%;

30% <P≤35%;

35% <P≤40%;

40% <P≤50%.

Voidness is understood as the ratio of the volume of technological brick voids to the volume of brick multiplied by 100%.

An example of a specific implementation.

For the manufacture of yellow bricks or bricks of shades of yellow color, clay refractory to the Kantatskoye deposit and sand from the Entaulskoye deposits are used. Sand plays the role of a cleaning agent for the mixture. Clay contains components, kg per 100 kg of clay mass:

SiO ₂ 56.05 Al ₂ O ₃ 23.47 Fe ₂ O ₃ 2.47 impurities rest

Each component is subjected to primary crushing in a roll crusher and loaded through a system of conveyor belts into the bunkers, during the operation of which dosing of these components is carried out in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

clay 75 sand 22

For the manufacture of bricks, clay and sand with a different ratio of components can be used. Clay contains components, kg per 100 kg of clay mass:

SiO ₂ 64.12 Al ₂ About ₃ 24,99 Fe ₂ O ₃ 3.56 impurities rest

Each component is subjected to primary crushing in a roll crusher and loaded through a system of conveyor belts into the bunkers, during the operation of which dosing of these components is carried out in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

clay 59 sand 41

Depending on the required strength of the brick, its geometry and color shades, the ratio of the above components is selected.

Then the mixture is processed in a disintegrator, roller mills, mixed and averaged in a mixer, and after being moistened with water it turns into a molding mass, which is squeezed out by a screw vacuum press (see Fig. 18) in the form of a continuous clay bar 83, which is then cut sequentially by cutting devices into dimensional bars and further on separate bricks.

Bricks are made of clay rocks, which are classified as dispersed materials. In order to give the dried raw brick sufficient mechanical strength and regulated quality characteristics, which in turn depend on the mineralogical composition, dispersion and other specific properties and nature of the material of the raw materials, it must be dried, i.e. prepare for firing.

After receiving the raw brick, it is loaded onto the drying trolleys and sent to the working channels of the drying oven, after having previously stood on the ways of the spare channel at a temperature of the moist environment (80-98%) from 15 ° C to 35 ° C to equalize the moisture content of the raw material along the volume of the drying trolley . Then the carts with raw brick are pushed along the railways of the working tunnel (there can be one, two, four or more working tunnels) of the drying oven in the set mode during the time “t”.

The time "t" is determined from the range from 60 to 80 hours depending on the properties of the raw materials and the total current productivity of the ceramic brick production line in order to bring the residual moisture of the dried material to 2-3%.

As the heat carrier and drying agent, hot air is used from the cooling zone of the kiln, diluting it with external cooler air. Hot air is supplied to the injection hog located on the arch of tunnels, and then disperse it through the holes in the arch along the entire length. The supply of hot air at the outlet of the dryer and the suction of moisture-saturated air at the inlet are carried out using an exhaust ventilation system.

Bricks, like ceramic products, belong to capillary-porous bodies in which heat and mass transfer between the drying agent and the product (brick) proceeds according to rather complicated laws. One of them is that the entire drying period is divided into three sections: the heating period, the period of constant drying speed and the period of the falling drying speed. When bricks are dried, defects can appear on them, which arise both as a result of violation of the technological drying regimes, and at the previous stages of processing. To minimize cracking, various methods are used to reduce the influence of subjective factors on drying processes. One of these methods is to increase the heat exchange surface between the brick and the heated air by increasing the area of the side surface of the void. The larger the surface area of the voids, the larger the surface through which moisture can escape from the brick into the streamlined air.

After drying, the dry material is loaded onto kiln trolleys in the form of floors of brick laid in packets and sent to the kiln for firing. The firing is carried out in a tunnel kiln by pushing trolleys with the fired material for 48-55 hours, depending on the initial properties of the raw materials, the properties of the dried material and the total current productivity of the workshop in three stages, while the brick passes through the zones:

- a pre-heating zone, where the brick undergoes heating from exposure to rising temperatures from 80 ° C to 750 ° C;

- a firing and hardening zone, where the brick is exposed to temperatures from 750 ° C to 1050 ° C and rapid cooling by forced supply of blast air into the tunnel immediately after high-temperature firing;

- a cooling zone, where red-hot bricks are cooled from a temperature of 750 ° C and should have no more than 60 ° C at the exit of the furnace, and the recuperative heat taken from bricks and heated trolleys is transferred to mixing air collectors, in which it is diluted with an external cooler air and further used as a drying agent.

Next, the finished brick packages are unloaded from the kiln trolleys onto the packaging conveyor. Packages are laid on wooden flooring, packaged and shipped using forklift trucks to the finished goods warehouse.

At the brick plant "Siberian Element" in Krasnoyarsk it was experimentally confirmed that the specified composition of clay and sand, the configuration of voids, the drying and firing times, as well as the whole complex of the above measures provide the declared brick with a compressive strength:

7.0 MPa <σ≤35.0 MPa.

The geometric characteristics of the resulting bricks, as well as a comparative analysis with traditional bricks, are given in the table. The configuration of all the voids of the declared brick (type No. 1) is shown in Fig.6. In cross sections, the voids of the declared brick are made in the form of ellipses, in which the ratio of the major semi-axis to the smaller semi-axis is 1.1. In a longitudinal section, the boundary in the areas of narrowing the void is made of ellipse elements and in the areas of expansion of the void is made of ellipse elements.

In cross sections, the boundaries of the voids of the declared brick (type No. 2) are made in the form of ellipses with a ratio of the major semi-axis to the smaller semi-axis equal to 1.1. In a longitudinal section, the boundary in the areas of narrowing the void is made of ellipse elements and in the areas of expansion of the void is made of ellipse elements.

In cross sections, the boundaries of the voids of the declared brick (type No. 3) are made in the form of ellipses with the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis equal to 1.1. In a longitudinal section, the boundary in the areas of narrowing the void is made of elements of hyperbolas and in the areas of expansion of the void is made of elements of hyperbolas.

To absorb sound waves of different frequencies, the claimed brick is made in such a way that each void along its length contains 10-20 sections, in which the longitudinal section boundary is made of different length elements of various ellipses and hyperbolas (as shown in Fig. 16). The height of the protrusion and the depth of the recess at the portion of the boundary of the longitudinal section determine the frequency of the sound wave, which will effectively reflect from the surface of the protrusion and the surface of the recess. For effective sound absorption of sound waves of different lengths, it is advisable to perform all sections on the boundary of the longitudinal section of the void from elements of various lengths of ellipses and hyperbolas. And to eliminate the appearance of sound resonance phenomena in the voids of the brick, it is advisable that the sections are made of elements of different ellipses that differ in the values of focal parameters and eccentricities, and also that the sections are made of elements of various hyperbolas that differ in the values of focal parameters and eccentricities.

An urgent task for civil engineering is the absorption of radiation from electric vibrators in the frequency range from 10 ¹⁰ Hz to 10 ¹⁵ Hz.

Absorption can be achieved by increasing the mass of the walls or by creating voids in the walls with complex configurations. The design of the voids of the declared bricks for the effective absorption of such emissions is characterized by the fact that the difference between the maximum diameter and the minimum diameter in the passage sections of the voids is from tens of millimeters to thousandths of a millimeter or less. In this case, the distance between sections with a maximum and minimum diameter should be from tens of millimeters to a millimeter.

The rule for choosing diameters is as follows: the difference in diameters should be equal to a value selected from half the length to the radiation wavelength.

To suppress resonance phenomena, it is advisable that the configurations of the longitudinal boundaries of various voids be different.

It is also advisable that for different voids, the configurations of the cross sections located at the same distance from one of the bed surfaces are different. For a brick, this condition can be written as follows: a brick containing through voids between opposing surfaces, and at least two voids or all voids are made with passage sections having variable lengths of voids, and the above voids are at the same distance from one of the surfaces contain passage sections of various sizes, and the boundaries of said passage sections are made in the form of various ellipses (differing in eccentricities and focal parameters), in addition, the above cots at the same distance from one of the surfaces contain passage sections with different diameters.

In the manufacture of the claimed brick, an increase in the surface area of the void or voids, as well as the total surface area of the brick is provided. The increase is achieved due to multiple changes in the area of the passage section along the length of the voids or voids. The increase in area compared to the prototype or traditional bricks leads to an improvement in the heat exchange of the brick with the environment during its drying, firing and cooling, and a reduction in the drying, firing and cooling times.

Experiments with prototypes of bricks have shown that for bricks of the claimed design, the drying and firing times can be reduced by up to 7% compared with traditional bricks.

From formula (2) above, it follows that, ceteris paribus, how many times the surface area of the brick increases, so many times can be reduced drying, firing or cooling. However, the claimed brick has an additional factor affecting the increase in heat transfer: turbulization of the air flow when passing through a void.

Figure 9 shows a stream of air 27 running onto a brick, and a stream of 28 air moving along the void of a traditional brick. Figure 10 shows a stream of air 29 running onto the claimed brick, and a stream of air moving along the void of the declared brick. Turbulent air flow in the void swirls 30 and 31, which are caused by a change in the area of the passage section along the length of the void. 11 and 12 also show oncoming air flows 32 and 34, as well as swirls 33 and 35 caused by configurations of voids.

The claimed brick additionally provides an increase in the adhesion force of the solution to the void surface (see Fig. 14). The mortar 41 adheres better to the side surface of the voids of the brick 40, while the declared brick achieves an increase in the adhesive force 39 of the mortar 41 with the brick 40, which makes it difficult to detach the brick from the solidified mortar.

In addition, the design of the voids, in particular, the voids 36, brick 37 (see Fig.13) prevents the filling of the voids with a solution 38.

An important technical result for the construction of buildings and various structures is to increase the sound absorption of the claimed brick. On Fig and Fig presents a diagram of the interaction of sound waves with the surface of the voids of the claimed brick. The vectors of sound waves incident on the brick are indicated by 42 (see Fig. 15) and 45, 46 and 47 (see Fig. 16). In the void of the claimed brick, multiple reflection is observed (the vectors of the reflected waves are indicated by the positions 43, 44, 48, 49 and 50), the superposition and attenuation of sound waves.

An important technical result of the claimed brick is to increase the area of water impregnation of the brick surface by increasing the surface area of the voids. During the construction work, the brick is wetted, and the further process of solidification of the mortar and its bonding with the brick depends on how much water is held on the surface of the brick. The more water during laying will be on the surface of the brick (especially on the surface of voids), the more it will be absorbed into the surface layer of the brick, the better adhesion of the brick to the mortar will be achieved after the mortar has hardened.

In addition, the configuration of the longitudinal section of the voids of the claimed brick allows you to effectively hold the brick devices (see Fig.37).

Thus, the task and technical results of the invention are achieved.

Literature

1. Erokhin V.G., Makhanko M.G., Samoilenko P.I. Fundamentals of thermodynamics and heat engineering. Textbook for technical schools. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1980 .-- 224 p.

2. Mathematics. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-Chief Yu.V. Prokhorov. - 3rd edition. - M.: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2000. 848 p.: Ill.

TABLE
Comparative analysis of traditional and declared bricks Characteristics of Bricks Traditional brick Declared brick, type No. 1 Declared brick, type No. 2 Declared brick, type No. 3 Number of voids 19 19 19 19 Width mm 120.2 120.2 120.2 120.2 Length mm 249 249 249 249 Height mm 65.1 65.1 65.1 65.1 The diameter of the void, mm 15.9 The minimum diameter of the void, mm 14.9 13.5 11.9 The maximum diameter of the void, mm 16.9 17.5 18.9 Weight, kg 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 Side surface of a brick, mm ² 100388 99409 98794 97273 Side surface of voids, mm ² 61750 65850 67310 75500 Number of Cross Sections
minimum pass
section 2 10 10 Reduced drying time compared to
traditional brick,% - up to 2 2-3 up to 7 Reduced firing time
drying compared to
traditional brick,% - up to 2 2-3 up to 7

Claims (1)

A brick containing through voids between opposite surfaces, and at least one void is made with a variable cross-sectional area along the length of the void, characterized in that the above void contains at least two sections along its length, and in each of the sections the void cross-sectional area along the length of the section decreases to the minimum void cross-sectional area in this section, and then increases to the maximum void cross-sectional area in this section, when the tensile strength of the brick under compression "σ" is equal to the value determined from the condition
7.0 MPa <σ≤35.0 MPa,
and for the manufacture of bricks, clay and sand are used in the following ratio of components, wt.%:
clay 75-59 sand 25-41
moreover, the clay contains components, kg per 100 kg of clay mass:
SiO ₂ 56.05-64.12 Al ₂ O ₃ 23.47-24.99 Fe ₂ O ₃ 2.47-3.56 impurities rest
the length of the brick is from 200 to 300 mm, the width of the brick is from 100 to 150 mm, the thickness of the brick is from 30 to 140 mm.

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