RU2203518C2 - Apparatus built around new physical principles that functions as converter - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electrical engineering; energy generating apparatuses. SUBSTANCE: apparatus has revolving device incorporating stator and rotor; rotor includes substance being rotated and is free to rotate about axis ; it has at least one device using radiation energy and energy of fields built up by revolving rotor built up near rotor for using radiation energy and energy of field built up by rotor; the latter has at least one layer of substance being rotated made for ensuring motion of charge carriers in layer along two-dimensional surface. EFFECT: provision for using energy generated by apparatus. 45 cl, 4 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the field of devices for generating energy.

 The invention can be used to create energy sources for thermal power plants, for thermal power networks, heat and power plants for heating cities, for on-board power plants of various traction systems and various modes of transport, for example, aircraft, sea ships, and to create power plants based on new physical principles. The invention may also contain as an integral element the Bogdanov accelerator for the implementation of a controlled fusion reaction. Together with the Bogdanov accelerator, the apparatus can be a part of thermonuclear reactors and thermonuclear power plants created on the basis of this accelerator.

 The invention can also be used to create plasma beams in the atmosphere, which allow welding large metal and reinforced concrete structures, heating the soil to a boiling point, evaporating and moving significant masses of soil, which allows digging channels, pits for reservoirs and quarries for mining.

 A known apparatus for generating energy based on new physical principles is the Meyer converter, patented in 1990 by Stanley Meyer, in which the energy of combustion of oxygen and hydrogen exceeded the energy spent on their decomposition [1]. This converter has been successfully tested on a Volkswagen car. Water consumption per 100 km was less than three liters.

 The disadvantage of the Meyer converter is the small amount of power generation that does not exceed the power of an automobile motor.

 The known apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles is the Morey converter, made in 1937 by the American inventor Dr. Morey, which consumed 100 watts of energy and produced 3.5 kW [1]. The device weighed 25 kg and also had an antenna. In 1939, the same Morey developed a 50 kW converter.

 The disadvantage of the Morey converter is the small amount of power generation that does not exceed 50 kW.

 A well-known apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles is Tesla Converter, a propulsion system in a passenger car, tested in 1931 by Nikola Tesla [1]. The car was accelerated by a source of electricity with the so-called anomalous energy balance (converter), when the output produces more energy than is fed to the input. The exact circuit is not known, but electric vacuum devices and an antenna appeared in the messages. The car reached a speed of 130 km per hour.

 The disadvantage of the Tesla converter is the small amount of power generation that does not exceed the power of an automobile motor.

 A well-known apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles is Hyde Converter - an electrostatic converter with a capacity of 20 kW, a patent for which was obtained in 1991 in the United States by Dr. William Hyde [1]. The input energy was 10% of the input.

 The disadvantage of the Hyde converter is the small amount of power generation that does not exceed 20 kW.

 A known apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles is the Chukanov converter - a converter created by the American scientist K. Chukanov to generate "ball lightning" [1]. During the tests, it was found that the energy spent on the formation of a spherical plasma clot is 10 times less than the energy released during its destruction.

 The disadvantage of the Chukanov converter is the low repetition rate of high voltage pulses, which are required to create plasma clots. From accelerator technology it is known that powerful capacitor banks generating such pulses operate with a frequency of only a few pulses per day.

 A known apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles Searle's disk, which uses the generated energy to create traction on new physical principles (Searle, Tsarl, Charles disk) [2,3], containing a rotor containing a rotatable substance, made as a magnetized ring mounted on a sliding system made in the form of a system of rollers made with the possibility of rotation around an axis. The apparatus for generating energy is equipped with a rotation device configured to rotate a rotor made in the form of a magnetized ring. The rotation device accelerates the magnetized ring mounted on the rollers by electromagnetic forces to a large number of revolutions and rotates at high speed. The ring, starting with a certain rotation speed, spontaneously accelerates, loses weight and then takes off. A controlled flight of the device from London to the Cornwall Peninsula and back was made, which in total is 600 km.

 The disadvantage of the apparatus for generating the energy of a Searl disk is the use of the generated energy only to create traction.

 The challenge facing the invention is to enable the energy generated by the apparatus to be used for purposes other than creating traction.

 This problem is solved in that the apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles, containing at least one rotor and at least one rotation device configured to rotate the rotor containing the rotatable substance and configured to rotate around an axis on the slip system, further comprises at least one device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by the rotating rotor, made near the rotor with the ability to use the energy of radiation and fields, creating Vai spinning rotor.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor contains a boiler with liquid or gas.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor contains a generator configured to generate electricity, while the generator is connected to the boiler and to the cooling system of the boiler.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor contains an MHD generator.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor contains at least one accelerator containing a power system, a magnetic coil, a vacuum chamber, a focusing system, accelerating electrodes, an accelerated working medium supply system, at least one high-voltage capacitor a generator containing a device that causes the transfer of charges, a solitary conductor (main solitary conductor), and inside the conductor a feed system of an accelerated working fluid is made, while the chamber contains walls made of an insulator in the form of insulating pipes, and in the chamber there is a device for supporting the accelerator elements by weight, made with the possibility of supporting the accelerator elements forming the component parts of the accelerator, the device causing charge transfer contains at least one external capacitor and a battery of internal capacitors connected in series, made inside the vacuum chamber so that the two extreme plates of the extreme internal capacitors of the battery are aligned with lugs of the external capacitor, while between the plates of at least one capacitor a gap is made in which there is no dielectric, and at least one external capacitor is electrically connected to the main solitary conductor. In this case, the device that causes the transfer of charges is configured to cause the transfer of charges between the plates of the external capacitor through the internal capacitors either mechanically, or by an electric field, or by radiation of radioactive isotopes. Moreover, the device is configured to cause the transfer of charges of a certain sign towards one side of the external capacitor and not cause the transfer to the side of another cover, in addition, the accelerator retention device is made with the ability to hold at least one outer shell inside the vacuum chamber the condenser and the main solitary conductor so that the lining of the capacitor and the solitary conductor do not touch the walls of the vacuum chamber.

 The device that causes the transfer of charges contains at least one pipe with a liquid or gas connected to the cooling system, while at least one boiler made near the rotor is connected to the pipe through the valve system, and inside the pipe, at least one turbine configured to rotate under pressure of a liquid or gas, connected to a generator configured to generate electricity during rotation of the turbine. In this case, the generator is connected to the electron accelerator, and the electron accelerator is made on one side of the plate, and on the other side of the plate there is no electron accelerator.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains more than two accelerators, in addition, between the accelerators there is a device for introducing a target for a thermonuclear reaction, while at the point of intersection of the axes of the accelerators a target for a thermonuclear reaction is provided, and the accelerators are made symmetrically with respect to the point target location and connected to the driver.

 At least two rotation devices with rotors are made under the accelerator element, while the rotors are made symmetrically with respect to the vertical line passing through the axis of symmetry of the accelerator element. The device that causes the charge transfer contains conductive plates made between the plates of the external capacitor, and emission cathodes are made on the plate surface facing one of the external capacitor plates, but there are no emission cathodes on the plate surface facing the other plate of the external capacitor, except Moreover, the plate is combined with the lining of the internal capacitor. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles contains at least one conductive screen made adjacent to at least one rotor, the screen containing conductive material, the screen being configured to shield electromagnetic radiation, while adjacent to the rotor A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor is made. At least one window is made in the screen near the substance being rotated. At the same time, near the window, a device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor is made.

 The rotor is made in the form of a ring. The rotor with the rotatable substance is made in the form of a disk. The rotation device is made in the form of an electric motor containing a rotor and a stator. The rotor contains a ring made in the form of a magnetized ring. The rotatable substance contains ferromagnetic material. The rotatable material contains paramagnetic material.

 A sliding system is made around the axis of the rotation device, comprising at least one system of rollers connected to the rotation device, wherein the rollers are configured to enable the rotor to rotate around the axis of the device.

 The apparatus comprises, made near the rotation device, at least one induction coil and an induction coil power supply system. The induction coil is made around the rotor, while the axis of the rotor is parallel to the plane of the turns of the induction coil.

 The rotor contains a ring containing at least one turn of the winding wound on the ring, while the winding is electrically isolated from the ring, and the axis of the coil lies in the plane of the ring, while the winding occupies the corner segment of the ring not more than half the surface of the ring. The winding contains a superconductor.

 The rotation device is connected to a conductive screen made of conductive material, and at least one window is made in the screen with the possibility of free passage through the window of electromagnetic radiation, in addition, the screen is made around the rotation device and surrounds the rotation device.

 The rotor contains a cryostat, while the cryostat is made inside the rotor.

 The rotor contains a two-dimensional conductor. The plane of maximum conductivity of a two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of the rotor.

 The two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of a conductive film, while the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.

 The rotor comprises a ring or disk, wherein the ring or disk contains a layered crystal, wherein the plane of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.

 The rotor contains a ring or disk, and the ring or disk contains at least two structures containing at least two layers of a two-dimensional conductor, in addition, a dielectric is made between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor, the structure being made in the form of a plate, and between plates made gaps of empty space. In this case, the plates are connected to each other and form a ring or disk, and the gap is open on the side of the side surface of the ring or disk.

 The rotor contains at least two structures containing at least two layers of a two-dimensional conductor, while a dielectric is made between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor, the dielectric being made in the form of a waveguide.

 The rotor contains at least one structure containing at least two layers of a two-dimensional conductor, while the Fermi energy of the material of the layer of a two-dimensional conductor does not decrease with increasing distance from the rotor surface, and either the Fermi energy in at least two adjacent layers of a two-dimensional conductor does not change, or increases in neighboring layers in the direction from the surface of the rotor deep into the rotor with increasing distance from the surface of the rotor.

 The two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of a film.

 The plane of maximum conductivity of a two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.

 The two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of a conductive film, while the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.

 The apparatus comprises a suspension connected to the rotation device and to the rotor, configured to enable the rotor to rotate freely during movements and rotations of the apparatus.

 The suspension is made in the form of a gimbal connected to the rotation device, while the device is connected to the rotor, and the suspension is configured to allow the rotor to rotate freely during movements and rotations of the apparatus.

 The rotor contains a liquid, while the rotation device is configured to rotate the liquid. The liquid is made in the form of mercury or in the form of a ferromagnetic fluid.

 The suspension is made in the form of a gimbal connected to the rotation device, while the device is connected to the screen and the rotor, and the suspension is configured to allow the rotor to rotate freely when the angle of inclination of the device uses the radiation energy and the fields created by the rotating rotor.

 The apparatus contains at least one additional coil of a longitudinal magnetic field, configured to create a magnetic field in a rotating substance along the axis of rotation. Additional coils of the longitudinal magnetic field are made around the axis of rotation.

 The rotation device contains at least one additional coil of the transverse magnetic field, configured to create a magnetic field in the rotating substance across the axis of rotation, while the lines of force of the coil are perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains at least one turbine connected to the generator, the generator being configured to generate electricity during rotation of the turbine, the turbine being made near the rotor and the turbine blade oblique at an angle to relative to the axis of rotation of the rotor.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains at least one turbine connected to the generator, the generator being configured to generate electricity during rotation of the turbine, and at least one turbine blade is made at least one rotor, and at least one reflector is made near the rotor, while the reflector is made obliquely at an angle with respect to the axis of rotation of the rotor, in addition, the axis of rotation of the rotor and turbine are parallel.

 The inner surface of the screen facing the rotation device is made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors, while the multilayer structure of the inner surface of the screen contains two-dimensional conductors made of either the same material or different materials, and the Fermi energy of the materials of the layers of two-dimensional conductors with increasing distance to the rotor surface does not decrease, while either the Fermi energy does not change, at least for two adjacent layers of two-dimensional conductors, or increases in the direction from surface of the rotor deep into the screen of at least two adjacent layers of two-dimensional conductors with increasing distance to the surface of the main ring, and at least one cryostat is made inside the screen with the ability to cool two-dimensional conductors in structures with two-dimensional conductors.

 The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles contains at least one reflector, made next to at least one rotor, while the reflector contains conductive material, and the reflector is configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation.

 A device for using radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains at least one reflector made adjacent to at least one rotor, while the reflector contains conductive material, the reflector being configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation.

 In the device for using radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor, a cavity is made around the rotation device, and at least one window is made in the cavity, which is configured to output electromagnetic radiation apparatus. At least one window is made of a transparent refractory material. The window is connected to a conductive lid and to a lid moving device configured to open and close the window, the lid and the lid moving device configured to change, control the flow of electromagnetic radiation passing through the window, and also open and close the window.

 A device for using radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor comprises at least one device for moving the reflector, configured to move or rotate the reflector relative to the window.

 The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles includes a device for the electrical decomposition of water or hydrocarbons into components with hydrogen evolution, configured to cause the decomposition of water or hydrocarbons using electricity.

 Such a design of the apparatus makes it possible to use the energy of electromagnetic radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor for purposes other than creating traction. For example, to generate energy.

 It is theoretically realistic to use the energy of electromagnetic fields and radiation generated by a rotating rotor due to the fact that the device manages to remove the shielding from several types of electromagnetic fields, which are initially present in various combinations in any substance, but do not go outside due to the fact that they are shielded movements of free electrons and rotations of the axis of rotation of the electron shells of atoms and nuclei. These electromagnetic fields arise as a relativistic effect of various types of motion of charged particles forming a substance. Particle movements occur inside the substance.

 The electric fields of moving particles, depending on the speed, have an angular dependence due to relativistic effects. During rotation with high speed, the electron shells of atoms and atomic nuclei under the action of the total radiation of these fields are under the action of the lever of a pair of forces. Since the nuclei and electron shells still rotate, under the influence of a pair of forces they undergo a precession, which prevents such a rotation of the axes of their own moments of rotation, in which these radiations are completely screened. These electromagnetic fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system when a substance rotates at high speed partially stop screening and go outside the substance, creating powerful electromagnetic radiation from rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system.

 The intensity distribution of this radiation, depending on the angle with respect to the axis of rotation, is symmetrical about the axis of rotation and symmetrical about the plane passing through the center of mass of the substance being rotated perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Directional electromagnetic radiation is created due to the fact that the area of space next to the rotating substance is blocked by a conductive screen. In this case, the screen blocks the flow of electromagnetic radiation from rotating or oscillating charged particles in this direction and reflects part of the radiation in the opposite direction, creating directed electromagnetic radiation. The largest directional electromagnetic radiation occurs in two cases.

 In the first case, the substance of the rotation device is applied to the substance rotated at a high speed by short pulses, sequentially, first with a magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation, and then with a magnetic field perpendicular to the axis of rotation. As a result, all rotated matter begins to precess. In this case, large areas of the rotated matter during the precession synchronously tilt the axis of the magnetic moments of the electron shells of atoms. The tilt angles of a large number of magnetic moments of the electron shells coincide. At this time, the rotating electrons of the electron shells of atoms have the same angular orientation of the electric field created by them, due to their relativism. Due to this, these areas emit electromagnetic radiation from rotating or oscillating charged particles.

 In the second case, the rotatable substance contains layers of a two-dimensional conductor made perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Oscillations and rotations of plasmon electrons occur in the layers of a two-dimensional conductor. In this case, the plasmon electrons move mainly in the same plane and emit electromagnetic radiation from rotating or oscillating charged particles. The radiation is not shielded by the dielectric rotating at a high speed, since for shielding the magnetic moments of the electron shells of the atoms of the dielectric must rotate perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and when creating the lever of the forces that cause the rotation, a precession occurs, the frequency of which is much lower than the frequency of oscillations of the plasmon electrons.

 Since the frequency of electromagnetic radiation from rotating or oscillating electrons of plasmons exceeds the frequency of the precession, the fields arising during the precession cannot completely shield this radiation. Radiation comes out and its energy can be used including for other purposes, in addition to creating traction. That part of the radiation energy and fields created by the rotating rotor, which is supplied to the device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor, is used by the device to use the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor for any purpose other than creating traction.

 If the apparatus for generating energy based on new physical principles, the Bogdanov converter contains the Bogdanov accelerator for carrying out a controlled fusion reaction, then this design solution allows you to accelerate heavy ions to an energy of about 200 MeV with an acceleration rate of about 1000 MV / m, to obtain currents per pulse from kiloamperes to tens of megaamperes with a pulse duration of the order of tens of nanoseconds following with a pulse repetition rate of 1 to 10 pulses per second. Moreover, such currents can be obtained for each driver accelerator. Driver energy in one pulse can be realized at the level of 10 MJ or more, which will give a thermonuclear gain of 100 times or more. This can increase the energy generated by the converter by 100 times or more, compared with the option of creating a converter without Bogdanov accelerators that carry out controlled thermonuclear fusion.

At the same time, the power developed by the driver in one pulse can be realized at the level of 100 TW or more. The energy and power levels realized in a single pulse will make it possible to compress the deuterium-tritium target in an amount of 10 ³ to 10 ⁴ times, and in the future, in an amount of 10 ⁵ to 10 ⁶ , which will allow thermonuclear reactions to be realized not only in the deuterium-tritium target , but also in a target containing pure deuterium and a boron-hydrogen mixture. Such targets can also be used to carry out a controlled fusion reaction.

 The following contributes to the achievement of such results. All accelerator elements under high voltage are inside the vacuum chamber in vacuum by weight and do not touch the walls of the vacuum chamber. The elements of the accelerator hang inside the insulating tubes of the vacuum chamber, and these elements are held up by the force of radiation scattering generated by the rotating rotors of the Bogdanov converter, which are part of the accelerator’s weight-holding system. High voltage is created by a device that causes the movement of charges. In this case, the charges move from one plate of the external capacitor through the battery of internal capacitors made in series to the other plate of the external capacitor. In this case, the device that causes the transfer of charges moves charges through internal capacitors either mechanically or by an electric field, or using charged particles emitted during the radioactive decay of radioactive substances. During charge transfer, the field between the plates of the internal capacitors and along the insulating cables is less than the value of the electric field at which the electrical breakdown of the insulators that make up the capacitors and insulating cables occurs. The value of the electric field between the elements of the accelerator under high voltage and the walls of the vacuum chamber is less than the value of the electric field at which intense field emission occurs from the surfaces of the components of the accelerator. Therefore, it is realistic to carry out charge transfer along the entire length of the battery of internal capacitors so that between the extreme two plates of the extreme internal capacitors, which coincide with the plates of the external capacitor, a potential difference of the order of 200 MB is formed.

 The estimated length of the battery of internal capacitors is of the order of several kilometers. Due to this length, it is realistic to obtain an average value of the longitudinal electric field along the entire battery of less than 0.2 MV / m, which is significantly less than the breakdown field of many insulators. The current strength of accelerated heavy ions from kiloamps to tens of megaamps can actually be obtained by accelerating ions due to the accumulated electric charge on the lining of the main capacitor and on the main solitary conductor. The feed system of the accelerated working fluid allows, in addition to heavy ions, accelerating macroscopic particles weighing several milligrams and films weighing several milligrams to speeds of the order of several hundred kilometers per second, which will increase the efficiency of the transfer of kinetic energy of the accelerated working fluid to the target's compression and heating energy. Since the compression and heating of the target in this case occurs without an ablation process, this saves 90% of the energy spent on the ablation of a deuterium-tritium target. The acceleration of the accelerated working fluid, for example heavy ions, is due to the fact that between the electrodes, one of which is made on the main solitary conductor, and the other on the wall of the vacuum chamber, a significant potential difference is created. The accelerated working fluid enters the through hole of the magnetic coil, propagates along magnetic field lines and is focused by the focusing system on the target.

 The acceleration process occurs simultaneously in several driver accelerators, and the accelerated working fluid from several accelerators focuses on the target symmetrically and simultaneously. The plasma accelerator, made near the axis of the accelerator, ionizes additional plasma flowing into the main part of the accelerator's vacuum chamber from the region near the target location, and accelerates the plasma toward the target location. This allows you to make the vacuum in the main part of the vacuum chamber more discharged. The plasma accelerator turns off at the moment of the acceleration pulse of the accelerated working fluid and turns on after the accelerated working fluid passes through the plasma accelerator. It is possible to cool the working elements of the accelerator thanks to pipes with liquid or gas. The energy for transferring charges by the device causing the transfer of charges comes through stand-alone chargers. In this case, liquid or gas in pipes with liquid or gas that are not used for cooling rotate turbines containing turbogenerators that generate electricity during rotation and provide some of the autonomous chargers with energy.

 These self-contained chargers emit and accelerate electrons that transfer charges between the plates of the internal capacitor. Another type of self-contained charging device that is charged by the emission of charged particles during radioactive decay can also be used. Charged particles transfer charges between the plates of the internal capacitor.

 The installation of rotation devices with rotors under the accelerator elements as part of the weight-holding device of the accelerator elements can significantly reduce the size of this device.

 Moreover, it is possible to implement such an accelerator design in which all tunnels with insulating pipes of the accelerator's vacuum chamber are horizontal. This, in turn, significantly reduces the total amount and cost of excavation work required for laying tunnels under the insulating pipes of the accelerator’s vacuum chamber, which reduces the total cost of creating a driver with accelerators for the implementation of a controlled fusion reaction. Therefore, it can be argued that a Bogdanov converter with such a driver with accelerators will cost less and it will be easier to build than a driver with accelerators that is not part of the converter.

 Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus.

 Figure 2 shows a section aa.

 Figure 3 shows a section of the main ring of the rotor.

 Figure 4 shows a section of a multilayer structure.

 In accordance with the creative intent of the author, the invention should be called the Bogdanov Converter, an apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles. Further in the text, the invention is called either simply an apparatus, or simply a Bogdanov converter.

 The Bogdanov converter comprises a rotation device 1, comprising a rotor 2 with a rotatable substance, made in the form of a main ring 3, while the rotation device is configured to rotate the rotor and with it the main ring. The rotor, and with it the main ring, are connected by a sliding system 4, made in the form of a system of rollers or bearings, with a rotation device.

 The rotation device contains three transverse magnetic field induction coils 5, 6, 7, made around the main rotor ring symmetrically with respect to the rotor axis with the possibility of creating a magnetic field transverse to the rotation axis, while the magnetic field lines of the coil go perpendicular to the rotation axis. Coils are made at an equal distance from each other.

 The Bogdanov converter comprises a power supply system 8, comprising a power supply system for induction coils. The induction coil is made to the side of the main ring, while the plane of the ring is perpendicular to the plane of the turns of the induction coil, the coil of the induction coil being bent so that it surrounds part of the ring, and the ring is configured to rotate around part of the coil so that the coil surrounds the ring section.

 The ring contains at least three turns of the winding 9, 10, 11 wound on the ring, while the winding is electrically isolated from the ring, and the axis of the coil lies in the plane of the ring, while the winding does not occupy the entire surface of the ring. The winding turns are electrically isolated from each other. Between the turns, the surface section of the ring does not contain a winding. The surface area of the main ring without windings exceeds the surface area of the ring covered with windings. The winding turns are made symmetrically with respect to the axis of rotation.

 The rotation device comprises at least one coil of longitudinal magnetic field 12, configured to create a magnetic field in the rotating substance along the axis of rotation. A coil of longitudinal magnetic field is made around the axis of rotation. The coils of the transverse magnetic field are made adjacent to each other, while around them a coil of longitudinal magnetic field is made that surrounds them.

 The rotating substance of the main ring in individual sections contains either a layer of a two-dimensional conductor, or several multilayer structures 13, 14, 15, 16, containing several layers of two-dimensional conductors 17, 18, 19, 20.

 Two-dimensional conductors are artificially created electrically conductive systems at the interface between two poorly conductive media, for example, vacuum - dielectric, semiconductor - dielectric [4]. An example of a two-dimensional conductor is an electron layer held above the surface of the dielectric with negative affinity for the electron (for example, liquid helium) by the forces of an electrostatic image (electrons polarize the dielectric and are attracted to it), as well as by an external constant electric field applied perpendicular to the surface of the dielectric. Similarly, in heterostructures (for example, based on gallium arsenide), a two-dimensional layer with an excess concentration of mobile charge carriers or with inverse conductivity is formed near the free surface of semiconductors. A two-dimensional layer is formed due to the bending of the zones and when a potential difference is applied to the metal - insulator - semiconductor structure. Thin films of metals and layered crystals are also double conductors.

 The main ring contains many two-dimensional conductors, for example, conductive films made of metal with a thickness of 0.01 - 0.1 microns, between which are made of film from the insulator. Conductive films are made parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor. Many two-dimensional conductors separated by insulators form a multilayer structure.

 Between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor, dielectric layers 21, 22, 23, 24 are made. The structures are multilayer. The plane of maximum conductivity of a two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of the rotor. The two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of conductive films 25, 26, while the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of the rotor. The film thickness is selected as small as possible, for example, of the order of several interatomic distances.

 Some structures are made on the end surfaces of the main ring, for example, structures 13, 14. We call them end structures.

 The end structure of the main ring may contain from 5 to 50 conductive films. The approximate thickness of the films from the insulator is from 0.1 to 10 microns. Conductive films can be made of ferromagnet.

 The remaining structures, for example structures 15, 16, are made on the sides of the main ring. Let's call them side structures.

 Two-dimensional conductors can be made in the form of ferromagnetic films.

 The structures are made in the form of plates, in addition, in addition, the dielectric layers can be made as a dielectric waveguide with the ability to pass electromagnetic radiation along the plane of the dielectric layer with a wavelength of plasmon radiation. For this, the refractive index of the dielectric in the center of the dielectric layer should be greater than at the edges of the dielectric layer near the two-dimensional conductor.

 The output of the dielectric waveguide is made on the side surface of the main ring. To output radiation from the waveguide on the side surface of the main ring, an end face of the dielectric waveguide is made with the possibility of output from the end of the radiation propagating inside the waveguide.

The rotating substance may contain a two-dimensional conductor made as a layered crystal [5]. A layered crystal is a crystal with a layered type of crystalline packing and, accordingly, strong anisotropy of the motion of electrons. As a layered crystal, which may contain a rotating substance, it is possible to offer, for example, an inter-channel compound of a transition metal dichalcogenide of the type TaS ₂ with pyridine. A high anisotropy of conductivity of the order of 10 ⁵ is observed for this compound.

 If the rotatable main ring contains a multilayer system of two-dimensional conductors, for example, conductive films separated by insulators, or layered crystals, the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, the plane of the two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and the plane or direction of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

 The surface of the rotor, the surface of the main ring can be made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors. The multilayer structure of the surface of the rotor, the surface of the main ring may contain two-dimensional conductors made of either one material or from different materials. In this case, the Fermi energy of the materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the surface of the main ring, from the surface of the rotor, that is, either the Fermi energy does not change, or increases in the direction from the surface deeper into the main ring, that is, with distance from the surface of the main ring .

 Inside the rotor, inside the main ring, a cryostat 27 is made with the ability to cool two-dimensional conductors in structures with a two-dimensional conductor. Inside the cryostat, refrigerant 28 is poured, which can be used as liquid helium.

 The rotation device is connected to a conductive screen 29 made of conductive material.

 The internal surface of the screen facing the rotation device can be made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors. The multilayer structure of the inner surface of the screen may contain two-dimensional conductors made of either one material or from different materials. In this case, the Fermi energy of materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the surface of the main ring, from the surface of the rotor, that is, either the Fermi energy does not change, or increases in the direction from the surface into the depth of the screen, that is, with distance from the surface of the main ring.

 Inside the screen, a cryostat can be made with the ability to cool two-dimensional conductors in structures with a two-dimensional conductor. A refrigerant is poured inside the cryostat, which can be used as liquid helium. The outer surface of the cryostat is made of conductive material with the ability to shield radiation.

 A window 30 is made in the screen near the rotation device with the possibility of free passage through the window of electromagnetic radiation. A screen is formed around the rotation device and surrounds the rotation device. The surface of the screen facing the rotation device can be made of metal and polished.

 The window may be made of a transparent heat-resistant dielectric, for example quartz glass. Also, the window can be made empty inside. Inside the volume limited by the window and the screen, a vacuum chamber 31 is made with the ability to create and maintain a vacuum around the rotor. For example, a vacuum chamber may be connected to vacuum pumps.

 The apparatus comprises a suspension 32 connected to a rotation device, with a vacuum chamber, with a screen and with a main ring, configured to allow the rotor and the main ring to rotate freely when the angle of inclination of the vacuum chamber is changed relative to the vertical and when the direction of gravity changes. The suspension can be made in the form of a gimbal. The gimbal is made around the rotation device, around the main ring and around the screen. The gimbal contains the inner ring of the suspension 33 and the outer ring of the base of the suspension 34, made one inside the other, connected to the screen and to each other.

 Near the window, a device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotary rotor 35 is made. The device can surround the screen with a window on all sides, and the screen with a window can surround the rotor on all sides. The suspension base ring can be fixed to a device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor. In this case, a cavity can be made inside the device, inside of which there is a screen with a window, and a rotor, and a suspension. The reflection coefficient of electromagnetic radiation of the inner surface of the cavity should be less than the reflection coefficient of the surface of the screen.

 It may be possible to additionally fill the refrigerant from an external source into the cryostat. For example, from the external refrigerant reservoir through the suspension rings to the rotor, refrigerant pipes may be brought in which are capable of filling the refrigerant inside the cryostat.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor can be created in various forms. In the simplest case, the device comprises a boiler with liquid or gas, connected by a piping system to a generator and a cooling system. In this case, the generator is configured to generate electricity.

 The apparatus contains a power supply system 8, while the power supply system is configured to supply energy to the rotation device.

 The Bogdanov converter works as follows.

 The rotation device 1 rotates the rotor 2 with the rotating substance. At the same time, together with the rotor, the device rotates the main ring 3 with the rotating substance. The rotor, and with it the main ring rotate on a sliding system 4, made in the form of a system of rollers or bearings, around the rotation device.

 The rotor is driven by three transverse field induction coils 5, 6, 7. For this, the induction coil starts to rotate the main rotor ring by electromagnetic forces. Energy to the induction coil is supplied by the power supply system of the induction coil contained in the power supply system 8.

 The rotation of the ring is as follows.

 At that moment in time when one of the turns 9, 10, 11 of the winding wound around the ring is close to one particular induction coil, a magnetic field begins to build up in the induction coil. The magnetic field growing in the induction coil creates an induction current in the coil of the ring winding, which is directed so that the magnetic field created by it is directed in the direction opposite to that in which the field of the induction coil is directed. In this case, the current flowing through the winding of the ring from the side of the magnetic field of the induction coil is affected by the Ampere force, which repels the coil of the ring winding from one induction coil to another induction coil. And on the other induction coil, from the side of the approaching coil, the field is directed in the opposite direction, and there, on the contrary, the coil is attracted to another coil. The process is repeated. This force drives the ring or disk. This is a long-known one of the possible ways to bring the rotor into rotation and accelerate rotation using electromagnetic forces.

 The induction coil is made to the side of the axis of the ring so that the turns of the induction coil surround a portion of the surface of the ring from above, from the sides and from the bottom. Therefore, after the ring has entered rotation, the coil of the ring winding begins to move away from one induction coil. The ring or disk makes some part of one revolution around the axis, and the coil of the ring winding begins to approach another induction coil. The induction coil is powered by alternating current and the frequency of this current changes synchronously with the ring revolution frequency so that when the coil of the ring winding approaches the induction coil, the current strength in the turns of the induction coil decreases modulo, and accordingly the magnetic field of the coil also decreases. Induction currents begin to flow along the loop of the ring, creating a magnetic field directed opposite to the field of the induction coil, which prevents the field from decreasing in the induction coil. The currents flowing along the winding of the ring from the side of the magnetic field of the induction coil are affected by the Ampere force directed towards the induction coil. The coil of the ring winding is attracted by the Ampere force to the induction coil. Approaching her, passes by her and begins to move away. At the moment when the coil of the ring winding passes the winding of the induction coil, the current in the induction coil becomes zero, and then begins to increase, while the direction of the current in the induction coil is reversed. After that, everything is repeated, and thus the ring or disk accelerates. A special sensor measures the speed of rotation of the ring, a frequency meter measures the frequency of the current supplied to the induction coil, and a special device synchronizes the speed of the ring and the current frequency, and another device synchronizes the phase of the current in the induction coil and the position of the coil of the ring winding so that the coil of the ring winding is close to the induction coil strictly at the moment the magnetic field of the coil is equal to zero.

 Since the rotor is rigidly attached to the main ring, the rotor begins to rotate with the main ring, and the rotor speed increases with the increase in the frequency of rotation of the main ring.

 The rotation device rotates the multilayer structures 13, 14, 15, 16 containing the layers of the two-dimensional conductor 17, 18, 19, 20. The rotation occurs so that the plane of maximum conductivity of the two-dimensional conductor layer is perpendicular to the axis of the ring coinciding with the axis of rotation. When rotating a layer of a two-dimensional conductor made in the form of a conductive film, the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of the ring. In a two-dimensional conductor, for example, in a thin film, oscillations or rotations of plasmon electrons occur. In this case, the oscillations or rotations of the plasmon electrons are carried out mainly in the same plane.

 It is known that if a magnetized ring mounted on rollers is accelerated by electromagnetic forces to a large number of revolutions and rotated at high speed, then it can, starting from a certain rotation speed, accelerate spontaneously, lose weight and then take off [2, 3]. Reports appeared in the literature that, based on this phenomenon, the English inventor John Searle created an aircraft called the Searle disk (Searle, Tsar, Charles). The disk took off. During field trials, Searle thus lost several operating devices, until he learned how to regulate this process. After that, a controlled flight of the device from London to the Cornwall Peninsula and back was made, which is a total of 600 km.

 In our case, the main ring accelerates to a large number of revolutions. The main ring can be made in the form of a magnet. The main ring may be coated with ferromagnetic material. It is magnetized, and the ring can be magnetized beforehand, and also becomes a large magnet. When rotating at high speed, at a speed of rotation at which the Searle disk starts to spontaneously accelerate, lose weight and take off, the rotor, along with the main ring, also starts to spontaneously accelerate. We show that at the same time the main ring emits electromagnetic radiation under certain conditions. We show that this radiation is the cause of spontaneous acceleration of rotation of the main ring.

 We describe the physical mechanism for creating traction using the device of rotation and the rotating substance of the main ring of the rotor. As a special case of this physical process, we describe the effect of the occurrence of lift in the Searle disk and the effect of self-acceleration of the rotation of the Searl disk.

 The total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system is equal to the sum of the alternating electric fields arising in the rotating system. The amount includes the following terms.

 1. An alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession on the electron shells of atoms and creating a magnetic moment of atoms.

 2. An alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession in magnetic domains and creating a magnetic field in domains.

 3. An alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession in magnetic coils and creating a magnetic field in magnetic coils.

 4. The alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which is the electric field of rotating nuclei and intranuclear particles.

 5. An alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, created by oscillating and rotating charged plasma particles, including charged plasma particles of solids.

 6. An alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system created by oscillating ions and nuclei of the ionic core of the crystal lattice of solids.

где

- переменное электрическое поле вращающихся или колеблющихся заряженных частиц вращающейся системы, создаваемое переменным электрическим полем электронов, вращающихся с прецессией на электронных оболочках атомов и создающих магнитный момент атомов;

- переменное электрическое поле вращающихся или колеблющихся заряженных частиц вращающейся системы, создаваемое переменным электрическим полем электронов, вращающихся с прецессией в магнитных доменах и создающих магнитное поле в доменах;

- переменное электрическое поле вращающихся или колеблющихся заряженных частиц вращающейся системы, создаваемое переменным электрическим полем электронов, вращающихся с прецессией в магнитных катушках и создающих магнитное поле в магнитных катушках;

- переменное электрическое поле вращающихся или колеблющихся заряженных частиц вращающейся системы, представляющее собой электрическое поле вращающихся с прецессией ядер и участвующих в сильных взаимодействиях внутриядерных частиц;

- переменное электрическое поле вращающихся или колеблющихся заряженных частиц вращающейся системы, создаваемое колеблющимися и вращающимися заряженными частицами плазмы твердых тел;

- переменное электрическое поле вращающихся или колеблющихся заряженных частиц вращающейся системы, создаваемое колеблющимися ионами и ядрами ионного остова кристаллической решетки твердых тел.We denote the intensity of an alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system by the letter “xi”

Where

- an alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession on the electron shells of atoms and creating a magnetic moment of atoms;

- an alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession in magnetic domains and creating a magnetic field in domains;

- an alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, created by an alternating electric field of electrons rotating with precession in magnetic coils and creating a magnetic field in magnetic coils;

- an alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which is an electric field of nuclei rotating with precession and participating in strong interactions of intranuclear particles;

- an alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system created by oscillating and rotating charged plasma particles of solids;

- an alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, created by oscillating ions and nuclei of the ionic core of the crystal lattice of solids.

 In a macroscopic system rotating with a precession, the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system is the sum of the various combinations of these fields.

 An alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system in a rotating system with a precession occurs due to the angular dependence of the electric field of a rotating charged particle with respect to the direction of motion of the particle.

где

- радиус-вектор от заряда к точке наблюдения;
V - скорость заряженной частицы;
С - скорость света;
θ - угол между направлением движения и радиус-вектором;
е - заряд заряженной частицы.The electric field of a charged particle, taking into account relativistic effects, varies depending on the angle to the initial direction of motion of the charged particle. The electric field of a charged particle depends on the speed of the charged particle as follows [6]

Where

- radius vector from the charge to the observation point;
V is the velocity of the charged particle;
C is the speed of light;
θ is the angle between the direction of motion and the radius vector;
e is the charge of a charged particle.

где

- электрическое поле ядра;

- электрическое поле электрона;
V - скорость вращения электрона вокруг ядра.An electron orbiting around a nucleus can be approximately considered a point particle having a certain velocity V rotating around a stationary nucleus. The electric field created by the electron has an angular dependence according to expression (3). Let us consider the simplest case of a hydrogen atom, when there is 1 proton in the nucleus and 1 electron rotates around the nucleus. In this case, for a system of two charges, the electric field is given by

Where

- electric field of the nucleus;

- electric field of an electron;
V is the speed of rotation of the electron around the nucleus.

 From this expression it is seen that the electric field of the hydrogen atom depends on the angle with respect to the axis of rotation of the electron around the nucleus. In this case, the dependence on the distance to the observation point remains proportional to the square of the distance. Thus, this field at a certain distance to the observation point begins to exceed the electric dipole field of the electric dipole, consisting of a nucleus and an electron shell, decreasing in proportion to the distance to the third degree.

 The same dependence of the electric field on distance occurs in all atoms having a more complex structure than a hydrogen atom. In this case, it is very important that if two electrons rotate in opposite directions in the same orbit around the atom in parallel to each other, then, despite the fact that the magnetic fields of the electrons are mutually compensated, the electric fields of the rotating electrons add up, since the signs of the charges of these electrons coincide.

где i - номер электрона, вращающегося вокруг ядра;

- напряженность электрического поля ядра;

- напряженность электрического поля i -го электрона;
V_i - скорость движения i -го электрона при вращении вокруг ядра;
Z - число протонов в ядре и электронов в атоме;

- радиус-вектор электрона от заряда к точке наблюдения;
С - скорость света;
θ_i/ - угол между направлением движения электрона и радиус-вектором.A constant electric field for an atom having Z protons in the nucleus and Z electrons on electron shells can be approximately described by the following expression:

where i is the number of the electron rotating around the nucleus;

- the electric field strength of the nucleus;

is the electric field strength of the ith electron;
V _i - the speed of the i-th electron during rotation around the nucleus;
Z is the number of protons in the nucleus and electrons in the atom;

is the radius vector of the electron from the charge to the observation point;
C is the speed of light;
θ _{i /} is the angle between the direction of electron motion and the radius vector.

 The same electric field, which has an angular dependence on the directions of electron motion during rotation, occurs in magnetic domains and in magnetic coils. The principle of its occurrence is the same. It can be easily proved that all physical objects having a magnetic moment and their own magnetic field create electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles, which have an angular dependence, arising according to the principle described above. It can be assumed that charged elementary particles, nuclei, and ions having magnetic moments rotate around the axis, their effective charge with effective density rotates around the axis at high speed, creates a magnetic field and an electric field that has an angular dependence on the directions of motion of the charges during rotation . This law is consistent with electrodynamics and can initiate a whole new direction in the physics of hidden parameters, that physics, according to the laws of which particles interact in the microworld and whose manifestation in the macroworld is described by the laws of quantum mechanics.

 According to this law, rotating atomic nuclei and intranuclear charged particles participating in strong interactions create not only magnetic fields, but also electric fields that have an angular dependence with respect to the axis of rotation.

All of these physical objects create both constant electric fields, which has an angular dependence on the directions of motion of the charges during rotation, and variables. In order for this electric field to become variable, it is enough to apply a couple of forces to the axis of rotation of the rotating object, creating a moment of forces M acting perpendicular to the axis of rotation
M = Ph, (6)
where h is the shoulder of strength;
P is the strength of a pair of forces.

In this case, the rotating object will begin to experience precession. A rotating object behaves like a gyroscope and begins to additionally rotate around an axis lying in the plane of a pair of forces and perpendicular to the axis of the rotating object. Precession occurs with respect to the inertial reference frame (to the axes directed to the fixed stars) with an angular velocity
ω = M / IΩ, (7)
where I is the moment of inertia of the rotating object relative to the axis;
Ω is the angular velocity of the proper rotations of the rotating object about the axis.

 Also, in addition to precession, a rotating object experiences nutations, fast conical movements of the axis of a rotating object relative to a direction changing according to law (7). It should be noted that I is the moment of inertia of a rotating object relative to the axis — a concept applicable to a macroscopic object of a rigid body. In relation to elementary particles, this concept is purely conditional, applicable only with a qualitative consideration of the process.

The precessions and nutations of rotating objects lead to the fact that in dependences (4) and (5), the angle between the direction of motion of a charged particle and the radius vector θ or θ _i starts to depend on time, and the total electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating object also starts to depend on time. The electric field becomes variable.

 There are two types of field shielding.

 The first one. This is the screening of charges by charges. Shielding occurs to the depth of the Debye screening radius.

 The second one. This is shielding currents with currents. Shielding occurs at the depth of the skin layer. Shielding the angular dependence of the total alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system depending on the particle velocity cannot be either of these two types, since they do not take into account the angular dependence of the electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles on the particle velocity. Therefore, in solid and liquid matter, screening of the angular dependence of the fields occurs due to the third type of screening, which leads to a relatively uniform distribution of all rotation axes of all charged particles.

 In solid and liquid matter in atoms, nuclei and plasmons, charged particles have their own frequencies of vibration and rotation. When a substance is brought into rotation, to shield the total alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, it is necessary that, when this field arises, corresponding rotations of the orbits and trajectories of rotating and oscillating particles occur. However, in a stationary substance, there are only rotation frequencies, and in a rotating substance, when a lever arises, a pair of forces making such a rotation, a precession arises with a completely different frequency. A frequency mismatch occurs and, starting from a certain critical rotation speed, the screening of the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system does not occur anymore, since the radiation frequencies of this field and the precession frequencies accompanying the screening process are already different frequencies.

 We show how to create a shoulder of forces acting on an atom so that the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of the atom changes with respect to the initial direction of the radius vector. To do this, you can bring the substance into rotation and in one section act on the rotating substance with a magnetic field, the lines of force of which are stationary relative to the inertial reference frame and perpendicular to the plane in which the axis of rotation lies.

 This is precisely the case that is realized in the case considered above, when the main rotor ring rotates and accelerates the transverse field induction coils to a large number of revolutions. After acceleration of the ring, induction coils can continue to be powered with direct electric current. The induction coils of the longitudinal field create a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane in which the axis of rotation of the ring lies. The force lines of the coil in the region of a certain sector of the ring are parallel to the tangent to the ring. The magnetic field of the coil occupies only a certain area, a certain sector of the ring and a certain sector of the rocket.

 When the substance is rotated, the longitudinal magnetic field coil 12 creates a magnetic field along the axis of rotation. The substance is additionally magnetized. Atoms align their magnetic moments along this field parallel to the axis of rotation. Some time after the start of the longitudinal field coil, the current flowing through this coil is turned off. The pulsed current is switched on, flowing through the coils of the transverse magnetic field 5, 6, 7. These coils very quickly, by a pulse, during a time of the order of 40 ns create a magnetic field across the lines of force of the coils of the longitudinal magnetic field and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Under the influence of this impulse, all the electron shells of atoms and the conduction electrons of rotating matter, including electrons rotating in plasmons, simultaneously begin to experience precession. In this case, the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of all rotating electrons with the same magnetic moment changes synchronously in time. This allows you to create maximum intensity of the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system along the axis of rotation.

 When a substance rotates at a high speed, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, all charged particles of a substance acquire a magnetic moment. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect. Or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. The substance is magnetized. In this case, the Lorentz force from the side of the magnetic field induced during the rotation of the magnetic moment of the substance acts on the rotating electrons. This force builds the electronic shells of atoms of a substance so that the axis of rotation of the electron shells around the atoms coincide with the axis of rotation.

 If there were no rotation, then the atoms would turn so that all five types of alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system are compensated by the position of the axis of rotation of the electron shells most favorable from the point of view of minimum energy. Therefore, in stationary matter, the alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles are compensated by the rotations of atoms and electron shells of atoms. Outside the substance, these fields do not exit. Outside, the substances of their intensity are zero.

 Rotation at high speed under certain conditions prevents the atoms from turning in this way, since the atoms undergo a precession, and in some cases the possibility arises in some cases of the total alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system from the substance. There is a possibility in which the stresses of some of them outside the substance, outside the substance are not equal to zero.

 We single out the probe atom and the probe electron. Let the axis of rotation of the electron around the atom coincide with the axis of rotation of the atom. Outside the magnetic field of the coil, the axis of the atom is directed along the axis of rotation of the ring in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, and also due to the fact that all rotating atoms tend to align their axis of rotation along the axis of rotation. When the test atom enters the magnetic field of the coil, the magnetic field of the coil is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the electron around the nucleus. An electron on opposite sides of the nucleus moves in an orbit in opposite directions. Accordingly, the Lorentz force from opposite sides of the nucleus acts in opposite directions. A pair of forces arises, creating a moment of forces directed so as to expand the orbit of rotation of the electron so that the axis of rotation of the electron is directed along the field.

 As a result of the action of a pair of forces, the axis of rotation of the electron begins to change. There is a Larmore precession. This change occurs synchronously with the time the atom enters the region of the magnetic field of the coil, and the frequency of these changes coincides with the frequency of rotation of the ring. Each such change is accompanied by a change in the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system. Additionally, the Larmor precession is accompanied by a change in the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system. Thus, a total alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system arises.

 In the direction of the axis of rotation of the electron, this field is maximum, in the perpendicular direction of the axis of the field is minimal.

 When the rotor rotates as described above, a total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system is created. The field creates an electromagnetic wave acting on the main rotor ring by the radiation scattering force. A special case of such a radiation scattering force is the pressure force of light. The scattering power of radiation creates traction. When accelerating the rotation of the rotor, an electromagnetic wave accelerates the rotor as follows.

 Part of the total variable electromagnetic field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotor rotor system falls on the screen, is reflected from the screen and is returned back to the rotor. In this case, the screen is designed so that more radiation intensity falls on one of the end surfaces of the rotor than on the other surface. For example, the lower windows are open on the screen more than the upper ones.

A rotating rotor creates and emits a total variable electromagnetic field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which is reflected by the screen more from above than from below. Accordingly, a large radiation intensity falls on the upper end surface of the rotor. Part of the radiation below is reflected by the surface of the Earth and partially returns to the lower surface of the disk. However, since the reflection coefficient of the radiation by the Earth’s surface is much lower than from the screen’s surface, radiation of a much lower intensity is reflected from the Earth than from the screen, and therefore, the contribution of radiation reflected from the Earth in this process can be neglected in this particular case. Since the lower surface of the rotating disk is irradiated by the reflected total alternating electromagnetic field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system less than the upper one, a resulting vector difference of the Poiting vectors is non-zero. Since the surface of a rotating rotor is irradiated by reflected radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which is electromagnetic radiation, in accordance with the Sadowski effect [7], the rotor acts on the rotor from the side of the screen surface of an electromagnetic wave incident after reflection on the rotor moment
M = Ig / ω,
where I is the Poiting vector of the electromagnetic wave;
g is the degree of ellipticity of the electromagnetic wave;
ω is the angular frequency of the electromagnetic wave.

 This torque additionally accelerates the rotation of the disk. Therefore, the rotation of the disk is further accelerated. Below we will estimate the value of the Poiting vector of electromagnetic radiation of the total variable electromagnetic field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system of the rotating rotor. Based on the data obtained below, it can be argued that the torque generated by the reflected wave of the total alternating electromagnetic field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system can be very large.

 The sliding system comprises a system of rollers or ball bearings configured to allow the rotor to self-accelerate after the rotor stops accelerating the rotor. The effect of self-acceleration arises as a result of the Sadovsky effect, which was mentioned above. In order for the self-acceleration effect to occur, firstly, the friction coefficient in the slip system must be below a certain critical value. Secondly, it must be possible to arrange and arrange the surface of the screen or device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by the rotating rotor so that one end face of the main ring of the rotor falls much less than the total alternating electromagnetic field of the rotating electromagnetic radiation reflected by the surfaces of the screen and device or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system than to another surface.

 It may also be possible for one end surface of the main ring to radiate a much larger radiation energy from the total variable electromagnetic field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system than another surface. For example, two-dimensional conductors can be made on one end surface of the main ring, and there may not be two-dimensional conductors on the other surface. Also near the end surface can be made reflectors directing the radiation of the total variable electromagnetic field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system at an angle to the side of the main ring. Also, the screen can be made in the form of a reflector. The reflector screen can be made only on one side of the rotor. The reflector screen can be made without a window.

 In two-dimensional conductors placed in an electromagnetic field of a sufficiently low frequency, current can flow only parallel to the interface.

 In order for the electron gas in two-dimensional conductors to be as close to two-dimensional as possible, so that the electrons can move only along one plane, it is desirable to cool the crystal to low temperatures [8]. Therefore, the rotatable substance is cooled by a liquid helium cryostat. The cryostat rotates with the rotor and with the main ring and at the same time cools them to low temperatures.

 In the event that the rotating ring or disk contains a multilayer system of conductive films separated by insulators, two-dimensional conductors or layered crystals, the plasmon electrons have distinguished planes, mainly along which they oscillate or rotate. The three-dimensional conducting structure in which they oscillated in the general case had three degrees of freedom for oscillations or rotations of plasmon electrons. In the case of a sufficiently thin film, the motion of an electron of a plasmon, which vibrates or rotates in a plasmon, can be considered with a high degree of accuracy a motion with two degrees of freedom. In this case, the plasmon electrons will predominantly oscillate or rotate along planes extending along the plane of the film perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Moreover, in the direction along the axis of rotation, the maximum intensity of the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system is observed.

 This statement is performed with maximum accuracy with a minimum thickness of a layer of a two-dimensional conductor, for example, with a thickness of a conductive film of several interatomic distances. For example, with a film thickness of about 0.01 microns.

 The number of layers of a two-dimensional conductor in a rotating disk or ring and the distance between the layers is selected from two conditions.

 First, it is necessary that the total alternating electric fields arising during rotation of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system do not exceed the magnitude of the intracrystalline field. It is desirable that at any point in the rotating substance, the intensity of the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system would be several times less than the magnitude of the intracrystal field. This is necessary so that the resulting total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system does not lead to the destruction of the crystal lattice.

Note that the intensity inside the crystalline field reaches values of the order of 10 ⁸ V / cm [9].

 Secondly, at the same time, we must strive to ensure that on one of the surfaces of a rotating ring or disk this field is as large as possible. For example, on their bottom surface. This is necessary for the reason that the self-acceleration of the rotor at the beginning of work after its preliminary acceleration depends on this value.

 An insulator for each conductive material of the conductive film can be selected on the basis that a barrier with the most favorable parameters is formed at the metal-insulator interface. A barrier based on contact phenomena should form a flat layer with an increased concentration of conduction electrons, running parallel to the film plane. Also in the main ring parallel planes of a semiconductor can be made, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In this case, the materials are selected in such a way that a layer of an increased concentration of conduction electrons is formed at the semiconductor – insulator, semiconductor – metal, semiconductor – semiconductor interfaces, having the shape of a plane parallel to the films and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In these cases, the plasmon electrons will oscillate or rotate along planes running along the film plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Moreover, in the direction along the axis of rotation, the maximum intensity of the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system is observed.

 The same multilayer film structure can be formed on any part of the surface of the rotor, made with the possibility of rotation around the axis. When such a rotor rotates, the variable total variable electric fields of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system that form in the multilayer structure are maximal in the direction along the axis of rotation.

 When a rotating substance contains a ferromagnet, then during rotation it additionally generates alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system, formed by the electrons of magnetic domains.

 When a substance is in its normal state and does not rotate at high speed, the generated alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of all six types are partially shielded by the electrons of the electron shells of atoms and conduction electrons. In this shielding, the electrons oscillate in the plane of the Poiting vector of the propagating electromagnetic wave in antiphase with the electric field of the wave.

 Alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system occur in all systems rotating with a precession, since, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, all rotating bodies acquire a magnetic moment. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect. Or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. If there is a magnetic moment, then there is a ring electric current. If there is a current, then there is a movement of charges with speed. Since there is a movement of charges with speed, then there are alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system.

 When a substance rotates at a high speed, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, all charged particles of a substance acquire a magnetic moment. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect. Or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. The substance is magnetized. In this case, the Lorentz force from the side of the magnetic field induced during the rotation of the magnetic moment of the substance acts on the rotating electrons. At a high speed of rotation, this force exceeds that electric force with which the electromagnetic wave of radiation from rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system acts on the electron electron shell of the atom or on the conduction electron. Along the axis of rotation, these two forces lie in the same plane; therefore, the electron cannot oscillate under the influence of the alternating field of the electromagnetic wave of the alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system if the Lorentz force exceeds the force of the electric field of the wave on the electron. Therefore, screening by electrons of an alternating electric field of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system does not occur in this case, and this alternating field along the axis of rotation extends beyond the limits of the rotating substance.

 In ordinary, stationary magnets, this effect does not occur, since in the magnetic domains of magnets along the field, mainly only the electron spins are oriented.

 At that time, as in a substance rotating at a high speed, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, the magnetic moments of electronic orbitals and electron shells should also line up along the axis of rotation. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect. Or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. In this case, very strong magnetic fields may not arise, but may also arise.

 It should be said that during the rotation of a substance a very large magnetization can be achieved, which is not available in stationary substances. This is due to the fact that in stationary magnets there is magnetic saturation, and in a rotating substance, magnetic saturation may not occur. This is due to the fact that, for example, precessional diamagnetism and polarization paramagnetism can occur in a rotating system, while it is known that precession diamagnetism and polarization paramagnetism do not exhibit a tendency to saturation [10].

 In addition, the centrifugal force acting on the electrons in a substance rotating at a high speed contributes to the effect of the absence of screening. Centrifugal force acts on electrons rotating around the axis of rotation. If a wave of an alternating electronuclear field moves along the axis of matter, then the plane of oscillation of the electric field of the wave is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and can be parallel to the centrifugal force acting on the electron. If the centrifugal force acting on the electron is greater than the strength of the electric interaction of the electric field of the wave with the electron, then the electron will not be able to shield this electromagnetic wave in this case. The second effect is an effect of the next order of smallness compared to the first effect.

 The theory of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system explains the increase in thrust in rocket engines by 0.1% in the presence of vibration. It is known that when a running rocket engine experiences vibration, its thrust, measured during bench tests, increases from 0.01 to 0.1% [11]. This increase in thrust is caused by the occurrence of a change in the angle of inclination of the planes in which the plasmon electrons oscillate in the skin layer of the metal from which the body of the vibrating rocket is made. During vibrations, the electrons of the plasmons begin to move accelerated, a moment of force arises, turning the plane of oscillation of the plasmons. Also, the moment of forces acts on the atoms, and a precession of their electron shells occurs. These two effects lead to the appearance of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which act on the flame of a rocket flame by the force of radiation scattering and thereby increase traction.

 The theory of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system explains the creation of lift by the Searle rotating disk.

1. The disk rotates in the atmosphere. Moreover, since the disk is initially located on the Earth, and the Earth itself rotates, then from the side of the Earth a couple of forces act on the rotating disk, creating a torque. There is a precession. Accordingly, precession also occurs in the electron shells of disk atoms. The angle of the axes of rotation of electrons around atoms undergoes precession and, therefore, oscillations of the electric field of rotating or oscillating electrons of a rotating system occur. Radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system occurs. Searle's rotating disk creates and emits radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system, which goes up freely and below is reflected by the Earth’s surface and partially returns to the lower surface of the disk. Since the lower surface of a rotating disk is irradiated by reflected radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which is electromagnetic radiation, in accordance with the Sadowski effect [7], from the side of the reflected Earth’s surface an electromagnetic wave incident after reflection on the disk disc torque acting
M = Ig / ω,
where I is the Poiting vector of the electromagnetic wave;
g is the degree of ellipticity of the electromagnetic wave;
ω is the angular frequency of the electromagnetic wave.

 This torque additionally accelerates the rotation of the disk. Therefore, the rotation of the disk is further accelerated.

 2. When the disk rotates, radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system occurs. This radiation acts on the nuclei and electrons of atmospheric air atoms by the force of radiation scattering. Under the influence of this force, the air rises. Since the radiation scattering force is large, large masses of air rise upward and, gradually, the laminar movement of the air of the atmosphere goes upward into a turbulent one. Turbulent upward air movement is accompanied by non-linear gas dynamics processes that non-linearly increase the mass of rotating and rising air. There is a vortex similar to a tornado. The air temperature inside the vortex rises and the rotational speed of the vortex increases nonlinearly. Non-linear processes of gas dynamics, leading to the appearance of a tornado, are accompanied by a process of self-organization of a vortex by energizing and taking energy from the surrounding atmosphere gas. Together with the whirlwind, Searle’s disk begins to rotate faster and faster. With an increase in the rotation speed, the moment of forces acting on the electron shells of the disk atoms increases. The precession intensifies, and the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system increase. Together with them, the radiation scattering force also increases, with which the electrons of the atoms and plasmons of the disk act on the atmospheric air and on the atoms of the Earth’s surface. There are more atoms of matter below the disk than above, therefore, due to the resultant radiation scattering forces acting above and below the disk, the Searle disk rises. Also, ascending air flows of the formed vortex of rotating air contribute to the upward movement of the disk.

 Therefore, it can be argued that the take-off and flight of the Searle disk and the thrust generated by the Searle disk during take-off and flight are the result of reflection of part of the radiation from the Earth’s surface and thermal gas-dynamic processes in the Earth’s atmosphere created by disk radiation. A photon traction arises of radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which is nonzero.

Let us estimate the order of magnitude of the alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system Ξ ₅ created by oscillating and rotating charged particles of a plasma of solids.

 We will assume that only conduction electrons are involved in the creation of this field.

 Consider a rotating substance made in the form of metal. In this case, plasma oscillations of conduction electrons — plasmons — arise in the metal. Plasmons are longitudinal vibrations of valence electrons around an ionic core.

 The plasmon energy varies depending on the metal from 5 to 25 eV [12]. Based on this energy, we can determine the velocity of the valence electron in the plasmon.

где m - масса электрона;
V - скорость электрона.We take the minimum energy value of 5 eV and assume that all this energy is accounted for by the kinetic energy of the electron in the plasmon

where m is the mass of the electron;
V is the electron velocity.

Подставляя сюда значения массы электрона и кинетической энергии, соответствующей 5 эВ, получаем, что скорость электрона равна 4,19•10⁸см/с. Для этой скорости электрона квадрат отношения скорости электрона к скорости света равен 1,95•10^-4.Hence the electron velocity V

Substituting here the values of the electron mass and kinetic energy corresponding to 5 eV, we find that the electron velocity is 4.19 • 10 ⁸ cm / s. For this electron velocity, the square of the ratio of the electron velocity to the speed of light is 1.95 • 10 ^-4 .

Let us re-evaluate the electron velocity in the plasmon. It is known that the oscillation frequency of an electron in a plasmon is 10 ¹⁶ Hertz in order of magnitude [12]. It is also known that the average distance between the nuclei in the ionic core of the crystal lattice is about 10 ^-8 cm, and the electrons of plasmons oscillate between the nuclei of the crystal lattice of the core. The average distance between the cores of the core of the crystal lattice, an electron of a plasmon oscillating or rotating with such a frequency will overcome in half the period of oscillations in two cases.

The first case is if the electron rotates in a plasmon. We draw a straight line in the plane of rotation of the electron in the plasmon through the center of rotation of the electron in the plasmon. The average distance between the cores of the core of the crystal lattice, the electron of the plasmon, oscillating or rotating with such a frequency, will overcome in half a period of oscillations if the average projection of the electron rotation speed on this straight line is of the order of 2 • 10 ⁸ cm / s. Then, taking into account the angles, the electron rotation speed in the plasmon will be twice as large, namely about 4 • 10 ⁸ cm / s.

The second case is if the electron oscillates in a plasmon. The average distance between the cores of the core of the crystal lattice, an electron of a plasmon that oscillates or rotates at such a frequency will overcome half a period if it moves at an average speed of about 2 • 10 ⁸ cm / s. Since the oscillations are performed according to the harmonic law, the maximum electron velocity during the oscillations is twice as large, namely 4 • 10 ⁸ cm / s.

 These two quantities are of the same order as the electron velocity obtained above in the first way. Moreover. Values match up to a factor.

It is known that in assessing the dynamics of an electron in a crystal lattice, it is necessary to use the effective mass of the electron, not the rest mass, since the electron in a solid moves like a quasiparticle. We carry out the third independent estimate of the electron velocity of the plasmon. It is known that for sodium the effective electron mass is 1.24 m ₀ , where m ₀ is the rest mass of a free electron [13]. In this case, the plasmon energy in sodium varies from 5.71 to 5.85 eV [14]. We carry out a second calculation in the first way, substituting the smallest of these two values of the plasmon energy. We get the value of the electron velocity in the plasmon that exceeds the value of the electron velocity in the plasmon obtained by the first method. We take the smallest of these two quantities.

 Above, we carried out three parallel estimates of the velocity of an electron in a plasmon, from where we can obtain an approximate value of the velocity of an electron of a plasmon moving in a plasmon. In further calculations, we will use the first estimate made by the first method.

 When a substance rotates at a high speed, in accordance with magnetomechanical phenomena, all charged particles of a substance acquire a magnetic moment. For example, in accordance with the Barnett effect. Or in accordance with the magnetomechanical ratio of rotating charged particles. The substance is magnetized. In this case, the Lorentz force from the side of the magnetic field induced during the rotation of the magnetic moment of the substance acts on the rotating and oscillating electrons. This force rotates the plane in which the electrons oscillate or rotate, perpendicular to the field. Therefore, the electrons in plasmons either begin to oscillate in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the substance, or begin to experience precession.

If the electron in the plasmon oscillates, then the electric field created by it in the rotating system changes. There is the position of the electron when it stops, and the position when it accelerates to maximum speed. If the electron in the plasmon rotates and experiences precession, then there is a rotation phase during precession, when the angle of inclination of the electron's rotation axis with respect to the rotation axis is minimal, closest to zero degrees, and there is a precession phase when this angle is closest to 90 ^o . In both of these cases, the electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system varies from maximum to minimum, that is, it is variable. In our minds, we fix some angle of inclination of the plane of rotation or oscillations of the electron in the plasmon at a certain moment in time. The angle of deviation from this angle will be called the phase. If in this case the oscillations and rotations of the macroscopic number of electrons in plasmons occur synchronously, that is, in one phase, then the radiation goes beyond the limits of the rotating substance. If all the electrons oscillate and rotate in the planes of rotation or oscillations of the electron in the plasmon at a certain point in time in different phases, then the mutual compensation of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the rotating system of electric fields, the phase of which differs by 90 ^o . In this case, the radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system is absent.

Since the electron in the plasmon performs longitudinal vibrations relative to the core of the crystal lattice, we can distinguish the direction perpendicular to the motion of the electron during these vibrations. This direction is either parallel to the axis of rotation, or experiences a precession. We find by formula (4) the amplitude of the electric field strength of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system in the first case. We apply precisely this formula, since we assume that from each atom only one valence electron is involved in plasmon vibrations, which oscillates around the core of the crystal lattice with an uncompensated charge equal to the charge of one proton. The amplitude of the alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system is sought for a macroscopic volume of matter with an area of 1 cm ² . It is known that radiation penetrates into the metal to the depth of the skin layer, while for optical frequencies the thickness of this layer is of the order of 10 ^-3 cm. It can be argued that, at least at the depth of such a layer, the radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating solid plasma electrons the body of a rotating system emerging from the metal will not be shielded in the volume of the metal, and from this depth the radiation can exit the metal. The density of conduction electrons in a metal is between 10 ²² cm ^-3 and 10 ²³ cm ^-3 . We take into account the smallest value of 10 ²² cm ^-3 . We make the assumption that all conduction electrons participate in plasmon vibrations. Then it can be argued that in the creation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons in the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system, the number of electrons, equal to the product of electron concentration and the depth of the skin layer and per unit surface area of the metal, is involved per unit surface area of the metal.

 We multiply the concentration of conduction electrons by the depth of the skin layer and the electric field generated by a single electron in the plasma of a rigid body of a rotating system in a direction perpendicular to its motion, and subtract from this quantity the magnitude of the electric field of the fixed nucleus and the electric field of the filled electron shells.

In this case, in accordance with expression (4), the amplitude of the total electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system at a distance of 10 cm from the rotating substance on the axis of rotation is 1.4 • 10 ⁶ V / cm. So on the surface of the rotating substance, the main ring, the rotor, the amplitude of the intensity of the variable total electric field of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system is at least not less than this value. This can be argued, because, as you approach the surface of the main ring, the surface of the rotor, this field, at least, does not decrease.

It should be noted that the strength of this field obtained during the calculation is one and a half to two orders of magnitude less than the strength of the intracrystalline field, the value of which reaches values of the order of 10 ⁸ V / cm [9]. Therefore, this total electric field of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system does not lead to the destruction of the crystal lattice.

где I - плотность потока энергии;
E₀ - напряженность электрического поля электромагнитной волны.Since the field is variable, when propagating in space it corresponds to an electromagnetic wave, the Poiting vector of which carries a stream of energy. The amplitude of the electric field of an electromagnetic wave is related to the energy flux density by the following relation [16]:

where I is the energy flux density;
E ₀ is the electric field strength of the electromagnetic wave.

In accordance with this expression, such an electric field of the wave corresponds to an energy flux density of 2.60 • 10 ⁹ W / cm ² .

 The calculation of the electric field of Bogdanov for a rotating and experiencing a precession electron plasma of a solid body of a rotating system can be carried out similarly, but in this case, summation and averaging over the angles should be carried out. Angle averaging gives a factor of 0.5.

где

- единичный вектор в направлении распространения падающей волны;
σ - полное сечение рассеяния;
I - средний поток плотности энергии.If along the axis of rotation there is an external substance, such as atmospheric gas or an outer space medium, such as an interplanetary medium or an interstellar medium, then the radiation is scattered by the external substance. Any charged particle that is part of an external substance is affected by the radiation scattering force. The same radiation scattering force acts on the surface of the main ring on the surface of the rotor, and through them on the rotation device, creating a radiation pressure per unit surface area of the rotor [17]:

Where

- a unit vector in the direction of propagation of the incident wave;
σ is the total scattering cross section;
I is the average flux of energy density.

A special case of the manifestation of the radiation scattering force is the pressure force of light. The force of light pressure per unit surface of a substance is given by the expression [18]
P = I (1 + R) / c,
where I is the energy flux density;
R is the reflection coefficient of radiation (light) from the surface;
c is the speed of light.

Substituting the obtained value of the energy flux density into this formula and taking into account the average reflection coefficient of 0.5, we obtain that the radiation scattering force, the light pressure force, which in our case coincides with the electromagnetic radiation pressure force of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons of a solid state plasma rotating system on the radiating surface of the main ring, on the rotor, and through them on the rotation device, is not less than 7.5 • 10 ⁵ dyne / cm ² , or 7.5 tons per square meter. If we repeat all the calculations for a distance from the rotating substance of 5 cm, we will find that at such a distance the scattering force of electromagnetic radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons of a solid of a rotating system, acting on the rotation device from the side of the rotating substance of the rotor, creates pressure at least 120 tons per 1 m ² .

For comparison, the working engines of one of the largest US rocket carriers Saturn - 5 exerted pressure on the bottom of the rocket 43.4 tons per 1 m ² [18].

 These estimates are purely qualitative in nature, since it was assumed that the depth of the skin layer is 10 microns, but in fact it depends on the frequency and decreases with increasing frequency.

 It was assumed that at least one of the optimal conditions was created for the radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons in a solid body of a rotating system. There are two of these conditions.

 Under the first condition, the plasmons of at least one end surface of the rotating main ring are inside a two-dimensional conductor.

 Under the second condition, it is necessary to make sure that all electrons rotate in plasmons in a consistent time, in the same phases for each moment of time, and the phases of the macroscopic ensemble of electrons in plasmons change synchronously.

 For one layer of a two-dimensional conductor located on the surface of the rotor, the first condition is quite sufficient. For a bulk multilayer structure containing many layers of a two-dimensional conductor, the total thickness of all layers begins to play a large role. It is enough that it was smaller than the skin layer. Although, it is quite possible that the radiation will not be attenuated even with a larger sum of the thickness of all layers of a two-dimensional conductor. For a rotor without a layer of a two-dimensional conductor, the radiation effect is possible only if the second condition is met.

 Since it was assumed that at least one of these optimal conditions was created, it was not taken into account that simultaneously rotating or oscillating plasma plasmon electrons in a rigid body of a rotating system can create alternating electric fields mutually compensating fields from various plasmon electrons. That is, the vibrations and rotations of the electrons of plasmons that move in perpendicular directions were not taken into account. In other words, the compensation of the fields of electrons of plasmons moving in perpendicular directions was not taken into account.

 If the first of these two conditions is met, such motions can be taken into account by taking into account the longitudinal component of the electric field of a two-dimensional plasmon normal to the surface. Or by taking into account the deviation of the real two-dimensional plasmon from the ideal.

 Additionally, assumptions were made that all plasmon electrons oscillate or rotate in parallel planes. It was also assumed that due to the abrupt inclusion of the transverse magnetic field, all plasmons will sharply simultaneously change the slope of the plane in which the plasmons' electrons oscillate or rotate.

We give one more estimate of traction for a rotating ring or disk containing many layers of a two-dimensional conductor. For example, a ring or disk may have the structure of several tens of thin conductive films separated by an insulator. In this case, the plane of the films is perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Above, the field created on the flat boundary of the conductor was taken into account. In this case, the field at the very boundary of the conductor was not evaluated, since according to the previous calculation algorithm it was enough to show the value of this field at a distance of 10 cm from the boundary of the conductor and say that on the surface of the rotor this field is at least not less than the obtained value. In the case of many layers of a two-dimensional conductor, one can choose the structure parameters of the two-dimensional conductor, for example, the layer thickness, the distance between the layers and the number of layers so that the maximum amplitude of this field at the boundary of a rotating ring or disk approaches one tenth of the intracrystalline field, for example, 0.1 • 10 ⁸ V / cm. With such a strength of the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of the rotating system, the pressure exerted by the pressure force of the radiation of these fields on the rotating rotor increases many times in comparison with the cases considered above.

For such an intensity of the total alternating electric field of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system, the radiation pressure force of these fields on the surface of a rotating ring or disk is 380 tons per 1 m ² . At the same time, in accordance with formula (7), the density of the energy flux carried by this radiation, the Poiting vector is about 10 ¹² W / cm ² .

 It should be emphasized that this radiation does not heat the substance of a rotating ring or disk, since it already exists in advance in a motionless solid, but is screened due to rotations of the electron planes of atomic orbitals. Rotation of the ring or disk at high speed simply removes this shielding, and the radiation goes outside the solid.

 We show where the energy comes from to generate radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons in a solid body of a rotating system of such power, and that when such a thrust is achieved, there is no violation of the law of conservation of energy.

 Any rotating charged particle is a microscopic magnetic coil. Including a microscopic magnetic coil is each electron rotating in a plasmon or in an atom.

The energy stored in the magnetic coil is determined by the following formula for calculating the energy in a multi-turn coil [19]
W _m = 1 / 2∑L _k I ² _k + 1 / 2∑M _ki I _k I _i ,
where k, i are the numbers of circuits bounded by coil turns ;,
L _k is the inductance of the k-th circuit;
M _ki is the mutual inductance of the kth and ith circuits;
I _k , I _i is the electric current strength of the kth and ith circuits.

 In this formula, the first term is the sum of the self-energies of all currents. The second term is the mutual energy of the currents.

 This formula is quite universal and can be used to calculate energy in a large number of magnetic coils, the currents of which interact with each other. Therefore, theoretically, this formula can be applied in a complicated version to all rotating charged particles of the Universe and find the magnetic energy of one electron rotating in an atom or in a plasmon using this formula. Based on these considerations, it can be argued that the magnetic energy of a microscopic magnetic coil of one rotating electron contains terms with the mutual induction of the currents of this rotating electron and all rotating charged particles of the Universe. Therefore, it can be argued that when a rotating electron of a plasmon or atom radiates, not only the magnetic energy of the electron current decreases, but also the mutual induction of the currents of this electron and all rotating charged particles of the Universe. Since the magnetic energy of the electron current is much less than the magnetic energy of the mutual induction of currents, when the radiation changes, the magnetic energy of the electron disappears little and we practically do not notice it. To generate radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons in a solid of a rotating system, the magnetic energy is spent mainly on the mutual induction of currents of rotating electrons of atoms and plasmons of rotated matter and rotating charged particles of the entire visible part of the Universe.

 We describe control experiments that indirectly confirm the occurrence of radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons in a solid of a rotating system in rotating structures.

 The following experimental results are known [20].

The results were obtained by Russian physicist Eugene Podkletov, who worked at the Technological University of the Finnish city of Tampere. A special disk was cooled to a temperature of minus 167 ^o C and placed in an electromagnetic field, causing it to rotate. Upon reaching three thousand revolutions per minute, objects placed above a rotating disk began to lose weight.

 During the rotation of a cooled disk, the atoms of the substance of the disk experience a precession and therefore emit radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons on the surface of a solid body of a rotating system, which acts on objects placed above the disk by radiation scattering force acting upward, i.e. against gravity. This radiation scattering power reduces the measured body weight.

 Known is the result of an experiment by John Schnurer from Entioch College, Ohio [20]. The essence of his experiments is as follows. If a superconductor is placed over a magnet, it hangs in the air (the long-known Meissner effect), and when an object is placed above the superconductor, accurate measurements have shown that a zone appears above the superconducting system where objects lose up to 5% of their weight.

 Items lose weight for the following reason. A magnet creates induction currents on the surface of a superconductor by a magnetic field. The superconductor, in a certain approximation, is a classical two-dimensional conductor, since the currents in the superconductor flow only along the surface. Therefore, for a superconductor with currents induced on its surface, all the arguments presented above regarding two-dimensional conductors are applicable. As a two-dimensional conductor, a superconductor with induction currents induced on its surface emits radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons on the surface of a solid body of a rotating system. The radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons of the surface of a solid body of a rotating system acts on objects placed above the disk by radiation scattering force acting in the upward direction, that is, against gravity. This radiation scattering power reduces the measured body weight.

 In order to fully confirm the effect of the emission of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons on the surface of a solid body of a rotating system, it is proposed to repeat the two experiments listed above, but to measure the weight of objects not over the disk and superconductor, but under the disk and superconductor. Under the disk and the superconductor, objects should increase the weight by as much as they lose weight over the disk or superconductor. The following experiments should be performed.

Firstly, you should measure the weight of objects placed under a rotating special disk, cooled to a temperature of minus 167 ^o C and rotating at a speed of three thousand revolutions in 1 min. The weight of objects should increase by the same 5% as above the disk, that is, by the same amount as it decreased over the disk. This weight reduction will be due to the effect of radiation scattering on objects from the side of the radiation generated by the radiation disk of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the surface of a solid body of a rotating system.

 Secondly, it is necessary to measure the weight of objects under a superconductor, over which a magnet is placed. The weight of objects should increase by the same 5% as above the superconductor, that is, by as much as it decreased over the superconductor in the experiment described above. This increase in weight will be due to the effect of radiation scattering on objects from the side of the radiation generated by the superconductor from the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the surface of the solid body of the rotating system, acting down in the same direction as gravity.

 When oscillations or rotations of plasmon electrons occur predominantly in one plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation, the total alternating electric field arising from the movements of the plasmon electrons equal to the vector sum of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the surface of a solid body of a rotating system has a maximum amplitude in the direction parallel to the axis rotation of the ring.

 In order for this condition to be fulfilled with maximum accuracy, the film thickness is chosen as small as possible, for example, on the order of several interatomic distances. To fulfill this condition, it is necessary that two-dimensional conductors cool to the lowest temperatures, for example, to the temperature of liquid helium.

 In the case when the main ring contains several structures 13, 14, 15, 16, containing several layers of a two-dimensional conductor 17, 18, 19, 20 each, the dielectric layers 21, 22, 23, 24 made between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor electrically isolate each other layers of a two-dimensional conductor from each other. For example, if two-dimensional conductors are made in the form of thin films 25, 26, their dielectric layers are electrically insulated from each other.

 The alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of the rotating system created during rotation at high speed by each layer of a two-dimensional conductor of a multilayer structure in the direction along the axis of rotation are added and the total field of the rotating structure along the axis of rotation exceeds the field of a separate layer of the rotating two-dimensional conductor.

 The cryostat 27 cools two-dimensional conductors with refrigerant 28, for example liquid helium, to the temperature of liquid helium.

 The radiation emitted from the end surface is called the radiation of the end surface. The radiation emitted from the side surface is called the radiation of the side surface.

 If the surface of the rotor, the surface of the main ring is made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors, then it is possible to choose the materials of the layers of the two-dimensional conductor so that the radiation emitted by the structure of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of the rotating system is maximum. For this, the multilayer structure of the rotor surface, the surface of the main ring may contain two-dimensional conductors made of either one material or from different materials. In this case, the Fermi energy of the materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the surface of the main ring, from the surface of the rotor, that is, either the Fermi energy does not change or increases in the direction from the surface into the depth of the main ring, that is, with distance from the surface main ring. If the Fermi energy of materials of two-dimensional conductors of structures increases in the direction from the edge to the center of the main ring, then the radiation of plasmons near the surface has a maximum frequency, maximum attenuation and a minimum thickness of the skin layer, and further from the surface has a minimum frequency, minimum attenuation and maximum skin layer thickness.

 When selecting materials for layers of a two-dimensional conductor, the following considerations should be followed. The layers closest to the surface of the main ring have a minimum Fermi energy. They emit certain energy with a certain frequency. Radiation is resonant for a given layer and therefore has a limiting intensity above which it will heat these layers, and the two-dimensional conductor will cease to be two-dimensional. The radiation of the layer will swing the oscillations of the electrons of the plasmons of the layer at the resonant frequency and the electrons of the plasmons will begin to amplify the amplitude of their oscillations until the two-dimensional nature of the motions of the electrons in the layer of the two-dimensional conductor begins to be violated. This limits the number of layers of a two-dimensional conductor of the same material with one specific Fermi energy. When there are layers of different materials in the structure, each two-dimensional conductor swings layers of the same material with the same Fermi energy at resonant frequencies, and the general resonance of all layers of different materials does not occur. The sum of the contributions from the radiation of various layers at the resonance frequencies of each layer is obtained. In this case, radiation at a specific frequency of a particular layer material cannot be increased above a certain value, otherwise the two-dimensional character of conductivity will be severely violated. However, it is possible to increase the overall radiation intensity of the structure by adding radiation at the resonant frequencies of different layers. Therefore, such structures will bring out more radiation energy while keeping the conductor layers two-dimensional than structures of the same material.

 The highest radiation energy of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons in a solid body of a rotating system of one layer of a two-dimensional conductor will be that layer of a two-dimensional conductor whose material has the highest Fermi energy. In this case, one material can be used for all layers of the structure.

 Part of the radiation of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of the rotating system created by the rotor is delayed by a conductive screen 29 made of a conductive material. The screen surrounds the rotating ring from all sides and reflects part of the radiation incident on it towards the ring.

 If the multilayer structure is made on the screen and contains two-dimensional conductors made of either one material or different, and the Fermi energy of the materials of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with distance from the reflective working surface of the screen, that is, either it does not change, or increases in the direction from the working surface into the interior of the reflector, that is, as you move away from the rotor, in this structure you can get the highest reflectance of the radiation of alternating electric fields rotating or oscillating I am a plasma electron solid in a rotating system. In order for the two-dimensional layers of the multilayer structure of the screen to remain two-dimensional when the radiation of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of the solid body of the rotating system is incident, the layers must be cooled to liquid helium temperatures. For this, an additional cryostat with liquid helium, made on the other, on the back, on the non-working side of the screen, cools the screen. This increases the reflection coefficient of the radiation screen of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system. The maximum reflection coefficient can be in the case if the multilayer structure of the screen is made the same as the multilayer structure of the main ring of the rotor. Liquid helium may be used as a refrigerant.

 Additionally, the dielectric layers can be made as a dielectric waveguide with the ability to pass electromagnetic radiation along the plane of the dielectric layer with a wavelength of alternating radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons of a solid body (plasmons) of a rotating system. For this, each dielectric layer, in turn, has a variable refractive index, increasing, in the general case, towards the center of the dielectric layer. Radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons of a solid of a rotating system, radiated at an angle to the axis of rotation, at some angles of inclination to the axis of rotation, begins to be reflected from the walls of the waveguide and propagates along the waveguide to the end of the waveguide made on the side surface of the ring. When the radiation reaches the end of the waveguide, it leaves the side surface of the ring. Radiation in this case leaves the ring in the outer space surrounding the ring.

 The radiation of all plates of all conductive structures is summed up and forms the sum of the radiation of the entire rotating main rotor ring.

 The radiation from the side surface emerging from the side surface of the main ring and from the dielectric waveguides is either summed with the radiation from the end surface or exits through separate windows in the screen.

 If the screen contains a multilayer structure with layers of two-dimensional conductors, then such layers are made along the inner surface of the screen. In this case, the reflection coefficient of the screen of the incident radiation of alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system can be increased. The cryostat cools the multilayer structures of the screen to low temperatures in order to preserve the two-dimensional character of conductivity in the layers of a two-dimensional conductor when radiation is incident on them.

 The best reflection by multilayer structures with layers of two-dimensional conductors made on the surface of the screen, the incident radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system, is expected if the multilayer structures on the rotor and on the screen are identical.

 The radiation incident on the screen is partially reflected from the polished surface of the screen and partially falls back onto the main ring.

 Window 30 is made of a transparent dielectric with a high melting point, for example, of refractory quartz glass. Inside the area bounded by the screen and the window, inside the vacuum chamber 31, a vacuum is created. Vacuum is created around the rotor. Vacuum, for example, can be created by vacuum pumps. The window is made thick and strong enough to withstand the pressure drop between the atmosphere and the vacuum of the vacuum chamber. When using the Bogdanov converter in open space, in outer space, or in the upper atmosphere, the glass from the windows can be removed.

 The suspension 32 holds the rotation device, the vacuum chamber, the screen and the rotor with the main ring on its weight in such a way as to enable the rotor and the main ring to rotate freely when the angle of inclination of the device uses the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor with respect to the vertical and when changing direction of gravity. Suspension is necessary for the reason that the device is installed either on the Earth, which rotates around an axis, or on an aircraft that flies around or near the Earth in non-inertial reference systems. The suspension allows the axis of rotation of the rotor to constantly maintain the same direction corresponding to the original direction of rotation of the rotor. The suspension can be made in the form of a gimbal. The gimbal is made around the rotation device, around the main rotor ring and around the screen. The gimbal rings, the inner ring of the suspension 33 and the outer ring of the base of the suspension 34, made one inside the other, connected to the screen and with each other, rotate around the screen so that their axis of rotation during rotation is mutually perpendicular to each other, allowing the rotor to maintain a constant direction axis of rotation. In all cases, the inner and outer rings of the gimbal are rotated relative to each other so that the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of the main ring with respect to the fixed coordinate system remains unchanged.

 You can optionally fill in the refrigerant from an external source into the rotor cryostat. For example, from an external reservoir, refrigerant can be piped through the suspension rings into the rotor cryostat, into the rotor. It is also possible to add refrigerant from an external source into the cryostat of the screen. For example, from an external tank, refrigerant can be piped through the suspension rings into the cryostat of the screen, into the screen.

 Part of the radiation of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of the solid body of the rotating system created by the rotating rotor with the main ring leaves the region bounded by the screen through the window 30 made in the screen and is supplied to the device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor 35. The suspension base ring can be fixed to a device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor. The suspension rings rotate inside the cavity, inside which the screen with the window, the rotor, and the suspension are made. The reflection coefficient of electromagnetic radiation of the inner surface of the cavity should be less than the reflection coefficient of the surface of the screen so that the radiation of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating plasma electrons of the solid body of the rotating system is not absorbed within the area bounded by the screen, is not absorbed by the screen, but is absorbed by the surface of the radiation energy using device and fields created by a rotating rotor.

 The radiation generated by the rotating rotor from the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system can be used in various ways.

 In the first method, the radiation heats the boiler with a liquid or gas of the device using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor. For example, with water. Water heats up, boils, steam forms. Steam flows through the pipes to the generator and rotates the generator turbines. A generator generates electricity. Electricity is somehow used. Then the steam enters the cooling system and cools. After cooling, steam or water again enters the boiler, as is the case in conventional power plants, and the cycle repeats. The heat thus obtained can also be used for other purposes than generating electricity. For example, for heating houses in cities.

 At the beginning of the operation of the Bogdanov converter, the power supply system 8 supplies energy to the rotation device. The rotation device receives this energy, converts it and, due to this energy, drives the rotor into rotation.

 The rotor may contain a superconducting disk or ring, while a magnet is made next to the disk or ring. A superconducting disk or ring behaves like a classic two-dimensional conductor. A magnet induces induction currents on a surface in a superconductor that expel a magnetic field from the superconductor. Induction currents create radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons on the surface of a solid body of a rotating system.

 The rotor may contain at least two structures containing at least two layers of a two-dimensional conductor, in addition to having a dielectric between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor, the structure being made in the form of a plate, and between the plates there are empty gaps, and the plates connected to each other and form a ring or disk, and the gap is open on the side of the side surface of the ring or disk.

 In addition, metal waveguides can be made between plates with multilayer structures of a two-dimensional conductor, and metal waveguides are made in the form of gaps in empty space, while the plates are connected to each other and form the main ring.

 The waveguides are configured to output radiation into the outer space surrounding the ring. For example, the gap is open on the side of the side surface of the ring. The outlet of the metal waveguide is made on the side surface of the main ring.

 At least one window can be made opposite the gap between the plates with structures. In the screen around the side surfaces of the ring opposite the structures and opposite the gaps between the plates, side windows can be made.

 If the main ring contains gaps of empty space, made like metal waveguides, then the surrounding gaps of the structure with layers of a two-dimensional conductor output part of their radiation into the gaps of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system. This radiation is created on layers of two-dimensional conductors.

 The metal waveguides formed by the gaps in the empty space between the plates formed by the structures include part of the radiation from the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system of layers of two-dimensional conductors surrounding the gap. That part of the radiation that propagates at an angle to the axis of rotation, starting from some angles, is reflected from the conducting surfaces of the gap, as from the walls of the waveguide, and moves toward the boundary of the gap to the side surface of the ring. When the radiation reaches the boundary of the gap, it leaves the gap from the side of the side surface of the ring into the space surrounding the ring. After the radiation is emitted into the gap, the radiation is repeatedly reflected at an angle from the walls of the waveguide and due to reflections it moves along the waveguide towards the exit window of the gap. From this window, the radiation goes outside the gap and out of the main ring into the surrounding space. Subsequently, this radiation enters either the reflector or the side window.

 Metal and dielectric waveguides can be made parallel to the axis of rotation. In this case, the end radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating plasma electrons of a solid body of a rotating system of multilayer structures with two-dimensional conductors is output to dielectric or metal waveguides, is reflected at an angle from the walls of the waveguide, moves along the walls of the waveguide to the exit from the waveguide located on the end surface of the main rings, and from the waveguide, space is drawn into the surrounding main ring from the side of the end surface of the ring. In this case, the area of the inner surfaces of the main ring, from which the radiation is directly output through the end surface, increases sharply.

 If the winding wound on the ring is made of superconducting, then it is possible to achieve the effect of inducing undamped induction currents circulating on its surface. This will increase the density of the current flowing through it, and will reduce the time required for the rotating ring to gain the necessary speed.

 The apparatus may contain liquid, while the rotation device may be configured to rotate the liquid. Mercury may be used as a liquid. As the fluid, a ferromagnetic fluid may be used.

 In this case, the liquid is rotated and a precession of liquid atoms is created in the same ways as for atoms of the solid main ring. During a precession, radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons and atomic nuclei of a fluid in a rotating system is emitted. When mercury is used as a liquid, the liquid (mercury) can be cooled to the temperature of liquid helium. This translates the mercury into a superconducting state, and on its surface the same effects occur that occurred on the surface of the superconductor described above. That is, during the rotation of the superconducting mercury, radiation of alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating electrons of the surface of the superconducting liquid of the rotating system is generated.

 The main ring may contain a layered crystal, while the plane of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.

 The main ring may contain ferromagnetic material. The main ring can be made in the form of a magnet. The main ring may contain multilayer structures with a two-dimensional conductor, while the two-dimensional conductor contains ferromagnetic material.

 The rotor can be made in the form of a disk. A rotary disk works, in principle, in the same way as a rotary ring.

 The rotation device can be made in the form of a centrifuge.

 A variant of the apparatus is possible when the screen is rotated around the axis of rotation of the rotor. This increases the radiation intensity, because in this case the screen, in addition, will also emit itself. In this case, the rotor and screen are suspended.

 The screen may be missing. In this case, the device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor contains a cavity inside which the rotation device is made together with the rotor.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor may include a chamber with a cavity filled with gas. The cavity is made near the rotation device. For example, near the window. In this cavity, the gas is heated by the radiation of a rotating rotor. The received heat is somehow used. For example, when heating the boiler.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor may contain an MHD generator. In this case, the device comprises a gas chamber and an MHD generator. The radiation is directed to the chamber with gas, the gas heats up and ionizes, turns into a plasma. Plasma is sent to the MHD generator. MHD generator generates electrical energy, which is then used in some way.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor may include a Bogdanov accelerator for carrying out a controlled fusion reaction, comprising a power system, a magnetic coil, a vacuum chamber, a focusing system, accelerating electrodes, an accelerated working medium supply system, and at least one capacitor , a high-voltage generator containing a device that causes the transfer of charges, a solitary conductor, we call the conductor the main solitary conductor, and inside the wire However, the source of the accelerated working fluid is made, while the vacuum chamber contains walls made of an insulator in the form of insulating pipes, and the chamber has a device for supporting the accelerator elements by weight, made with the possibility of supporting the accelerator elements forming the components of the accelerator, the device causing charge transfer, contains at least one external capacitor and a battery of series-connected internal capacitors made inside the vacuum chamber so that two edges the plates of the outermost internal capacitors of the battery are aligned with the plates of the external capacitor, while between the plates of at least one capacitor a gap is made in which there is no dielectric, and at least one external capacitor is electrically connected to the main solitary conductor, while the device causing charge transfer is configured to cause charge transfer between the plates of the external capacitor through the internal capacitors, either mechanically, or by an electric field, or by radiation radioactive isotopes, and the device is configured to cause the transfer of charges of a certain sign towards one side of the external capacitor and not cause the transfer to the side of the other side, in addition, the accelerator retention device is designed to retain at least the weight inside the vacuum chamber , one lining of the external capacitor and the main solitary conductor so that the capacitor lining and the solitary conductor do not touch the walls of the vacuum chamber.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor may include a device for keeping the accelerator elements in weight and a device that causes charge transfer.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains more than two accelerators, in addition, between the accelerators there is a device for introducing a target for a thermonuclear reaction, while at the point of intersection of the axes of the accelerators a target for a thermonuclear reaction is provided, and the accelerators are made symmetrically with respect to the point target location and connected to the driver.

 The accelerator contains at least one capacitor, let's call the capacitor the main capacitor, electrically connected to the main solitary conductor, while the device for supporting the weight of the accelerator elements is configured to hold the main capacitor and main solitary conductor on the weight inside the vacuum chamber so that the capacitor and the solitary conductor did not touch the walls of the vacuum chamber.

 The feed system of the accelerated working fluid is configured to feed either heavy ions or microscopic charged particles or films weighing several milligrams for acceleration in the accelerator as the accelerated working fluid.

 At least two rotation devices with rotors are made under the accelerator element, while the rotors are made symmetrically with respect to the vertical line passing through the axis of symmetry of the accelerator element. The device that causes charge transfer contains conductive plates made between the plates of the external capacitor, while emission cathodes are made on the plate surface facing one of the external capacitor plates, and there are no emission cathodes on the plate surface facing the other plate of the external capacitor.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor may include a device that causes charge transfer.

 The device that causes the transfer of charges contains at least one pipe with liquid or gas made of an insulator and connected to the cooling system, while at least one boiler made near the rotor is connected to the pipe through the valve system, and inside the pipe at least one turbine is made, configured to rotate under the pressure of a liquid or gas, connected to a generator configured to generate electricity during rotation of the turbine, while the generator is connected to accelerate the body of electrons, and the electron accelerator is made on one side of the plate, and on the other side of the plate there is no electron accelerator.

 The apparatus for generating energy based on new physical principles is Bogdanov’s converter, which incorporates the Bogdanov’s accelerator for the implementation of the controlled fusion reaction as an integral part, works as follows.

 The device that causes the transfer of charges causes the transfer of charges towards the feed system of the accelerated working fluid. In this case, a high potential is created on the accelerator elements and a high voltage is created between the accelerator elements and the walls of the vacuum chamber.

 The radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating electrons of the plasma of a solid body of a rotating system, created by the rotating rotor of the apparatus, is directed to the accelerator element, which is under high voltage, and acts on it by the radiation scattering force. The radiation scattering force keeps the accelerator element in weight so that it does not touch the walls of the vacuum chamber.

 The device that causes the transfer of charges pumps liquid or gas through the pipe with liquid or gas from the boiler to the cooling system and vice versa. In this case, the pipe is made of insulator. Liquid or gas enters the pipe through a valve system from a boiler in which gas or liquid is heated by radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system of a rotating rotor. The valve system allows heated liquid or gas to be introduced into one pipe, and to the chilled liquid or gas through the other. In this case, the valves of both pipes open and close alternately. When heated gas or liquid moves inside the pipe, the gas or liquid rotates the turbine. During the rotation of the turbine, the generator generates electricity. This energy is used by an electron accelerator to accelerate electrons towards a neighboring plate, from which, in turn, another electron accelerator also accelerates electrons, but towards another plate, and so on. Electrons are accelerated away from the feed system of the accelerated working fluid, which due to this is charged with a positive electric charge.

 We call a generator with a turbine and an electron accelerator an autonomous charger. The feed system of the accelerated working fluid hangs inside the vacuum chamber without touching its walls, supported by the scattering power of the radiation from the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system created by the apparatus.

 With the total length of the tunnels of the vacuum chamber 10 km, the distance between the conductive plates 1 m, the electron energy accelerated by the electron accelerator 1 MeV, the distance from the plates to the walls of the vacuum chamber 10 m, the number of conductive plates 10000, a device that causes charge transfer, it is possible to create a potential difference between the main solitary conductor and the walls of the vacuum chamber of the order of up to 1,000,000,000 V.

 Thus, a potential of up to 1,000,000,000 V is created on the feed system of the accelerated working fluid and on the main solitary conductor connected to it. The feed system of the accelerated working fluid delivers either heavy ions or microscopic charged particles or films weighing several milligrams as accelerated working fluid, which pass the potential difference from this potential to the potential of the region near the point of location of the target, approximately coinciding with the potential of the Earth. Heavy ions and microscopic particles with such energy are capable of initiating a controlled thermonuclear reaction. Electric energy for the operation of the accelerated working fluid supply system is supplied from the main capacitor connected to the main solitary conductor. The process of electric charge accumulation in the main capacitor is carried out by an autonomous charger.

 If the apparatus contains more than two accelerators combined into a driver for carrying out a controlled thermonuclear reaction, the device for introducing the target for the thermonuclear reaction brings the target for the thermonuclear reaction to the point of intersection of the accelerator axes. The Bogdanov converter creates radiation from alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system by rotating rotors and directs radiation to various devices using radiation energy and fields created by a rotating rotor, the devices being combined with accelerator elements under high voltage. The radiation generated by the radiation scattering force holds the accelerator elements under high voltage so that they do not touch the walls of the vacuum chamber. The feed systems of the accelerated working fluid of the accelerators simultaneously feed the accelerated working fluid to accelerate, the accelerators symmetrically relative to the target location accelerate the accelerated working fluid toward the target. The accelerated working fluid collides with the target and the microexplosion of the target takes place with the release of fusion energy. The energy released is somehow used, for example, to generate electricity.

This design solution allows you to accelerate heavy ions to an energy of about 200 MeV with an acceleration rate of about 20 MV / m, to obtain currents per pulse from kiloamps to tens of megaamperes with a pulse duration of the order of tens of nanoseconds following with a pulse repetition rate of 1 to 10 pulses per second. Moreover, such currents can be obtained for each driver accelerator. Driver energy in one pulse can be realized at the level of 10 MJ or more, which will give a thermonuclear gain of 100 times or more. At the same time, the power developed by the driver in one pulse can be realized at the level of 100 TW or more. The energy and power levels realized in a single pulse will make it possible to compress the deuterium-tritium target in an amount of 10 ³ to 10 ⁴ times, and in the future, in an amount of 10 ⁵ to 10 ⁶ times, which will allow thermonuclear reactions to be realized not only in deuterium-tritium target, but also in the target containing pure deuterium and boron-hydrogen mixture additionally, in addition to the implementation of a controlled fusion reaction.

The following contributes to the achievement of such results. All accelerator elements under high voltage are inside the vacuum chamber in vacuum by weight and do not touch the walls of the vacuum chamber. The elements of the accelerator hang inside the insulating tubes of the vacuum chamber, and these elements are held up by the force of radiation scattering generated by the rotating rotors of the Bogdanov converter, which are part of the accelerator’s weight-holding system. High voltage is created by a device that causes the movement of charges. In this case, the charges move from one plate of the external capacitor through the battery of internal capacitors made in series to the other plate of the external capacitor. In this case, the device that causes the transfer of charges moves charges through internal capacitors either mechanically or by an electric field, or using charged particles emitted during the radioactive decay of radioactive substances. During charge transfer, the field between the plates of the internal capacitors and along the insulating cables is less than the value of the electric field at which the electrical breakdown of the insulators that make up the capacitors and insulating cables occurs. The value of the electric field between the elements of the accelerator under high voltage and the walls of the vacuum chamber is less than the value of the electric field at which intense field emission occurs from the surfaces of the components of the accelerator. Therefore, it is realistic to carry out charge transfer along the entire length of the battery of internal capacitors so that between the extreme two plates of the extreme internal capacitors, coinciding with the plates of the external capacitor, a potential difference of the order of 10,000 MB is formed. The estimated length of the battery of internal capacitors is of the order of several kilometers. Due to this length, it is realistic to obtain an average value of the longitudinal electric field along the entire battery of less than 10 MV / m, which is significantly less than the breakdown field of many insulators. The current strength of accelerated heavy ions from kiloamps to tens of megaamps can actually be obtained by accelerating ions due to the accumulated electric charge on the lining of the main capacitor and on the main solitary conductor. The feed system of the accelerated working fluid allows, in addition to heavy ions, also to accelerate macroscopic particles weighing several milligrams and films weighing several milligrams to speeds of the order of several hundred kilometers per second, which will increase the efficiency of the transfer of the kinetic energy of the accelerated working fluid to the compression and heating energy of the target. Since the compression and heating of the target in this case occurs without the ablation process, this saves 90% of the energy spent on the ablation of the deuterium-tritium target [21]. The acceleration of an accelerated working fluid, such as heavy ions, is due to the fact that between
electrodes, one of which is made on the main solitary conductor, and the other on the wall of the vacuum chamber, creates a significant potential difference. The accelerated working fluid enters the through hole of the magnetic coil, propagates along magnetic field lines and is focused by the focusing system on the target. The acceleration process occurs simultaneously in several driver accelerators and the accelerated working fluid from several accelerators focuses on the target symmetrically and simultaneously. A plasma accelerator made near the axis of the accelerator ionizes additional plasma flowing into the main part of the accelerator's vacuum chamber from the region near the target location and accelerates the plasma toward the target location. This allows you to make the vacuum in the main part of the vacuum chamber more discharged. The plasma accelerator turns off at the moment of the acceleration pulse of the accelerated working fluid and turns on after the accelerated working fluid passes through the plasma accelerator. It is possible to cool the working elements of the accelerator thanks to pipes with liquid or gas. The energy for transferring charges by the device causing the transfer of charges comes through stand-alone chargers. In this case, liquid or gas in pipes with liquid or gas that are not used for cooling rotate turbines containing turbogenerators that generate electricity during rotation and provide some of the autonomous chargers with energy. These self-contained chargers emit and accelerate electrons that transfer charges between the plates of the internal capacitor. Another type of self-contained charging device that is charged by the emission of charged particles during radioactive decay can also be used. Charged particles transfer charges between the plates of the internal capacitor.

 The installation of rotation devices with rotors under the accelerator elements as part of the weight-holding device of the accelerator elements can significantly reduce the size of this device. Moreover, it is possible to implement such an accelerator design in which all tunnels with insulating pipes of the accelerator's vacuum chamber are horizontal. This, in turn, significantly reduces the total amount and cost of excavation work required for laying tunnels under the insulating pipes of the accelerator’s vacuum chamber, which reduces the total cost of creating a driver with accelerators for the implementation of a controlled fusion reaction. Therefore, it can be argued that a Bogdanov converter with such a driver with accelerators will cost less and it will be easier to build than a driver with accelerators that is not part of the converter, using the radiation scattering force generated by the radiation of alternating electric fields rotating or Oscillating charged particles of a rotating system during rotor rotation.

 An apparatus for generating energy based on new physical principles, the Bogdanov converter can be made in the form of a device for creating specifically radiation rays of variable electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system that exit the apparatus. We will call this version of the apparatus Hyperboloid Bogdanov. In this embodiment, the apparatus comprises such a device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor, which provides for the possibility of outputting the radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system to the outside of the device.

 For this purpose, the device uses the radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor around the screen, around the rotation device and around the screen, a cavity is made, while at least one window is made in the cavity, made with the possibility of outputting the electromagnetic radiation apparatus. The window can be made, for example, of a transparent refractory material, for example of quartz glass. The window may be connected to a conductive cover and to a cover movement device configured to open and close the window. Moreover, the lid and the lid moving device are configured to change, control the flow of electromagnetic radiation passing through the window by changing the aperture area of the open window portion. Also, at least one reflector configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation and a reflector moving device configured to move or rotate the reflector relative to the window can be made inside the cavity. The reflector and the device for moving the reflector are part of the device using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor.

 In this version, the Bogdanov Converter, manufactured as the Bogdanov Hyperboloid, works as follows.

 Inside the cavity of the device using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor, a vacuum is created. For example, using vacuum pumps. The rotation device drives the rotor into rotation, the rotor begins to emit radiation from alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system and self-accelerates. The radiation flux is amplified. Part of the radiation exits through the cavity window to the outside of the apparatus. If the apparatus surrounds the atmosphere, the radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system creates an electrical breakdown in the atmosphere, since the electric field of an electromagnetic wave emitting alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system is many times greater than the electric breakdown in air. Moreover, near the window, the electric field intensity of the radiation wave of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system exceeds the electric field of the breakdown of atmospheric gas by several orders of magnitude.

 Due to electrical breakdown, atmospheric gas is ionized. A secondary plasma beam appears. A secondary plasma beam is formed along the radiation beam of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system. At the same time, radiation affects the atmospheric gas particles inside the beam by the radiation scattering force and accelerates in the direction from Bogdanov’s converter (from Bogdanov’s Hyperboloid). Particles of plasma are accelerated in the direction from the window. In this case, the beam flux of particles carries significant energy. This energy, the flow of plasma particles, the plasma beam itself can be used in various fields. For example, a plasma beam can be used for welding. Large structures of steel and reinforced concrete products and structures can be welded with a plasma beam. For example, bridges and roofs of stadiums.

 A plasma beam can be used to change the landscape of the planet. For example, using a plasma beam, you can dig channels, compare hills and mountains from the ground, dig pits, create artificial lakes, seas and reservoirs. In this case, the plasma beam of the apparatus, made as Bogdanov’s Hyperboloid, turns the soil into boiling molten rock and this boiling molten mass either moves by the force of radiation scattering or evaporates.

 Using a plasma beam, you can mine minerals. For example, digging for mining quarries and mines.

 The reflector directs the radiation beam of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system in the desired direction. The reflector moving device moves and rotates the reflector so that the reflected radiation beam of the alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system goes in the desired direction. The lid moving device moves the conductive lid so that it opens or closes the window, stopping or regulating the flow through the window of the radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotating system.

 The apparatus may comprise a turbine which is driven directly by the radiation scattering power generated by the radiation of alternating electric fields of the rotating or oscillating charged particles of the rotor rotor system. There are two such options.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains at least one turbine connected to a generator, the generator being configured to generate electricity during rotation of the turbine, the turbine being made near the rotor and the turbine blade obliquely angled in relation to the axis of rotation of the rotor.

 In this embodiment, a rotating rotor generates radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which falls on the turbine blade and presses the radiation on the turbine blade by the force of radiation scattering. Under the influence of this force, the turbine comes into rotation. During the rotation of the turbine, the generator generates electricity, which is then used in some way. Since the radiation falls on the turbine at an angle and is reflected from the turbine at an angle, the radiation pressure force creates a torque that rotates the turbine.

 A device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor may contain at least one turbine connected to a generator, the generator being configured to generate electricity during rotation of the turbine, and at least one turbine blade is made, at least one rotor, and at least one reflector is made near the rotor, the reflector being made obliquely at an angle to the axis of rotation of the rotor, in addition to the axis of rotation of the rotor and turbine .

 In this embodiment, a rotating rotor generates radiation of alternating electric fields of rotating or oscillating charged particles of a rotating system, which falls on the reflector and presses on the reflector by the force of radiation scattering. The reflector presses on the turbine blade. Under the influence of this force, the turbine comes into rotation. During the rotation of the turbine, the generator generates electricity, which is then used in some way. Since the radiation falls on the reflector at an angle and is reflected from the reflector at an angle, the radiation pressure force creates a torque that rotates the turbine.

 These two options can be used in the Bogdanov Converter with the Accelerator to carry out a controlled fusion reaction. In these embodiments, turbines with rotors are contained in stand-alone chargers. At the same time, the autonomous charger contains a turbine with a rotor connected to an electron accelerator and to the electron accelerator power system. The rotor rotates, its radiation rotates the turbine, the rotating turbine rotates the dynamo in the generator, the generator generates electricity, electricity is used by the electron accelerator power supply system to power the electron accelerator. The electron accelerator accelerates electrons that carry electrical charges, creating a high electrical potential on the feed system of the accelerated working fluid. In addition, the radiation of the rotating rotor is reflected by the blade or reflector in an angle downward, creating a pressure by the radiation scattering force directed to the accelerator element so that the radiation scattering force keeps the accelerator element in weight. The accelerator element in this case is either the entire stand-alone charger, or part of it. In this case, the rotor can be made both by weight, on the accelerator element, and under the accelerator element, for example, on the wall of the vacuum chamber.

Sources of information taken into account
1. Igor Tsarev. Encyclopedia of miracles. Moscow. Vote. 1998, p. 189.

 2. V.A. Chernobrov. Encyclopedia of the unknown. Moscow, 1998, p. 104.

 3. Igor Tsarev. Encyclopedia of miracles. Moscow, 1998, p. 413.

 4. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 1, Moscow, 1988, p. 565.

 5. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 2, Moscow, 1990, p. 252.

 6. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshits. Field theory. Moscow 1973, p. 124.

 7. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 4, Moscow, 1994, p. 405.

 8. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 1, Moscow, 1988, p. 569.

 9. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 1, Moscow, 1988, p. 293.

 10. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 2, Moscow, 1990, p. 644.

 11. Savely Kashnitsky. Death is like cutting a hair. Moscow's comsomolets. December 24, 1999, p. 4.

 12. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 3, Moscow, 1992, p. 601.

 13. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 3, Moscow, 1992, p. 116.

 14. Physical encyclopedia. Volume 3, Moscow, 1992, p. 119.

 15. F. Kachmarek. Introduction to laser physics. Moscow. 1981 p. 530.

 16. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshits. Field theory. Moscow 1973, p. 280.

 17. B.M. Yavorsky, A.A. Detlaf. Handbook of Physics. 1996, p. 705.

 18. V.P. Burdakov, Yu.I. Danilov. Physical problems of space traction energy. 1969, p. 154.

 19. B.M. Yavorsky, A.A. Detlaf. Handbook of Physics. 1996, p. 283.

 20. Horoscope. 10. 1999, p. 3.

 21. Duderstadt J., Moses G. Inertial thermonuclear fusion. Per. from English M. 1984.

Claims (45)

 1. An apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles, comprising a rotation device, wherein the rotation device comprises a stator and a rotor, the rotation device being configured to rotate the rotor, the rotor containing the substance being rotated and configured to rotate around an axis, characterized in that which contains at least one device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor, made near the rotor with the ability to use the energy of radiation and fields created by time a rotating rotor, while the rotor contains at least one layer of rotatable material, configured to allow the movement of charge carriers in the layer along a two-dimensional surface.  2. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor contains a boiler with liquid or gas.  3. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 2, characterized in that the device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor contains a generator configured to generate electricity, the generator being connected to the boiler and to the boiler cooling system .  4. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor contains an MHD generator.  5. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor contains at least one accelerator containing a power system, a magnetic coil, a vacuum chamber, a system focusing, accelerating electrodes, an accelerated working fluid supply system, at least one capacitor, a high-voltage generator containing a device that causes charge transfer, a solitary conductor, and inside the conductor there is made an accelerated working fluid supply system, wherein the vacuum chamber comprises walls made of insulator in the form of insulating pipes, and in the chamber there is made a device for supporting accelerator elements by weight, made with the possibility of supporting accelerator elements forming the component parts of the accelerator, the device causing charge transfer, contains at least one external capacitor and a battery of internal capacitors connected in series, made inside the vacuum chamber so that the two extreme plates the outermost capacitors of the battery are aligned with the plates of the external capacitor, while between the plates of at least one capacitor a gap is made in which there is no dielectric, and at least one external capacitor is electrically connected to the main solitary conductor, while the device causing charge transfer, configured to cause charge transfer between the plates of the external capacitor through the internal capacitors either mechanically, or by an electric field, or by radiation of isotopes, and the device is configured to cause the transfer of charges of a certain sign towards one side of the external capacitor and not cause the transfer to the side of the other side, in addition, the accelerator retention device on weight is made to retain at least the weight inside the vacuum chamber one lining of the external capacitor and the main solitary conductor so that the lining of the external capacitor and the solitary conductor do not touch the walls of the vacuum chamber.  6. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 5, characterized in that the device that causes the transfer of charges contains at least one pipe with a liquid or gas connected to the cooling system, and with the pipe through a valve system at least one boiler, made near the rotor, is connected, and at least one turbine is made inside the pipe, made to rotate under the pressure of a liquid or gas, connected to a generator, made with the possibility of generating electricity time of rotation of the turbine, the generator is connected to an electron accelerator.  7. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains more than two accelerators, in addition, between the accelerators there is a device for introducing a target for a thermonuclear reaction, this, at the point of intersection of the axes of the accelerators, the introduction of the target for the thermonuclear reaction is provided, and the accelerators are made symmetrically relative to the location of the target and connected to the driver.  8. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 7, characterized in that at least two devices for rotating matter with rotors are made under the accelerator element, while the rotors are made symmetrically with respect to the vertical line passing through the axis of symmetry of the accelerator element .  9. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least one conductive screen made next to at least one rotor, the screen contains a conductive material, and the screen is made with the ability to shield electromagnetic radiation, while next to the rotor is a device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor.  10. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that either the rotor is made in the form of a ring, or the rotor with the rotatable substance is made in the form of a disk, the device for rotating the substance is made in the form of an electric motor containing a rotor and a stator.  11. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that a sliding system is made around the axis of the substance rotation device, comprising at least one system of rollers connected to the substance rotation device, wherein the rollers are configured to provide the rotor with the ability to rotate around the axis of the device.  12. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains a ring, while the ring is made in the form of a magnetized ring, and the rotatable substance contains ferromagnetic material.  13. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotatable substance contains paramagnetic material.  14. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises at least one induction coil and a power supply system of the induction coil made near the substance rotation device.  15. The apparatus for generating energy on the new physical principles according to 14, characterized in that the induction coil is made around the rotor, while the axis of the rotor is parallel to the plane of the turns of the induction coil.  16. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains a ring containing at least one turn of a winding wound on a ring, while the winding is electrically isolated from the ring, and the axis of the coil lies in plane of the ring, while the winding occupies the corner segment of the ring not more than half the surface of the ring.  17. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to clause 16, wherein the winding contains a superconductor.  18. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the substance rotation device is connected to a conductive screen made of conductive material, wherein at least one window is made in the screen with free passage through the electromagnetic window radiation, in addition, the screen is made around the device of rotation of the substance and surrounds the device of rotation of the substance.  19. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains a cryostat, while the cryostat is made inside the rotor.  20. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains a two-dimensional conductor.  21. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 20, characterized in that the plane of maximum conductivity of the two-dimensional conductor is perpendicular to the axis of the rotor.  22. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of a conductive film, while the plane of the film is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.  23. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains a ring or disk, wherein the ring or disk contains a layered crystal, while the plane of maximum conductivity of the layered crystal is perpendicular to the axis of the ring or disk.  24. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains a ring or disk, wherein the ring or disk contains at least two structures containing at least two layers of a two-dimensional conductor, except moreover, an insulator is made between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor, the structure is made in the form of a plate, and gaps of empty space are made between the plates, while the plates are connected to each other and form a ring or disk, and the gap is open on the side of the side surface and rings or disc.  25. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains at least two structures containing at least two layers of a two-dimensional conductor, while an insulator is made between the layers of the two-dimensional conductor, the dielectric is made in the form of a waveguide.  26. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1 or 20, characterized in that the rotor contains at least one structure containing at least two layers of a two-dimensional conductor, while the Fermi energy of the material is a layer of a two-dimensional conductor with increasing distance from the surface of the rotor does not decrease, and either the Fermi energy in at least two adjacent layers of the two-dimensional conductor does not change, or increases in adjacent layers in the direction from the surface of the rotor deep into the rotor with increasing distance from the surface of the rotor a.  27. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 20, characterized in that the two-dimensional conductor is made in the form of a film.  28. The apparatus for generating energy on the new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the apparatus comprises a suspension connected to a device for rotating matter and with a rotor, configured to allow the rotor to rotate freely during movements and rotations of the apparatus.  29. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the suspension is made in the form of a gimbal connected to a substance rotation device, while the device is connected to a rotor, and the suspension is configured to allow the rotor to rotate freely when movements and rotations of the apparatus.  30. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains a liquid, while the device for rotating the substance is configured to rotate the liquid.  31. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1 or 30, characterized in that the liquid is made in the form of mercury or in the form of a ferromagnetic liquid.  32. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a device for the electrical decomposition of water or hydrocarbons into components with hydrogen evolution, configured to cause decomposition of water or hydrocarbons using electricity.  33. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least one additional coil of a longitudinal magnetic field, configured to create a magnetic field in a rotating substance along the axis of rotation of the substance.  34. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the additional coils of the longitudinal magnetic field are made around the axis of rotation of the substance.  35. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the substance rotation device contains at least one additional coil of the transverse magnetic field, configured to create a magnetic field in the rotating substance across the axis of rotation of the substance, This force lines of the coil are perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the substance.  36. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for using the energy of radiation and fields created by a rotating rotor contains at least one turbine connected to a generator, while the generator is configured to generate electricity during rotation of the turbine, and the turbine is made near the rotor and the turbine blade is made obliquely at an angle with respect to the axis of rotation of the rotor.  37. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for using the energy of radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains at least one turbine connected to a generator, while the generator is configured to generate electricity during rotation of the turbine, and at least one rotor is made on at least one rotor, and at least one reflector is made near the rotor, while the reflector is inclined at an angle to relative to the axis of rotation of the rotor.  38. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 9, characterized in that the inner surface of the screen of the substance, the screen surface is made in the form of a multilayer structure with two-dimensional conductors, while the multilayer structure of the inner surface of the screen contains two-dimensional conductors made either from one material or from different materials, and the Fermi energy of the materials of the layers of two-dimensional conductors does not decrease with increasing distance to the rotor surface, while either the Fermi energy does not at least for two adjacent layers of two-dimensional conductors, or increases in the direction from the surface of the rotor deep into the screen, at least for two adjacent layers of two-dimensional conductors with increasing distance to the surface of the main ring, and at least one cryostat with the ability to cool two-dimensional conductors in structures with two-dimensional conductors.  39. The apparatus for generating energy on the new physical principles according to claim 5, characterized in that the device that causes the transfer of charges contains conductive plates made between the plates of the external capacitor, while on the surface of the plate facing one of the plates of the external capacitor, emission cathodes, and on the surface of the plate facing the other lining of the external capacitor, there are no emission cathodes, in addition, the plate is combined with the lining of the internal capacitor.  40. The apparatus for generating energy on the new physical principles according to claim 9, characterized in that at least one window is made in the screen near the rotatable substance, and at the same time, a device for using radiation energy and fields created by the rotary rotor is made near the window.  41. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for using radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor, contains at least one reflector, made next to at least one rotor, with this reflector contains a conductive material, and the reflector is made with the ability to reflect electromagnetic radiation.  42. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to claim 1, characterized in that in the device for using radiation and fields created by the rotating rotor, a cavity is made, and at least one window is made in the cavity, with the possibility of outputting to the outside apparatus of electromagnetic radiation.  43. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to paragraph 42, wherein the at least one window is made of a transparent refractory material.  44. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to paragraph 42, wherein the window is connected to a conductive cover and a cover movement device configured to open and close the window, the cover and cover movement device being configured to change, adjust the flux of electromagnetic radiation passing through the window, as well as open and close the window.  45. The apparatus for generating energy on new physical principles according to paragraph 41 or 42, characterized in that the device for using radiation and fields generated by a rotating rotor contains at least one device for moving the reflector, made with the ability to move or rotate the reflector relative to window.

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