RU2271651C1 - Method of forecasting yielding capacity of lucerne seeds on cultivation in irrigated agriculture - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, forecasting and improvement of intensive technology used in cultivation of winter cereals under arid climate conditions.

SUBSTANCE: method involves providing deep plowing combined with application of phosphate-potassium fertilizer and soil herbicides; harrowing in spring; sowing crop by wide drilling method and irrigating during budding phase with single soil moistening procedure to soil moisture content of 90-100% of minimal moisture capacity up to 1.3-1.5 m depth at the rate of 1,360-1,500 m³/hectare; upon termination of flowering stage, reducing moisture content in soil layer of 0-55 cm to 50-55%, in soil layer of 51-100 cm to moisture content of 70-75%, in soil layer of 101-150 cm to moisture content of 75-80% of minimal moisture capacity; determining average daily soil temperature in last decade of April and first decade of May; defining seed yielding capacity at second year of plant life from expression: Y=k₁·xt+(k₂·A+k₃·d+k₄·P)/G_s, where Y is Lucerne seed yielding capacity to be forecast during second year of plant life, kg/hectare; xt is average soil temperature at the last decade of April - first decade of May, C; A is seed sowing rate, pc/hectare; d is amount of NPK fertilizers, kg/hectare; P is irrigation norm for growing period, m₃/hectare; k₁ is coefficient taking into account sort qualities of each seed of Lucerne in formation and accumulation of cereal mass, kg/( C · hectare); k₂ is coefficient taking into account influence of temperature mode upon formation of plant root system during the first year of life, kg/(pc · hectare); k₃ is coefficient taking into account mineral feeding stock from precursor in root layer, kg(kg hectare); k₄ is coefficient taking into account share of natural precipitation in formation of cereal yield, kg/mm · hectare); G_s is hydrotechnical coefficient TG based on data referring to precipitation and total of temperatures above +10 C during plant life from time of beginning sowing procedure to growing termination time.

EFFECT: reduced labor intensity and simplified method of forecasting Lucerne seed yielding capacity, increased precision in calculations and reliable forecasting results.

6 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and can be used for the cultivation of alfalfa for seeds when cultivated in irrigated agriculture.

There is a method of cultivating alfalfa under the cover of crops, including spring sowing of alfalfa with continuous ordinary sowing, and a cover crop at the optimum time for it in rows located perpendicular to the rows of alfalfa, in which, in order to increase the yield of alfalfa during all years of cultivation while reducing weediness of crops by weeds, the integumentary culture is sown with double-row tapes located at 45-50 cm from each other with a row spacing of 12-15 cm (SU, copyright certificate No. 1470234 A1, M. class. 4 A 01 G 7/00. Method c cultivation of alfalfa under the cover of crops / V. D. Mikhalchevsky, V. Ya. Tkachenko (USSR) - Application No. 3786101 / 30-63. Declared September 28, 1984. Publish. 07.04.1989. Bull. No. 13).

The disadvantages of the described method in solving our problem - the ability to predict the yield of alfalfa seeds when cultivated in irrigated agriculture - include, despite the presence of a cover crop (spring barley), high weediness of crops and 0.15 m row spacing - plant disease with chicoplasma ( “Witch’s broom”).

There is also a method of growing seed alfalfa, including deep plowing with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and soil herbicides, spring harrowing, sowing crops with the wide-row method and irrigation with the norm set according to the phases of plant development, in which, in order to increase productivity and improve seed quality while saving irrigation water, in the budding phase, an irrigation regime is used with one-time soil moisture up to 90-100% of the lowest moisture capacity to a depth of 1.3-1.5 m with a norm of 1360-1500 m ³ / ha, and after flowering in the soil layer 0 -055 cm, the humidity decreases to 50-55%, and in the layer 51-100 cm - up to 70-75%, in the layer 101-151 cm - up to 75-80% of the lowest moisture capacity (see SU, copyright certificate No. 1753971 A1, IPC ⁵ A 01 B 79/02. Method for growing seed alfalfa / EL Denisov, SB Blasov (USSR) - Application No. 4786691/15. Declared January 29, 1990. Publish. August 25, 1992. Bull. thirty).

The described method does not provide a mathematical apparatus or equations for quantifying the yield of alfalfa seeds in the second and previous years of plant life. Without heat supply and the availability of the necessary mineral nutrition, it is impossible to achieve a guaranteed crop.

A known method for predicting the yield of barley, which consists in determining the average daily temperature in May and depending on the applied doses of fertilizers predict barley yield by mathematical dependence:

Y = 51.41-2.13x + 10.3d,

where Y is the barley yield, kg / ha;

x - average daily air temperature in April-May, ° С;

d - dose of mineral fertilizers from 0 to 1 (0 - without fertilizers, 1 - N120 P120 K60) (RU, patent No. 2158500 C2, IPC ⁷ A 01 C 7/00. Method for predicting barley yield / PG Akupov, M .N. Ponidelchenko, I.N. Sokoreva, N.S. Sokorev (RU.) .- Application No. 98121738/13. Declared November 30, 1998. Publish. November 10, 2000).

The described forecasting method takes into account only two factors in a linear relationship. Using the presented mathematical dependence, even to a first approximation, does not describe the real process of obtaining alfalfa seeds when cultivated under irrigated agriculture.

There is a method of determining the term for sowing legumes on seeds in the mountains, including measuring the sum of temperatures and the amount of precipitation and calculating the hydrothermal coefficient, in which, in order to increase seed productivity, the sum of the temperatures and amount of precipitation is measured when the air is warmed up to + 10 ° С, and the term sowing is set by hydrothermal coefficient in the range from 4 to 8 (RU, patent No. 20144768 C1, M. class ⁵ A 01 C 7/00. A method for determining the timing of sowing legumes on seeds in the mountains / S.A. Bekuzarova, K .Kh. Byasov, B.K. Mamsurov (RU) - Application ka No. 4753139/15. Declared 10/25/1989. Publ. 30.06.1994).

In the conditions of dry agriculture in the South-East of the European part of the Russian Federation, the value of the hydrothermal coefficient varies from 0.4 to 1.3. Thus, according to the described method, it is impossible to establish the timing of sowing seed alfalfa and even more so build on this forecast for the next year.

The essence of the claimed invention.

The task to which the further invention is directed is to reduce the complexity and simplify the method for predicting the yield of alfalfa seeds.

EFFECT: increased accuracy of calculation and reliability of forecasting results.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method for predicting the yield of alfalfa seeds when cultivated in irrigated agriculture, including deep plowing with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and soil herbicides, spring harrowing, sowing the culture with a wide-row method and irrigation into the budding phase with one-time moistening 1.3-1.5 m with a norm of 1360-1500 m ³ / ha, and after flowering in the soil layer of 0-55 cm, moisture decreases to 50-55%, and in the layer of 51-100 cm to 70-75%, in a layer of 101-150 cm - up to 75-80% of the lowest moisture capacity, co asno invention determines the average air temperature in the last decade of April and early May, and the projected yield of seeds in the second year of plant life set by the expression:

Y = k ₁ · x _t + (k ₂ · A + k ₃ · d + k ₄ · P) / G _S ,

where Y is the predicted yield of alfalfa seeds in the second year of plant life, kg / ha;

x _t is the average soil temperature in the last decade of April and the first decade of May, ° С;

A - seeding rate, pieces / ha;

d - the amount of fertilizer NPK, kg AI / ha;

P - irrigation rate for the growing season, m ³ / ha;

k ₁ - coefficient taking into account the varietal qualities of each alfalfa seed in the formation and accumulation of grain mass, kg / (° C · ha);

k ₂ - coefficient taking into account the influence of temperature on the formation of the root system of plants in the first year of life, kg / (units · ha);

k ₃ - coefficient taking into account the reserves of mineral nutrition from the predecessor in the root-inhabited layer, kg / (a.v. kg · ha);

k ₄ - coefficient taking into account the share of natural precipitation in the formation of grain yield, kg / (mm · ha);

G _S - hydraulic coefficient G.T. Selyaninova, according to precipitation and the sum of temperatures above + 10 ° C during the life of plants from the beginning of sowing to the moment of termination of the growing season.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention is as follows.

A method for guaranteed prediction of alfalfa seed yields can be achieved by performing mandatory technical operations aimed at achieving the final technical result - alfalfa seed yields for reproduction of sustainable plant communities as a food base, and their root systems - for a radical change in the nutritional reserves of the roots of the fed layer and restoration soil fertility. The method includes deep plowing with the introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers norms to achieve a given yield. The application of soil herbicides guarantees weed-free crops, and subsequently less clogging of alfalfa seeds from weed impurities. In the early spring period, harrowing is carried out, firstly, for integumentary harrowing across the direction of autumn plowing to level the surface and close moisture and more in a short time to destroy the teeth of medium-sized tooth harrows of cold-resistant weeds, often in two tracks. Sowing alfalfa seeds for seed purposes is carried out in a wide-row way, preferably with a row spacing of 0.7 m, suitable for subsequent mechanized care: loosening the soil between the rows and destroying heat-loving weeds.

Sowing is carried out to establish the reliability of the forecasting results by three seeding rates to obtain the density of grass stand of 40, 80 and 400 thousand plants per 1 ha. Field experiments were carried out by two zoned varieties: Vega - 87 and promising variety Unitro. The climate of the research area is sharply continental. The average annual air temperature is 7.6 ° C, and during the growing season - 16.2 ° C. The sum of the temperatures t ₁₀ ° C - 3300 ... 3500 ° C. The rainfall for the growing season is 176 ... 291 mm. The transition of the average daily air temperature through + 5 ° С is in the first decade of April and the third decade of October. The frost-free period lasts 145 ... 160 days, the arrival of the PAR - about 18 × 10 ⁹ kJ / ha. The soils of the experimental plot are light chestnut, heavy loamy with a humus content of 1.5 to 1.7%. The availability of mobile forms of nitrogen is low, phosphorus - medium, potassium - increased.

Differentiated soil moisture levels (at least 70% of the HB before flowering and 60% NV with phase until flowering of fruit) was maintained irrigation sprinkler DDA - 100 MA calculated rules 650 and 850 ^m3 / ha. Irrigation supports in the budding phase with a one-time moistening of the soil up to 90.0-100% of the lowest moisture capacity to a depth of 1.3-1.5 m with a norm of 1360-1500 m ³ / ha. After flowering, in the soil layer 0-55 cm, the moisture content decreases to 50-55%, in the layer 51-100 cm - up to 70-75%, in the layer 101-150 cm - up to 75-80% of the lowest moisture capacity. The total water consumption of seed alfalfa during the years of research varied from 2.0 ... 2.2 thousand m ³ / ha in dry years to 2.8 ... 3.0 thousand m ³ / ha in wet years. Less moisture is consumed in spring crops. The total water consumption in spring crops was (1.6 ... 1.7) · 10 ³ m ³ / ha and (2.3 ... 2.7) · 10 ³ m ³ / ha in summer crops. The proportion of irrigation water in dry years is 10 ... 13%, and in dry years is 10 ... 13%, and wet years - 45 ... 48%. Summer crops used 28 ... 32% of soil moisture, or 5 ... 10% than spring crops. The water consumption coefficients of the alfalfa of the Unito and Vega varieties - 87 sowing years, were respectively 6.8 ... 10.5 and 5.5 ... 8.5% lower than the spring ones.

Full sprouts of alfalfa sown in the first ten days of May appeared in 16-18 days. Alfalfa cultivation on irrigated lands is difficult due to the high weediness of the fields. In our experiments, the number of weeds and their share in the total biomass of maximum values reached the harvest ripeness phase of alfalfa. The weediness on the sideral background in spring crops was 1.6 ... 3.3 times higher than in the control variant without fertilizers. Alfalfa in the summer sowing season was less clogged compared to spring sowing - 5.4 ... 16.0 versus 6.4 ... 20.5%. In the variants with the placement of 1 m ² 40 plants (0.7 × 0.05 m) of weeds were 1.9-2.6 times less than when placing 4 and 8 plants on 1 m ^{2 in} both spring and summer sowing.

Great damage on alfalfa seed crops to plants is caused by clogging with “Dwarf artisanal”. In the course of research, it was noted that smelling the organic mass of nederats improves the living conditions of plants and their incidence of “Dwarf artisanal" was almost 2 times less than in the control. The thickening of crops (40 plants / m ² ) resulted in the incidence of plants - 12.5 ... 20.0% - in the spring and 6.5 ... 9.5% - in the summer against 9.0 ... 14.0 and 5.5 ... 9.0%, respectively, for variants with 4 and 8 plants / m ² . In the Unitro variety, the plant damage was lower than 5.4 ... 23.3 than in the Vega variety - 87 - 9.0 ... 30.2%.

In all experiment variants and years of research, the promising Unitro cultivar had a clear advantage compared to the zoned cultivar Vega - 87. In control variants with spring sowing, the alfalfa Unitro exceeded the yield of Vega 87 alfalfa by 11.3 ... 15.3% and on fertilized variants (NPK) - by 4.5 ... 15.2%.

In the first year of use, on options with a low standing density (40 and 80 thousand / ha), the seed yield on the crops of the Vega - 87 variety was 0.55-0.59 t / ha, the Unitro variety - 0.57-0.66 t / ha - in the spring and, respectively, 0.71-0.80 and 0.76-0.86 t / ha - in the summer sowing season.

A bioenergy assessment of the studied variants of the technology for cultivating seed alfalfa with a two-year use of crops showed that they are all energy-efficient. Even against the background of natural soil fertility, the efficiency coefficient by variety and density of standing varied within 1.2 ... 1.5. Improving the food regime by applying green fertilizers in the spring sowing was accompanied by an increase in Ke to 2.6 ... 3.5, in summer crops it amounted to 2.9 ... 3.9.

To quantify the predicted yield of alfalfa seeds, determine the average daily temperature of the soil in the last decade of April and the first decade of May and calculate the average value.

The predicted seed yield in the second year of plant life is determined from the expression:

Y = k ₁ · x _t + (k ₂ · A + k ₃ · d + k ₄ · P) / G _S ,

where Y is the predicted yield of alfalfa seeds in the second year of plant life, kg / ha;

x _t is the average soil temperature in the last decade of April - the first decade of May, ° С;

A - seeding rate, pieces / ha;

d - the amount of fertilizers RTOs, kg AI / ha;

P - irrigation rate for the growing season, m ³ / ha;

k ₁ - coefficient taking into account the varietal qualities of each alfalfa seed in the formation and accumulation of grain mass, kg / (° C · ha);

k ₂ - coefficient taking into account the influence of temperature on the formation of the root system of plants in the first year of life, kg / (units · ha);

k ₃ - coefficient taking into account the reserves of mineral nutrition from the predecessor in the root-inhabited layer, kg / (a.v. kg · ha);

k ₄ - coefficient taking into account the share of natural precipitation in the formation of grain yield, kg / (mm · ha);

G _S - hydraulic coefficient T.G. Selyaninova, according to precipitation and the sum of temperatures above + 10 ° C during the life of plants from the beginning of sowing to the moment of termination of the growing season.

We give examples of calculating the predicted yield of alfalfa seeds of the Vega-87 variety in the second, most productive year of life during spring sowing:

1) at a seeding rate of A = 4 · 10 ⁴ units / ha; x _t = 13.5 ° C; d = N ₁₂₀ P ₂₄₀ K ₆₀ kg ai / ha; P = 2200 m ³ / ha; G _S = 1.3; x ₁ = 6.111 kg / (° C · ha); x ₂ = 48.125 · 10 ^-4 kg / (pieces · ha); x ₃ = 0.288 kg / (a.a. ha); x ₄ = 0.07 kg / (mm · ha);

y ₁ = 6.111 · 13.5 + (48.125 · 10 ⁴ + 0.288 · 420 + 0.07 · 2200) · 1.3 = 82.5 + (192.5 + 121 + 154) · 1.3 = 690, 25 kg / ha.

The real productivity of alfalfa seeds of the Vega-87 variety in 2004 was only 580 kg / ha;

2) at a seeding rate of A = 8 · 10 ⁴ units / ha;

y ₂ = 6.111 · 13.5 + (48.125 · 10 ⁴ · 8 · 10 ⁴ + 0.288 · 420 + 0.07 · 2200) · 1.3 = 82.4985 + (385 + 121 + 154) · 1.3 = 940.5 kg / ha.

Actual productivity did not exceed 690 kg / ha.

3) at a seeding rate of A = 40 · 10 ⁴ units / ha:

y ₃ = 6.111 · 13.5 + (48.125 · 10 ⁴ · 40 · 10 ⁴ + 0.288 · 420 + 0.07 · 2200) · 1.3 = 82.5 + (1925 + 121 + 154) · 1.3 = 2942.5 kg / ha.

Due to the plants being affected by “Dwarf bushiness” of alfalfa of the Vega-87 variety, the actual yield did not exceed 1100 kg / ha.

Here are examples of calculating the predicted yield of alfalfa of the promising variety Unitro in the second year of plant life:

1) at a seeding rate of A = 4 · 10 ⁴ units / ha; x ₁ = 13.5 ° C; d = N ₁₂₀ P ₂₄₀ K ₆₀ kg ai / ha; P = 2200 m ³ / ha; G _S = 1.3; x ₁ = 6.111 kg / (° C · ha); x ₂ = 60 · 10 ^-4 kg / (pieces · ha); x ₃ = 0.288 kg / (a.a. ha); x ₄ = 0.07 kg / (mm · ha);

y ₁ = 6.111 · 13.5 + (60 · 10 ⁴ · 4 · 10 ⁴ + 0.288 · 420 + 0.07 · 2200) · 1.3 = 82.5 + (240 + 121 + 154) · 1.3 = 752 kg / ha.

The actual yield of seeds of alfalfa of the variety Unitro in 2004 amounted to 570 kg / ha;

2) at a seed sowing rate of A = 8 · 10 ⁴ units / ha with the same values of the coefficients and under equal conditions with a small-plot experiment, the value of the predicted yield of alfalfa seeds of the Unitro cultivar:

y ₂ = 6.111 · 13.5 + (60 · 10 ⁴ · 8 · 10 ⁴ + 0.288 · 420 + 0.07 · 2200) · 1.3 = 82.5 + (480 + 121 + 154) · 1.3 = 1064 kg / ha.

The established alfalfa yield did not exceed 660 kg / ha due to sparse crops;

3) at a sowing rate of alfalfa seeds A = 40 · 10 ⁴ units / ha under the same equivalent conditions of cultivation and growth, the predicted yield of alfalfa seeds of the Unitro variety can be:

y ₃ = 6.111 · 13.5 + (60 · 10 ⁴ · 40 · 10 ⁴ + 0.288 · 420 + 0.07 · 2200) · 1.3 = 82.5 + (2400 + 121 + 154) · 1.3 = 3560 kg / ha.

Due to illness and agricultural pests actual yield amounted to 1782 kg / ha.

Thus, the above expression quite adequately describes the real process of alfalfa seed formation and their fullness, subject to cultivation cultivation. However, the lack of effective plant protection products and the undetected nature of the plants affected by “Dwarf bushiness” lead to the fact that the data on real yields are 20 ... 40% lower than predicted.

Claims (1)

A method for predicting the yield of alfalfa seeds when cultivated in irrigated agriculture, including deep plowing with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and soil herbicides, spring harrowing, sowing the crop with the wide-row method and irrigation in the budding phase with a one-time moistening of the soil to 90-100% to the lowest moisture level 1.3-1.5 m with a norm of 1360-1500 m ³ / ha, and after flowering in the soil layer 0-55 cm, the moisture content decreases to 50-55%, in the layer 51-100 cm to 70-75%, a layer of 101-150 cm - up to 75-80% of the lowest moisture capacity, characterized in that it determines the average daily temperature of the soil in the last decade of April and the first decade of May, and the predicted seed yield in the second year of plant life is determined from the expression: Y = k ₁ · xt + (k ₂ · A + k ₃ · d + k ₄ · P) / G _s , where Y is the predicted yield of alfalfa seeds in the second year of plant life, kg / ha; xt is the average soil temperature in the last decade of April - the first decade of May, ° С; A - seeding rate, pieces / ha; d - the amount of fertilizer NPK, kg AI / ha; P - irrigation rate for the growing season, m ³ / ha; k ₁ - coefficient taking into account the varietal qualities of each alfalfa seed in the formation and accumulation of grain mass, kg / (° C · ha); k ₂ - coefficient taking into account the influence of temperature on the formation of the root system of plants in the first year of life, kg / (units · ha); k ₃ - coefficient taking into account the reserves of mineral nutrition from the predecessor in the root-inhabited layer, kg / (a.v. kg · ha); k ₄ - coefficient taking into account the share of natural precipitation in the formation of grain yield, kg / (mm · ha); G _s - hydraulic coefficient T.G. Selyaninova, according to precipitation and the sum of temperatures above + 10 ° C during the life of plants from the beginning of sowing to the moment of termination of the growing season.