RU2265978C2 - Method for phytoamelioration of saline soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, phytoameliorating improvement of saline soils.

SUBSTANCE: method involves sowing phytoameliorants, such as salt-resistant plants; collecting-mowing economically valuable part of their biological yield for stipulated operating time of grassy field (fields) of crop rotation; after collecting-mowing and transportation of yield remains, providing combing out of stubble and root remains of phytoameliorants; combing out postharvest phytoameliorant remains by means of paired cultivators, spring or needle type harrows or other tools after preliminary undercutting of roots by means of moldboard-free flat hoes or other tools, for example, plows with detached moldboards.

EFFECT: increased ameliorating efficiency in growing of salt-resistant plants and intensified process of putting saline soils into operation.

2 cl, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to the reclamation improvement of saline soils.

A known method of resettlement of soils, including reclamation treatment, drainage to eliminate sources of waterlogging and salinization (lowering the groundwater level and drainage of alkaline water), irrigation and gypsum / B.S. Maslov, I.V., Minaev, K.V. Huber. Reclamation reference. Rossagropromizdat, M., 1989 /.

The disadvantages of this method are the very high cost and long duration of work on the resettlement of soils, during which these lands are not introduced into agricultural circulation.

A known method of resettlement of soils, based on the extraction of salts harmful to crops from cultivation of salt-tolerant plants - phytomeliorants / V.F.Valkov, 1986 /.

The disadvantage of this method is that after harvesting the phytomeliorant, up to 1/3 of the harmful salts extracted by these plants from different layers remains in the soil and on its surface in the root and stubble (trimmed) residues of the mowed plants, thereby reducing the effect of phytomelioration.

The aim of the present invention is to increase the reclamation effect of growing salt tolerant plants and accelerate the commissioning of reclaimed land.

The goal in the method of phytomelioration of saline soils is achieved by sowing phytomeliorants - salt-tolerant plants, collecting (mowing) an economically valuable part of their biological crop during the specified operational period of the grass (s) crop rotation field (s), and after collecting (mowing) and the removal of crop residues comb out the crop and root residues of phytomeliorants.

It is known that the role of plants in increasing soil fertility is significantly related to how much of the synthesized biological crop after harvesting remains inalienable with mowed plant mass. Part of the plant mass remaining in the field and buried during plowing decomposes and, thereby, enriches the soil with organic substances and improves its structure. So, after harvesting, in the soil layer of 0-40 cm there are leftovers and crop residues of wheat from 38 to 53 kg / ha of air-dry mass, corn - 38-43.2, fodder beets - more than 20, alfalfa - about 140, grain bread and wheat grass - 95-110, Sudanese grass - 39-42 c / ha.

However, upon decomposition of this plant mass, the salts contained in it (especially in the root residues of phytomeliorants) remain in the soil. As a result, the reclamation effect of growing alfalfa, sorghum, wheatgrass, wheatgrass, and other phytomeliorants is reduced. Removing from the field the post-harvest residues of these plants can increase the efficiency of cultivation of phytomeliorants, regardless of the type of soil.

Experiments to study the possibility and determine the effectiveness of such a technological event were carried out in 1997-2001. in the agricultural farm "18 Party Congress" of the Tarumovsky district of the Republic of Dagestan on the meadow-chestnut salt marsh strongly saline soil of the chloride-sulfate type of salinization.

The depth of groundwater is 1.5-3.0 m. Their mineralization is high (20-40 g / l).

The experiments were laid in a rice crop rotation, where the grass fields had two options: 1) control - plowing the field and embedding the post-harvest plant residues in the soil (the technology adopted by farms), 2) combing out the post-harvest and deciduous plant residues and disposing of them outside the field.

To perform work on the experimental version (2), a special technology was used to comb out the post-harvest residues of phytomeliorants: after the last mowing and removal of hay from the field, the soil was loosened to a depth of 20-22 cm with plows with dumps removed, after which the plant residues were combed out from the soil using steam cultivators, needle harrows and harrows with spring working bodies.

The results of using the developed method are shown in the table.

Table Experience Options Soil depth, cm The salt content,% of solids 1997 to bookmark experience 2000 year 2001 year decrease (-), increase (+) % t \ ha 1. Embedding post-harvest residues and roots in the soil
- the control 0-25
25-50
50-75
75-100
0-100 0.234
0.645
0.676
0.980
0.634 0.243
0.614
0.663
0.975
0.625 0.255
0.526
0.651
0.969
0,600 + 0,021
- 0.119
- 0,025
- 0,020
- 0,034 +0.39
-4.31
-0.98
-0.43
-5.30 2.Root combing out, raking post-harvest residues and alienation from the field. 0-25
25-50
50-75
75-100
0-100 0.233
0.642
0.692
0.97
0.636 0.195
0.558
0.675
0.972
0,600 0.188
0.523
0.667
0.969
0.512 - 0,045
- 0.119
- 0,025
- 0.010
- 0.124 - 1.44
- 4.31
- 1.00
- 0.42
- 7.21

From the table it follows that over three years of alfalfa cultivation, the salt content in the meter soil layer decreases by 0.034 absolute percent of their total, i.e. together with phytomass being alienated from the fields, 5.30 tons are carried out from the soil. But their bulk - 75.3% - is carried out from a layer of 25-50 cm, 17.1% - from a layer of 50-75 cm, and only 7.6% - from a layer of 75-100 cm. In a layer of 0-25 cm, where the main mass of alfalfa roots is concentrated (74-77%), the soil does not settle, here their content increases in comparison with the initial amount by 0.021% of the total salt or by 0 , 39 t / ha.

Thus, combing out the roots and stubby remains of alfalfa, while maintaining the general picture of a decrease in salinity in the underlying layers, helps to reduce water-soluble salts in the arable layer from 0.233 to 0.188%, i.e. after three years of application of this technology, a soil layer of 0-25 cm turns from slightly saline to non-saline. Their total amount in the arable layer is reduced by 1.44 t / ha compared to the initial one, and by 1.83 t / ha in comparison with the experimental version, where the stick-root residues were smelled into the soil.

Claims (2)

1. The method of phytomelioration of saline soils, including sowing phytomeliorants - salt-tolerant plants, collection - mowing of an economically valuable part of their biological crop during the stipulated operational period of the grass (s) crop rotation field (s), characterized in that after harvesting - mowing and removal of crop residues - carry out combing of crop and root residues of phytomeliorants. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the combing out of post-harvest residues of phytomeliorants is carried out by steam cultivators, spring, needle harrows or other implements after preliminary pruning of the roots with non-blade flat cutting or other implements, for example, plows with removed dumps.