RU2253641C2 - Method of manufacturing biological stimulator of growth and development of plants from humus-containing substances - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: plant growing.

SUBSTANCE: invention is intended for use in manufacture of plant growth stimulator and liquid complex organomineral fertilizers from humus-containing substrates comprising living soil microorganisms, in particular from vermicompost (biohumus), zoocompost, other composts, brown coal, peat, and sapropel. Method comprises preliminarily watering of humus-containing substances and subsequent alkali extraction, separation of alkaline extract, and neutralization thereof. According to invention, after preliminary watering of humus-containing substances and stirring, material is subjected to microbiological fermentation for 3-24 h at 20-35°C and continuous aeration increasing biomass of soil microorganisms. Thereafter, suspension is settled to give enriched aqueous extract. Extract is separated from humus-containing substance and added to neutralized alkali extract of humus-containing precipitate. Alkali extraction is effected with 0.02-0.23 N alkali solution at 60-100°C and separated alkali extract is then neutralized to pH 8.0-9.5. Resulting enriched aqueous extract is stirred and settled to produce desired liquid product.

EFFECT: improved quality of product due to increased amount of humin substances, increased proportion of low-molecular fraction thereof, and enlarged biomass of useful soil microorganisms.

6 cl, 2 tbl, 13 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used to obtain growth biostimulants - liquid complex organic and organomineral fertilizers from humic substances containing useful soil microorganisms, namely from vermicompost (biohumus), zoocompost and compost.

It is well known that biostimulants of plant growth and development are water-soluble salts of natural humic compounds: humic acids and fulvic acids - humates and fulvates of Na, K or NH ₄ even in low concentrations (0.001-0.0001%). Scientific studies have shown that the lower the molecular weights of humic substances, the more effective they are in the growth and development of plants [1]. Humic substances are widespread in nature and are formed as a result of the natural destruction of organic substances. Humic substances have a wide range of physiological activity on living organisms. Currently, they are widely used as organic fertilizers and soil conditioners, plant and animal growth stimulants, as well as feed additives.

Brown coals, shales, peat and sapropels are most rich in them. Recently, as a renewable raw material for the production of humic preparations, such natural highly humified organic fertilizers and soil improvers as vermicomposts (biohumus), composts and zoocomposts (bio-preserved) obtained by large-scale bioconversion of organic waste through the use of rain (compost) worms, microorganisms, and microorganisms have been used synanthropic flies, respectively. The resulting high-quality organic fertilizers, in addition to humic substances, contain a number of microorganisms useful for soil and plants, as well as a complex of biologically active substances: phytohormones, peptides. amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, macro- and microelements, natural fungicidal and bactericidal compounds.

A known method of obtaining a liquid preparation from vermicompost by soaking it in water and subsequent separation of the liquid fraction [2]. This method allows to obtain a preparation of liquid biohumus containing water-soluble substances (micro and macro nutrients and some physiologically active substances), as well as a community of beneficial soil microorganisms, which, when introduced into the soil, multiply and contribute to the enrichment of the soil with substances necessary for plant growth and development. This drug is an effective way to increase plant productivity.

The disadvantage of this method of obtaining a preparation of liquid biohumus is that physiologically active substances are in very low concentrations in the finished product and, as a result, the operational characteristics of this liquid fertilizer during large-scale use, transportation and storage are unsatisfactory.

A known method for producing complex fertilizers, including diluting vermicompost with water, microbiological fermentation of the resulting aqueous suspension with stirring, and subsequent separation of the liquid fraction by filtration at 25-30 ° C and with continuous enrichment of the aqueous suspension with oxygen for 150-170 hours. At the final stage of obtaining the final target product, the filtered liquid fraction is dehydrated under reduced pressure and a temperature of 30-35 ° C. The final product has improved performance characteristics and contains higher concentrations of plant growth regulators of physiologically active metabolites produced by aerobic soil microorganisms [3].

The disadvantage of this method of producing complex fertilizer is that with this method, a small amount of water-soluble compounds (not more than 3-5%) passes into the aqueous phase in the solid fraction of vermicompost, and most of the humic substances contained in the vermicompost itself remain in the water-insoluble sediment and removed by sedimentation and filtration of an aqueous suspension.

Closest to the proposed method is a known method for producing a liquid biostimulator of the growth and development of plants from humus-containing substances [4]. This method consists in obtaining a bacterial suspension (aqueous extract from humus-containing substances: vermicomposts, composts, zoogumus, which contains water-soluble compounds and soil microorganisms), and after separating the aqueous extract, a water-insoluble fraction of humic substances, in particular vermicompost, is subjected to alkaline extraction at a temperature of 20-50 ° C. After neutralization with nitric acid, the alkaline extract is combined with a bacterial suspension (aqueous extract) to obtain the final target product.

The disadvantages of this method of obtaining a liquid biostimulator of plant growth are:

- low content of humates and fulvates (a total of about 0.25% by dry weight) in the final target product;

- insufficient amount of biomass of useful soil microorganisms.

In this case, a single dose when processing, for example, the leaf surface of various crops is 10-15 l / ha.

The invention is aimed at improving the quality of the target product by increasing the amount of humic substances, increasing the proportion of low molecular fractions of humic substances, as well as increasing the biomass of useful soil microorganisms, which in turn increases the agrochemical efficiency of its use.

The solution to this problem is achieved by that. that in the proposed method, in which a biostimulator of the growth and development of plants from humic substances is obtained by pre-soaking them in water and mixing followed by alkaline extraction, separating the alkaline extract and neutralizing it, in contrast to the prototype, after preliminary soaking the humic substances in water and mixing carry out microbiological fermentation with increasing biomass of soil microorganisms at a temperature of 20-35 ° C for 3-24 hours with continuous aeration, and ATEM defend. while obtaining an enriched aqueous extract, it is separated from the precipitate of a humus-containing substance, and added to a neutralized alkaline extract obtained from a humus-containing precipitate or finely ground brown coal or low-lying peat or sapropel or a mixture thereof, while alkaline extraction is carried out 0.02-0, 3 n. an alkali solution at 60-100 ° C, and then, after separation of the alkaline extract, it is neutralized to a pH value of 8.0-9.5, after which the obtained enriched aqueous extract is added, mixed, and defended, obtaining the target liquid product.

Perhaps the extraction of 0.1-0.3 N. potassium hydroxide solution, or sodium hydroxide solution or alkaline ammonia solution.

As humus-containing substances, vermicompost and / or compost and / or zoogumus and / or a mixture thereof are used. When using vermicompost, compost and zoogumus mixtures as humus-containing substances, they are taken in the following corresponding weight ratio of 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8.

It is possible to add lowland peat or brown coal or sapropel or a mixture thereof to the humus-containing precipitate in the following weight ratio of the precipitate to one of these components or to their mixture, respectively 0.1-0.9: 0.1-0.9, and extraction of 0.02-0.3 N. potassium hydroxide solution, or sodium hydroxide solution or alkaline ammonia solution. When using the mixture, a mixture of lowland peat, brown coal and sapropel is taken with the following weight ratio of these components equal to 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8, respectively.

The neutralization is carried out using various organic or inorganic acids, preferably nitric acid.

When using the proposed method for producing a biostimulator of the growth and development of plants from humus-containing substances but compared with the prototype:

- the content of humic substances increases by 8–20 times due to a 2-fold decrease in the amount of alkaline reagent used in the extraction (caustic potassium solution or caustic sodium solution, or alkaline ammonia solution), and also due to a 2-fold reduction in the volume of water used in washing the precipitate remaining after pumping the alkaline extract into the storage tank, and eliminating the second stage of washing the precipitate with water;

- the content of low molecular fractions of humic substances increases after alkaline mining by 2-3 times due to alkaline extraction at higher temperatures from 60 to 100 ° C, at which not only more complete extraction of biopolymers of humic substances from the solid fraction of humus-containing substrates occurs, but also their fragmentation, that is, the initial polymers of humic substances are split into structural fragments and components, which leads to an increase in the proportion of molecules having lower molecular weights;

- the content of soil microorganisms increases by 10-30 times due to aeration of an aqueous suspension of humus-containing substances.

All this, in turn, increases the agrochemical efficiency of its use, while a single dose when processing the final product, for example, the leaf surface of various crops is reduced from 10-15 l / ha (prototype) to 1.0-3.0 l / ha.

The claimed invention is illustrated by examples.

Example 1. To obtain the inventive biostimulator of plant growth and development, 20 kg of a humus-containing substrate (vermicompost) with a moisture content of 60-80% is loaded into the fermenter, 60 l of tap water heated to 30-35 ° C are added, the suspension is homogenized (stirred) with a stirrer for 3-5 minutes, and then the suspension is fermented for 3 hours depending on the temperature and type of the humus-containing substrate at a temperature of 20 ° C with continuous aeration (supply of air oxygen to the fermenter). After fermentation, the suspension is left to stand for 30-60 minutes and the resulting enriched aqueous extract (suspension containing water-soluble compounds and soil microorganisms) is poured into a separate container. To the precipitate add 100 l of 0.02 N. potassium hydroxide solution at a temperature of 60 ° C, the mixture is stirred and defended for 30-60 minutes, the alkaline extract (alkaline humic extract) is drained (pumped) into the storage tank. 100 l of water with a temperature of 80 ° C is again added to the remaining alkaline precipitate. mix and stand for 30-60 minutes, and the supernatant is drained (pumped) into the storage tank. After cooling, the total alkaline extract is neutralized with a solution of nitric acid to a pH of 8.0. Then, enriched aqueous extract merged into a separate container is added to this combined alkaline extract, mixed, settled and the resulting target product is poured into a container.

The following materials can be used as humus-containing substances to obtain a biostimulator of plant growth and development: vermicomposts, composts, and zoogumus or their mixtures. A mixture of vermicompost, compost and zoogumus is used in the following weight ratio of these components, respectively 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8. You can use a mixture of two components: vermicompost and compost or vermicompost and zoogumus or zoogumus and compost with a weight ratio of components in each of these mixtures equal to 0.1-0.9: 0.1-0.9.

The neutralization is carried out using various organic or inorganic acids, preferably nitric acid.

Example 2. The same as in example 1, but only (fermentation and aeration is carried out at a temperature of 28 ° C for 13 hours, and instead of a 0.02 N potassium hydroxide solution, 100 l of 0.3 N is added to the precipitate of soaked raw materials. A solution of sodium hydroxide at a temperature of 80 ° C. The mixture is stirred for 3-5 minutes, settled for 30-60 minutes, obtaining an alkaline extract, which is neutralized with a solution of nitric acid to a pH of 8.5.

For alkaline extraction, not only caustic potassium or caustic sodium can be used, but also caustic lithium or alkaline ammonia solution.

Example 3. The same as in example 1, but to the humus-containing precipitate from which the alkaline extract is obtained, finely ground (up to 100 μm) brown coal is added at the following weight ratios of these components equal to 0.1-0.9, respectively: 0.9-0.1, which allows to obtain the target product more concentrated in terms of humic substances and the process is carried out with technological parameters. indicated in the attached table 1.

Example 4. The same as in example 1, but to the humus-containing sludge from which the alkaline extract is obtained, lowland peat is added at the following weight ratio of these components, respectively 0.1-0.9: 0.1-0.9 , which allows to obtain the target product more concentrated in terms of humic substances and the process is carried out with the technological parameters indicated in the attached table 1.

Example 5. The same as in example 1, but to the humus-containing sludge from which the alkaline extract is obtained, lake sapropel is added at the following weight ratio of these components, respectively 0.1-0.9: 0.1-0.9 that allows you to get a more concentrated but humic substances of the target product and the process is carried out with the technological parameters specified in the attached table 1.

Example 6. The same as in example 1. but only an alkaline humic extract is obtained not from the above humus-containing substrates, but from finely ground brown coal and the process is carried out with the technological parameters indicated in the attached table 1.

Example 7. The same as in example 1, but only the enriched aqueous extract is obtained from compost, and the alkaline humic extract is obtained from lowland peat and the process is carried out with the technological parameters indicated in the attached table 1.

Example 8. The same as in example 6, but only the enriched aqueous extract is obtained from zoogumus, and the alkaline humic extract is obtained from sapropel and the process is carried out with the technological parameters indicated in the attached table 1.

Example 9. The same as in example 1, but to obtain an alkaline humic extract using a mixture of brown coal, peat and sapropel in the following weight ratio of these components, respectively 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8 : 0.1-0.8, and the process is carried out with technological parameters specified in the attached table 1.

Example 10. The same as in example 1, but only the enriched aqueous extract is obtained from compost and a mixture of vermicompost, compost and zoogumus with the corresponding weight ratio equal to (0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0-8), and an alkaline humic extract is obtained from a humus-containing precipitate, to which finely ground (up to 100 μm) brown coal is added and the process is carried out with the technological parameters indicated in the attached table 1

Example 11. The same as in example 1, but only the enriched aqueous extract is obtained from zoogumus, and the alkaline humic extract is obtained from a humus-containing precipitate, to which is added a mixture of additives consisting of lowland peat, brown coal and sapropel at an appropriate weight ratio, equal to (0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8) and the ratio of mixture to sediment equal to 1: 1, and the process is carried out with the technological parameters specified in the attached table 1.

Example 12. The same as in example 1, but only the enriched aqueous extract is obtained from a mixture of vermicompost and compost or vermicompost and zoogumus or compost and zoogumus with the corresponding weight ratio equal to (0.1-0.9: 0.1- 0.9: 0.1-0.9), and an alkaline humic extract is obtained from a mixture of low peat, a brown coal and sapropel with an appropriate weight ratio equal to (0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8), and the process is carried out at the technological parameters indicated in the attached table 1.

Example 13. The same as in example 12, only enriched aqueous extract is obtained from a mixture of vermicompost, compost and zoogumus with the corresponding weight ratio equal to (0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8: 0, 1-0.8), and the process is carried out at the technological parameters indicated in the attached table 1.

In examples where mixtures of humic substances are used to obtain an enriched aqueous extract (see examples 10, 12, 13), or a mixture of additives to sediment (see example 11), or a mixture of substances that increase the concentration of humic substances (see examples 9, 12, 13), the corresponding weight ratios of these components in these mixtures are indicated, indicating the intervals of possible values. To give examples for several values indicated in these intervals does not make sense, since the results are very close.

All technological parameters of the implementation of the proposed method using the boundary and average of the claimed values according to examples 1-13 are shown in the attached table 1.

In the attached table 2 shows the results of a study of a biostimulator of the growth and development of plants from humus-containing substances obtained by the claimed method, compared with the prototype.

Similarly, other experiments were carried out to implement the invention with technological parameters in the intervals of the claimed values, including boundary values (fermentation temperature during aeration of 20-35 ° C and its implementation time of 3-24 hours, alkali concentration 0, 02-0.3 N. and the temperature of the reaction mixture 60-100 ° C, neutralization to a pH of 8.0-9.5), at which the results shown in table 2 were confirmed.

When implementing the proposed method with technological parameters that go beyond the boundary values, the following was established:

- when fermentation is carried out with continuous aeration at a temperature below 20 ° C, the fermentation process becomes longer (more than 24 hours), and at a temperature above 35 ° C, the growth of some microorganisms is suppressed;

- during continuous aeration of less than 3 hours, the biomass of microorganisms does not have time to increase, and during aeration of more than 24 hours, the growth of microorganisms will slow down due to depletion of nutrients;

- when carrying out alkaline extraction at a temperature below 60 ° C, significantly less extraction of humic substances occurs, and at a temperature above 100 ° C the process can only be carried out with an increase in pressure in a sealed reactor;

- when the concentration of alkaline solution is less than 0.02 N. the extractability of humic substances decreases sharply, and at a concentration above 0.3 n. an alkaline reagent is overused and it becomes more difficult to separate the aqueous phase;

- when neutralizing the alkaline extract to a pH below 8.0, the final product will be poorly stored due to the fermentation of microorganisms, and at a pH above 9.5, the inactivation of microorganisms will occur in the final product.

Thus, from the analysis of the attached tables 1 and 2 it is seen that when using the inventive method of obtaining a biostimulant for the growth and development of plants from humus-containing substances in it compared to the prototype:

- the content of humic substances increases by 8–20 times due to a 2-fold decrease in the amount of alkaline reagent used in the extraction (caustic potassium solution or caustic sodium solution, or caustic lithium, or alkaline ammonia solution), and also due to a 2-fold decrease in volume water used in washing the precipitate remaining after pumping the alkaline extract into the storage tank, and eliminating the second stage of washing the precipitate with water;

- the content of low molecular fractions of humic substances increases after alkaline mining by 2-3 times due to alkaline extraction at higher temperatures from 60 to 100 ° C. in which there is not only a more complete extraction of biopolymers of humic substances from the solid fraction of humus-containing substrates, but also their fragmentation, that is, the initial polymers of humic substances are split into structural fragments and components, which leads to an increase in the proportion of molecules having lower molecular weights;

- the content of soil microorganisms increases by 10-30 times due to aeration of an aqueous suspension of humus-containing substances.

In addition, the proposed method allows not only to increase the biomass of useful soil microorganisms, but also to extract almost all the components of humus-containing substrates in a water-soluble and physiologically active state: humic acids, fulvic acids, vitamins, amino acids, plant growth and growth regulators, bactericidal and fungicidal substances, micro- and macrocells in a bioavailable state for plants.

All this, in turn, increases the agrochemical efficiency of its use, while a single dose when processing, for example, the leaf surface of various crops is reduced from a dose of 10-15 l / ha (prototype), to 1.0-3, 0 l / ha.

Liquid preparations obtained by the present method from the above substrates are dark brown liquids. The content of humic substances in the final products may be at the request of the manufacturer from 2 to 5%. The biomass content of microorganisms can vary from 10 to 30 μg / ml of the drug.

The proposed method of obtaining a biostimulator of plant growth is simple in terms of hardware design and can be implemented in an industrial environment. Moreover, the method provides, in comparison with the prototype, a liquid preparation of a stably higher quality and with a higher biomass content of soil microorganisms, as well as physiologically active substances, water-soluble salts of humic acids and fulvic acids, which, ultimately, leads to its higher agrochemical efficiency.

The use of these drugs in agricultural practice is environmentally safe for both humans, animals and soil microflora. They have the following properties: increase seed germination and germination energy; stimulate root formation; contribute to the rapid rooting of cuttings: stimulate the growth and development of plants; increase crop yields; increase the resistance of plants to adverse environmental influences during sheet spraying; improve soil structure during irrigation; reduce the amount of nitrates in plants; increase the content of proteins, sugars, vitamins in fruits and vegetables; eliminate chlorosis; stimulate flowering and fruiting; increase plant resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases; increase the quality of the crop and extend the shelf life.

Sources of information

1. Popov A.I. On the mechanism of the influence of humic substances on the production process of plants. "Humus and soil formation." Sat scientific Proceedings of St. Petersburg. Gos. Agrarian University, 2000. - No. 2.- S.13-14.

2. N. Gorodny. Bioconversion of organic waste and the use of vermicompost in agriculture. International Agricultural Journal. 1991, N 5, pp. 98-99.

3. Patent of Russia RU N 2107054, С 05 F 11/00, 17/00, 1997.

4. Patent of Russia RU N 2112763, С 05 F 3/00, 11/02, 1998.

Claims (5)

1. A method of obtaining a biostimulator of the growth and development of plants from humus-containing substances by pre-soaking them in water and mixing followed by alkaline extraction, separating the alkaline extract and neutralizing it, characterized in that after preliminary soaking the humic-containing substances in water and mixing, microbiological fermentation is carried out with an increase biomass of soil microorganisms at a temperature of 20-35 ° C for 3-24 hours with continuous aeration, and then defend, thus obtaining m enriched aqueous extract, it is separated from the precipitate of a humus-containing substance and added to a neutralized alkaline extract obtained from a humus-containing precipitate, while alkaline extraction is carried out 0.02-0.3 N. an alkali solution at 60-100 ° C, and then after separation of the alkaline extract, it is neutralized to a pH of 8.0-9.5, after which the obtained enriched aqueous extract is added, mixed, and defended, obtaining a liquid target product. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the extraction is carried out 0.02-0.3 N. potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution or alkaline ammonia solution. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that vermicompost and / or compost and / or zoogumus and / or a mixture thereof are used as humus-containing substances. 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that as a humus-containing substance, a mixture of vermicompost, compost and zoogumus is used in the following weight ratio of these components, respectively, 0.1-0.8: 0.1-0.8: 0.1- 0.8. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the neutralization is carried out using various organic or inorganic acids, preferably nitric acid.