RU2111607C1 - High-voltage pulse generator (options) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electric physics; generating heavy-current pulses of electron beams. SUBSTANCE: pulse generator of first option has first pulse transformer, switching member, first storage capacitor, second storage capacitor, load, three-electrode controlled TR tube, high-voltage power take-off unit incorporating first winding, third capacitor, second and third windings, diode, additional switching member, second pulse transformer, and fourth capacitor. High-voltage pulse generator of second option also has coaxial shaping line and incorporates specific design features. EFFECT: improved reliability in operation due to increasing output pulse amplitude and improved efficiency. 7 cl, 4 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the field of obtaining high-power high-voltage short voltage pulses of a predominantly nanosecond range and can be used in electrophysical equipment, in particular, in the technique of forming high-current pulsed electron beams.

 The invention has two versions.

 A known high-voltage pulse generator containing a first pulse transformer, parallel to the primary winding of which is connected in series to the first switching element, the first storage capacitor, the contacts of which are the input of the generator, parallel to the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer, are connected in series to the nonlinear inductance and the second storage capacitor, in parallel through which the working electrodes of a three-electrode controllable spark gap to the primary winding of the second pulse transformer, the control electrode of the three-electrode spark gap is connected to the connection point between the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer and non-linear inductance, the secondary winding of the second pulse transformer with the third storage high-voltage capacitor connected in parallel to it is the output of the generator (K.A. Zheltov and etc., "High-voltage pulse generator", ed. St. USSR N 356761, H 03 K 3/53, BI N 29 for 1972).

 The well-known pulse generator relates to devices for generating high-voltage pulses with self-controlled forced start of the arrester that controls the discharge of the storage capacitance (in this case, the second storage capacitor). The disadvantage of the analogue is its complexity due to the use of two pulse transformers and three storage capacitors. The inclusion of a controlled arrester in the primary circuit of the second pulse transformer does not allow the use of this arrester as a sharpener of the generator output pulses. This leads to an increased duration of the fronts of the output pulses of the generator, which limits its use, for example, in installations with high requirements for the squareness of the output pulse.

Closest to the invention in the first embodiment is a high-voltage pulse generator (Vasiliev V.V. et al. Launcher of a multi-channel arrester, "Instruments and experimental equipment", 1988, N 6, pp. 99-102 Fig. 1), containing a pulse a transformer (Tr), parallel to the primary winding of which are connected in series connected switching element (D ₁ ) and the first storage capacitor (C _n ), the contacts of which are the input of the generator. In series with the secondary winding of the pulse transformer (Tr), a second storage capacitor charged through this winding (forming line capacitance C _{f l} ) and a generator load (Z _n ) and a generator load (Z _n ) are _connected . The output circuit of the prototype generator, providing the formation of the output pulse by discharging the capacitance (C _{f l} ) to the load (Z _n ), is shown in Fig. 1 prototype circuit diagram of the capacitance (C _{f l} ) with a load (Z _n ) and working electrodes of controlled arresters (MR). Arrears (MR) are triggered by an arrester (OL), the control electrode of which is connected to the output circuit of the high voltage power take-off unit for controlling the arrester, made in the form of a three-winding inductor (Д _p ) with inductively coupled first, second and third windings. The second inductor winding (W ₁ ) is connected in series with the secondary winding of the pulse transformer (T _p ), the first winding (W ₂ ) is inductively connected to the secondary winding of the pulse transformer through communication with the second winding (W ₁ ), the third winding (W _e ) is connected parallel to the diode (D _e ), and the third capacitor (C _p ) and the first winding (W ₂ ) connected in series are the output circuit of the power take-off unit. The control electrode of each of the three-electrode arresters (OL and MR) in the prototype is built into the low-potential working electrode of the corresponding arrester connected to the generator housing.

It should be noted that in the prototype of the first embodiment of the invention, the essential features of the invention include, in particular, the implementation of the power take-off unit and the type of its connection with the secondary winding of the pulse transformer and the control electrode of the spark gap of the PR (Fig. 1 of this article). In this case, the implementation of the prototype generator output circuit, which, as mentioned above, is a type of connection of the second storage capacitor (C _{f l} ) with the load (Z _n ) and the working electrodes of a controlled arrester or dischargers (PR, MR) is not an essential sign . This output circuit can be performed as indicated in the prototype, but can be performed with only one controlled arrester (for example, with the arrester, top in Fig. 1 of the prototype, MP, while the capacitor C _{p is} connected directly to the control electrode of this arrester MP )

The connection of the second storage capacitor (C _{f l} ) with the load (Z _n ) and a controlled arrester (MP) can also be implemented not as in the prototype (serial connection C _{f l} and Z _n ), but in such a known manner as , for example, in the aforementioned analog generator, if in this case the primary winding of the second pulse transformer is considered as the generator load (parallel connection C _{f l} and Z _n through the working electrodes of the controllable spark gap).

The prototype generator of the first embodiment of the invention, like an analogue, is a device for generating high-voltage pulses with self-controlled forced start of a spark gap (PR), which sets the moment of the beginning of the discharge of the second storage capacitor. As a power take-off unit for controlling the spark gap, a three-winding inductor (D _r ) is used, which is introduced into the saturation state by short-circuiting the third winding (W _e ) of the inductor through the diode D _e during the corresponding period of time. This causes an increase in energy consumption for saturation of the inductor and a corresponding decrease in the efficiency of the generator.

In addition, in the prototype, the control electrode of the spark gap (OL) through the capacitor C _p and the first winding (W ₂ ) is connected to the generator housing. This does not allow the control electrode of the arrester to be integrated into the high-potential working electrode of the controlled arrester with an increased maximum charge voltage of the second storage capacitor (C _ph ), in particular, at voltages of the order of several hundred kV, due to the occurrence of a breakdown between the high-potential electrode of the arrester and the housing along the control electrode circuit. This circumstance limits the possibility of improving the parameters of the generator in terms of increasing the steepness of the front of the output pulse of the generator.

Finally, a feature of the electrical circuit of the high voltage power take-off unit for controlling the arrester in the prototype of the first embodiment of the invention is the operation of the arrester some time after reaching the voltage U _{f l} on the second storage capacitor (C _{f l} ) maximum voltage U _о (time between moments t ₂ and t ₅ in Fig. 2 of the prototype). This increases the exposure time of high voltage to the insulation of high-voltage elements of the generator and when working at high voltages close to the maximum permissible for insulation, it unacceptably increases the probability of breakdown. That is, the generator has reduced reliability at high voltages or requires a limitation on the magnitude of the high output voltage. There is no possibility of realizing work at high voltages close to the maximum permissible for insulation.

 The objective of the invention in the first embodiment is to improve the operational properties of the generator by increasing the amplitude of the output pulses and the efficiency of the generator while increasing the reliability of its operation.

 To solve this problem, a high-voltage pulse generator containing a first pulse transformer, parallel to the primary winding of which includes a series-connected switching element and a first storage capacitor, whose contacts are the input of the generator, includes a second storage capacitor charged through this winding, the generator load and a three-electrode controlled spark gap, through the working electrodes of which the discharge of the second storage ohm capacitor to the load, the control electrode of the arrester connected to the output of the high voltage power take-off unit including the first winding, the third capacitor inductively coupled to the second and third windings and the diode connected in series with the third winding, an additional switching element, a second pulse transformer are introduced and a fourth capacitor, wherein the first winding is made inductively coupled directly to the primary winding of the first pulse transformer, the core The second and third windings are interconnected, saturable, parallel to the first winding, the fourth capacitor and the second winding are connected in series, the fourth capacitor and the second winding are connected in series, the additional switching element and the primary winding of the second pulse transformer are connected in series, the free ends of the third winding are connected in series and the diode are connected to the control input of an additional switching element a, and in parallel with the secondary winding of the second pulse transformer, the third capacitor is turned on and the points of their connection are the output of the high voltage power take-off unit.

 In addition, the control electrode of the spark gap of the generator is built into the high potential electrode of this spark gap.

 Further, an inductance is introduced into the generator, in particular, a variable connected in series in the circuit of the first winding.

 Finally, a two-electrode spark gap is inserted into the generator, connected between the output terminal of the high-voltage power take-off unit and the control electrode of the three-electrode gap.

 The implementation of the high voltage power take-off unit in the first embodiment of the invention in the proposed form ensures that the arrester operates at a point in time selected by the circuit designer either immediately before reaching the maximum voltage at the second storage capacitor, or immediately after or in between the indicated time points by setting the required circuit time constant charge of the fourth capacitor. This is a new technical result of the proposed technical solution and indicates compliance with the criterion of inventive step.

 As a result of reducing the time of exposure to high voltage on the insulation of the generator, it increases the reliability of its operation and ensures the implementation of the highest possible output voltage for the type of insulation used, that is, the amplitude of the output voltage increases with increasing reliability of the generator. The proposed high-voltage power take-off unit consumes less energy than that used in the prototype, which increases the generator efficiency.

 In addition, the placement of the control electrode of the spark gap of the generator in the high potential electrode of this spark gap provides forcing the sparking process and, accordingly, reducing the duration of the front of the output pulse.

 Further, the introduction of an inductance into the generator, in particular, a variable connected in series in the circuit of the first winding, makes it possible to adjust the necessary instantaneous time of the spark gap operation during the generator tuning process.

 Finally, the introduction into the generator of a two-electrode spark gap connected between the output terminal of the high-voltage power take-off unit and the control electrode of a three-electrode spark gap leads to a decrease in the duration of the pulse front that triggers the controlled spark gap, to accelerate its start, and to a corresponding decrease in the front of the generator output pulse.

 An analogue of the second embodiment of the invention is a high-voltage pulse generator, implemented in a high-current nanosecond electron accelerator, containing a pulsed transformer with an open magnetic circuit, integrated in a coaxial forming line, the external part of the magnetic circuit being placed on the external conductor forming a line, which is the body of the generator (accelerator), and the internal combined with the inner conductor of the forming line, the primary winding of the transformer is located near the external wire the nickel of the forming line and is connected to it by one end, parallel to the primary winding of the transformer are connected series-connected switching element and the first storage capacitor, the contacts of which are the input of the generator, the secondary winding of the pulse transformer is placed between the outer and inner conductors of the forming line and is connected at one end to the inner, other - with external conductors of the forming line, performing the role of the second storage capacity of the generator, the external conductor of the forming inii is a two-electrode surge arrester working electrode, another working electrode which is an output terminal of the generator and is connected in this case to a cathode of the accelerator, which is the load generator (Elchaninov AS, zagul F.Ya. and others, High-current nanosecond electron accelerators with a high pulse repetition rate, "Questions of atomic science and technology. Electrophysical apparatus", 1987, N 23, p. 33-36, fig. 1 and 2).

 A generator similar to the aforementioned is also known, in which the role of the outer conductor of the forming line is played by extended conductive elements fixed in the housing, in particular, of wire, and the outer part of the magnetic circuit is placed on the housing near the outer conductor of the line (Zagulov F.Ya. and Bainov V.D. , Switching power supply, description of the invention to the patent of the Russian Federation N 2022457, H 03 K 3/53, BI N 20, 1994).

 These known pulse generators relate to devices for generating high-voltage pulses with an uncontrolled two-electrode spark gap, self-operating when a certain value of the voltage value on its electrodes is reached. The disadvantage of such generators is the inability to control the moment of operation of the arrester during its operation, since this moment is determined by the unregulated characteristics of the arrester. Self-operating arresters have an increased uncertainty in the response time, which leads to frequency fluctuations and instability of the amplitude of the output pulse of the generator. Moreover, the instability of the moment of operation of the spark gap increases with increasing frequency of the pulse repetition of the generator, which imposes a limitation on the frequency of the generator. When implementing a generator with an output voltage close to the maximum allowable for the insulation used, the delay in the operation of the arrester unacceptably increases the likelihood of breakdown of the insulation and leads to the failure of the generator.

Closest to the invention in the second embodiment is a high-voltage pulse generator described in three hierarchically interconnected sources:
1) Bykov N.M. et al., High-current nanosecond electron accelerator with a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz, "VIII All-symp. symp. on high-current electronics", proc. Dokl., Sverdlovsk, 1990, part 3, pp. 65-67;
2) Zagulov F.Ya. and others. Pulse high-current nanosecond electron accelerator with a response frequency of up to 100 Hz, "Instruments and experimental equipment", 1976, N 5, p. 18-20;
3) Bykov N.M. et al. High-current controlled arrester with a response frequency of 100 Hz, "Instruments and experimental equipment", 1988, N 6, p. 96-99.

 Article 1) is the main and sufficient reference to the prototype and contains a comprehensive description of the high-voltage pulse generator used in the electron accelerator, which has a capacitive storage in the form of a coaxial forming line charged by a Tesla transformer with an open magnetic core, built into the insulation gap of the line; switching of the charge circuit and the discharge of the capacitance of the forming line is carried out by a controlled three-electrode gas spark gap with trigatron triggering.

 The source 1) contains references to additional sources 2) and 3). The source 2) describes in detail the design of the generator with a switching circuit. The source 3) describes the design and trigatron triggering of a three-electrode gas spark gap, on the control electrode of which, placed in a working electrode with zero potential, a trigger voltage pulse of positive polarity is supplied.

 The high voltage pulse generator, a prototype for the second embodiment of the invention, comprises a first pulse transformer (Tesla transformer) with an open magnetic circuit integrated in a coaxial forming line, the external part of the magnetic circuit being located near or directly on the external conductor of the forming line, and the internal one is aligned with the internal conductor of the forming lines, the primary winding of the transformer is located near the outer conductor of the forming line and is connected to it by one end, parallel The primary winding of the transformer includes serially connected switching element and the first storage capacitor, the contacts of which are the input of the generator, the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer is located between the external and internal conductors of the forming line and is connected at one end to the internal, the other to the external conductors of the forming line, the capacitance between the conductors of the forming line plays the role of the second storage capacitor, the inner conductor of the forming line is a high-potential working electrode of a controlled three-electrode spark gap, to which a high negative voltage is directly applied from the capacitance of the forming line, another working electrode of the spark gap (electrode with zero potential) is the output contact of the generator, the control electrode of this spark gap is placed in the electrode with zero potential and connected to the supply circuit to arrester of a triggering pulse of positive polarity.

 A feature of the generator, the prototype of the second embodiment of the invention, is that the circuit for supplying a triggering pulse to a controlled arrester is not synchronized with the charge circuit of the second storage capacitor, the capacitance of the forming line. This makes it difficult to ensure the required correspondence between the moment of reaching the maximum voltage value on the second storage capacitor and the moment the arrester starts, and causes instability of the arrester operating moment, especially during generator operation. As a result, the generator in question has the following disadvantages.

 The change in the prototype generator of the second embodiment of the invention of the spark arrester response time in the case when this moment of time occurs during the charging of the second storage capacitor (capacity of the forming line) leads to a corresponding change in the amplitude of the output pulse of the generator.

 The operation of the arrester some time after the voltage at the second storage capacitor reaches the maximum voltage (i.e., at the end of the charge of the capacitance of the forming line) increases the time the high voltage acts on the insulation of the high-voltage generator elements and when operating at high voltages close to the maximum permissible for isolation, leads to a breakdown of insulation, the failure of the generator. Those. the generator has reduced reliability at high voltages or requires a limitation on the magnitude of the high output voltage. There is no possibility of implementing reliable operation at high voltages, close to the maximum permissible for insulation.

 These circumstances cause the instability of the amplitude of the pulses and the inability to implement in the prototype the maximum possible amplitude of the output pulses with normal reliability of the generator.

 The objective of the invention according to the second embodiment is to improve the operational properties of the generator by increasing the amplitude and stability of the amplitude of the output pulses while increasing reliability.

 To solve this problem according to the second embodiment of the invention, in a high-voltage pulse generator, comprising a first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit integrated in a coaxial forming line, the external part of the magnetic circuit being placed near or directly on the external conductor of the forming line, and the internal one is aligned with the inner conductor of the forming line , the primary winding of the transformer is located near the outer conductor of the forming line and is connected to it by one end, parallel The primary winding of the transformer includes series-connected switching element and the first storage capacitor, the contacts of which are the input of the generator, the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer is located between the external and internal conductors of the forming line and is connected at one end to the internal, the other to the external conductors of the forming line, and the external conductor a forming line is connected or is one of the working electrodes of a controlled three-electrode spark gap having the supply electrode, the other working electrode of the spark gap and the external conductor of the forming line are the output contacts of the generator, a high-voltage power take-off unit is introduced, containing a winding inductively connected to the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer, a second pulse transformer with a saturable core, a third pulse transformer, second and third capacitors, an additional switching element and a diode, while parallel to the winding of the inductive coupling with the secondary winding of the first pulse of the first transformer, the second capacitor and the primary winding of the second pulse transformer are connected in series, the second switching capacitor and the primary winding of the second pulse transformer are connected in series, the additional switching element and the primary winding of the third pulse transformer are connected in series, the free ends of the secondary winding of the second pulse transformer and the diode are connected in series with control input optional about a switching element, a third capacitor is connected parallel to the secondary winding of the third pulse transformer, one of their connection points is connected to the connection point of the ends of the primary windings of the second and third pulse transformers and to the inner conductor of the forming line, and the other to the control electrode of the three-electrode spark gap the control electrode of this arrester is built into the high-potential electrode of the arrester, the inductive coupling winding with the secondary winding of the first pulse th transformer constructively positioned in the space between the outer and the inner conductors forming line, the inner conductor line is made hollow and this cavity houses all the other elements of said PTO.

 In addition, an inductance is introduced into the generator, in particular, a variable, connected in series to the winding circuit inductively coupled to the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer.

 Finally, a two-electrode spark gap is inserted into the generator, connected between the output terminal of the high-voltage power take-off unit and the control electrode of the three-electrode gap.

 Introduction to the prototype of the second embodiment of the invention, the high-voltage power take-off unit in the proposed form ensures that the arrester operates at a point in time selected by the circuit designer, either immediately before reaching the maximum voltage at the second storage capacitor, or immediately after or in between the indicated time points by setting the required time constant charge circuit of the second capacitor. This is a new technical result of the proposed technical solution and indicates compliance with the criterion of inventive step.

 The choice of the constant time of the charge of the second capacitor sets the moment of operation of the spark gap immediately before or right at the moment the voltage on the capacitance of the forming line reaches the maximum voltage value. As a result, the time of exposure to high voltage on the insulation of the generator is reduced, the reliability of its operation is increased, and the maximum output voltage for the type of insulation used is realized, that is, the amplitude of the output voltage increases with an increase in the reliability of the generator.

 The presence of an inductive coupling between the discharge circuit of the first storage capacitor and the charge circuit of the second capacitor increases the constancy of the time relationships between the charge of the capacitance of the forming line and the charge of the second capacitor, since the charge circuit of the line capacitance is also inductively coupled to the discharge circuit of the first storage capacitor. At the same time, the charge of the capacitance of the forming line determines the increase in voltage on it to the required value, upon reaching which the discharge of this capacitance through the arrester and the load should begin, and the charge of the second capacitor determines the moment of operation of the arrester. The indicated required voltage value on the line capacitance is equal to the amplitude value of the generator pulse. Those. the constancy of the above time relationships ensures the stability of the amplitude of the output pulse of the generator.

 Placing the control electrode of the spark gap of the generator in the high potential electrode of this spark gap provides forcing the sparking process and, accordingly, reducing the duration of the front of the output pulse.

 In addition, the introduction into the generator of inductance (in particular, a variable), connected in series in the circuit of the first winding, provides the ability to set (or adjust) the required time of the spark gap during the generator setup.

 Finally, the introduction into the generator of a two-electrode spark gap connected between the output terminal of the high-voltage power take-off unit and the control of the three-electrode spark gap leads to a decrease in the duration of the pulse front that triggers the controlled spark gap, to accelerate its start, and to a corresponding decrease in the front of the generator output pulse.

 The unity of the inventive concept of the first and second variants of the invention is due to the use of the same high-voltage power take-off unit in them to ensure the operation of a controlled arrester with the same new technical result. In this case, both variants of the invention provide the same technical effect in terms of increasing the working value of the amplitude of the output pulses while increasing the reliability of the generator.

The invention is illustrated by drawings:
In FIG. 1 is an electrical diagram of a first embodiment of the invention when the second storage capacitor is connected in parallel with the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer: in FIG. 2 - implementation of part of the electrical circuit of the first embodiment of the invention in series connection of the second storage capacitor with the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer; in FIG. 3 is an electrical diagram of a second embodiment of the invention; in FIG. 4 - diagrams of voltages (currents) on circuit elements, where t is time, U _x (I _x ) is voltage (current) on the element (through the element) with number x of the generator circuit. U _{f l} - voltage on the capacitance of the forming line of the generator according to the second embodiment of the invention. U _to - the voltage between the cathode and the anode in the second embodiment of the invention.

 The high voltage pulse generator according to the first embodiment of the invention (Fig. 1) comprises a main first pulse transformer 1 with a core 2 (Tesla transformer). Parallel to the primary winding 3 of the transformer 1, a first storage capacitor 4 and a switching element 5 (controlled thyristor) are connected in series. The contacts of the capacitor 4 are the input contacts 6 and 7 of the generator. The secondary winding 8 of the first pulse transformer 1 at the points of the circuit 9 and 10 is connected in parallel with the second storage capacitor 11. The input terminal 6 and the point of the circuit 9 are connected to the generator housing. The point of the circuit 10 is connected to high-potential working electrodes 12 and 13 of the controlled three-electrode arresters 14 and 15, the other working electrodes 16 and 17 of which at the point of the circuit 18 are connected to the output terminal 19 of the generator. The output contact 20 of the generator is connected to the point of the circuit 9. A load 21 is connected to the output of the generator, which is thus connected in parallel with the second storage capacitor 11 through the working contacts of the arresters 14 and 15.

 The high voltage power take-off unit 22 comprises a first winding 23 inductively connected through a core 2 to a primary winding 3 of the first pulse transformer 1. In parallel with the first winding 23, a fourth capacitor 24, a second winding 25 and a variable inductance 26 are connected in parallel. A fourth capacitor 24 is connected in series and the second winding 25 included in series connected additional switching element - controlled thyristor 27 and the primary winding 28 of the second pulse transformer 29 (also Tesla transformer). The free ends of the third winding 30 and the diode 31 connected in series are connected to the control input (contacts 32 and 33) of the additional switching element (thyristor) 27, and a third capacitor 35 is connected in parallel with the secondary winding 34 of the second pulse transformer 29. One point 36 of the connection of the secondary winding 34 and the capacitor 35 is connected to the connection point 37 of the ends of the first winding 23, the second winding 25 and the primary winding 28 of the pulse transformer 29. These points 36 and 37 are also connected to the above point 10 of the circuit . The point 38 of interconnecting the other ends of the secondary winding 34 of the second pulse transformer 29 and the capacitor 35 is connected to the working electrode 39 of the two-electrode spark gap 40. The second working electrode 41 of the spark gap 40 is the output terminal 42 of the high voltage power take-off unit 22 and is connected to the control electrodes 43 and 44 Arrester 14 and 15.

 The second winding 25 and the third winding 30 form a pulse boost transformer 80 with a saturable core 81.

 Part of the high voltage power take-off unit 22 is block 47 (shown by a dashed line in Figs. 1 and 3), which includes generator elements with numbers 24-41 and 45-46, structurally not connected with other elements of the generator. Block 47 does not include the first winding 23, which is structurally connected with the core 2 of the pulse transformer 1. Thus, block 47 can be structurally assigned to other elements of the generator circuit, which is used in the second embodiment of the invention. The output 42 of block 22 is also the output of block 47.

 A two-electrode spark gap 40 may be absent in the considered circuit (Fig. 1) of the generator, the variable inductance 26 may be excluded from the circuit or replaced with a constant with the desired value of the inductance. The generator can have only one of the controlled three-electrode arresters (14 and 15) or have more than three of them. To coordinate the operating modes of the diode 31 and the controlled thyristor 27, the diagram shows optional elements: a resistor 45 is connected between the contacts 32, 33 of the thyristor 27, and a resistor 46 between the diode 31 and the contact 32 of this thyristor.

 In another embodiment of the first embodiment of the invention (Fig. 2), the second storage capacitor 48 is connected in series with the secondary winding 8 of the pulse transformer 1 and the load 21. In parallel with the winding 8, a controlled arrester 49 is connected with two working contacts 50 and 51. The control contact 52 of the arrester 49 is connected to output terminal 42 of the high voltage power take-off unit 22. In parallel with the winding 8, several arresters can be switched on similarly to the spark gap 49.

 As each of the controlled three-electrode arresters 14, 15 or 49, for example, the trigatron spark gap described in the above source 3) can be used. The control electrode 43, 44 or 52 of each of these arresters is integrated in the corresponding high-potential working electrode 12, 13 or 50.

 If necessary, not point 9 in FIG. 1, 2, and point 10.

 In the second embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3, the high-voltage pulse generator comprises a first pulsed transformer with an open magnetic circuit located in a cylindrical metal housing 53, integrated in a coaxial forming line. The outer conductor of the forming line is the housing 53 of the generator. The inner conductor 54 of the forming line is placed along the axis of the housing 53 using insulators 55 and 56. The capacity of the forming line between its outer 53 and inner 54 conductors plays the role of the second storage capacitor 11 in the first embodiment of the invention.

 The outer part 57 of the open magnetic circuit is located on the inner surface of the outer conductor 53 of the forming line, and the inner part 58 is located on the outer surface of the inner conductor 54 of the forming line. The primary winding 59 of the first pulse transformer is located near the inner surface of the outer conductor 53 of the forming line and is connected to it at one end (connection is not shown in the drawing). The other end of the primary winding 59 through a high-voltage input 60 is connected to the output of the switching element 5, the second output of which through the first storage capacitor 4 is connected to the housing 53 of the generator. Each of the plates of the capacitor 4 is connected to one of the terminals 6 and 7, which are the input of the generator. The secondary winding 61 of the first pulse transformer is placed between the outer 53 and inner 54 conductors of the forming line, in this example, on the conical frame (not shown). The coil 61 is connected at one end to the inner 53, the other to the external conductor 54 of the line (not shown). The internal cavity 62 of the generator may be filled with dielectric fluid, for example, transformer oil (not indicated in the drawing).

The outer 57 and inner 58 parts of the open magnetic circuit, the primary winding 59 of the first pulse transformer and the winding 23 are cylindrical, and the secondary winding 61 is conical, these elements are shown in FIG. 3 conditionally so as not to complicate the drawing
The end of the inner conductor of the forming line extending beyond the cavity 62 is a high-potential working electrode 63 of the controlled three-electrode gas spark gap 64. The metal housing 65 of the spark gap 64 is connected by a flange 66 to the generator housing 53. Another working electrode 67 of the arrester 64 and the housing 53 (65) are the output contacts of the generator. The generator load in this application is the resistance between the cathode 68 and the anode 69 located in the evacuated cavity 70 formed by a metal casing 71, mounted on the housing 65 of the arrester 64. The cathode 68 is a continuation of the working electrode 67 of the arrester 64, which enters the evacuated cavity 70 and is fixed in it with the help of insulators 72 and 73. The anode 69 is made of metal foil for outputting the electron beam formed at the cathode into the atmospheric space for its subsequent use. A generator with the indicated load is a pulsed electron accelerator.

 A cavity 74 is made in the inner conductor 54 of the forming line (Fig. 3). The cavity shown in FIG. 1 block 47, which is part of the high voltage power take-off unit 22. In the high-potential working electrode 63 of the arrester 64, a control electrode 75 is placed, connected to the output 42 of the block 47. On the outer surface of the inner conductor 54 of the forming line, a first winding 23 entering the assembly 22 is placed at one end connected to this conductor (not shown). The other end of the winding 23 through the insulating input 76 is connected by a conductor 77 to the inductance 26 of the block 47 (Fig. 3 and 1). Point 37 of block 47 by conductor 78 is connected to the inner conductor 54 of the forming line. In the considered construction of the second embodiment of the generator, the electrode of the forming line 54 is electrically equivalent to the interconnected points 37 and 10 of the circuit of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1. The inner 58 and outer 57 parts of the magnetic circuit in the second embodiment of the invention play the role of the core 2 of the first embodiment.

 For communication of the cavity 62 of the housing 53 with the atmosphere, nozzles 78 are used. Nodes of purging the working gas in the arrester 64 and evacuating the cavity 70 are not shown in the drawing. The winding 23 can be located anywhere along the length of the inner conductor 54 of the forming line.

 The described high-voltage pulse generator according to the first or second embodiment can be used as a power source for a pulse-periodic discharge gas laser. Moreover, in the first embodiment of the invention, one of the controlled arresters (14 or 15 in Fig. 1 or 49 in Fig. 2) is used as the gas discharge chamber of the laser, and the output contacts 19 - 20 are short-circuited. In the second embodiment of the invention (Fig. 3), the role of the gas discharge chamber of the laser in this case is played by a controlled arrester 64, and the electrode 67 is connected to the housing 53 of the generator. In these cases, the electrodes and the casing of the controlled arrester are given the corresponding shape, a window for outputting radiation (not shown) is made in the casing of the arrester. In this case, the generator load 21 is zero and the controlled spark gap plays the role of the actual generator load.

 The generator according to the first embodiment (Fig. 1) works as follows.

By time t ₁ (Fig. 4), the first storage capacitor 4 is charged with voltage supplied to the generator input from a primary source (not shown). The switching element 5 (controlled thyristor) is closed. At time t _{1, the} switching element 5 is opened by a signal from a control circuit (not shown), the capacitor 4 begins to discharge through the primary winding 3 of the first pulse step-up transformer Tesla 1, the voltage U ₄ on the capacitor 4 decreases.

At the same time, the charge of the second storage capacitor 11 starts, connected in parallel with the secondary winding 8 of the same transformer 1 (voltage U ₁₁ ).

At the same time, the resonant charge of the fourth capacitor 24 (U ₂₄ ) begins as a result of the action of an electromotive force (EMF) arising in the first winding 23 of the transformer 1. A charge current (I ₂₄ ) of the capacitor 24 appears and starts to increase, flowing through the winding 23 and the winding 25 of step-up transformer 80 with a saturable core 81. Current I ₂₄ , having reached the maximum positive value, then decreases, reaching zero at time t ₂ . During this process, the fourth capacitor 24 is charged to its maximum value, and then, at time t ₂ , it starts to discharge through inductance 26 and winding 23. The current I ₂₄ changes its direction, passing through a zero value.

At time t ₂ , when the current direction I ₂₄ changes, a positive voltage pulse appears on the secondary winding 30 of the transformer 80 with saturable core 81, transmitted through the diode 31 to the resistive voltage divider 46 and 45. A positive voltage pulse U ₄₅ is allocated to the resistor ₄₅ , opening controlled thyristor 27. The discharge of the capacitor 24 through the thyristor 27 and the primary winding 28 of the second pulse step-up transformer Tesla 29 begins. Under the influence of the EMF of the secondary winding 34 of the transformer 29 aryad third capacitor 35 (U _35). When the voltage U ₃₅ at time t ₃ reaches a value sufficient to operate the two-electrode spark gap 40, the latter is triggered and the voltage pulse U ₄₂ occurs at the output 42 of the block 47 (and, accordingly, the node 22). At the end of the discharge of the capacitor 24, the thyristor 27 returns to the closed state.

The step-up transformer 80 provides at a small discharge current of the capacitor 24 the formation at time t _{2 of a} positive voltage pulse on the secondary winding 30, sufficient for reliable opening of the thyristor 27. The use of a saturable core 81 limits the amplitude of the negative pulse (not shown) that occurs on the secondary winding 30 of the transformer 80 at time t ₁ . This prevents otherwise possible breakdown of the diode 31 and thyristor 27, which are in the closed state.

By time t _{3, the} second storage capacitor 11 is already charged (U ₁₁ ) to a maximum value or close enough to it, which is determined by the choice of time relationships between the above processes in the calculation and design of the generator. Between the working electrodes 12 and 16 of the controlled arrester 14 (and between the electrodes 13 and 17 of the parallel connected arrester 15), a high voltage U ₁₁ acts. The voltage pulse U ₃₅ from the output 42 of the node 22 appears on the control electrode 43 of the arrester 14 (and the electrode 44 of the arrester 15) and causes the controlled arrester 14 (and 15) to operate. The second storage capacitor 11 is discharged through the spark gap 14 (and 15) to the load 21, the output pulse of the generator U ₂₁ appears at the terminals 19 and 20 and the load.

 At the end of the discharge of the first storage capacitor 4, the controlled thyristor 5 goes into the closed state, after which the capacitor 4 is again charged (not shown in Fig. 4) and the generator circuit is ready for a new operation cycle.

 In the embodiment of the generator shown in FIG. 2, i.e. when you turn on the second storage capacitor 48 in series with the secondary winding 8 of the pulse transformer 1, the charge of this capacitor is produced through the load 21 of the generator, and the discharge through the spark gap 49 and the load 21, providing the appearance of the output pulse of the generator. The voltage polarity at the load 21 is then the opposite of that shown in FIG. 1 and 4.

If there is no two-electrode spark gap 40 in the generator circuit, point 38 of the circuit is connected to the output 42 of block 47 and node 22. In this case, the voltage U ₃₅ s acts directly on the control electrodes of the spark gap 14, 15 (Fig. 1) and spark gap 49 (Fig. 2) capacitor 35 and causes the operation of these arresters when the specified voltage reaches a predetermined value.

вместо t₂ на фиг. 4, сдвинутые импульсы показаны пунктиром). Это вызывает соответствующее перемещение (

вместо t₃) момента времени появления импульса напряжения U₄₂ на выходе узла 22, а соответственно, момента срабатывания управляемых разрядников (14, 15 49 и 64) и момента появления выходного импульса генератора (U₂₁ и U_к-а). При уменьшении величины индуктивности 26 время заряда емкости 24 уменьшается, что вызывает соответственно более раннее срабатывание управляемого разрядника. Так производится регулировка необходимого момента времени срабатывания управляемых разрядников в процессе настройки генератора.Increasing the magnitude of the variable inductance 26 provide an increase in the charge time of the fourth capacitor 24 and postpone the beginning of its discharge and the moment of transition of the current value I ₂₄ through the zero value. Accordingly, the moment of occurrence of the voltage pulse U ₄₅ (

instead of t ₂ in FIG. 4, the shifted pulses are shown by the dotted line). This causes a corresponding move (

instead of t ₃ ) the time of the appearance of the voltage pulse U ₄₂ at the output of the node 22, and, accordingly, the time of operation of the controlled arrester (14, 15 49 and 64) and the moment of the appearance of the output pulse of the generator (U ₂₁ and U _to-a ). With a decrease in the inductance 26, the charge time of the capacitance 24 decreases, which causes a correspondingly earlier operation of the controlled arrester. This is how to adjust the required time of operation of the controlled arrester in the process of tuning the generator.

The generator according to the second embodiment (Fig. 3) works similarly to the above, taking into account the following features. The discharge of the first storage capacitor 4 to the primary winding 59 of the first pulsed step-up transformer Tesla provides a charge of the capacitance of the forming line (U _{f l} in Fig. 4) and a charge of the capacitance 24 in block 47 through the first winding 23 located on the inner electrode 54 of the forming line. The voltage pulse U ₄₂ from the output 42 of block 47 is supplied to the control electrode 75 of the arrester 64 and opens it, causing a discharge of the capacitance of the forming line through the working electrodes 63 and 67 of the arrester 64 to the generator load, which in this case is the evacuated gap cathode 68 - anode 69. The voltage U _{to and} is the output voltage of the generator. The presence of this voltage pulse causes the appearance of an electron beam (not shown) at the cathode 68, which is discharged through the foil anode 69 into the atmospheric space for use.

Claims (7)

 1. A high voltage pulse generator containing a first pulse transformer, parallel to the primary winding of which are connected in series with a switching element and a first storage capacitor, the terminals of which are the input of the generator, parallel to the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer, a second storage capacitor is connected, one of the connection points between each other is secondary windings of the first pulse transformer and the second storage capacitor connected to high potential m the working electrode of a three-electrode controlled spark gap, the low-potential working electrode of which and the other connection point of the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer and the second storage capacitor are the output of the generator, while the control electrode of the three-electrode controlled spark gap is connected to the output of the high voltage power take-off unit including the first winding, the third capacitor, the second and third windings inductively coupled to each other in the presence of a core, and d iodine connected in series with the third winding, characterized in that an additional switching element, a second pulse transformer and a fourth capacitor are introduced into it, the first winding being inductively coupled directly to the primary winding of the first pulse transformer, the core of the second and third windings inductively connected together saturable, the first terminal of the first winding is connected to the first terminal of the fourth capacitor, the second terminal of the first winding is connected to the first terminal of the second winding the currents, the second terminals of the indicated fourth capacitor and the second winding are connected to each other, in parallel with the fourth capacitor and the second winding connected in series, an additional switching element and the primary winding of the second pulse transformer are connected in series, the third winding and the diode are connected in series with the control input of the additional switching element, and parallel to the secondary winding of the second pulse transformer, the third capacitor is turned on, points the connections of the secondary winding of the second pulse transformer and the third capacitor are the output of the high voltage power take-off unit.  2. The generator according to claim 1, characterized in that the control electrode of the three-electrode controlled spark gap is built into the high potential working electrode of this spark gap.  3. The generator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the inductor is inserted into it, and the first terminal of the first winding is connected to the first terminal of the fourth capacitor through the specified inductor.  4. The generator according to claim 1, or 2, or 3, characterized in that a two-electrode spark gap is introduced into it, and the control electrode of the three-electrode controlled spark gap is connected to the output of the high voltage power take-off unit through the specified two-electrode gap.  5. A high voltage pulse generator comprising a first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit integrated in a coaxial forming line, the external part of the magnetic circuit being placed close to or directly on the external conductor of the coaxial forming line, and the internal is aligned with the internal conductor of the coaxial forming line, the primary winding of the first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit is located near the outer conductor of the coaxial forming line and the connection on it with one end parallel to the primary winding of the first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit, series-connected switching element and a first storage capacitor are connected, the terminals of which are the input of the generator, the secondary winding of the first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit is placed between the external and internal conductors of the coaxial forming line and connected one end with the inner, the other with the outer conductor of the coaxial forming line is in a high-potential working electrode of a three-electrode controllable spark gap having a control electrode, another working electrode of this spark gap and an external conductor of the forming line are the output of the generator, characterized in that a high voltage power take-off unit is introduced into the generator, comprising a winding inductively connected to the primary winding of the first pulse transformer with open magnetic circuit, second pulse transformer with a saturable core, third pulse transformer, second and t third capacitors, an additional switching element and a diode, wherein the first terminal of the winding inductively coupled to the primary winding of the first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit is connected to the first terminal of the second capacitor, the second terminal of the winding inductively coupled to the primary winding of the first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit, connected to the first terminal of the primary winding of the second pulse transformer, the second terminals of the specified second capacitor and the primary winding of the second the pulse transformer are interconnected, in parallel with the second capacitor and the primary winding of the second pulse transformer connected in series, the additional switching element and the primary winding of the third pulse transformer are connected in series, the secondary winding of the second pulse transformer and the diode are connected to the control input of the additional switching element, parallel to the secondary winding of the third pulse transformer the third capacitor is turned on, the first connection point of the secondary winding of the third pulse transformer and the third capacitor is connected to the connection point of the ends of the primary windings of the second and third pulse transformers and the inner conductor of the coaxial forming line, the second connection point of the secondary winding of the third pulse transformer and the third capacitor is connected to the control electrode of a three-electrode controlled spark gap, and the control electron This spark gap is built into its high-potential working electrode, the winding inductively connected to the primary winding of the first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit is structurally located in the space between the external and internal conductors of the coaxial forming line, the internal conductor of the coaxial forming line is hollow, and all are placed in this cavity the remaining elements of the specified power take-off.  6. The generator according to claim 5, characterized in that an inductor is inserted into it, and the first output of the winding inductively coupled to the primary winding of the first pulse transformer with an open magnetic circuit is connected to the first output of the second capacitor through the specified inductor.  7. The generator according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that a two-electrode spark gap is introduced into it, and the second connection point between the secondary winding of the third pulse transformer and the third capacitor is connected to the control electrode of the three-electrode controlled spark gap through the specified two-electrode spark gap.

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