RU2192672C2 - Stringed musical instruments played by bowing and by plucking - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: musical instruments. SUBSTANCE: history of evolution of bow and plucking stringed instruments using strings and sounding board for sound extraction and amplification may be dated to first century A.D. For instance, back in 1200 during construction of Sofia Cathedral in Novgorod resonance pots of different sizes with openings from pots and walls (so-called resonators) were built in walls under dome to attain better acoustics. Information is still available about stringed instruments using two separate sounding boards to amplify and improve their sounding which resemble resonating units of Sofia Cathedral. In search of better sounding and volume stringed instruments were altered in the course of their evolution as far as their shape ad material chosen for resonator, sounding board, finger-board, etc. are concerned. Stradivari in Italy, Batist Villiam in France, Andrei Batov (violin) and Krasnoshchekov (guitar) in Russia have greatly contributed to this evolution. Best sounding stringed instruments of to-day have ebony finger-board that joins string tensioning head with resonating unit above which strings are passed from head. Resonating unit has two sounding boards, upper one being made of spruce and lower, of ash, both joined together by shaped ferrule. Upper sounding board mounts resonator in the form of round opening like in guitar or in the form of two slits (ridges) like in violin. Strings above upper sounding board are supported by bridge that also functions in some instruments such as guitar as string attachment member. Setting strings in vibration by bowing or by plucking transforms longitudinal vibrations of upper sounding board by means of bridge into transverse vibrations of upper sounding board that forms a number of resonance-tuned circuits together with lower sounding board, their number governing range of musical expression of instrument. Ideal resonating unit should resonate at all frequencies of scale. So resonance of guitar should be provided at frequencies from D within counter-octave to D in second octave. Violin scale is narrower but it is shifted to higher frequencies, and so on. Thus instrument volume mainly depends on degree of transformation of longitudinal vibrations of strings into transverse vibrations of sounding board by means of bridge.. This transformation ratio is not over fractions of unity. Musical range of instrument expression depends on number of resonance-tuned circuits of sounding board corresponding to its scale. Frequency at resonance

is found from formula ω_p, where m is sounding board mass; C is sounding board stiffness, N, as measured in units of SI system (Burdin, Handbook on International System of Units). Therefore equality of upper sounding board G/m = lower sounding board G/m should be satisfied for resonance tuning of upper and lower sounding boards. However resonating units of modern stringed instruments meet this condition only in vicinity of resonator and bridge where adequate mass and stiffness of upper sounding board increased due to opening and bridge correspond to mass and increased stiffness of lower sounding board made of ash whose density is higher than that of fur-tree used for upper deck. Remaining part of upper and lower sounding boards do not meet resonance condition, that is, they form sound dips in instrument scale. We propose stringed instrument played by bowing or by plucking (it may be violin, violoncello, contrabass, guitar, and the like) whose sounding-board transformation ratio is almost unity and its upper and lower sounding boards are matched in part-by-part manner throughout entire area scale frequency resonance. High transformation ratio is attained due to increasing height of bridge connected to rocking board, both transmitting longitudinal vibrations of strings to lower sounding board as bridge is secured at its bottom end to lower sounding board or to its spring and its elongated part is joined to rocking stop abutting against transverse spring or against crosspiece between ferrules near lower sounding board. Condition of resonance-tuned sounding boards is satisfied due to transferring resonator openings to bridge area, satisfying upper sounding board

= lower sounding board

Description

 Usage: the invention can be used in the manufacture of stringed bowed or plucked musical instruments, as well as in the remaking of instruments in repair shops.

а в зоне мостика это условие обеспечивается установкой на отверстие голосника окантовки-рупора.The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the voices in the form of a zig or round hole in the resonator of a string musical instrument are replaced by a hole exceeding the dimensions of the bridge and are made in the zone of the bridge, and the bridge passes through this voicemail and is attached to the lower deck and has a rocking support that is attached to the spring or the cross between the shells at the lower deck, the upper and lower decks with springs are symmetrical with the condition of element-wise correspondence to the expression

and in the zone of the bridge this condition is ensured by the installation of an edging-mouthpiece on the opening of the voice pad.

 2. As a prototype of the proposed instrument can be a cello, double bass, violin, guitar and folk musical instruments having a resonator body with upper and lower decks.

Consider two prototypes: a classic string musical instrument / US patent 4867029, September 19, 1989 / and guitar / P. Agafoshin. School of playing the six-string guitar. - M .: Music, 1983, p.6, 7. /
The first prototype contains a resonator housing containing a shell securing the upper and lower decks, in the upper deck of which there is a voice in the form of two slits - a zig.

 On one side of the case there is a neck with a neck and a head with pegs for tensioning the strings, on the other - a device for securing strings stretched from the pegs above the neck and the upper deck.

 Across the strings below them on the deck there is a bridge for the emphasis of the strings, and under its right support between the upper and lower decks there is a sound stand.

 The second prototype - the guitar from the first - violin differs only in that it does not contain a sound stand and the bridge on which the strings rest is rigidly connected to the upper deck and is an element for attaching the base of the strings. The excitation of vibrations in the resonator from the strings occurs through the bridge. Qualitative indicators of a string instrument are its sensitivity, the duration of the sound of the note and the uniformity of the amplitude of the sound within the entire sound range of a particular type of instrument. The experimental evolutionary way to improve these indicators has not yet reached optimal values. Thus, the sensitivity of the instrument, determined by the magnitude of the flow of sound energy from the action of a force pulse on the instrument string, mainly depends on the magnitude of the transformation of the longitudinal vibrations of the strings into transverse vibrations of the upper deck exciting the resonator.

 This transformation is performed at the violin by means of a bridge supporting the strings. The transfer coefficient of this transducer to a small extent depends on the angle of fracture of the strings through the bridge and amounts to fractions 1. This transmission coefficient is even worse for the guitar, in which the bridge is rigidly connected to the upper deck and the transducer contains elements of the entire resonator body.

 Similarly, with the question of the duration and uniformity of the amplitude of the sound within the entire scale of the instrument.

 All this depends on the amount of resonance regions in which the upper and lower decks form a resonance at some frequency.

 Existing resonators are still far from the ideal resonator, which would resonate at all frequencies of the scale of the instrument.

 During resonance, the upper and lower decks oscillate simultaneously towards each other and at the same time in different directions, similar to the vibrations of the tuning fork legs during its sound.

 The condition for the tuning fork at one frequency, i.e. the presence of resonance, is the geometric equality of the size of his legs.

 Let us determine the conditions for the resonance of the resonator body of a string musical instrument, which must have a shell, two decks with a voice hole and a bridge on the upper deck.

где в системе СИ m - масса деки резонатора,
U - величина амплитуды колебаний деки,
R - акустическое сопротивление окружающей среды,
F - сила воздействия от мостика на деку,
ω - циклическая частота,
T - период внешнего воздействия от мостика на деку,
G - величина жесткости деки,
R_М - механическое сопротивление колебаниям деки
является

где

Откуда условием резонанса на частоте является

а амплитуда колебаний при резонансе будет

Таким образом, условием резонанса двух дек резонатора будет равенство

Существующая конструкция корпусов резонаторов струнных музыкальных инструментов не удовлетворяет условию равенства (3).Solution of the equation

where in the SI system m is the mass of the resonator deck,
U is the magnitude of the amplitude of the oscillations of the deck,
R is the acoustic resistance of the environment,
F is the force of the impact from the bridge to the deck,
ω is the cyclic frequency
T is the period of external influence from the bridge to the deck,
G is the stiffness of the deck,
R _M - mechanical resistance to vibrations of the deck
is an

Where

Where does the resonance condition at the frequency

and the oscillation amplitude at resonance will be

Thus, the resonance condition for the two decks of the resonator is the equality

The existing design of the shells of resonators of string musical instruments does not satisfy the equality condition (3).

 If the corresponding mass and stiffness in the places of the opening of the voice box and the bridge of the upper deck made of spruce are compensated by equality (3) by using the lower deck of maple, which has greater rigidity, then in other places the upper deck relative to the lower deck, having lower rigidity, conditions for resonance in accordance with equality (3) does not.

 And the last: in the prototype, US patent 4867029 has a sound stand between the upper and lower decks, according to the patent of the Russian Federation 9511045 3/12 of 06.23.95, the bridge, like the sound stand, mechanically connects the upper and lower decks.

т.е. амплитуда звуковых колебаний резонансной частоты уменьшится.Since, at resonance, the decks oscillate towards each other, these elements (sound riser and a bridge of this design) should be considered as mechanical resistance to decks vibrations. Then expression (2) takes the form

those. the amplitude of sound vibrations of the resonant frequency decreases.

 Known bow stringed musical instrument containing a resonator body, including a shell, two decks and slots, zigzags, and a bridge, neck with pegs and strings stretched between the pegs and a device for attaching strings located at the back of the resonator.

 Known and plucked string musical instrument containing a resonator body, including a shell, two decks and a voice hole, and a bridge, neck with pegs and strings stretched between the pegs and a bridge with strings fixed to it (RU 2087947, 06/20/1997).

 A disadvantage of known musical instruments is the insufficient resonance of the upper and lower decks at all frequencies of the scale of the instruments.

 The technical result of the invention is the creation of resonance of the upper and lower decks at all frequencies of the instrument scale.

 This is achieved by the fact that the slots-ridges are made with the formation of a hole, while the hole is located at the location of the bridge, the size of the hole exceeds the size of the bridge, and the latter is made elongated and passes through the hole.

 And for another instrument, this is achieved by the fact that the glomerular opening is made at the location of the bridge, while the size of the glomerular opening exceeds the size of the bridge, and the latter is made elongated and passes through the opening.

 Moreover, the hole performs the task of the voice box, and the bridge is attached to the lower deck or to its spring.

 At the same time, a support-rocking chair is attached to the bridge on one side, the lower opposite end of which is attached to the transverse spring of the lower deck or to the cross between the sides of the shell near the lower deck.

Также целесообразно, чтобы отверстие голосника содержало окантовку-рупор.It is advisable that the upper and lower decks of the hull are symmetrical and with the condition of element-wise correspondence to equality

It is also advisable that the opening of the voice pad contains a mouthpiece-speaker.

 So, the aim of the invention is the creation of a string (bowed or plucked) musical instrument that has a bridge with a high transmission coefficient for converting longitudinal vibrations of strings into transverse vibrations of the deck and which has a resonator that ensures equality (3) for any section of the entire length of the deck, providing resonance of the upper and lower decks at all frequencies of the scale of the instrument.

 This problem is solved by creating a stringed musical instrument, Fig.1-4, containing a resonator body with a neck, neck and head with pegs for tensioning the strings. The strings from the pegs are stretched over the bar and the other end are fixed on the bridge 2, (on top, as in figure 1 or on the side, as in figure 3) or fixed in the device 9 of figure 2.

 The bridge 2 passes through the opening of the voice box 1 displaced along the upper deck and is mounted inside the resonator to the lower deck 7 or its spring. The bridge 2 is connected to a rocking support 4, which abuts with its connection against the transverse spring of the lower deck or into a separate cross member 5 between the sides of the shell 8.

 The rocking support 4 is directed towards the neck when the decks are curved outward and in the opposite direction when concave.

 The upper and lower deck are made of the same thickness from a tree of the same species with the same symmetrical springs or of different thickness and material, but subject to equality (3).

The increase in the mass and rigidity of the lower deck 7 at the attachment point of the bridge 2 to the deck is compensated in accordance with equality (3) by the corresponding mass and rigidity of the voicing hole due to its edging by the mouthpiece 3, which provides adjustment of the resonance of the bridge region and matches the direction of the sound wave from the resonator . The design of the bridge with the rocking support attached to it ensures the transmission of longitudinal vibrations of the strings at an angle of 90 ^o directly to the lower deck with a transmission coefficient of almost 1, creating vibrational excitation in the resonator body.

 Considering that an experimental verification of remaking existing musical instruments, taking into account the present invention, has shown that, in addition to increasing the volume and duration of the string, the instruments acquire a rich sound palette of the entire scale of the instrument and given that musical string instruments differ in the names of their creators, for example, the Stradivarius violin - Italy, Batiste William - France, Andrey Batov - Russia, guitar - Krasnoshchekov, etc., stringed musical instruments containing distinctive features of the claims of the present invention, I consider it necessary to distinguish the name of Yablonsky.

Claims (5)

 1. A bowed string musical instrument containing a resonator body, including a shell, two decks and slots-zigs, and a bridge, neck with pegs and strings stretched between the pegs and a string fastener located at the back of the resonator, characterized in that the ridges are made with the formation of a hole, the hole being located at the location of the bridge, the size of the hole exceeds the size of the bridge, and the latter is made elongated and passes through the hole.  2. A plucked string musical instrument comprising a resonator body, including a shell, two decks and a voice hole, and a bridge, neck with pegs and strings stretched between the pegs and a bridge with strings fixed on it, characterized in that the voice hole is made in place the placement of the bridge, while the size of the spine hole exceeds the size of the bridge, and the latter is made elongated and passes through the hole.  3. The tool according to paragraphs. 1 and 2, characterized in that the hole performs the task of the voice, and the bridge is attached to the lower deck or to its spring.  4. The tool according to paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that one side is attached to the bridge with a rocker, the lower opposite end of which is attached to the transverse spring of the lower deck or to the cross between the sides of the shell near the lower deck. 5. The tool according to paragraphs. 1-4, characterized in that the upper and lower decks of the body are symmetrical and with the condition of element-wise correspondence to the equality

6. The tool according to paragraphs. 1-5, characterized in that the hole of the voice pad contains a border-shout.

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