RU2151133C1 - Method of bioconversion of organic waste into feed additive and fertilizer - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, more particularly preparation of feed additives to ration of cattle, swine and poultry, and also fertilizers. SUBSTANCE: method comprises preparing original mixture composed of organic waste and peat, charging the mixture into reactor, purging it with oxygen-containing gas in longitudinal and transverse directions during bioconversion process carried out at elevated temperature and unloading the mixture from reactor. Biologically active agents are added to original mixture. Bioconversion process is carried out in two stages, first stage occurring for 70-72 hours, and second stage, for 46-48 hours. Temperature range of first stage is 37-39 C and temperature range of second stage is 75-85 C followed, by cooling to ambient temperature. Purging with oxygen-containing gas is carried out periodically. Biologically active agents include complex microelement additive. Method makes it possible to improve characteristics of feed additive and increase nutrient value of fertilizer. EFFECT: more efficient bioconversion method. 4 cl, 2 dwg, 2 ex, 2 tbl

Description

Technical field
The invention relates to the agricultural industry, which uses methods of bioconversion of organic waste to obtain feed additives to the diet of cattle, pigs and poultry.

State of the art
Developments to study the processing of organic raw materials are reduced to the search for cost-effective and environmentally acceptable technologies for producing products with predetermined properties. The solution to the problem of the rational use of large-tonnage agricultural waste leads to the conservation of natural resources, the expansion of the animal feed base, and a significant reduction in environmental pollution.

A known method of preparing organic fertilizer and feed from bird droppings, including its heat treatment. To do this, carry out vacuum suction of vapors and gases from the starting product at a temperature of 130-150 ^o C and a residual pressure of 150-250 mm Hg in the presence of phosphoric acid from the calculation of the pH of the medium in the final product from 6.2 to 6.5, after which the vapors and gases are passed through a layer of particles of caustic potassium (A. S. USSR N 478829, MKI C 05 F 3/00, 1975).

The disadvantage of this method is the use of phosphoric acid for its implementation, which greatly complicates the technology and environmental pollution. In addition, the process of processing poultry manure at a temperature exceeding 70-80 ^o C, leads to the death of all types of microorganisms contained in it, which is ineffective, since they can be successfully used in the biofermentation process.

The closest in technical essence is a method of producing fertilizer from organic waste, including mixing them with a moisture-absorbing material, irradiating a wet mixture, loading the irradiated raw materials into the reactor, blowing it with oxygen-containing gas in the direction from the bottom up, followed by soaking the spent raw materials in the reactor and unloading the finished product, wherein irradiation of the wet mixture is carried out of the microwave rays irradiated feedstock into the reactor was carried out at an elevated temperature of 70-80 ^o C, the raw material purge is performed additional dome tively transversely with constant removal of exhaust gas, and the raw extract is carried out for 60-70 hours at 70-80 ^o C and after unloading the finished product finally dried to a moisture content of 20-25% (RF Patent N 2071458, IPC ⁶ C 05 F 9 / 00, 3/00, 1997).

The disadvantage of this method is that its practical implementation requires the use of microwave rays. This leads, firstly, to the complication of the hardware design of the technological installation, and therefore to the cost of the final product; secondly, microwave rays cause not only the growth of thermophilic bacteria, but also the death of mesophiles. The process at 70-80 ^o C also makes it impossible for mesophilic bacteria to influence the final result, which degrades the nutritional value of the resulting fertilizers and feed additives.

The essence of the claimed invention
The problem to be solved when creating the present invention is the processing of organic waste by bioconversion into a high-value feed additive and fertilizer by enriching the initial mixture with biologically active substances.

 The technical result of the invention is the improvement of the characteristics of the feed additive used in the diet of cattle, pigs, birds, and fertilizers used in agricultural production, expressed in high nutritional value.

The technical result is achieved in that in a method for producing a feed additive and fertilizer from organic waste, including mixing the initial mixture from organic waste and peat, loading the mixture into the reactor, purging it with oxygen-containing gas in the longitudinal and transverse directions at the first and second stages of the bioconversion process with temperature, unloading the mixture from the reactor, while biologically active substances are additionally introduced into the initial mixture. Organic waste additionally includes litter material (straw, sawdust, etc. - up to 30%). The components are ground (with a particle size distribution from 0.1 to 20 mm) and homogenized. As biologically active substances, a complex microelement additive is used, including the following components, wt.%:
Iron sulfate - 3.40 - 4.60
Manganese sulfate - 1.30 - 2.40
Cobalt sulfate - 0.24 - 0.31
Zinc sulfate - 2.70 - 3.40
Copper sulfate - 0.70 - 0.90
Potassium iodide - 0.12 - 0.15
Ammonium Vanadium Acid - 0.01 - 0.02
Potassium Dichromate - 0.13 - 0.16
Ammonium Molybdenum Acid - 0.05 - 0.15
Magnesium sulfate - 5.00 - 7.00
Gallium nitrate - 0.04 - 0.06
Arsenous sodium hydroxide - 0.005 - 0.009
Sodium selenate - 0.005 - 0.01
Indium nitrate - 0.03 - 0.04
Potassium bromide - 0.50 - 0.60
Rubidium nitrate - 0.05 - 0.09
Sodium telluric acid - 0.007 - 0.009
Bismuth nitrate - 0.012 - 0.013
Nickel nitrate - 0.015 - 0.023
Boric acid - 0.78 - 1.18
Cesium nitrate - 0.031 - 0.047
Tin chloride - 0.068 - 0.100
Water - The rest is up to 100
At the first stage, the development of all forms of microorganisms, originally present in the mixture and carrying out its active decomposition, is observed, and the activity of microorganisms increases due to the introduction of a complex microelement supplement. In the second stage, the cellulase enzyme reaches its maximum activity, which leads to the degradation of the cellulose-containing components of the mixture. The heat energy released during the bioconversion of cellulase is necessary for the pasteurization of the components of the mixture and the destruction of pathogenic microflora. After these two main technological stages of the bioconversion process, the mixture is gradually cooled to ambient temperature. During this period, stabilization of the biofermentation product by properties is observed.

The bioconversion process is based on creating conditions favorable for the development of certain types of microorganisms that are initially contained in the initial mixture. In the process of development, microflora produces certain metabolic products (enzymes, amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, etc.), the content of which in a multicomponent mixture allows you to activate a specific biochemical process. A feature of microbiological processes is the narrow temperature limits of the development of the microbial population, which determines the temperature regimes of each stage. Deviation of temperature by more than 1-3 ^o C from the given boundary values for each stage leads to serious violations of the bioconversion process, and therefore to a change in the chemical composition of the finished product. Changing the time intervals of the stages of the bioconversion process also leads to a change in the conditions for the development of microorganisms, and therefore, changes the composition of the finished product, especially in terms of protein and fat.

 Aerobic conditions of development, achieved by sparging with air through the volume of the mixture, contribute to the development of the aerobic group of microorganisms. Anaerobic conditions of the process lead to an increase in microorganisms using mineral nitrogen, mobilizing glucose, enterobacteria and all types of anaerobic bacteria. The use of peat in the preparation of the initial mixture has two purposes: firstly, peat is a moisture-absorbing material (this is important because the average moisture content of excrement ranges from 65 to 88%), and secondly, peat itself acts as a raw material in the bioconversion process.

 The proposed additive differs from the known significantly wider list of biologically active trace elements. Moreover, in addition to traditional elements, the physiological role of which is well known, - iron, manganese, cobalt, zinc, copper, iodine, the microadditive contains other biologically active elements - gallium, selenium, indium, bromine, rubidium, tellurium, bismuth, cesium, tin, etc. A wide range of micronutrients in a complex microadditive and their optimal proportions, characteristic of living microorganisms, activate bio-fermentation processes, improve product quality, saturate it with biologically active enzymes, proteins, microelements.

Obtaining feed additives and fertilizers from organic waste by preparing the initial mixture, including grinding its components to a particle size distribution of 0.1 to 20 mm and enrichment with a complex microelement additive, followed by bioconversion, carried out in two stages, the first of which (incubation stage) proceeds during 70 - 72 hours at a temperature of 37 - 39 ^o C, and the second (pasteurisation stage) - 46-48 hours at 75-85 ^o C, wherein both stages are both aerobic character (when the purge) and anaerobic (in the absence of and purge), wherein after the second step is carried out gradually cooling the mixture to ambient temperature (18 - 28 ^o C), is new in comparison with the prototype.

 The bioconversion process in two stages: the incubation stage and the pasteurization stage, makes the best use of all colonies of bacteria contained in manure, bird droppings and peat to obtain a finished product with a stable and sufficiently rich composition of minerals, vitamins, proteins and amino acids. Pre-enrichment of the loading mixture with a complex microelement additive allows you to further increase the nutritional value of the finished product both when it is used as fertilizer and as a feed additive.

Brief Description of the Drawings
To explain the method of producing feed additives and fertilizers from organic waste, the drawings are shown, where in FIG. 1 shows a bioreactor (general view), and in FIG. 2 - a sampler, with the help of which samples are taken to monitor the progress of the bioconversion process.

The best embodiment of the invention
The bioreactor for implementing the method of producing feed additives and fertilizers from organic waste consists of a housing 1, inside which there is a bubbling net 2, closed on top by a cover 3. Through this cover 3 passes a device 4 for pulling a bubbling grate 4. The bioreactor is mounted on a stand 5 in a thermostat, and the temperature is controlled by a thermometer 6. To purge the mixture with oxygen-containing gas, bubbled tubes 7 are installed — longitudinal aeration, 8 — transverse aeration.

To carry out the process of obtaining a feed additive and fertilizer from organic waste, a mixture (initial substrate) is prepared from manure and peat, taken in a ratio of 50% to 50%. For a reactor with a useful volume of 1.75 dm ³ , 1540 g of the mixture (616 g of manure, 924 g of peat) are necessary, the components are thoroughly mixed and passed through a screw mill. The resulting raw material is again mixed and crushed to obtain a practically monodisperse system. Next, the resulting mixture is enriched (by irrigation with stirring) with a complex microelement additive: 2 ml of a microadditive solution is taken per 1 kg of dry matter, mixed again and loaded into the housing of the bioreactor 1 on a bubble screen 2 and closed with a lid 3. The bioreactor is mounted on a support 5 in a thermostat and thermostat to a temperature of 35-40 ^o C (control is carried out by thermometer 6), blow through the air through the bubble tubes 7, 8. After this, a two-stage bioconversion process begins.

In the first stage (incubation stage), the mixture is heated to a temperature of 37 - 39 ^o C with air purging every 24 hours, with the duration of the process for 70 - 72 hours. In the second stage (pasteurization stage), the initial mixture is heated to 75 - 85 ^o C with air purging every 12 hours. The duration of the process is 46 to 48 hours. After these two main technological stages of the bioconversion process, the mixture is gradually cooled to a temperature of 22 - 28 ^o C. Monitoring the progress of the bioconversion process is carried out with a frequency of 3 hours and using a special sampler using microbiological and chemical analysis methods.

Example 1
Testing the effectiveness of the complex microelement supplement was carried out on a mixture of 50% peat and 50% manure. A complex of trace elements was not added to the mixture in one of the fermenters. In another fermenter, a complex microelement additive prepared from chemically pure reagents was added. To prepare a complex microelement additives, weighed portions of reagents are successively dissolved in a given volume of water. The resulting solution is uniformly irrigated with a mixture, which is then stirred. Table 1 shows comparative data on the effect of trace elements on the content of biologically active substances in the final product after 5 days of bioconversion.

 With the introduction of a complex microelement supplement, the number of microorganisms that convert organomass in a biofermenter was significantly higher, exceeding the organomass of the prototype by 2-25 times for individual physiological groups. The most important sign of product formation was the active development of amino acid synthetics: when a complex microelement additive was introduced into the initial mixture for biofermentation, the number of amino acid synthesizing microorganisms reached a maximum value of 133.3 million / g of substrate (without an additive - only 6 million / g), and therefore the product observed an increase in the proportion of crude protein.

 From table 1 it follows that, ceteris paribus - temperature, humidity, ratio of components, pH, etc. the addition of a complex microelement additive to the initial mixture contributes to a 25% increase in protein and 12% fat in the final product; it is also enriched with vital macro- and microelements - phosphorus, potassium, selenium, bromine, rubidium, antimony, iodine by 10-90% , the content of sulfur, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, cadmium has not changed.

Example 2
The effectiveness of the complex microelement supplement was tested using a mixture of 60% peat and 40% manure. A complex of trace elements was not added to the mixture in one of the fermenters. In another fermenter, a complex microelement additive prepared from chemically pure reagents was added. To prepare a complex microelement additives, weighed portions of reagents are successively dissolved in a given volume of water. The resulting solution is uniformly irrigated with a mixture, which is then stirred. Table 2 shows comparative data on the effect of trace elements on the content of biologically active substances in the final product after 5 days of bioconversion.

 With the introduction of a complex microelement supplement, the number of microorganisms that convert organomass in a biofermenter was significantly higher, exceeding the organomass of the prototype by 2-25 times for individual physiological groups. The most important sign of product formation was the active development of amino acid synthetics: when a complex microelement additive was introduced into the initial mixture for biofermentation, the number of amino acid synthesizing microorganisms reached a maximum value of 133.3 million / g of substrate (without an additive - only 6 million / g), and therefore the product observed an increase in the proportion of crude protein.

 From table 2 it follows that, ceteris paribus - temperature, humidity, ratio of components, pH, etc. the addition of a complex microelement additive to the initial mixture contributes to a 25% increase in protein and 12% fat in the final product; it is also enriched with vital macro- and microelements - phosphorus, potassium, selenium, bromine, rubidium, antimony, iodine by 10-90% , the content of sulfur, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, cadmium has not changed.

Industrial applicability
The proposed method can be widely used for processing organic waste generated in large livestock complexes and poultry farms into feed additives and fertilizers with a given and stable chemical composition.

Claims (4)

1. The method of bioconversion of organic waste into a feed additive and fertilizer, including mixing the initial mixture consisting of organic waste and peat, loading the mixture into the reactor, purging it with oxygen-containing gas in the longitudinal and transverse directions during the bioconversion process carried out at elevated temperature, unloading mixtures from the reactor, characterized in that biologically active substances are introduced into the initial mixture, the bioconversion process is carried out in two stages, the first of which takes 70 to 72 hours, and the second - for 46 - 48 hours, while the temperature interval for the first stage is 37 - 39 ^o C, and the second stage is 75 - 85 ^o C, followed by cooling to ambient temperature, and purging with oxygen-containing gas is carried out periodically. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as the biologically active substances use a complex trace element additive comprising the following components, wt.%:
Iron sulfate - 3.40 - 4.60
Manganese sulfate - 1.30 - 2.40
Cobalt sulfate - 0.24 - 0.31
Zinc sulfate - 2.70 - 3.40
Copper sulfate - 0.70 - 0.90
Potassium iodide - 0.12 - 0.15
Ammonium Vanadium Acid - 0.01 - 0.02
Potassium Dichromate - 0.13 - 0.16
Ammonium Molybdenum Acid - 0.05 - 0.15
Magnesium sulfate - 5.00 - 7.00
Gallium nitrate - 0.04 - 0.06
Arsenous sodium hydroxide - 0.005 - 0.009
Sodium selenate - 0.005 - 0.01
Indium nitrate - 0.03 - 0.04
Potassium bromide - 0.50 - 0.60
Rubidium nitrate - 0.05 - 0.09
Sodium telluric acid - 0.007 - 0.009
Bismuth nitrate - 0.012 - 0.013
Nickel nitrate - 0.015 - 0.023
Boric acid - 0.78 - 1.18
Cesium nitrate - 0.031 - 0.047
Tin chloride - 0.068 - 0.100
Water - The rest is up to 100. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that after the bioconversion process is completed, the mixture is cooled to a temperature of 18 - 28 ^o C.  4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that before carrying out the bioconversion, the components of the mixture are crushed to a particle size distribution from 0.1 to 20 mm.

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