RU203612U1 - Device for determining the direction of small deviations from the vertical - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to devices for determining the direction of deviation of elements of objects from the vertical. The technical result consists in increasing the sensitivity of the device at small angles of deviation. A device for determining the direction of small deviations of various objects from the vertical consists of a semiconducting cylindrical pipe, with a thickness in the range from tenths to several millimeters, with a dielectric cover and a dielectric bottom, hermetically fixed to the pipe, while the dielectric bottom is connected to the horizontal plane of the bracket in this way, so that the outer plane of the bottom is perpendicular to the vertical plane of the bracket, intended for abutting the vertical plane of the object, and the outer plane of the bottom is perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical pipe, inside which is placed a cylindrical load of electrically conductive material, suspended coaxially to the cylindrical pipe on a flexible electrically conductive thread fixed in the lid, so, so that the load does not touch the bottom, a container in the form of a glass, formed by a cylindrical pipe and a bottom, is filled with transformer oil, the level of which allows the load to be completely immersed in it; on the outside, a dielectric ring with screws is tightly put on the cylindrical pipe, the height is located so that the place of contact between the load and the pipe is as close as possible to the screws passing through the ring and the ends abutting the cylindrical pipe, the screws are connected to the output wires by means of a spring-loaded contact, connected to the signal elements, in turn connected to the annular outer electrode, while the annular electrode and the electrically conductive thread coming out of the cover are connected to a constant voltage source. 1 wp f-ly, 7 ill.

Description

The utility model relates to the field of instrumentation, more specifically, to devices for determining the direction of deviation of various objects from the vertical and can be used in the field of geodesy when observing deformations of structures, construction, mining, in the oil and gas industry when drilling wells, as well as in measuring technique and technique of physical experiment.

Known tilt angle indicator RU 2156957 C2 (G01C 9/00, G01C 9/12, 2000). The invention contains a glass with a lid, in which a ball bearing is installed with two rods rigidly fixed to it, the lower of which is connected to a pendulum located inside a glass filled with a damping liquid, and the upper one closes the slip rings to ground at certain angles of the machine roll, two adjusting bolts , each of which is connected to one of the slip rings so that when screwing them in or out, an independent movement of the slip rings (respectively up or down) along the axis of the signaling device is provided. The disadvantage of the device is its low sensitivity at small tilt angles.

Known device for measuring the magnitude and direction of the angle of inclination of the object RU 2055314 to the means of automatic control of the angle of inclination of mining and roadheaders, and can be used in the automation of mining or sinking in coal, iron ore, salt and other mines during underground mining or sinking, as well as for measuring the angles of inclination of bucket wheel excavators, reloaders, downhole and underground conveyors and other mining machines. The essence of the invention: a device for measuring the magnitude and direction of the angle of inclination of an object contains a body with a body of revolution, the axis of which is perpendicular to the base of the body, a one-coordinate tiltmeter mounted on the body of rotation, an indicator of the angle of rotation of the body of rotation is made in the form of an inertial element suspended on two horizontal elastic elastic cords , the cores of which are made in the form of threads of electrically conductive rubber, an indicator of the rotation angle of the body of rotation. In addition, the device is equipped with two current stabilizers, two DC voltmeters, two AC voltmeters, a voltage difference meter, an inertial element weight and a cord stiffness factor, a tilt angle calculation unit and a three-channel display and recording unit, with the ends of each thread of elastic cords are connected to the outputs of the current stabilizer and the inputs of DC and AC voltmeters, the outputs of DC voltmeters are connected to the first and second inputs of the tilt angle calculation unit, the third input of which is connected to the output of the master, and the output is connected to the first input of the three-channel display and registration unit, the outputs of the voltmeters AC voltage are connected to the inputs of the difference meter, the output of which is connected to the second input of the three-channel display and registration unit, the third input of which is connected to the output of the second AC voltage voltmeter. The disadvantage of the device, as in the previous case, is its low sensitivity at small angles of inclination.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed utility model is the inclinometer RU 2401426, which contains a sensitive element in the form of a flat cuvette made of transparent substrates with transparent electrodes on the inner sides. The side faces of the cuvette are interconnected by vertical pipes. The cuvette and nozzles are filled to a certain level with a liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy, the initial homeotropic orientation is set to the liquid crystal within the cell. On the outer sides of the cuvette, polaroids are installed in a crossed position and an optoelectronic pair, which fixes the signal value when the liquid crystal flows due to a change in the level of the liquid crystal in the nozzles when the platform is tilted, on which all nodes of the inclinometer are installed. It is possible to measure deflection angles in a stationary mode if the direction of inclination is known in advance. For measurements of inclinations with a previously unknown direction of inclination, the platform is made of an upper part rotating through 360 ° and a lower stationary part having 3 supports, at least two of which are vertically movable. The upper part of the platform is set in rotary motion, periodic overflows of liquid crystals appear in the cell, the optoelectronic pair captures a sinusoidal signal, the value of which is used to judge the value of the slope.

The disadvantage of this device is the complexity of the design, low reaction rate and insufficient sensitivity at small angles of deflection.

In this case, the main technical problem is to create a device for determining the direction of small deviations from the vertical, having a high sensitivity at small angles of deviation.

The solution to this technical problem is achieved due to the fact that the device for determining the direction of small deviations of various objects from the vertical consists of a semiconducting cylindrical pipe, with a thickness in the range from tenths to several millimeters, with a dielectric cover and a dielectric bottom, hermetically fixed on the pipe, while the dielectric bottom is connected to the horizontal plane of the bracket so that the outer plane of the bottom is perpendicular to the vertical plane of the bracket intended to adjoin the vertical plane of the object, and the outer plane of the bottom is perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical pipe, inside which is placed a cylindrical load of electrically conductive material, suspended coaxially cylindrical pipe on a flexible electrically conductive thread fixed in the lid so that the load does not touch the bottom, the container in the form of a glass formed by the cylindrical pipe and the bottom is filled with transformer oil, the level of which allows allows the cargo to be completely immersed in it; a dielectric ring with screws is placed on the outside of the cylindrical pipe, the height is located so that the point of contact of the load and the pipe is as close as possible to the screws passing through the ring and the ends abutting against the cylindrical pipe, the screws are connected with the output wires by means of a spring-loaded contact, connected to the signal elements, in turn connected to the annular outer electrode, while the annular electrode and the electrically conductive thread coming out of the cover are connected to a constant voltage source. The semi-conductive cylindrical tube can be made of 1 mm thick cermet.

The increase in the sensitivity of the device occurs due to the creation of an electric field between the cylindrical weight and the walls of the cylinder. For this, a constant electric voltage is supplied to the cylinder and the load through an electrically conductive thread. Even with a very small deflection value, the distance between the weight and the cylinder wall will decrease in the deflection direction and increase in the opposite direction. This will lead to the fact that the electrostatic force of attraction in the direction of deflection increases, and in the opposite direction - decreases. Consequently, the load will deflect even more in the direction of the initial deflection. Thus, a positive feedback is formed - the deflection angle will increase precisely in the direction of the initial deflection and this will continue until the angle reaches a relatively large and therefore easily determined value due to the balance of the resulting electrostatic force and the restoring force arising from the deflection of the load on the thread from the vertical due to gravity. It should be noted that if the applied voltage is high enough, the restoring force may not compensate for the electrostatic forces. In this case, deflection will continue until the weight touches the cylinder wall in the direction of deflection. By fixing the position of this point, it is obviously easy to determine the direction of the deviation.

The technical result of the claimed utility model is that by means of a constant voltage applied to the walls of the glass and the load, the angle of deflection of the load increases. Thus, a solution to a technical problem is achieved - a device for determining the direction of small deviations from the vertical increases its sensitivity at small angles. In addition, in comparison with the prototype, the device has a simpler and more reliable design.

The claimed technical solution is illustrated by drawings.

FIG. 1 - device for determining the direction of small deviations from the vertical, side view.

FIG. 2 - a device for determining the direction of small deviations from the vertical, top view.

– источник напряжения,

– исходный угол отклонения,

- значение отклонения (возникают из-за того, что наклонилась плоскость на которой расположено устройство),

– угол отклонения в результате приложения напряжения,

- значение отклонения в горизонтальной плоскости в результате приложения напряжения. Рисунок выполнен относительно неподвижной горизонтальной системы отсчета. FIG. 3 - load on a thread in a cylinder in the absence of an electric field between the load and the walls of the cylinder (solid lines) and in the presence of a field due to the supply of a constant electric voltage U (dotted line). The diagram (Fig. 3) shows:

- voltage source,

- initial deflection angle,

- the deviation value (arising from the fact that the plane on which the device is located tilted),

- the angle of deflection as a result of the application of stress,

- the value of the deviation in the horizontal plane as a result of the application of stress. The figure is made with respect to a fixed horizontal frame of reference.

– тянущая площадь,

– расстояние между грузом 4 и стенками сосуда 1. Рисунок в системе отсчета, связанной с трубой. FIG. 4 - a model for calculating the effect of an electric field on the deflection of the load 4 in the frame of reference associated with the walls of the pipe-cylinder 1. Dotted line - the initial position with a strictly horizontal arrangement of the bottom of the pipe 3 1. Dotted line - equilibrium position when electric voltage is applied between load 4 and pipe 1.

- pulling area,

- the distance between the load 4 and the walls of the vessel 1. Figure in the frame of reference associated with the pipe.

и возвращающая

силы при

в зависимости от смещения

груза 4 от исходного положения. Соответствующие электрические напряжения

.FIG. 5 - electrostatic

and returning

forces at

depending on displacement

load 4 from the starting position. Corresponding electrical voltages

...

и возвращающая

силы

в зависимости от смещения

груза 4 от исходного положения. Соответствующие электрические напряжения

.FIG. 6 - electrostatic

and returning

strength

depending on displacement

load 4 from the starting position. Corresponding electrical voltages

...

FIG. 7 is a diagram for measuring the direction of deflection (top view).

The device (Fig. 1) consists of a thin-walled semiconducting cylindrical pipe 1 with a dielectric cover 2 and a dielectric bottom 3 strictly perpendicular to the walls, hermetically seated on a pipe 1, in which a cylindrical load 4 is placed on an electrically conductive thread 5. In the absence of a tilt, the pipe is cylindrical 1 and the load of cylindrical shape 4 must be coaxial (the load is located symmetrically relative to the walls), the walls of pipe 1 must be parallel to the walls of the load 4. Pipe 1 is filled with transformer oil 6.

Outside, a dielectric ring 7 with screws 8 is tightly put on the pipe 1. The ring 7 should be positioned in height so that the point of contact between the load 4 and the pipe 1 is as close as possible to the screws 8.

The screws have a hemispherical end abutting against the pipe 1, and the other end is connected with the output wires 9 by means of a spring-loaded contact. From the screws 8, contact wires 9 extend to the signal elements 10, which are connected to the annular outer electrode 11. Annular outer electrode 11 and the electrically conductive thread 5 are connected to a constant voltage source U.

The dielectric bottom 3 of the device is connected to the horizontal plane of the bracket 12, designed to fix the device on the vertical plane of the object 13, the position of which is to be controlled, so that the outer plane of the bottom 3 is strictly perpendicular to the vertical plane of the bracket 12 adjacent to the vertical plane of the object 13.

The tube 1 can be made of a semi-conductive material with thin walls; cermet is best suited for this purpose. The wall of the pipe 1 should be so thin that when the load 4 touches the inner wall of the pipe 1 at a point located next to one of the outer contact screws 8, the electrical resistance between the weight 4 and this screw 8 is much less than between the weight 4 and other contact screws 8. Depending on the material, the thickness of the pipe 1 can be in the range from tenths to several millimeters, for cermet, for example, a suitable thickness is 1 mm. The use of a relatively high-resistance material, such as cermet, will eliminate sparking when the load 4 touches the wall of the pipe 1 as a result of the discharge of the container formed by the load 4 and the wall - the current in this case will be limited by the contact resistance. It seems expedient to use transformer oil as liquid 6 in which the load 4 is placed to increase the dielectric strength of the medium and create damping that prevents the load from swinging. To vary the weight and pulling area, the load 4 can be made partially hollow. Thread 5 can be made of thin steel (like a guitar string). The material of the cover 2 and bottom 3 is not fundamental, the main requirements for it are high electrical resistance and high mechanical strength, for example, porcelain, ceramics, or a strong dielectric material such as lavsan.

The device works as follows. On the object under study, for which the deviation from the vertical is determined, a section of a strictly vertical plane 13 is allocated. The selected section 13 must be rigidly connected to the object. Using the bracket 12, the device is attached to the dedicated area 13. The attachment must allow micro-correction of the inclination of the bracket 12, for example, using micrometric screws or in any other way.

The walls of the pipe 1 and thread 5 are placed strictly parallel. This can be achieved with the help of the proposed device itself: with a strictly vertical arrangement of the thread 5 and the walls of the pipe 1 and when voltage is applied between the load 4 and the walls of the cylinder 1, due to the symmetry of the arising electric field, the resulting force acting on the load 4 will be equal to zero and the load 4 will not move to the wall of the pipe 1, therefore, the circuit will not close and none of the signaling elements 10 will turn on.

When the plane on which the device is fixed from the vertical, the thread 5 remains vertical, and the walls of the pipe 1 deviate, which leads to a violation of the parallelism of the walls of the pipe 1 and the lateral surface of the load 4. As a result, the distance between the outer surface of the load 4 and the inner surface of the pipe 1 decreases in the direction of deflection. This leads to an increase in the electrostatic force in this direction (direction of deflection) and its decrease in the opposite direction. As a result, the load 4 will begin to move under the action of electrostatic forces and will touch the inner surface of the pipe 1 in the direction corresponding to the deflection. At the point of contact with the load, the highest value of the output signal is obtained (simplified - the signal lamp will light up / flash the most brightly).

=0,1 Н:Here are examples of specific dimensions and other technical characteristics of the device, demonstrating its practical performance. For this, we take the mass of the load 4 m = 20 g. Then the weight of the load is 4 Р under the assumption that the buoyancy force of Archimedes

= 0.1 N:

= 10 гс=0,1 Н,

= 10 gf = 0.1 N,

– масса груза 4 и его объем соответственно, а

– плотность жидкости, в которой находится груз 4,

-ускорение свободного падения. Where

- the mass of cargo 4 and its volume, respectively, and

Is the density of the liquid in which the load 4 is located,

-acceleration of gravity.

между грузом 4 и стенкой трубы 1 примем равным 0,3 мм. Остальные значения: диэлектрическая проницаемость масла

=2,5; тянущая площадь

= 10 см², длина нити

=10 см. При указанных значениях расчет по формуле (15) (обоснование этой формулы смотри ниже) дает значение напряжения, при котором устройство будет работоспособно U=24,7 В. Такое значение напряжения может быть легко реализовано даже от автономных источников питания.Note that the weight of the weight 4 and the value of the pulling area can be varied, making the weight 4 partially hollow. Initial clearance

between the weight 4 and the wall of the pipe 1 we will take equal to 0.3 mm. Other values: oil dielectric constant

= 2.5; pulling area

= 10 cm ² , thread length

= 10 cm.With the indicated values, the calculation according to the formula (15) (for the justification of this formula, see below) gives the voltage value at which the device will be operational U = 24.7 V. Such a voltage value can be easily realized even from autonomous power sources.

=2,5, массы груза 4 m=20 г, устройство работоспособно при следующих углах отклонения:

(рад)=от 10^-8 до 10^-3 или

=0,1" до 3°.With the parameters of the gap d = 0.3 mm, the pulling area S = 10 cm ² , the length of the thread l = 10 cm, the electric voltage U = 100 V, the dielectric constant of the oil

= 2.5, cargo mass 4 m = 20 g, the device is operational at the following deflection angles:

(rad) = from 10 ^-8 to 10 ^-3 or

= 0.1 "to 3 °.

, величина которого настолько мала, что зафиксировать его и определить направление отклонения известными методами невозможно. Для улучшения качества измерений можно легко создать электрическое поле между цилиндрическим грузом 4 и стенками цилиндра 1: для этого достаточно, чтобы указанные элементы были электропроводящими или полупроводящими и изолированными друг от друга. Одним концом источник подключается к нити, крышка играет роль изолятора, отделяющего этот потенциал от остальных элементов конструкции. Одна клемма источника соединяется с нитью. Такой же потенциал будет иметь груз 4, поскольку соединен с нитью. Другой полюс источника соединен с контактными винтами через кольцевой электрод. При расположении груза 4 параллельно/соосно стенкам трубы 1 он не касается ее стенок и цепь при этом разомкнута, за счет того, что трансформаторное масло 6 является диэлектриком. При касании груза 4 стенки трубы 1 цепь замыкается и происходит растекание тока. В точке касания из-за того, что стенка тонкая и винты расположены практически на той же высоте, что и точка касания, сопротивление будет наименьшим и сигнальный элемент выдаст наибольшие показания именно в этой точке (фиг. 7).With a slight inclination of the bottom, the thread becomes not parallel to the walls and forms an angle with them

, the value of which is so small that it is impossible to fix it and determine the direction of deviation by known methods. To improve the quality of measurements, you can easily create an electric field between the cylindrical weight 4 and the walls of the cylinder 1: for this it is sufficient that these elements are electrically conductive or semi-conductive and isolated from each other. At one end, the source is connected to the thread, the cover acts as an insulator separating this potential from the rest of the structure. One terminal of the source is connected to the filament. Weight 4 will have the same potential, since it is connected to the thread. The other pole of the source is connected to the contact screws via a ring electrode. When the load 4 is parallel / coaxial to the walls of the pipe 1, it does not touch its walls and the circuit is open at the same time, due to the fact that the transformer oil 6 is a dielectric. When the load 4 touches the wall of the pipe 1, the circuit closes and the current spreads. At the point of contact, due to the fact that the wall is thin and the screws are located almost at the same height as the point of contact, the resistance will be the smallest and the signal element will give the greatest readings exactly at this point (Fig. 7).

расстояние между грузом 4 и стенкой трубы 1 в направлении отклонения уменьшится, а в противоположном направлении – увеличится. Это приведет к тому, что электростатическая сила притяжения в направлении отклонения возрастет, а в противоположном – уменьшится. Следовательно, груз 4 еще больше отклонится в направлении первоначального отклонения. Таким образом, образуется положительная обратная связь – угол отклонения будет увеличиваться именно в направлении исходного отклонения и продолжаться это будет до тех пор, пока угол не достигнет относительно большого и поэтому легко измеряемого значения

, обусловленного балансом результирующей электростатической силы и возвращающей силы, возникающей при отклонении груза 4 на нити 5 от вертикали за счет гравитации. Следует отметить, что если приложенное электрическое напряжение достаточно велико, то возвращающая сила может и не скомпенсировать электростатические силы. В этом случае отклонение будет продолжаться до тех пор, пока груз 4 не коснется стенки трубы 1 в направлении отклонения. Фиксируя положение этой точки, очевидно, легко определить направление отклонения.Even with a very small value

the distance between the weight 4 and the wall of the pipe 1 will decrease in the direction of deflection, and increase in the opposite direction. This will lead to the fact that the electrostatic force of attraction in the direction of deflection increases, and in the opposite direction - decreases. Consequently, the weight 4 will deviate even more in the direction of the initial deflection. Thus, a positive feedback is formed - the deflection angle will increase precisely in the direction of the initial deflection and this will continue until the angle reaches a relatively large and therefore easily measurable value

due to the balance of the resulting electrostatic force and the restoring force arising from the deflection of the load 4 on the thread 5 from the vertical due to gravity. It should be noted that if the applied voltage is high enough, the restoring force may not compensate for the electrostatic forces. In this case, the deflection will continue until the weight 4 touches the pipe wall 1 in the direction of deflection. By fixing the position of this point, it is obviously easy to determine the direction of the deviation.

Let us consider the quantitatively presented situation on the basis of a simplified model - the angles will be considered small and we will use the flat capacitor approximation.

In reality, the load 4 and the walls when the pipe 1 is tilted become not strictly parallel. However, since the deflection angles are small, we will not take this circumstance into account. Therefore, below the values indicated in FIG. 4 distances mean their average values (to simplify the calculation).

рассчитывается по формуле:Electrostatic force

calculated by the formula:

, (1)

, (one)

– результирующее пондеромоторное давление, а

– тянущая площадь. Where

Is the resulting ponderomotive pressure, and

- pulling area.

:In this case, the ponderomotive pressure

:

, (2)

, (2)

– электрическая постоянная,

– диэлектрическая проницаемость среды между грузом 4 и трубой 1,

– напряженность электрического поля, которую можно оценить как:Where

- electric constant,

- dielectric constant of the medium between the load 4 and the pipe 1,

- electric field strength, which can be estimated as:

, (3)

, (3)

– расстояние (зазор) между электродами, находящимися под напряжением

.Where

- distance (gap) between energized electrodes

...

можно записать:Considering that the load 4 is affected by the resulting difference of electrostatic forces directed to the right, where the gap is smaller, and to the left, where the gap becomes larger when deflected in the considered direction, based on (1) - (3) for the resulting electrostatic force

you can write:

. (4)

... (four)

- исходный зазор между грузом 4 и стенкой трубы 1,

- значение отклонения в горизонтальной плоскости в результате приложения напряжения.Where

- the initial gap between the weight 4 and the pipe wall 1,

- the value of the deviation in the horizontal plane as a result of the application of stress.

After simplification, the expression for the electrostatic force takes the form:

. (5)

... (five)

, представляющая собой векторную сумму сил тяжести, действующей на груз 4, и сил Архимеда и натяжения нити. В этом случае:We will assume that the calculated force is directed horizontally (to the right in Fig. 4). As a result of the deflection under its action, a restoring force arises

, which is the vector sum of the forces of gravity acting on the load 4, and the forces of Archimedes and the tension of the thread. In this case:

, (6)

, (6)

– вес груза 4, равный разности сил тяжести и Архимеда, действующих на него:

- the weight of the load 4, equal to the difference between the forces of gravity and Archimedes acting on it:

, (7)

, (7)

– масса груза 4 и его объем соответственно, а

– плотность жидкости, в которой находится груз 4. В качестве такой жидкости представляется целесообразным использовать трансформаторное масло 6 для повышения электрической прочности среды и создания демпфирования, препятствующего раскачиванию груза 4. Where

- the mass of cargo 4 and its volume, respectively, and

- the density of the fluid in which the load is located 4. It seems appropriate to use transformer oil 6 as such a fluid to increase the electrical strength of the medium and create damping that prevents the load from swinging 4.

Considering that

, (8)

, (eight)

– угол отклонения в результате приложения напряжения,

- значение отклонения (возникают из-за того, что наклонилась плоскость, на которой расположено устройство),

- значение отклонения в горизонтальной плоскости в результате приложения напряжения,

– длина нити 5 вместе с грузом 4, выражение для компенсирующей силы примет вид:Where

- the angle of deflection as a result of the application of stress,

- the deviation value (arising from the fact that the plane on which the device is located tilted),

- the value of the deviation in the horizontal plane as a result of the application of stress,

- the length of the thread 5 together with the weight 4, the expression for the compensating force will take the form:

. (10)

... (10)

. Для определения величины отклонения

необходимо приравнять (5) и (10) и решить относительно

соответствующее уравнение. При этом возможны различные ситуации:As a result of the balance of forces (5) and (10), the load 4 is deflected at a noticeable angle

... To determine the magnitude of the deviation

it is necessary to equate (5) and (10) and decide on

corresponding equation. In this case, various situations are possible:

также невелика, фиг. 5. В этом случае имеются два корня -

и

соответственно для устойчивого и неустойчивого равновесия груза 4. Очевидно, в рассмотренном устройстве реализуется устойчивое состояние, т.к. в начале движения, при малых

, электростатическая сила больше возвращающей.1. The applied voltage is low and therefore the electrostatic force

is also small, FIG. 5. In this case, there are two roots -

and

respectively for stable and unstable balance of load 4. Obviously, the considered device implements a stable state, since at the beginning of the movement, at small

, the electrostatic force is greater than the restoring force.

, соответствующее границе устойчивости груза 4, т.е. когда

и

практически совпадают и даже при небольшом случайном отклонении в сторону стенки трубы 1, произойдет необратимое движение груза 4 к этой стенке вплоть до ее касания. При этом сила

больше, чем в предыдущем случае. Для расчета значения

и соответствующей координаты

необходимо, как видно из фиг. 5, равенство сил (5) и (10) дополнить равенством их производных:2. The applied voltage is of some critical importance

corresponding to the stability boundary of the load 4, i.e. when

and

practically coincide, and even with a small random deviation towards the wall of the pipe 1, an irreversible movement of the load 4 to this wall will occur until it touches. At the same time, the force

more than in the previous case. To calculate the value

and the corresponding coordinate

it is necessary, as can be seen from FIG. 5, the equality of forces (5) and (10) is supplemented by the equality of their derivatives:

. (11)

... (eleven)

больше возвращающей силы. В этом случае груз 4 неминуемо коснется стенки трубы 1. При этом его движение будет происходить в направлении первоначального отклонения. Как уже указывалось, этот вариант удобно использовать для определения направления отклонения, т.к. в рассматриваемом случае это отклонение, очевидно, максимально.3. The applied voltage is large and the resulting electrostatic force is

more restoring force. In this case, the load 4 will inevitably touch the wall of the pipe 1. In this case, its movement will occur in the direction of the initial deflection. As already mentioned, this option is convenient to use to determine the direction of deviation, since in the case under consideration, this deviation is obviously maximum.

, т.е. рассмотрим случай

, по сути и соответствующий очень малому, трудно измеряемому отклонению. Именно эта ситуация и является основным предметом рассмотрения в настоящей работе. В этом случае поведение сил в предлагаемом устройстве будет несколько отличаться от ситуации, показанной на фиг. 5. Ситуацию при

иллюстрирует фиг. 6.4. Voltage applied at a very low value

, i.e. consider the case

, in fact, and corresponding to a very small, difficult to measure deviation. It is this situation that is the main subject of consideration in this work. In this case, the behavior of the forces in the proposed device will slightly differ from the situation shown in FIG. 5. The situation when

illustrates FIG. 6.

движения груза 4 к стенке трубы 1 не начнется, т.к. возвращающая сила больше электростатической. Положение равновесия может быть достигнуто лишь искусственно путем приближения груза 4 к стенке трубы 1. Из фиг. 6 видно, что положение равновесия при этом будет неустойчивым – при случайном отклонении груза 4 возникающая результирующая сила будет направлена в сторону отклонения. Поэтому указанные значения напряжения не представляют практического интереса. При необходимости можно рассчитать рассмотренное положение равновесия

, приравнивая (5) и (10) при

. Соответствующие расчеты дают следующий результат:From FIG. 6 it can be seen that at very low electrical voltages of the type

the movement of the load 4 to the wall of the pipe 1 will not start, because the restoring force is greater than electrostatic. The equilibrium position can only be achieved artificially by bringing the weight 4 closer to the wall of the pipe 1. From FIG. 6 it can be seen that the equilibrium position in this case will be unstable - with a random deviation of the load 4, the resulting resulting force will be directed towards the deviation. Therefore, the indicated voltage values are of no practical interest. If necessary, the considered equilibrium position can be calculated

, equating (5) and (10) at

... The corresponding calculations give the following result:

(12)

(12)

At first glance, the resulting formula looks erroneous - with an increase in the applied voltage, the coordinate corresponding to the equilibrium position decreases. However, this discrepancy is apparent, formula (12) fully corresponds to that shown in Fig. 6 situations for low voltages. Let us also recall that this position itself, only under the influence of tension, is not achieved.

и

, на фиг. 6. В этих случаях электростатические силы больше возвращающей, что обеспечит начало движения груза 4 вплоть до его соприкосновения со стенкой трубы 1. Наибольший интерес представляет пограничная ситуация – напряжение

, где

– критическое значение напряжения, аналогичное по физическому смыслу

, рассмотренному выше в п.2, но относящееся к ситуации

, т.е. очень малому отклонению, направление которого зафиксировать известными методами невозможно.For the trouble-free operation of the proposed device, obviously, of interest are situations corresponding to voltages

and

, in FIG. 6. In these cases, the electrostatic forces are greater than the restoring force, which will ensure the beginning of the movement of the load 4 up to its contact with the pipe wall 1. Of greatest interest is the boundary situation - voltage

where

- the critical voltage value, similar in physical meaning

discussed above in Section 2, but related to the situation

, i.e. a very small deviation, the direction of which cannot be fixed by known methods.

заметим, что графики

и

в окрестности

имеют общую касательную, поэтому производные от этих функций по

должны быть равны в окрестности нуля. Производная от (5) после преобразований сводится к виду:To calculate the value

note that the graphs

and

in the surrounding area

have a common tangent line, therefore the derivatives of these functions with respect to

should be equal around zero. The derivative of (5) after transformations is reduced to the form:

. (13)

... (13)

Derived from (10):

. (14)

... (fourteen)

, и учитывая, что при этом

, после преобразований получим для

сравнительно простое выражение, связывающее его значение с параметрами предлагаемого устройства:Equating (13) and (14) at

, and taking into account that at the same time

, after transformations we get for

a relatively simple expression connecting its value with the parameters of the proposed device:

. (15)

... (fifteen)

= 10 гс=0,1 Н. Отметим, что вес груза 4 и значение тянущей площади можно варьировать, делая груз 4 частично полым. Исходный зазор

примем равным 0,3 мм. Остальные значения:

=2,5;

= 10 см²;

=10 см. При указанных значениях расчет по (15) дает значение 24,7 В. Такое значение напряжения может быть легко реализовано даже от автономных источников питания. Let us estimate the quantitatively calculated value, taking into account the real, easily realizable values of the quantities included in (15). For this, we take the weight of the load 4

= 10 gf = 0.1 N. Note that the weight of weight 4 and the value of the pulling area can be varied, making the weight 4 partially hollow. Initial clearance

we will take it equal to 0.3 mm. Other values:

= 2.5;

= 10 cm ² ;

= 10 cm. At the indicated values, the calculation according to (15) gives a value of 24.7 V. Such a voltage value can be easily realized even from autonomous power sources.

, даже не наблюдая самого отклонения, можно определить его направление, например, таким способом: трубу 1 изготовить из полупроводящего материала и с тонкими стенками. Тогда при касании внутренней части трубы 1 грузом 4 электрическое сопротивление между грузом 4 и внешней частью трубы 1 будет наименьшим именно в точке касания (из-за малой толщины стенки), что легко зафиксировать внешними измерениями. Кроме того, использование полупроводящей, достаточно высокоомной трубы 1 исключит искрение при касании грузом 4 стенки в результате разряда емкости, образованной грузом 4 и стенкой – ток в этом случае будет ограничен сопротивлением контакта. Соответствующая схема измерений показана на фиг. 7.Note that using voltages greater (or, in the limit, equal) than

without even observing the deviation itself, you can determine its direction, for example, in this way: the pipe 1 is made of a semiconducting material and with thin walls. Then, when the inside of the pipe 1 touches the load 4, the electrical resistance between the load 4 and the outside of the pipe 1 will be the smallest exactly at the point of contact (due to the small wall thickness), which can be easily fixed by external measurements. In addition, the use of a semiconducting, sufficiently high-resistance pipe 1 will eliminate sparking when the load 4 touches the wall as a result of the discharge of the capacitance formed by the load 4 and the wall - the current in this case will be limited by the contact resistance. The corresponding measurement setup is shown in FIG. 7.

In the simplest form, LEDs can be used as signaling elements 10. In the example shown in FIG. In the example 7, the LED closest to the touch point will light up brighter than the others, because the electrical resistance between the weight 4 and the wall of the pipe 1 will be the smallest at the point of contact, where the inner electrode of this LED is connected.

Claims (2)

1. A device for determining the direction of small deviations of various objects from the vertical, consisting of a semiconducting cylindrical pipe, with a thickness in the range from tenths to several millimeters, with a dielectric cover and a dielectric bottom, hermetically fixed to the pipe, while the dielectric bottom is connected to the horizontal plane of the bracket in such a way that the outer plane of the bottom is perpendicular to the vertical plane of the bracket, intended for abutting the vertical plane of the object, and the outer plane of the bottom is perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical pipe, inside which is placed a cylindrical load of electrically conductive material, suspended coaxially to the cylindrical pipe on a flexible electrically conductive fixed in the lid threads so that the load does not touch the bottom, a container in the form of a glass, formed by a cylindrical pipe and a bottom, is filled with transformer oil, the level of which allows the load to be completely immersed in it; a dielectric ring with screws is placed on the outside of the cylindrical pipe, the height is located so that the point of contact of the load and the pipe is as close as possible to the screws passing through the ring and the ends abutting against the cylindrical pipe, the screws are connected with the output wires by means of a spring-loaded contact, connected to the signal elements, in turn connected to the annular outer electrode, while the annular electrode and the electrically conductive thread coming out of the cover are connected to a constant voltage source. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the semiconducting cylindrical pipe is made of cermet with a thickness of 1 mm.

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