RU2045148C1 - Wheat growing method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves sowing with the use of newly harvested spring wheat seeds after a 3-7 month period of post-harvest maturing. The sowing dates may be from August through October regardless of soil moisture content. Deep latency prevents seeds from germination at least till December, than there is a period of forced low temperature latency. In spring seeds germinate 8-10 days before those of spring sowing, thereby providing for more favorable growing conditions such as less damage due to weeds, pests, diseases, and drought. Germination of seeds in windrows and standing crop is ruled out. EFFECT: higher winter hardiness, higher crop yield stability.

Description

 The invention relates to technologies for the cultivation of crops.

 A known method of growing wheat, including the use and further improvement of its two main forms: winter and spring. Winter wheat is sown in early autumn. The sprouted plants vegetate until a steady cooling, then fall into a state of forced dormancy, grow back in spring and in July yield a grain and straw crop. When sown in spring, winter wheat vegetates, shrubs, but does not produce an ear and grain. Spring wheat is productive in most regions only when sown in spring, it freezes in winter. Two-handed wheat has a limited distribution, cultivated mainly by the type of winter in areas with mild winters. Winter wheat came from spring as a carrion as a result of repeated mutation, selection and fixing in the heredity of the signs of winter. Due to the better use of plant life factors in the autumn-spring period, under the condition of normal wintering, winter varieties are almost twice as good as spring varieties in yield.

 A disadvantage of the analogue is the possible death of winter wheat under unfavorable winter conditions (low temperatures and insufficient snow cover, ice crust, evaporation, soaking, aging, snow mold, etc.), as well as due to overgrowing or underdevelopment of plants due to changing autumn weather.

 The disadvantage of the method when growing spring wheat is the lower productivity of the culture and the likely damage to unripe grain by autumn frost in the northern and eastern regions of the republic. Poor winter hardiness of spring wheat plants precludes the possibility of its autumn sowing.

 A known method of winter or winter sowing of spring wheat varieties, providing overwintering of biological individuals in the form of seedlings that have not germinated due to low temperatures (prototype).

 The disadvantage of the prototype is the possible germination of seeds during the thaw due to disturbance of forced and low-temperature dormancy, subsequent death of seedlings from frost and, therefore, low and unstable productivity of crops.

 The objective of the invention is to increase the winter hardiness of crops, productivity and stability of wheat crops.

 The objective is achieved in a method of growing wheat, including sowing spring forms in the winter, where sowing is carried out with freshly harvested seeds having a post-harvest ripening period of 5-7 months, from August to October, regardless of soil moisture.

 The difference between the method and the prototype is that it uses the natural deep physiological rest of the seeds by selecting the appropriate varieties or breeding on this basis. This will ensure, regardless of the sowing time and possible thaws, the exclusion of seed germination at the beginning of winter, their safe preservation in the soil until spring, earlier germination and accelerated development.

 The method is implemented as follows.

Freshly harvested and prepared spring wheat seeds with long organic rest (5-7 months) are sown according to the usual technology at a convenient time for the producer (August-September-October). The moisture content of the soil does not matter and can range from 15-19% (physical ripeness) to 4-5% (air-dry state). The natural dormancy of the seeds prevents their germination at least until December, then the forced low-temperature dormancy comes into effect. In the spring when the soil warming of 1-2 ^{° C} and its high humidity, the seeds begin to germinate, acquiring a beneficial combination of factors of life of plants even before the start of spring field works. Reduced temperature and increased soil moisture against the background of the early spring light regime contribute to the formation of a greater number of spring wheat productivity elements. The peculiarity of the spring-summer wheat farming technology according to this method consists only in the integumentary harrowing, which is carried out to prevent excessive evaporation and destruction of the crust with a needle harrow at seedlings.

 Examples of specific performance of the proposed method are as follows. For sowing in the experiments, freshly harvested spring wheat seeds “Cesium III” and others from the VIR collection with a post-harvest ripening period of up to 7-7.5 months were used.

 The results of the experiments indicate that seedlings of autumn crops appear in the spring 8-10 days earlier than during spring sowing as the soil ripens. The survival rate of plants with respect to sown seeds during autumn sowing averaged 80% and during spring sowing only 48% due to the rapid drying of the soil, limited field germination and damage by pests. Productive bushiness was 7.7 and 4.8, respectively, and the grain weight from one plant was 6.7 g and 3.8 g.

 Using the invention allows to achieve the following results. Organizational and economic advantages, which consists in expanding the possible and convenient for production sowing dates (August-September-October) without compromising the wheat crop; guaranteed wintering of wheat sowing in the phase of dormant seeds, providing high stability of grain production over the years; high field germination of seeds (about 85%) in conditions of sufficient early spring water supply to crops; increase in wheat productivity up to 50 due to an earlier passage of development phases, a favorable combination and influence of early spring natural factors on organo-educational processes, and also due to the departure of plant pests, diseases, weeds, droughts and autumn frosts in the northeastern regions; the absence of grain germination in the rolls and "on the vine" in rainy weather during harvesting, which, along with the best phytosanitary situation, ensures high quality products.

 The implementation of the potentials of the proposed method of growing wheat is environmentally safe, does not require special capital costs, as it is a natural reserve of wildlife. A new direction is opening up in the selection of wheat varieties, combining the positive properties of winter and spring forms.

Claims (1)

 METHOD FOR WHEAT GROWING, including sowing of spring forms in the winter, characterized in that the sowing is carried out with freshly harvested seeds having a post-harvest ripening period of 5-7 months, from August to October, regardless of soil moisture.