RU2041984C1 - Fabric - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: textile industry. SUBSTANCE: fabrics made of a mixture of high- and low-modular fibers provide high resistance to attrition with the solid surface. EFFECT: enhanced quality of fabric. 14 cl, 4 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to high-strength beautiful fabrics suitable for the manufacture of comfortable clothes with a long service life.

 The purpose of the invention is to increase the strength of the fabric to abrasion.

 Fabrics made entirely from high modulus fibers (higher than 200 g / decitex) are designed for sewing clothes that require special endurance. Their abrasion resistance when rubbing against a hard surface is relatively high compared to fabrics of low-modulus fibers (below 100 g / decitex). However, fabrics made from high modulus fibers have a significantly less beautiful appearance and are inferior in terms of convenience to fabrics made from low modulus fibers. For clothing, it is desirable that fabrics made from low-modulus fibers, such as cotton, have both high aesthetic properties and the convenience and durability of fabrics made from high-modulus fibers, such as poly / i-phenylene terephthalic acid / (PPD-T).

 Abrasion test results usually give a correct idea of the possible duration of tissue service. Fabrics with high abrasion resistance on a hard surface can be used for many types of clothing and especially for workwear for workers in steel mills and coal mines.

As an example of a widespread fabric made of discrete fibers, comfortable and durable to wear, we can name 3x1 twill weave fabric containing 70% cotton, 15% nylon and 15% polyester. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance (as indicated below) is about 1-1.5 cycles / g / m ² .

 Cotton fabrics have a low abrasion resistance on a hard surface, while PPD-T fabrics have a comparatively high abrasion resistance. However, previously produced fabrics from PPD-T and cotton blends have only slightly higher abrasion resistance than cotton fabrics and significantly less abrasion resistance than all fabrics from PPD-T fibers.

 Higher abrasion resistance of clothing is achieved by applying pieces of thermoplastic material in places subjected to severe wear. However, this material has great rigidity, low moisture permeability and is easy to tear off.

 In FIG. 1 shows a plain weave fabric, top view; figure 2 section aa in figure 1; figure 3 severe fabric, top view; in Fig.4 a section bB in Fig.3.

 The main threads of which the fabrics are made are made of high-modulus fibers that form the core thread and fixed in place of the low-modulus synthetic fibers that form the braid. Autoclaving the harsh fabric can provide the shrinkage necessary to obtain a fabric with a specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance of at least 25% higher than the resistance on the same side of the harsh fabric of the same weave and weight made from high modulus staple fibers. When autoclaved, harsh fabric rolls are subjected to high pressure. The processing time and temperature are those that are usually used to relax or crystallize synthetic fibers that provide shrinkage of the fabric by approximately 5%. This method gives effective results if the treated fabric contains at least 30% of low-modulus heat-shrinkable fibers, such as nylon, polyester and other synthetic fibers.

 According to another embodiment of the invention, sufficient shrinkage of the fabrics can be achieved by flame retardant processing of the fabric from yarn obtained by a conventional spinning method containing the required amount of high modulus fiber, i.e. at least 15% of the base and at least 30% of cotton.

 The fabric is flame retardant using urea condensate tetrakis (oxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, after which the fabric is vulcanized. In this treatment, the harsh tissue is washed, dried and passed through an aqueous solution, the phosphonium compound being absorbed into the cotton. Then the fabric is mainly dried (less than 15% water content by weight of the fabric) and then exposed to liquid or gaseous ammonia, as is commonly practiced in industry. Then the fabric is rinsed and dried, remaining under tension in the direction of the base, but loose in the direction of the weft. Cotton fibers in the fabric swell strongly when wetted with phosphonium compound and then shrink when the swelling at least partially stops.

 Finally, the flame retardant fabric undergoes the usual shrink compression treatment. In the case of fabrics that are treated with substances that prevent inflammation or other materials that constantly change the weight of the fabrics, the weight content of staple fibers in the yarn and fabrics is determined after processing the fabrics rather than after it, in order to establish whether these fabrics can be considered related to the subject of the invention.

Another method of making fabrics is to mercerize a fabric in which the main yarn is made of at least 15% high modulus fibers and with 30% cotton not less than the fabric in order to achieve the desired shrinkage and produce fabrics according to the invention. Usually, mercerization is carried out by passing a harsh tissue through a caustic solution, i.e. from 10 to 24% caustic at temperatures up to about 82 ^{° C} for a short time, i.e., 30 sec Desired results are obtained by double mercerization. Care must be taken to limit the processing time of the fabric with caustic in order to avoid destruction of the high modulus fiber. The fabric is rinsed, neutralized with acetic acid and dried under tension in the direction of the base, but without tension to relax in the direction of the weft. Cotton fibers swell strongly when wetted with a caustic solution and then shrink when the swelling stops during drying. Mercerization can change the weight of the fibers in the harsh tissue so that the content by weight of the staple fibers in the treated tissue also changes. After mercerization or treatments, the fabric can also be subjected to conventional shrink treatment by compression. Single-process mercerization followed by flame retardant treatment can give the desired results.

 During each of the above operations, the low-modulus fiber shrinks within the fabric, tying or securing the high-modulus fiber in place and providing abrasion resistance to the fabric. When the fabric contains a high modulus fiber capable of shrinkage and maintain its high modulus after shrinkage, the desired results can be obtained by shrinkage of the high modulus fiber in addition to or instead of shrinkage of the low modulus fiber. Regardless of the manufacturing method, the fabric to be processed must have a density above 1.0 and a fiber density below 1.0. Shrink processing should be sufficient to increase their fiber density above 1.0 when measured by the method described below to obtain abrasion resistant fabrics according to the present invention.

 High modulus and low modulus staple fibers are textile fibers with a linear density sufficient for making clothes, i.e., less than 10 decitex per fiber and preferably less than 5 decitex per fiber. Fibers with a linear density of from 1 to about 3 decitex per fiber are even more suitable. Curved fibers are especially good, as they provide high aesthetic characteristics and easy workability. The fabric is made of discrete staple fibers, i.e. staple fibers, not fused and not interconnected.

 The fabrication process includes the steps of weaving fabric from warp yarns containing at least 15% staple fibers with a modulus exceeding 200 g / decitex and 30-92% staple fibers of a fabric with a modulus below 100 g / decitex. Subsequently, the fabric is processed to achieve the desired tissue and fiber density.

 The reason for achieving high stability of fabric made from a mixture of high and low modulus fibers is that high modulus fibers are tightly fixed in many places of the fabric. When the fabric is abraded, the fibers at break (including high modulus fibers) fall out of the fabric less, as they remain fixed in place. Instead of falling out of the fabric, they remain in the form of bundles that help withstand further attrition of the fabric. Thus, a shock absorber is obtained for the dangling ends of the hard high-modulus fibers between the abrasive and non-dangling fibers of the fabric. Since high modulus fibers are difficult to abrade, this shock absorber significantly reduces further destruction. If the high modulus fibers are not fixed in place, abrasion of the fabric will cause the loss of dangling fibers, which cease to protect the remaining tissue.

 In the drawings, two types of fabrics according to the invention are given.

 The plain weave fabric 1 consists of warp yarns 2 and weft yarns 3. Section 4 in the circle shows the place where the fabric was subjected to severe abrasion. The rough sections 5 represent the bundles as brushes, consisting of dangling ends of the fibers, clamped in place inside the fabric. Figure 2 shows the continuous warp yarns 2 and bundles 6, representing the dangling ends of the fibers, including rigid high-modulus fibers.

 The severe fabric 7 (Fig. 3) of the same basic weight and weave as that shown in Fig.1, but the frayed section 8 inside a circle of a different nature. There are few ends of fibers (and sometimes they are not at all), including high-modulus fibers, and they are fixed in place. The dangling fibers dropped out of the fabric, resulting in the tissue becoming thin on the frayed area. With further abrasion, the fabric will be quickly wiped through.

 Due to the presence of bundles of dangling fibers, they are much less permeable to the passage of air after abrasion than they were before abrasion. This differs them from other fabrics of the same weight and weave, which become more breathable during abrasion. The breathability of the fabric before and after abrasion is used to determine the density of the fibers as a measure of the tight fixation of the fibers in the fabric.

 Fibers can be spun into yarns by various spinning methods, including but not only ring spinning, pneumatic and friction spinning.

 An example of a high modulus fiber is staple fiber of polyphenylene terephthalamide (RRD-T fiber).

Other organic staple fibers with a modulus of at least 200 g decitex can be used, including (but not limited to) the following fibers:
a high modulus fiber of a terephthalic acid copolymer with a mixture of diamines as 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether and p-phenylenediamine;
high molecular weight fiber of high molecular weight polyethylene, molded from a dope with the formation of fibers in the form of a gel and its subsequent drawing;
high-modulus heavy-duty fiber from polyvinyl alcohol with a degree of polymerization of at least 1500, obtained by the method of wet spinning with a dry stream;
a high-modulus fiber formed from anisotropic polyester or copolyester and subjected to heat treatment after spinning.

 An example of such a polymer is a copolyester of equimolecular amounts of hydroxybenzoic acid and 6-hydroxy-naphthoic acid.

 The term "organic staple fibers" in this case is used in relation to the staple fibers of polymers containing carbon and hydrogen, and they can also contain oxygen and nitrogen.

 An indicative low-modulus fiber for shrinkage and mercerization or flame retardant treatment is cotton. Other cellulosic fibers, both natural and synthetic, flax and cellulosic chemical fiber may also be used, but may need to be modified to shrink, as is understood by those skilled in the art. Woolen fibers may be used. Many low-modulus fibers of synthetic origin, such as 66 and 6 nylon fibers, polyethylene, terephthalate and other polyesters, polyacrylonitrile and other acrylic fibers, polybenzimidazole and poly / m-isophthalamide / (MRD-1) can also be used for the manufacture of certain weave fabrics and for their processing, as for shrinkage in autoclaves. Low modulus polyvinyl alcohol fibers can also be used to carry out the invention.

 Compression shrinkage is often used in the processing of cotton and other fabrics, usually to minimize residual shrinkage, and can be applied to fabrics according to the invention (Korbman B. Textiles: from fibers to fabrics. New York: Mac Grau Gil, 1975, 183- 184).

 During shrinkage by compression, the fabric is moistened with clean water and hot steam, clamped along the edge with stretching and firmly pressed against a heavy cloth with adjustable tension. The tension of the panel is released to the desired value, which causes the fabric to evenly shrink, after which the fabric is dried by passing around a heated drum. In the case of fabrics containing cotton and related to the present invention, shrinkage by compression should be the last step after treatment to give resistance to fire or mercerization.

 During the preparation of the fabrics according to the invention, resistant resins can be applied to the fabrics. Other common treatments may also be used. It is desirable that the additions introduced into the tissue comprise 0-5% of the weight of the tissue.

All fabric tests and measurements, including determination of the main fabric weight and weaving (the number of warp threads to the number of weft threads) for both harsh and finished fabrics, are performed after the fabrics to be tested are subjected to five wash-dry cycles. Each cycle consists of washing the fabric in a conventional home washing machine in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide with 12 pH at 57 ^{° C} and stirring for 14 minutes, followed by rinsing the fabric at ³⁷ ° C and drying in a conventional circulating dryer after each washing to maximum drying at a final (maximum temperature 71 ° ^C), which usually requires about 30 minutes of drying.

 Contamination before testing samples that have undergone five washing-drying cycles, i.e. Exposure to foreign materials is carefully avoided. To prevent changes in the structure of the tissue that occur over time, tests and measurements on tissue samples are made soon, i.e. a few days after they were subjected to five cycles of washing and drying.

 The Weisenbeck abrasion test, used in this case in a slightly modified form, is a very stringent test for fabrics that, at least in part, must have high abrasion resistance. For testing, an apparatus is used in which a semicircular drum swings along an arc of 76 mm, first in one direction and then in the opposite direction, with two flat rods mounted on the surface of the drum in parallel with respect to each other and to the axis of rotation of the drum. A sheet of abrasive attached to the surface of the drum is centered above the flat rods. The device has clamps for fixing a tissue sample over the abrasive sheet and in contact with it under a certain tension. A drum carrying an abrasive sheet above the flat rods rotates back and forth under the fabric sample to localize the action of the abrasive, causing it to rub against the abrasive (each double pass through the abrasive sheet, one in each direction, makes a cycle) until the fabric is destroyed. The number of rotation cycles before the destruction of the tissue is taken as an indicator of the resistance of the fabric to abrasion, established by the test.

 When testing samples that are stretched during abrasion, the machine stops and the tension is adjusted so that the tension levers do not fall more than 2 cm from the original horizontal installation. The average number of cycles to failure calculated in such a way serves to determine the specific resistance of the fabric to abrasion according to Weisenbeck.

After the average number of cycles to failure was determined, the calculation is performed again, dividing the average number of cycles to failure by the weight of the fabric in g / m ² . This quantity, i.e. the average number of cycles to failure, divided by the weight of the fabric in g / m ² , is called the Weisenbeck specific wear resistance.

 In the case of fabrics with an asymmetric design, a separate calculation is made for each side.

 When determining the density of the fabric, it should be noted that the fiber density adopted for the calculation should be the density of the fiber in the form in which it is in the tissues after applying various treatments and after five cycles of washing and drying. In other words, for cotton fibers in flammable fabrics, the accepted density value should be accepted not only after treatment to prevent ignition, but also after five washing and drying cycles. The linear density in decitexes is determined by removing the threads from the washed fabric, manually pulling to obtain the desired length of thread without crimping obtained by weaving, and then weighing this length of thread to determine the approximate linear density. The thread is loaded to 0.11 g / decitex, and its length is determined under load. The length determined in this way together with the weight of the thread of the same length is used to calculate the linear density adopted in the fabric density formula.

 Density of a fiber is the degree of fiber fixation within the fabric and their resistance to pulling at break.

 Samples of each fabric are rubbed with friction in the direction of the weft using a Weisenbeck abrasion tester, except that the criterion for the number of cycles before failure is the number of cycles that a fabric sample undergoes until a hole in the sample appears as a result of a breakage of the main or weft thread or if a sufficient number of warp threads breaks to leave open 0.32 cm of the weft thread, regardless of which of these phenomena occurs earlier. To determine the density of fibers, tissue samples of an asymmetric structure are always abraded on the fabric side with the maximum number of overlapping main threads (the number of weft threads that overlap the main thread between weaves). The side of the fabric with the maximum major overlap is designated as the side of the long overlap, and the other side as the side of the short overlap. First, a preliminary determination is made for each fabric to determine how many abrasion cycles it takes to bring the fabric to destruction. Three samples of each fabric are abraded to destruction, and the number of abrasion cycles required to bring the fabric to destruction is determined by averaging the number of cycles to destruction of these three samples.

To determine fiber density, test tissue samples are abraded for 50% of the cycles required to destroy tissue. Then samples were purified worn, holding the middle portion of attrited within 28 horizontal with a vertical stream of aerated water 1.3 cm in diameter flowing at a rate of 10 liters min at 6 ^{° C,} turning over every 7 with the front side to the rear, and vice versa . Water is aerated by passing through a thin metal mesh at the end of the nozzle. Test specimens are hung vertically in an oven at ⁹⁰ ° C and are dried for half an hour. Since the tissues are stretched during abrasion, they are removed from the oven with subsequent relaxation for at least 24 hours to stabilize them.

Then, air permeability is measured in the middle of the most severely worn area (the middle point between the place where the aluminum rods support the fabric when the drum is in the upper position of its stroke and at an equal distance from the sides of the sample) and from both ends of the sample outside the worn part. This is done using a high-pressure press with a 2.86 cm round hole that allows you to process 6.45 cm ^{2 of} fabric. To prevent air leakage through the front of the fabric, the pressure plates are covered with a thin cloth. Tests are carried out on the same samples at a pressure of 12.7 mm of water through the surface of the fabric. Since only relative values are required, not actual air permeability values, numbers showing the oil level in the vertical pressure gauge of the machine are not converted to air permeability values. The ratio of the average oil level achieved in the vertical gauge when testing outside the abraded part to the oil level achieved in the test in the middle of the abraded part is calculated (measurements are made on the same test sample and with the same nozzle). To avoid a large difference in the test samples, the samples are discarded if the difference between the two measurements carried out outside the frayed part exceeds 40% of the average of the two values. The oil level in the vertical pressure gauge is proportional to the square of the breathability of the tissue sample. The average value for the three samples is called the coefficient of breathability.

 The product of the coefficient of breathability and the main overlap, divided by 3.5, is calculated to two decimal places and is denoted as the density of the fibers. Correct values can only be obtained on tissues that have four or fewer major overlaps. The number of weft threads over which the main thread passes between weaves is given in Table 1.

For an example of calculating the density of fibers, a severe, smooth weave fabric was made from 100% cotton yarn spun on ring spinning machines. The fabrication method of the harsh fabric of Example 4 is basically the same, except that tapes of 100% Pima fine-fiber American cotton were used. The yarns in two additions from ring spinning machines had a linear density of 588 decitex (nominally 20/2 number of cotton yarn), and the harsh fabric of 100% cotton had 20 yarns per cm x 19 rolls per cm and weight 278 g / m ² . In the test, three tissue samples were abraded to failure after an average of 50 abrasion cycles for preliminary determination. Three additional tissue samples were each abraded for up to 25 cycles (50% of the average number of cycles before failure), washed and dried as described above. After 25 cycles of each frayed sample, air permeability was measured in the middle of the most frayed part and at both ends (ends A and B in Table 2) of the sample outside the frayed part.

 The air permeability coefficient is on average 0.99.

 Air permeability coefficient X main overlap /3.5 = 0.99x1 / 3.5 = 0.28.

 In the fabrics of the present invention, the fiber density is 1.01 and higher.

For the best and most enduring fabrics, it was also found that the Weisenbeck abrasion resistance itself is a very sensitive parameter that allows one to determine whether high-modulus fibers are fixed in place in a given fabric. This can be determined by measuring the specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance. A fabric is best if Weisenbeck specific abrasion is at least 5 cycles (g / m ² , preferably 10 cycles) g / m ² .

 A fabric is best if its Weisenbeck abrasion resistance of a given fabric is at least 25% higher than Weisenbeck abrasion resistance on the same side of a severe fabric of the same weight and structure of 100% high modulus fibers, taken for comparison . This fabric, consisting of 100% high-modulus fibers, must be made of threads of the same density and structure as the threads of which severe fabric is made (i.e., they must be braided threads if this fabric is made of braided threads). A comparable fabric of 100% high modulus fibers should have basically the same structure and the same weight as this fabric. The words "basically the same structure" means that the tissues must be of the same type, i.e. smooth weaving, and that the number of warp and weft threads was at least 20% of the number of warp and weft threads of a given fabric and that the total number of warp and weft threads (per surface unit) was about 10% of the total number of warp and weft threads of this fabric.

 The words "basically the same weight" should be understood that the weight of the compared fabric should be at least 25% of the weight of the fabric. This allows a correct comparison to be made between a given fabric and a comparable fabric of 100% high modulus fibers when the comparison is based on Weisenbeck abrasion resistance.

If the fabric contains additives and the weight of additives is known, a harsh fabric for comparison of 100% high modulus fibers is made so that it has basically the same weight as this fabric, minus the weight of the additives and that the structure of the threads and fabric is basically the same with this cloth excluding additives. However, when comparing fabrics based on Weisenbeck abrasion test indicators divided by the weight of the fabrics, the weight of the fabric, including the increase, is taken, even if the result is less g / m ² cycles for the fabric.

 PRI me R 1. The fabric was obtained by using a substance that causes swelling and prevents ignition for processing smooth weave fabric from threads obtained from a two-component mixture of 50% staple fibers poly / p-phenylene terephthalamide (RRD-T) and 50% cotton "Pima" obtained on a pneumatic spinless spinning machine.

 RRD-1 fibers used for the manufacture of filaments have crimped fibers with a modulus of about 515 g / decitex, a linear density of 1.65 decitex, and a cutting length of 3.8 cm (sold under the name "Kevlar Type Aramid Fiber, manufactured by the company Dupont Nemour).

 A tape of a mixture of 50% RRD-T fibers and 50% Pima cotton with a length of 3.65 cm was spun in a single pass through a widely known type of pneumatic non-spindling machine.

 The characteristics of the machine are given in table 4. The tape has a linear density of 2.5 g / m. Spun filaments had a linear density of about 300 decitex. The yarn was then twisted with a left twist, 3.5 rpm, to obtain a yarn in two additions with a linear density of 600 decitex.

The two-fold yarn spun on a shuttle loom is made for smooth weave. The severe smooth weave fabric has a structure of 19 warp threads per cm x 19 weft stitches per cm with a weight of 257 g / m ² , fabric density 1.08 and fiber density 0.34. The specific abrasion resistance according to Weisenbeck was 1.5 cycles / g / m ² .

Piece of severe plain weave fabric in the form in which it leaves the loom (unwashed), washed at 80-85 ^{° C} and dyed at the boil. The dyed fabric was treated with an aqueous solution containing tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THRS) and urea condensate (a flame retardant called Proban SS from Albright and Wilson RO Box 26229 Richmond) in a ratio of 2.1 mol. This was followed by vulcanization with gaseous ammonia of moist tissue (containing 10-20% by weight of water), which was treated with THPC / urea condensate, and finally rinsing and drying of the tissue. During processing, the fabric was released from tension in the direction of the weft, but continued to be stretched in the direction of the warp, while it was stretched through the solution of the substance to prevent fire. Cotton fibers in the fabric swell greatly during the time that the fabric is in contact with the solution. This treatment was carried out so that there was a 20% increase in THPC and urea condensate by weight of cotton in a fabric containing 50% PPD-T and 50% cotton. After this treatment, the tissue contained 45% staple fibers RRD-1 and 55% by weight of fire resistant cotton fibers.

 Then the fire resistant fabric was subjected to normal shrinkage by compression.

The finished fabric (i.e., resistant to fire and subjected to compression of shrinkage) has a structure of 20 warp yarns per cm x 20 prokidok per cm, with a weight of 298 g / m ² fabric density of 1.18 and a density of 6.67 filaments. The specific abrasion resistance of 27.6 cycles / g / m ² .

 After the treated fabric is washed at least once, it becomes quite soft to the touch, has a pleasant mascara and quickly straightens after being wrinkled. According to these characteristics, this fabric is close to purely cotton fabrics.

 The density of the fabric and fibers, as well as the specific resistance to abrasion according to Weisenbeck in finished fabric in example 1, as well as finished fabrics in other examples, are given in table 3.

The harsh smooth weave fabric of 100% RRD-T fibers, made in the same way as the harsh smooth weave fabric in Example 1, of the same weight and same structure, has a specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance of only 4.6 cycles / g / m ² . Even after repeated washing, this fabric is tough and coarse. After being wrinkled, the fabric almost does not straighten out, which is typical for fabrics made from fibers with such a high modulus.

 PRI me R 2. The fabric was obtained by double mercerization of twill from threads made on ring spinning machines from mixtures of staple fibers RRD-T, nylon staple fibers and cotton.

 Tape containing: 25% blue dyed RRD-T fibers with a linear density of 1.65 decitex and a cut length of 3.8 cm, 20% fibers of polyhexamethylene adipamide with a linear density of 2.77 decitex and a cut length of 3.8 cm (commercially available T-420 nylon fibers produced by Dupont de Nemour) and 55% combed cotton with a fiber length of 3 cm. From it, a 3.6-cm / yr right-handed yarn was produced on a ring spinning machine using a cotton spinning system. The resulting single yarn was 972 decitex (nominally 6/1 in cotton numbering; 883 denier).

This single-strand yarn was used as the basis in a shuttle loom for the production of a right 3x1 twill with a single-strand weft produced on a ring spinning machine, from 30% of the same nylon fibers used for the warp and 70% combed cotton, the ducks having the same twist and linear density that basis. The structure of the harsh fabric is 25 warp threads per cm x 19 weft threads per cm, weight 498 g / m ² , fabric density 1.10 and fiber density 0.75. The fabric contains 15% RRD-T staple fibers, 24% nylon staple fibers and 61% cotton fibers. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance on the side of long floors (DP) was 1.2 cycles / g / m ² (for short 1.2 cycles of DP / g / m ² ), while on the side of short floors (KP) it was 1.3 cycles / g / m ² (for short 1.3 cycles KP / g / m ² ).

 A piece of harsh twill, prepared as described above, directly from the machine (without washing) was 131 cm wide.

It was washed in hot water and dried under low tension on a tenter frame. Then relaxation followed with a width of 122 cm and mercerization under 24% sodium hydroxide solution at 82 ^{° C} for 30 seconds, washing with water. Then the fabric was neutralized and dried on hot drums. Mercerization was repeated maintaining the samples at a width of 114 cm. The fabric was stained blue in the passage unit, and dried at 82 ± 8 ^{° C} on hot drums. After dyeing, the fabric was shrunk by compression. The weight of the trimmed fabric (twice mercerized and shrunk by compression) was 467 g / m ² . Fabric structure 25 main yarns per cm x 18 weft yarns per cm, fabric density 1.10 and fiber density 1.34. The fabric contained 15% RRD-T staple fibers, 24% nylon staple fibers and 61% cotton fibers. In the main strands, the corresponding percentage was 25, 20 and 55%. The specific abrasion resistance according to Weisenbeck was 4.4 cycles g / m ² for long floors and 4.4 for short floors. Trimmed fabric soft touch.

 PRI me R 3. The fabric was obtained as a smooth weave fabric heat-treated in an autoclave. It is made of a multifilament yarn obtained in two passes through a pneumatic spinning machine, and consists of 51% staple fibers RRD-T and 49% fibers poly / m-phenylene isophthalamide / (MRD-1).

 The RRD-1 fibers used to make the multifilament yarn are the same as those used in Example 1. The MRD-1 fibers for the multifilament yarn are sold as crystalline fibers with a linear density of 1.65 decitex and a cut length of 3.8 cm (sold under the name of aramid fibers T-450 "Nomex" produced by the company "Dipon de Nemur").

 At first, the 2.5 g / m tape was made of RRD-T fibers and processed into yarns on a pneumatic non-twisted machine used in Example 1. This yarn had a linear density of 155 decitex. Then the yarn from RRD-T fibers obtained in the first pass was used as a core thread for complex yarn, again passing it through a pneumatic spinning machine and connecting it with a 2.5 g / m tape from staple fibers MRD-1 to obtain a complex single-thread yarn. The data for the first and second transitions on this machine are shown in Table 4. The complex single-strand yarn was a striped structure in which some RRD-T fibers in the RRD-T core were twisted by the free ends of the RRD-T fibers and some of the MRD-1 fibers in the braid were also wrapped around the core of RRD-T fibers. The complex single-strand yarn is then attached with a right twist of 3 rpm to obtain two-fold yarns with a linear density of 605 decitex (nominal N 20/2 cotton yarn).

Twisted yarn was used to make shuttle weave. The severe smooth weave fabric had a structure of 21 warp yarn per cm x 20 weft yarns per cm, weight 277 g / m ² , fabric density 1.13 and fiber density 0.56. The specific abrasion resistance of Weisenbeck was 4.2 cycles / g / m ² .

Severe plain weave fabric, coming from the loom (unwashed), was washed with an aqueous solution of 1% long chain alcohol sulfate, which is a surfactant, and 1% sodium pyrophosphate at 99 ^{° C} for 20 min. The fabric rinse in 0.5% aqueous solution of acetic acid at 71 ^{° C} and subjected to cold calendering, wound on a tube which was then placed vertically in an autoclave. The autoclave was placed under vacuum and the fabric was subjected twice to steam at 122 ^{° C} with a 5-minute cycles of vacuum processing. Autoclaved yarn had a structure of 20 warp yarns per cm x 22 weft yarns per cm, weight 264 g / m ² , fabric density 1.13, fiber density 1.25. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance was 6.3 cycles / g / m ² . This fabric with a fiber content of 51% (49% RRD-T) MRD-1 is smooth, light and relatively soft to the touch with good recovery after crushing. The composition of the fibers in the finished fabric was the same as in the harsh fabric.

The harsh smooth weave fabric of 100% RRD-T fibers, made in the same way as the harsh smooth weave fabric in Example 3, of the same weight and structure, has a specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance of only 2.3 cycles / g / m ² . It is tough and rough to the touch, much rougher than the finished fabric in Example 3. The wrinkle is almost not restored.

 PRI me R 4. Just as in example 1, a substance was used that causes swelling and gives resistance to ignition during processing of smooth weave fabric made from a two-component mixture containing 50% staple fibers RRD-T and 50% cotton "Pima", with the difference that instead of yarn from ring spinning machines, yarn from pneumatic non-strand machines was used.

 A tape of 50% of the same RRD-T fibers used in Example 1, and 50% of Pima cotton with a fiber length of 3.65 cm was converted using a conventional cotton system into 7.1 rpm yarn with the right twist using ring spinning machine. The resulting yarn was processed into twisted yarn in two additions of the left twist of 4.3 rpm, with a linear density of 614 decitex (nominal N in the cotton system 20/2).

The severe smooth weave fabric had the structure: 19 warp threads per cm x x 21 weft threads per cm, weight 261 g / m ² , fabric density 1.10 and fiber density 0.34. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance is 2.2 cycles / g / m ² .

 A piece of harsh smooth weave fabric in the form in which it was obtained from the machine (non-washed) was washed, painted, treated with a substance that causes swelling and gives resistance to ignition, was vulcanized by gaseous ammonia, washed, dried and subjected to normal shrinkage by compression, as in the example 1.

 This treatment was carried out in such a way that the increase in the content of THPC / urea condensate was 20% cotton in a fabric containing 50% PPD-T / 50% cotton. After this treatment, the fabric contained 45% RRD-T staple fibers and 55% fire resistant cotton fibers.

The finished fabric (resistant to fire and shrunk) had the structure: 20 warp threads per cm x 21 weft threads per cm weight 301 g / m ² , fabric density 1.13 and fiber density 2.90. Weisenbeck specific abrasion resistance of 21.4 cycles g / m ² . The appearance of the finished fabric is very similar to the fabric according to the invention in example 1. Surovoy smooth weave fabric from 100% RRD-T fibers made in the same way as the harsh smooth weave fabric from example 4, and having the same weight and structure had specific Weisenbeck resistance only 3.2 cycles / g / m ² . She was tough and rude to the touch.

 PRI me R 5. As in example 4, was used a substance that prevents ignition and causes swelling when processing smooth weave fabric from yarn from ring spinning machines, with the difference that the yarn was obtained from a tape of a two-component mixture of 25% RRD-T staple fibers and 75% Pima cotton. The entire procedure of Example 4 was repeated, except that the tape, consisting of 25% of the same RRD-T staple fibers and 75% of the same Pima cotton, was used to produce two folds of yarn on the ring spinning machine with the same right and left twist.

From this yarn in two additions, a smooth weave fabric was formed on a shuttle machine. The structure of the harsh smooth weave fabric had 19 warp threads per cm x 18.5 weft threads per cm, weight 275 g / m ² , fabric density 1.06 and fiber density 0.29. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance is 1.05 cycles / g / m ² .

The finished fabric (resistant to fire and shrunk by compression) was prepared, as in example 4. This treatment was carried out so that the increase in the content of THRS; urea condensate was 20% cotton in a fabric containing 25% PPD-T fiber and 75% cotton. After this treatment, the fabric contained 22% staple fiber PPD-T and 78% fiber resistant to ignition. The structure of the finished fabric had 20 ends per cm x 18.5 weft yarns per cm, weight 301 g / m ^2, textile density of 1.13 and a density of 1.25 filaments.

The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance was 5.3 cycles / g / m ² . The finished fabric was very similar in appearance to a flame resistant fabric made entirely of cotton and having the same weight and structure.

 PRI me R 6. As in example 1, was used a substance that causes swelling and gives resistance to ignition, for processing smooth weave fabric from yarn obtained on a pneumatic spinless spinning machine. The difference was that the yarn was a multifilament yarn containing 58% RRD-T staple fibers and 42% Pima cotton and obtained in two passes through the machine.

 A tape of 2.5 g / m RRD-T fibers was first formed and spun into a thread on a pneumatic unbroken machine by the method described in Example 3 to obtain 155 decitex yarn consisting of 100% RRD-T fibers. Then, the RRD-T yarn obtained during the first pass was used as a core for forming a multifilament yarn by passing it through a pneumatic spinning machine by attaching it to a Pima cotton tape 3.9 g / m with a fiber length of 3.65 cm for the formation of complex single-strand yarn. Table 4 shows the data on the first and second transition on the machine.

 The complex yarn thus obtained had a linear density of 245 decitex and consisted of a braid and a core with a striped structure, in which some fibers in the filaments of the PPD-T core were wrapped with other fibers of the PPD-T, and some cotton fibers in the braid also covered the thread RRD-T core. Then, complex single-yarn was added to obtain yarn in two left-handed twist yarns of 3.0 rpm with a linear density of 530 decitex (nominal N on 22/2 cotton system).

From the yarn in two additions, a smooth weave fabric was worked out on a shuttle machine. Structure greige fabric 20 ends per cm x 19 weft threads per cm, weight 234 g / m ^2, textile density 1.0 and the density ratio of the fiber of 0.33. The specific resistance to the Weisenbeck test is 3.3 cycles / g / m ² .

A piece of harsh smooth weave fabric in the form in which it was received from the machine (without washing) was washed, dyed, treated with a substance that causes swelling and gives resistance to ignition, was vulcanized by gaseous ammonia, rinsed and dried, followed by normal shrinkage by compression, as in example 1. This treatment was performed in such a way that there was an increase of 20% in the amount of THRS: urea condensate by weight of cotton fiber in a fabric containing 58% PPD-T and 42% cotton. After this treatment, the content of staple fibers RRD-T in the fabric becomes 53%, and the inflammation-resistant cotton fibers 47%
The finished fabric (resistant to fire and held by compression shrinkage) has the structure: 21 warp yarn per cm x 19 weft threads per cm, 247 g / m ^2, textile density of 1.05 and a fiber density of 2.14. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance is 8.3 cycles / g / m ² .

 The finished fabric is quite soft to the touch, although somewhat coarser than the fabric in Example 5. Usually, the higher the percentage of PPD-T fibers, the more rigid and coarse the fabric and the worse the recovery after crushing.

 PRI me R 7. The fabric was obtained using a substance that causes swelling and gives resistance to fire, after processing the twill produced from the complex main yarn, consisting of 50% staple fibers RRD-T and 50% cotton Pima, in a two-pass pneumatic non-spinning spinning machine and a whole cotton weft. Similar to example 6, first a tape of RRD-T fibers of 2.5 g / m was molded and processed into yarn on a pneumatic non-strand machine to produce 153 decitex yarn (N 38 x / b system), consisting of 100% RRD-T fibers. The yarn after the first pass was used as a core thread to form a complex yarn by passing it through a pneumatic spinning machine for the second time and connecting it with a 2.5 g / m cotton tape from Pima with a fiber length of 3.65 cm to form a complex yarn with a braid and a core having a striped structure similar to the yarn of example 6. Data on the first and second pass are given in table 4. Complex single-strand yarn was folded with a left twist of 3 rpm and a linear density of 617 decitex.

The obtained yarn in two folds was used as a basis on a shuttle machine for producing 3x1 twill, and weft used single-strand yarn from ring spinning machines, right-hand twist of 4.3 rpm from 100% Pima cotton with a linear density of 820 decitex. Severe twill structure had 30 ends per cm x 20 weft threads per cm, weight 400 g / m ^2, textile density of 1.08 and a density of 0.77 filaments. The fabric contained 28% RRD-T staple fibers and 72% cotton. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance was 3.1 cycles / g / m ² for long overlap and 0.9 for short overlap, respectively.

 A piece of harsh twill was removed from the machine (not washed), washed, painted, treated with a substance that causes swelling and gives resistance to ignition, vulcanized with gaseous ammonia, rinsed, dried and subjected to normal shrinkage by compression, as in example 1. This treatment was carried out as that there was a gain in TNRS: urea condensate on 20% cotton in a fabric containing 28% PPD-T fibers and 72% cotton. After this treatment, the fabric contained 23% RRD-T staple fibers and 77% ignition resistant cotton fibers. In the main threads, the percentage of these fibers was 45 and 55%, respectively.

The finished twill (resistant to ignition and after shrinkage by compression) had the structure: 29 warp threads per cm x 20 weft threads per cm, weight 447 g / m ² , fabric density 1.09 and fiber density 2.06. The specific abrasion resistance according to Weisenbeck was 7.8 cycles / g / m ² for long floors and 18.7 for short floors.

 Preparing fabric possessed approximately the same elasticity, ability to recover after crushing and soft touch to the fabrics of 100% cotton.

 PRI me R 8. The fabric was made using a substance that delays inflammation and causes swelling, for processing satin fabric from a complex main thread containing 50% staple fibers RRD-T and 50% cotton Pima, produced on a pneumatic spinning car in two passes, and with the use of a purely cotton duck.

 A certain amount of two-fold yarn used to make the twill in Example 7 was also used as the basis for the production of satin, moreover, weft yarn was used from 100% Pima cotton of the right twist 7 rpm in two folds, with a linear density of 567 decitex. The fabric contains 30% staple fiber PPD-T and 70% cotton.

Satin structure: 35 warp yarns per cm x 24 weft yarns per cm, weight 413 g / m ² , fabric density 1.13 and fiber density 0.94. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance is 3.3 cycles / g / m ² for long floors and 0.97 for short floors, respectively.

The finished, flammable, and compressed shrink satin fabric was prepared in the same manner as was used to make the twill in Example 7 from the corresponding harsh fabric. The processing was carried out in such a way that a TNRS gain was obtained: urea condensate 20% cotton in a fabric containing 30% PPD-T fibers and 70% cotton. After this treatment, the fabric contained 27% staple fibers RRD-1 and 73% cotton fibers resistant to ignition. In the main threads, the corresponding percentage was 45 and 55%. The finished fabric had the structure: 34 main threads per cm x 24 weft threads per cm, weight 437 g / m ² , fabric density 1.13 and fiber density 2.48. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance was 14.5 cycles / g / m ² for long floors and 11.2 for short floors, respectively.

 The finished fabric had elasticity, the ability to recover after compression and soft touch, close to fabrics made from 100% cotton.

 PRI me R 9. As in example 7, was used a substance that causes swelling and gives resistance to fire, for processing twill from the main thread, consisting of 50% staple fibers RRD-T and 50% cotton and a duck made up of 100% cotton. The only difference is that the main yarn from the ring spinning machine was from a tape of a two-component mixture of RRD-T fibers with combed cotton. A tape was prepared from 50% of the same PPD-T fibers as in Example 1 and 50% of combed cotton with a fiber length of 3 cm. Then, using a conventional cotton system, the tape was processed on a ring spinning machine into 4-twist / cm right-twist yarn. The resulting single yarn was 516 decitex.

 Single-thread yarn was used as the basis on a shuttle machine for producing 3x1 twill using single-thread yarn and 100% combed cotton yarn (average fiber length 2.7 cm) as a weft. 3.9 crochet / cm from ring spinning machines, linear yarn density 837 decitex.

Severe twill contained 29% staple fiber RRD-T and 71% cotton. Its structure: 33 warp threads per cm x 19 weft threads per cm, weight 404 g / m ² , fabric density 1.11 and fiber density 0.77. The Weisenbeck abrasion resistance was 0.8 cycles / g / m ² for long floors and 0.7 for short floors.

 Then the twill was finished (making it resistant to ignition and shrinkage by compression) according to the same procedure that was used to finish the twill in Example 7. The treatment was carried out in such a way that the weight of TNRS was as follows: urea condensate was 20% cotton in a fabric containing 29% RDD fibers -T and 71% cotton.

After this treatment, the fabric contained 25% staple fiber PPD-T and 75% cotton, fire resistant. In the main threads, respectively, the content was 45 and 55%. Structure of finished fabric: 33 main threads per cm x 20 weft threads per cm, weight 437 g / m ² , fabric density 1.11 and fiber density 1.31. The specific abrasion resistance according to Weisenbeck is 5.1 for long floors and 8.5 cycles / g / m ² for short floors.

 After the first wash, the finished fabric, containing 25% RRD-T fibers and 75% cotton, became dry and pleasant to the touch like a fabric made of 100% cotton, and also resembled it in its softness, recovery after wrinkling and elasticity.

 PRI me R 10. The fabric was obtained after repeated processing by mixing in hot demineralized water, followed by drying with hot air 3x1 twill from braided yarn containing 40% RRD-T fibers and 60% combed cotton produced on a friction spinning machine.

A tape of 3.2 g / m from the same RRD-T fibers used in Example 1 was fed axially at a speed of 0.8 m / min between the rotating rollers of a friction spinning machine (DREFZ spinning machine and model N 2Е3000604, manufactured by Ferrer Mashin, Linz ", Austria, in 1983 Five ribbons of 2.5 g / m of combed cotton with a fiber length of 3 cm were simultaneously perpendicular to the tape of RRD-T fibers at a speed of 0.315 m / min between two spinning cylinders rotating with speed of 2000 rpm, Yarn 649 decitex with a core containing 40% RRD-1, and a braid, containing More than 60% of combed cotton was produced at a speed of 110 m / min, this yarn was used as the basis for a shuttle machine producing 3x2 twill with weft single-thread twisted yarn from 100% cotton from a ring spinning machine, linear density 836 decitex, severe fabric containing 23% staple RRD-T fibers and 77% cotton Structure: 30 warp yarns per cm x 20 weft yarns per cm, weight 416 g / m ² , fabric density 1.09 and fiber density 0.86. Weisenbeck specific abrasion resistance of 3.0 cycles / g / m ² for long floors and 1.7 for short floors.

Piece harsh serge subjected to repeated mixing in demineralised water at ⁶⁰ ° C in a standard washing machine home and dry in a home dryer. The finished fabric after 25 cycles of stirring in demineralized water in a dryer had the structure: 30 warp threads per cm x 20 weft threads per cm, weight 420 g / m ² , fabric density 1.10, fiber density 1.37. The specific Weisenbeck abrasion resistance was 8.2 cycles / g / m ² for long floors and 2.0 for short floors. In appearance, the finished fabric was similar to pure cotton fabric, since the PPD-1 fibers are wrapped and difficult to distinguish, and the fabric is similar to 100% cotton fabric by touch and its ability to recover after being wrinkled. The fiber content in the finished fabric is the same as in the harsh.

 PRI me R 11. Like example 2, twill produced from yarn from ring spinning machines, was subjected to double mercerization. The only difference was that the main yarn was obtained from a tape of a two-component mixture, from 35% of staple fibers RRD-T and 65% cotton, and the weft thread was entirely made of cotton.

 A tape was obtained consisting of 35% RRD-T fibers dyed blue as described in Example 2 and 65% cotton, the weft thread being entirely made of cotton.

 A ribbon of 35% blue dyed RRD-T fibers of Example 2 and 65% of combed cotton from Example 2 was produced. Then, using the usual cotton system, the right-hand yarn of 8.8 crochet / cm was obtained from the tape on a ring spinning machine. The yarn was single-stranded 971 decitex.

The obtained single thread was used as a basis on a shuttle machine to produce a right 3x1 twill with a weft of single-strand yarn from 100% combed cotton from a ring spinning machine having the same twist and linear density. Severe twill structure: 22 warp threads per cm x 18 weft threads per cm, weight 521 g / m ² , fabric density 1.09 and fiber density 0.77. The fabric contained 20% staple fiber PPD-T and 80% cotton. The specific resistance to abrasion according to Weisenbeck was 1.3 for long ceilings of 1.9 cycles / g / m ² for short ceilings.

The twill obtained by this method, directly from the machine (unwashed), was 132 cm wide. It was washed in hot water and dried under slight tension on a wide frame to a width of 124 cm. Then the fabric was relaxed to a width of 122 cm, mercerized in sodium hydroxide solution at 82 ^{° C} for 30 s, rinsed in water, neutralized and dried on hot drums. Then, it was shrunk by compression, after which this doubly mercerized fabric had a weight of 480 g / m ² . Its structure was: 25 warp threads per cm x 18 weft threads per cm. Fabric density 1.09 and fiber density 1.26. It contained 20% staple fiber RRD-T and 80% cotton. In the main threads, the fiber content was 35 and 65%, respectively. The specific abrasion resistance according to Weisenbeck was 4.0 for long floors and 3.4 g / m ² for short ones.

 PRI me R 12. Example 2 was repeated with the difference that the tape consisted of 15% blue dyed RRD-T fibers, 20% nylon fibers 6.6 and 65% combed cotton. The resulting yarn was single-thread with the same twist and linear density as the yarn in example 2.

As in example 2, the obtained single-strand yarn was processed as a base on a shuttle machine into a 3x1 twill. As a weft, we used single-strand yarn from a ring spinning machine containing 30% fibers of 6.6 and 70% combed cotton. The weft was of the same twist and linear density as the core. However, right and left twill were developed, which were otherwise the same. The left twill was thus a fabric in which the twist was in the opposite direction of the twill weave. In table 3, these fabrics are designated as 12P and 12L. These fabrics contain 9% RRD-T staple fibers, 24% nylon staple fibers and 67% cotton fibers. The initial twist of the right twist had 24.4 warp threads per cm x 17.3 weft threads per cm, weight 505 g / m ² , fabric density 1.10 and fiber density 0.74. Weizenbeck abrasion resistance was 1.0 for long floors and 1.2 cycles / g / m ² for short floors. Appropriate values for the original left twill have not been determined.

As in Example 2, both severe unwashed serge width of 131 cm were rinsed in hot water, allowed to dry under low tension on a tenter frame and subjected to the relaxation to a width of 122 cm, mercerized in 24% strength sodium hydroxide solution at 82 ^{° C} for about 30 c, washed in water, neutralized and dried on hot drums. Mercerization was repeated on a fabric width of 114 cm is maintained. Then, the fabric was dyed in blue color on the pass unit and allowed to dry at 82 ^{° C} on hot drums. After drying, they were shrunk by compression. The weight of the trimmed (twice mercerized and shrunken tissue was 460 gm / m ² and 471 gm / m ² for the left and right twill, respectively. The trimmed fabrics contained 9% RRD-T staple fabrics, 24% nylon staple fibers and 67% cotton fibers. In the main threads, these fibers were contained in the following percentages: 15.20 and 65%, respectively.

The structure of the trimmed right twill was: 25 warp threads per cm x 17 weft threads per cm, fabric density 1.11 and fiber density 1.08. The specific abrasion resistance according to Weisenbeck was 2.3 for long floors and 3.1 cycles of g / m ² for short floors.

The structure of the finished left twill was: 25 warp yarns per cm x 17 weft yarns per cm, fabric density 1.11 and fiber density 1.03. The specific abrasion resistance according to Weisenbeck is 3.3 for long floors and 2.3 cycles / g / m ² for short floors.

 The results of the above examples are summarized in table 3, in which the abbreviations "Bottom mod", "DP" and "KP" mean: "Low module", "Long overlap", "Short overlap", respectively. The ratio of PPD-T fibers to low modulus fibers is given for the main yarn. The same relation applies to fabric when the weft is the same as the main thread. Separately in parentheses is the ratio for the fabric when the weft is different from the main yarn.

Claims (14)

1. FABRIC, formed by interweaving the main and weft yarn from staple fibers, characterized in that, in order to increase the abrasion resistance, the fabric contains 8-70% of high modulus organic staple fibers with a modulus greater than 200 g / decitex and a linear density less 10 decitex per fiber, and 30-92% low-modulus organic staple fibers with a modulus less than 100 g / decitex and a linear density less than 10 decitex per fiber, with a fabric density of more than 1.0, and the condition

where A _{is the} breathability of tissue samples that are not rubbed on the machine for abrasion of tissue samples;
A _a breathability of tissue samples abraded by a machine for abrasion of tissue samples;
W _{f is the} magnitude of the main overlap.  2. The fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the low and high modulus fibers are crimped.  3. The fabric according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the main threads contain at least 15% high modulus fibers.  4. The fabric according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the low-modulus staple fibers have a linear density of from 1 to 3 decitex.  5. The fabric according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the warp yarn consists of low and high modulus staple fibers, and the weft yarn is made of low modulus staple fibers.  6. The fabric according to claim 5, characterized in that the weft yarn is made of cotton.  7. The fabric according to paragraphs. 1-6, characterized in that cotton is used as the low modulus fiber.  8. The fabric according to claim 7, characterized in that the cotton is treated to increase resistance to ignition, and fire-resistant fiber is used as a high modulus.  9. The fabric according to claims 1-8, characterized in that it has additives not exceeding 5% of its mass.  10. The fabric according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the main yarn is made of crimped staple fibers.  11. The fabric according to claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the high-modulus fibers are made of poly (n-phenylene terephthalamide).  12. The fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that poly (n-phenylene terephthalamide) is used as a high-modulus staple fiber, and cotton is used as a low-modulus fiber.  13. The fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the low-modulus fiber is made synthetic.  14. The fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the low-modulus fiber is made from a mixture of cotton and synthetic fibers.

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