RU114766U1 - COOLING HOUSE (OPTIONS) - Google Patents

Abstract

1. Cooling tower containing a tower with a shell and a central riser, a sprinkler with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air regulating device with swivel shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen, including a deck with its supporting and auxiliary elements, located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, characterized in that the deck is installed transversely to the ascending flow of gases over the entire area of the cooling tower in the area of its location without the formation of a lateral gap with the central riser, and the dimensions of the cells formed by the intersections of the deck rods, its load-bearing and auxiliary elements , are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and return of condensate, the installation height of the protective shield above the level of the irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the jets of hot circulating water emitted from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while all elements of the protective shield are made foams made of highly heat-conducting material. ! 2. Cooling tower according to claim 1, characterized in that the flooring is made of lattice or mesh. ! 3. Cooling tower according to claim 1, characterized in that the optimal dimensions of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations, ensuring the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of flooring and floor elements. ! 4. Cooling tower according to claim 1, characterized in that the deployed total area of the protective shield, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure that the heating temperature of the surfaces of the protective shield elements does not exceed the end temperature.

Description

The utility model relates to the field of power engineering and can be used for cooling circulating water in technical water supply systems of turbine shops of thermal power plants, compression refrigeration units, and other closed systems where water cooling is required.

Known cooling tower containing a tower or frame with air inlets, inside of which are located: a water trap, a water distributor with spray nozzles, sprinkler (patent RU No. 2294497, F28C 1/00 IPC8).

The indicated cooling tower has significant disadvantages:

- a water trap is installed over the entire area of the tower in the place of its installation, which causes increased pressure and temperature of gas mixtures in the space between the water catcher and the sprinkler, which prevents the upward flow, condensation of water vapor, and, therefore, reduces the efficiency of the cooling tower, as well as there is no desalted condensate, the deposition of salts in the cells of the water trap increases, the concentration of salts in the circulating water increases;

- the installation of a water trap in the area of falling ice decreases the reliability of the tower in the winter due to their fall and damage to equipment, and, as a result, a decrease in the overhaul period, and, consequently, a decrease in the efficiency of the tower.

The closest technical solution, selected as a prototype for all the proposed options, is a cooling tower described in patent RU No. 2135920, IPC6 F28C 1/00, F28F 25/00, publ. 08/27/1999

The cooling tower contains a tower with a water distributor, an irrigator, pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, air guide devices installed around the periphery of the tower, while visors with a protective grating or mesh flooring (hereinafter referred to as the flooring) are installed over the irrigation blocks along the perimeter of the tower, the width of which is greater than or equal to the opposite leg of the angle formed by the inclined component of the casing of the tower with the vertical passing from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the floor, while the floor is located with the formation of one or more slots from the interior of the cap to place the output of the horizontal air flow, and the height or level of slits flooring installation on the sprinkler blocks determined maximum allowable size of icings and water distributor structure.

In this invention, the protective visors have unlimited cell sizes, while with small cell sizes, increased aerodynamic resistance to the flow of flue gases (vapors) is created, air permeability of the flooring is reduced, and with large sizes (200-300 mm or more), the risk of damage to the cooling tower equipment from - due to the impossibility of trapping icicles and blocks of ice of sizes smaller than the lattice cells, which significantly affects the reliability of the tower, and, therefore, the efficiency of its operation.

The height of the installation of protective visors in the tower of this type is due to the creation of a lateral gap with irrigation blocks for the release of the horizontal component of the gas flow into the cavity of the tower. For this purpose, a space is necessary in the central zone of the tower, the area of which is equal to or less than the area of the tower in the tip area. Through this space, the main part of the gases and the spray of water, heat and water vapor contained in them are released into the atmosphere without trapping, which reduces the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, cooling towers without water traps are limited by norms (SNiP-2-04-02-84, etc.) and are not allowed for use with an irrigation area> 1600 m ² , and the installation of protective peaks above the water traps does not eliminate the disadvantages of such cooling towers.

The absence of gas permeability of the flooring in the central part of the tower outside the ice fall zone significantly limits the condensation of water vapor on the protective peaks, the capture and return of desalted condensate to the pool, thereby reducing the efficiency of the tower.

The technical challenge is to create cooling tower designs that reduce the temperature of the circulating water and the concentration of salts in the circulating water.

The technical result, to which the proposed utility model options are directed, is to increase the efficiency of the cooling tower.

According to the first embodiment of the utility model: to achieve the claimed technical result, the tower contains a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen comprising a floor with its supporting and auxiliary elements located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, according to the invention, the floor is installed transversely to the top The flow of gases across the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without forming a lateral gap with a central riser, and the cell sizes formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the height of the protective screen above the level of irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the jets of hot circulating water ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while all the elements of the protective screen made of high thermal conductivity material.

Wherein:

- flooring is lattice or mesh;

- the optimal sizes of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the provision of gas permeability requirements, reliability of the flooring and flooring elements;

- the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen that does not exceed the temperature of condensation of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main coolant - hot water and above 0 ° C and is due to the installation height screen.

According to the second variant of the utility model: to achieve the claimed technical result, the cooling tower contains a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen comprising a floor with its supporting and auxiliary elements, located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, according to the invention, the floor is made at least in about in tier and installed transversely to the upward gas flow over the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without forming a lateral gap with the central riser, and the cell sizes formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and return condensate, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the jets of hot circulating water discharged from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter while all the elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting material, and part of the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements are made in the form of a pipe system with the movement of the cooler in them. Wherein:

- flooring is lattice or mesh;

- the optimal sizes of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the provision of gas permeability requirements, reliability of the flooring and flooring elements;

- the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected with a heating temperature of the surfaces of the screen elements not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main coolant - hot water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the screen .

- air, water, etc. are used as a cooler. According to the third embodiment of the utility model: to achieve the claimed technical result, the cooling tower contains a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen, including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements, located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, according to It is clear to the invention that the flooring is made in at least one tier and is installed transversely to the upward gas flow over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without forming a lateral gap with the central riser, and the cell sizes formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, they are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the mountain jets ejected from the pipelines whose circulating water without direct contact with the latter, part of the supporting and auxiliary flooring elements and associated floor elements are made in the form of distributing and distribution pipes forming a cooling system, with the cooler moving in it, while the distribution pipes are made with holes, the location of which is determined by the type of cooler, and the direction of the cooler jets is chosen with the condition of ensuring direct contact of the latter with the flooring elements and other protective elements associated with it crane, while all the elements of the protective screen, except for distribution pipes that are not connected with the flooring, are made of highly conductive material. Besides:

- flooring is lattice or mesh;

the optimal sizes of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the flooring and flooring elements;

- the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the screen elements that does not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main coolant - hot water and above 0 ° C and is due to the installation height screen;

- as a cooler use purified water or air;

- holes in the pipes are performed with a given design pitch and diameter, which are determined by the type of cooler;

- holes in the pipes are equipped with nozzles or nozzles;

- pipes are arranged with gas permeability to the upward flow of gases;

- the bottom hole of the pipe is equipped with a pipe with holes, while the distance of each hole from the vertical axis of symmetry of the pipe exceeds its radius.

According to the fourth embodiment of the utility model: to achieve the claimed technical result, the cooling tower contains a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigation device with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the aerial part around the perimeter of the tower, a swimming pool, above the sprinkler blocks around the perimeter of the tower there is a protective screen, including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements, while the width of the flooring in the fall zone n the ice crust is greater than or equal to the opposite leg of the angle formed by the inclined component of the casing of the tower with the vertical extending from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the deck, a water trap installed in the central zone of the tower outside the frost zone, the base of which is the floor, which is installed transversely to the upward gas flow over the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without the formation of a lateral gap with a central riser, and the size of the cells formed by the intersections of the rods of the flooring, its supporting and auxiliary of nutrient elements, they are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the height of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the hot recycled water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while all screen elements are made of highly heat-conducting material.

Wherein:

- flooring is lattice or mesh;

- the optimum size of the flooring cells is determined by the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability

- flooring and flooring elements;

- the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the screen elements that does not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main coolant - hot circulating water and above 0 ° C and is due to the installation height protective screen.

According to the fifth embodiment of the utility model: to achieve the claimed technical result, the cooling tower contains a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the aerial part around the perimeter of the tower, a swimming pool, above the sprinkler blocks, a protective screen is located around the perimeter of the tower, including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements, while the width of the flooring in the ice fall zone it is greater than or equal to the opposite leg of the angle formed by the inclined component of the casing of the tower with the vertical extending from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the floor, a water trap installed in the central zone of the tower outside the ice-fall zone, the base of which is the floor, the floor is made at least in one tier and installed transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without the formation of a lateral gap with a central riser, and the sizes of the cells formed by the intersections the springs of the deck, its supporting and auxiliary elements, are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the hot circulating water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while some of the bearing and auxiliary elements of the overlap are made in the form of a system of pipes ensuring the movement of a cooler in them, and all elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting material iala. Wherein:

- flooring is lattice or mesh;

- the optimal sizes of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the provision of gas permeability requirements, reliability of the flooring and flooring elements;

- that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen that does not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main coolant - hot water and above 0 ° C and due to the height setting a protective screen;

- the size of the cells of the flooring in the area of the water trap is made to ensure gas permeability of not less gas permeability of the cells of the latter;

- air, water, etc. are used as a cooler. According to the sixth embodiment of the utility model: to achieve the claimed technical result, the cooling tower contains a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the aerial part around the perimeter of the tower, the pool, above the sprinkler blocks around the perimeter of the tower there is a protective screen, including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements In this case, the width of the floor in the area of ice fall is greater than or equal to the opposite leg of the angle formed by the inclined component of the tower casing with the vertical extending from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the floor, a water trap installed in the central zone of the tower outside the ice fall zone, the base of which is flooring, flooring is installed transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without the formation of a side gap with a central riser, and the size of the cells formed by sections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the hot recycled water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, some of the supporting and auxiliary elements flooring and associated floor elements are made in the form of distributing and distribution pipes forming a cooling system, with the provision of two of the cooler, the distribution pipes are made with holes, the location of which is determined by the type of cooler, while the direction of the cooler jets is chosen with the condition of direct contact of the latter with the floor elements and associated elements of the protective screen, while all elements of the protective screen, except for the distribution pipes non-flooring made of highly conductive material. Wherein:

- flooring is lattice or mesh;

- the optimal sizes of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the provision of gas permeability requirements, reliability of the flooring and flooring elements;

- that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected with a heating temperature of the surfaces of the screen elements not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main coolant - hot water and above 0 ° C and is due to the installation height protective screen;

- as a cooler use purified water or air;

- holes in the pipes are performed with a given design pitch and diameter, which are determined by the type of cooler;

- holes in the pipes are equipped with nozzles or nozzles;

- pipes are arranged with gas permeability to the upward flow of gases;

- the bottom hole of the pipe is equipped with a pipe with holes, while the distance of each hole from the vertical axis of symmetry of the pipe exceeds its radius.

According to the seventh variant of the utility model: to achieve the claimed technical result, the tower contains a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigation device with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen including a grating with its supporting and auxiliary elements, located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, while the flooring is installed transverse to sunrise The flow of gases across the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without forming a lateral gap with a central riser, and the cell sizes formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the height of the protective screen above the level of irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the jets of hot circulating water ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while the flooring is made at least re, in two tiers, the gratings of the floorings of each tier are displaceable in the plane of the flooring by half a step of the rods relative to the grids of the adjacent tier, while all the elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting material.

Wherein:

- the optimal sizes of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the provision of gas permeability requirements, reliability of the flooring and flooring elements;

- the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot circulating water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height setting a protective screen.

According to the eighth embodiment of the utility model: to achieve the claimed technical result, the cooling tower contains a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the aerial part around the perimeter of the tower, a swimming pool, above the sprinkler blocks around the perimeter of the tower there is a protective screen, including a grating with its supporting and auxiliary elements, while the width of the flooring in the zone the amount of ice falling is greater than or equal to the opposite leg of the angle formed by the inclined component of the casing of the tower with the vertical passing from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the floor, a catcher installed in the central zone of the tower outside the area of ice falling, the base of which is the floor, the floor is installed transversely to the upward flow gases over the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without the formation of a lateral gap with a central riser, and the cell sizes formed by the intersections of the floor rods carrying it and auxiliary elements are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation units is determined by the height of the hot recycled water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while all the elements of the protective screen are made of highly conductive material, part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the flooring and associated floor elements are made in the form of distributing and distribution pipes, arr of the cooling system, ensuring the movement of the cooler in it, the distribution pipes are made with holes, the location of which is determined by the type of cooler, while the direction of the cooler jets is chosen with the condition of direct contact of the latter with the floor elements and the associated elements of the protective screen, while the floor is made at least two tiers, and the gratings of the floorings of each tier are made with the possibility of displacement in the plane of the flooring by half a step of the rods with respect to the gratings of the adjacent yard mustache, all elements of the protective screen, except for distribution pipes that are not connected with the deck, are made of highly heat-conducting material. Wherein:

- the optimal sizes of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the provision of gas permeability requirements, reliability of the flooring and flooring elements;

- the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the screen elements that does not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main coolant - hot circulating water and above 0 ° C and is due to the installation height protective screen;

- as a cooler use purified water or air;

- holes in the pipes are performed with a given design pitch and diameter, which are determined by the type of cooler;

- holes in the pipes are equipped with nozzles or nozzles;

- pipes are arranged with gas permeability to the upward flow of gases;

- the bottom hole of the pipe is equipped with a pipe with holes, while the distance of each hole from the vertical axis of symmetry of the pipe exceeds its radius.

The claimed variants of the utility model are so interconnected that they form a single inventive concept. Indeed, all options of the tower allow solving the problem with obtaining the required technical result - improving the efficiency of the tower. Therefore, the claimed utility models satisfy the requirement of unity of invention.

A brief description of the drawings, "a" - the step of the rods

Figure 1 shows a General view with a partially longitudinal section of a cooling tower,

figure 2 is a section 1-1 of figure 1 is a transverse section in the area of the protective screen;

figure 3 is a section 1-1 of figure 2 with the location of the flooring and the overlapping of the protective screen;

figure 4 shows a General view with a partially longitudinal section of a cooling tower,

figure 5 is a section 1-1 figure 4 is a transverse section in the area of the protective screen;

Fig.6 is a section 1-1 of Fig.5 with the location of the flooring and overlapping elements of the protective screen with pipes as load-bearing elements;

in Fig.7 is a variant using pipes as auxiliary elements of the overlap;

on Fig is a General view with a partially longitudinal section of the tower;

Fig.9 is a section 1-1 of Fig.8 is a transverse section in the area of the protective screen;

figure 10 is a section 1-1 of figure 9 is a variant of the pipes with holes in

side part using a liquid cooler;

figure 11 is a section 1-1 of figure 9 is a variant with holes in the upper zone of the pipe using a liquid cooler;

in Fig.12 is a section 1-1 of Fig.9 is a variant with holes in the lower part of the pipe with pipe;

in Fig.13 is a General view of the cooling tower with a partially longitudinal section;

on Fig - cross section 1-1 of Fig.13 with the location of the water trap and the main elements of the protective screen;

- in Fig.15 is a section 1-1 of Fig.14 with the location of the main elements in the Central zone of the tower with a water catcher;

in Fig.16 is a transverse section 2-2 of Fig.14 - with the location of the elements of the protective screen in the area of incidence of ice outside the installation zone of the water trap;

on Fig is a General view of the cooling tower with a partially longitudinal section;

on Fig - section 1-1 of Fig.17 with the location of the water trap and the main elements of the protective screen;

Fig.19 is a section 1-1 of Fig.18 is a section of the ceiling using pipes outside the area of the water trap;

in Fig.20 is a section 2-2 of Fig.18, which shows the elements of the protective

screen using an additional cooling system in the zone

water trap installation.

on Fig - General view of the cooling tower with a partially longitudinal section;

in Fig.22 is a cross section 1-1 of Fig.21 with the location of the water trap and the main elements of the protective screen;

in Fig.23 is a section 1-1- Fig.22 with elements of a protective screen outside the area of the water trap;

on Fig - section 2-2 of Fig.22 with screen elements in the area of the water trap and holes in the pipes for the removal of the jets of the cooler beyond the diameter of the pipe;

on Fig is a General view of the cooling tower with a partially longitudinal section;

in Fig.26 - node I of Fig.25 is an option with two-tier flooring;

in Fig.27 is a top view of Fig.26 is a variant with a two-tier flooring without displacement of the rods;

in Fig.28 - node II of Fig.25 - the location of 2 tiers of flooring with offset grids;

in Fig.29 is a top view of Fig.28 is an option with the offset lattices of the flooring in one direction;

in Fig.30 is a top view of Fig.25 is an option with the offset lattices of the flooring in one direction;

in Fig.31 is a top view of Fig.28 is an option with the offset lattices of the flooring in two directions;

on Fig - shows a General view with a partially longitudinal section of a cooling tower; in Fig.33 - node I of Fig.32 is an option with a two-tier flooring in the area of incidence of frost with the displacement of the grids of adjacent tiers;

in Fig.34 is a section 1-1 of Fig.33 is a variant with a two-tier flooring with an offset of the grids of adjacent tiers;

on Fig - node II of Fig 32 is a variant with a two-tier flooring in the area of the water catcher;

in Fig.36 - section 1-1 of Fig.35 is a variant of the flooring without displacement of the grids in adjacent tiers;

in Fig.37 is a section 2-2 of Fig.35 is a variant with the installation of the pipe in the lower hole of the pipe;

in Fig.38 is a section 1-1- Fig.37 is a diagram of the locations of the holes in the pipe.

Detailed description of the utility model.

According to the first embodiment (Figs. 1-3), the tower contains a tower 1 with a casing 2, a central riser 3 for supporting the load-bearing elements of floors and pipelines, a water distributor with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, irrigation blocks 5, based on the supporting columns 6 and beams, flooring 7, located on the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap 8, forming a protective screen. Flooring 7 is located over the entire area of the tower from the casing 2 to the central riser 3 and is made in the form of a ring. At the base of tower 1 (its underground part) is a pool 9 for collecting recycled water. Along the perimeter of the pool wall 9, in the aerial part of the tower, air control devices with rotary shields 10 are installed, which ensure regulation of the external air draft in tower 1 and, respectively, of the spray boom.

The proposed cooling tower works as follows.

In tower 1, circulating water from turbine condensers through an external pipeline (not shown in the figure) enters a water distribution system with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, through which water is discharged over pressure irrigation blocks 5 over the entire irrigation area in the form of inclined or direct jets (height is more than 1.5 m.), which under their own weight, partially cooling, fall down to the irrigation blocks 5 towards the upward flow of gases, in the cells of which they give off heat to the onward flow of the external zduha and enter the pool 9, and further via the discharge (outlet) conduit returns to capacitors forming a closed cooling water cycle.

Taking into account the fact that the specific heat of air within the temperature range from 0 ° С to 100 ° С varies insignificantly (1006-1010 j / kg × deg), and the heat content in it is determined, first of all, by the content of water vapor, as a reverse cooler The water in the cooling towers uses outside air.

The air in the tower 1 enters through an air distribution device with rotary shields 10, providing its flow and regulation of traction. Passing through the irrigation blocks 5, the air, taking heat from the oncoming flow of circulating water and moisture saturation, enters the zone of water distribution and water spray of circulating water from pipelines 4.

By installing a protective screen, including flooring 7, over the jets of hot water between the irrigation blocks 5 and the protective screen, a zone is created with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor and high relative humidity, approaching 100%.

Sheathing 2 cooling towers is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and prevent the formation of ice.

The implementation of the flooring and other elements of the protective shield from highly thermally conductive materials provides heat transfer conditions under which the heating temperature of the protective shield elements is always lower than the temperature of the water, which contributes to heat removal from the upward flow of gases.

Under the conditions created, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the flooring material 7 and the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, the moisture-saturated part of the water vapor condenses with the accumulation of desalted condensate on the surface of these elements to certain limits, followed by the formation of a drop, which, taking away heat from all elements a protective screen over their entire expanded area, falls and falls into the jet part of the hot circulating water zone, reduces its temperature and returns with it tsya into the pool. In addition, the process of condensation of saturated water vapor is accompanied by rarefaction (vacuum formation) due to the difference in the densities of steam and water, with an approximate ratio of more than 1: 1000, and, accordingly, a decrease in pressure and temperature in the area of the protective screen. Since the condensation of water vapor and the deposition of 1 kg of condensate on the surface of the elements of the protective screen corresponds to exhausting from air at a temperature of 17-40 ° C from 15 to 60 m ^{3 the} volume of such vapors, the appearance of an equivalent volume of vacuum in it entails the redistribution of energy in the stream gases, during which heat is removed and the medium is cooled, the vacuum is replaced by the influx of external air and its draft increases into tower 1. As a result, the gas flow is divided into two directions. At the same time, the cooled part of the air, together with drops of condensate and circulating water, tends to down and mixing of the ascending and descending flows of water and gas mixture under the protective screen. The ascending air flow, the elastic part of the (non-condensing) water vapor, taking away excess heat from the elements of the protective screen, is sent through the cell flooring, formed by the intersection of the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, to the upper zone of the tower and further to the atmosphere.

Thus, condensation of water vapor on the floor is ensured by the selection of heat from the upward flow of gases last, and the amount of condensate is determined by the volume of water vapor. Since the maximum amount of heat is concentrated in this zone and falls on water vapor, thereby providing optimal conditions for their condensation, which significantly increases the efficiency of the tower.

In addition, air having a low heat content in comparison with an equal amount of water vapor acts as a cooler, which means that water vapor acts as the main heat carrier, therefore, the heating temperature of the floor will be lower than the temperature of water vapor, and the proximity of the elements of the protective screen is maximally close to the jet zone hot water without direct contact with it ensures the creation of a zone with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor, as well as heating the elements of the protective screen to the temperature ature, approaching the temperature of water vapor, while the relative humidity of the air is as close as possible to 100%, which provides increased condensation of water vapor, thereby increasing the efficiency of the tower.

The heating temperature of the flooring in this zone will always be above 0 ° C, which eliminates the formation of ice, and tends to the temperature of water vapor, but taking into account the expanded area of the elements of the protective shield, and the thermal conductivity of its materials, as well as heat exchange, it is limited to designing the calculated values of the condensation temperature water vapor, supported to the required extent by the selection of heat for its ablation with the elastic part of the water vapor, cooling of the air and the elements of the protective screen during such condensation, its selection and ablation in swimming pool water circulating together.

Thus, due to the fact that the temperature of the elements of the protective screen is lower than the temperature of the emitted gases, the process of condensation of water vapor contained in the mixture of these gases occurs. As a result, the temperature of the emitted gases decreases, and the condensate formed on the elements of the protective screen, with the removal of heat from the surface of these elements, returns to the pool, which allows to increase the degree of cooling of the circulating water, reduce the concentration of salts in it and thereby increase the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Installation of the flooring transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without forming a lateral gap with a central riser provides the maximum expanded surface area of the elements of the protective screen, which contributes to an increase in the volume of trapped water vapor and condensate, and, as a result, a decrease in temperature and an increase in volume circulating water. Thus, the efficiency of the cooling tower is increased.

The selection of cell sizes formed by the intersection of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, ensuring gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, allows you to create the maximum expanded surface area of the flooring elements and associated screen elements (the smaller the cell sizes, the larger the area of the elements A decrease in the area of these cells can lead to a decrease in gas permeability to the upward flow of gases, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the cooling tower). In addition, the screen heating temperature, which should not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor, depends on the size of the cells. When choosing the sizes of the cells of the flooring, the sizes of falling frosts are also taken into account, the consequence of which may be a decrease in the reliability of the equipment, and as a result, a reduction in the overhaul period and the efficiency of the cooling tower. The optimal cell size is calculated according to the conditions of normative documentation at the design stage. Therefore, the selection of the optimal (calculated) cell size allows you to make the operation of the tower more efficient.

Thus, using the optimal gas permeability of flooring gratings, the characteristics of a mixture of gases with different aggregate states (air, water vapor, water) and the redistribution of their energies in the proposed technical solution, the air simultaneously performs the functions of a heat carrier and a cooler of the surface of the screen elements.

The lack of contact between the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen with water jets ejected from the pipelines allows you to create an area with a high concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to avoid overheating of the flooring, and in the winter period of operation of the cooling tower, ice formation on it elements, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The execution of the flooring and the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials can increase the amount of heat taken from the upward flow of the gas mixture. The temperature of the gas mixture decreases, thereby creating the conditions for condensation of water vapor of this mixture, which leads to the formation of vacuum in the installation area of the flooring, the replacement of the latter by the influx of external air, and as a result, increased traction, which reduces the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower .

In addition, condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities, returning to the pool, provides a partial decrease in the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which also increases the efficiency of the tower.

The implementation of the surface of the rods of the flooring and other elements of the protective screen is not even, for example, with protruding ribs, with the maximum deployed total area of them, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of condensation of water vapor and to ensure reduction of splashing water. Heat loss on these surfaces is directly proportional to their area.

In the second embodiment of the utility model (Figs. 4-7).

The proposed tower contains a tower 1 with a casing 2, a central riser 3 for supporting the load-bearing elements of floors and pipelines, a water distributor with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, irrigation blocks 5, based on the supporting columns 6 and beams, flooring 7 located on the supporting and auxiliary elements overlap 8, forming a protective screen. Flooring 7 is located over the entire area of the tower from the casing 2 to the central riser 3 and is made in the form of a ring. At the base of tower 1 (its underground part) is a pool 9 for collecting recycled water. Along the perimeter of the pool wall 9, in the aerial part of the tower, air control devices with rotary shields 10 are installed, which ensure regulation of the external air draft in the tower 1 and, accordingly, the spray nozzle, and part of the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements are made in the form of a pipe system 11 with the movement of the cooler in them.

The proposed cooling tower works as follows.

In tower 1, circulating water from turbine condensers through an external pipeline (not shown in the figure) enters a water distribution system with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, through which water is discharged over pressure irrigation blocks 5 over the entire irrigation area in the form of inclined or direct jets (approximately height is more than 1.5 m.), which under their own weight, partially cooling, fall down to the irrigation blocks 5 towards the upward flow of gases, in the cells of which they give off heat to the counter flow and water enters the pool 9, and then through the outlet (outlet) pipe returns to the condensers, forming a closed cycle of water cooling. At the same time, a cooler, for example, water or air, circulates through a system of pipes 11, which are part of the supporting and auxiliary floor elements. In this case, it is possible to control the temperature of the cooler, and, therefore, to regulate to a limited extent the degree of cooling of the circulating water. Water cooler can be taken from external sources. The cooled pipe system 11 provides additional condensation of water vapor.

Given that the specific heat of air in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 100 ° C varies slightly (1006-1010 j / kg × deg.), And the heat content in it is determined, first of all, by the content of water vapor, outdoor air used in cooling towers as a circulating water cooler.

The air in the tower 1 enters through an air distribution device with rotary shields 10, providing its flow and regulation of traction. Passing through the irrigation blocks 5, the air, taking heat from the oncoming flow of circulating water and being saturated, enters the zone of water distribution and water spray of circulating water from pipelines 4.

By installing a protective screen, including flooring 7, over the jets of hot water between the irrigation blocks 5 and the protective screen, a zone is created with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor and high relative humidity, approaching 100%.

Taking into account the regulation of air draft by the rotary shields 10 and the associated speed of the spray nozzle, the choice of the optimal cell sizes of the gratings of the deck 7, the permissible values of the air velocities in them are limited and the limits of such regulation are specified at the design stage.

Sheathing 2 cooling towers is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and prevent the formation of ice.

The implementation of the flooring and other elements of the protective shield from highly thermally conductive materials provides heat transfer conditions under which the heating temperature of the protective shield elements is always lower than the temperature of the water, which contributes to heat removal from the upward flow of gases.

Under the conditions created, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the flooring material 7 and the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, the moisture-saturated part of the water vapor condenses with the accumulation of desalted condensate on the surface of these elements to certain limits, followed by the formation of a droplet, which, taking away heat from all elements a protective screen over their entire expanded area, falls and falls into the jet part of the hot circulating water zone, reduces its temperature and returns with it tsya into the pool. In addition, the process of condensation of saturated water vapor is accompanied by rarefaction (vacuum formation) due to the difference in the densities of steam and water, with an approximate ratio of more than 1: 1000, and, accordingly, a decrease in pressure and temperature in the area of the protective screen. Since the condensation of water vapor and the deposition of 1 kg of condensate on the surface of the elements of the protective screen corresponds to exhausting from air at a temperature of 17-40 ° C from 15 to 60 m ^{3 the} volume of such vapors, the appearance of an equivalent volume of vacuum in it entails the redistribution of energy in the stream gases, during which heat is removed and the medium is cooled, the vacuum is replaced by the influx of external air and its draft increases into tower 1. As a result, the gas flow is divided into two directions. At the same time, the cooled part of the air, together with drops of condensate and circulating water, tends to down and mixing of the ascending and descending flows of water and gas mixture under the protective screen. The ascending air flow, the elastic part of the (non-condensing) water vapor, taking away excess heat from the elements of the protective screen, is sent through the cell flooring, formed by the intersection of the supporting and auxiliary floor elements, to the upper zone of the tower and further to the atmosphere.

Thus, condensation of water vapor on the floor is ensured by the selection of heat from the upward flow of gases last, and the amount of condensate is determined by the volume of water vapor. Since the maximum amount of heat is concentrated in this zone and falls on water vapor, thereby providing optimal conditions for their condensation, which significantly increases the efficiency of the tower.

In addition, air having a low heat content in comparison with an equal amount of water vapor acts as a cooler, which means that water vapor acts as the main heat carrier, therefore, the heating temperature of the floor will be lower than the temperature of water vapor, and the proximity of the elements of the protective screen is maximally close to the jet zone hot water without direct contact with it ensures the creation of a zone with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor, as well as heating the elements of the protective screen to the temperature ature, approaching the temperature of water vapor, while the relative humidity of the air is as close as possible to 100%, which provides increased condensation of water vapor, thereby increasing the efficiency of the tower.

The heating temperature of the flooring in this zone will always be above 0 ° C, which eliminates the formation of ice, and tends to the temperature of water vapor, but taking into account the expanded area of the elements of the protective shield, and the thermal conductivity of its materials, as well as heat exchange, it is limited to designing the calculated values of the condensation temperature water vapor, supported to the required extent by the selection of heat for its ablation with the elastic part of the water vapor, cooling of the air and the elements of the protective screen during such condensation, its selection and ablation in swimming pool water circulating together.

Thus, due to the fact that the temperature of the elements of the protective screen is lower than the temperature of the emitted gases, the process of condensation of water vapor contained in the mixture of these gases occurs. As a result, the temperature of the emitted gases decreases, and the condensate formed on the elements of the protective screen, with the removal of heat from the surface of these elements, returns to the pool, which allows to increase the degree of cooling of the circulating water, reduce the concentration of salts in it and thereby increase the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Installation of the flooring transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without a lateral gap with a central riser provides the maximum expanded surface area of the elements of the protective screen, which contributes to an increase in the volume of trapped steam and condensate, and, as a result, a decrease in temperature and an increase in the volume of recycled water , thereby improving the efficiency of the tower.

The selection of the sizes of the cells formed by the intersection of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, ensuring gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, allows to maximize the expanded surface area of the flooring elements and the associated screen elements (the smaller the cell sizes, the larger the area of the elements flooring). A decrease in the area of these cells can lead to a decrease in the gas permeability of the upward flow of gases, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, the screen heating temperature, which should not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor, depends on the size of the cells. When choosing the sizes of the cells of the flooring, the sizes of falling frosts are also taken into account, the result of which can be a decrease in the reliability of the equipment, and as a result a reduction in the overhaul period. The optimal cell size is calculated according to the conditions of normative documentation at the design stage. Therefore, the selection of the optimal (calculated) cell size allows you to make the operation of the tower more efficient.

Thus, using the gas permeability of flooring gratings, the characteristics of a mixture of gases with different aggregate states (air, water vapor, water) and the redistribution of their energies in the proposed technical solution, ensures the simultaneous performance of air as a coolant and a surface cooler of the screen elements.

The lack of contact between the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen with water jets ejected from the pipelines allows you to create an area with a high concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to avoid overheating of the flooring, and in the winter period of operation of the cooling tower, ice formation on it elements, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The execution of the flooring and the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials can increase the amount of heat taken from the upward flow of the gas mixture. The temperature of the gas mixture decreases, thereby ensuring the conditions of condensation of water vapor of this mixture, which leads to the formation of vacuum in the installation area of the deck, the replacement of the latter by the influx of external air, and as a result, increased traction, which reduces the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower .

The implementation of part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap in the form of a system of pipes 11 provides, when passing through it a cooler, lowering the temperature of their surface. Due to heat transfer with high thermal conductivity of the pipe material, heat is redistributed between the pipes and the elements of the protective screen. The temperature of the latter decreases to the calculated limits. As a result, the rate of condensation of water vapor on the surfaces of pipes and associated screen elements increases, the volume of trapped steam (condensate) increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and, consequently, the draft increases, the temperature of the upward flow of gases and circulating water decreases, and, accordingly, increases the efficiency of the tower.

In addition, the amount of condensate, which does not contain salts and other impurities, returns to the pool, which will reduce the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which also increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The implementation of the surface of the flooring rods and other elements of the protective screen is not even with protruding, for example, ribs, with a maximally deployed total area around the perimeter of the sections and together with a deployed total area of the supporting and auxiliary flooring elements, it is possible to increase the efficiency of condensation of water vapor and to reduce splashing water. Heat loss on these surfaces is directly proportional to their area.

The 3rd version of the cooling tower is illustrated by drawings (Figs. 8-12).

The proposed tower contains a tower 1 with a casing 2, a central riser 3 for supporting the load-bearing elements of floors and pipelines, a water distributor with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, irrigation blocks 5, based on the supporting columns 6 and beams, flooring 7 located on the supporting and auxiliary elements overlap 8, forming a protective screen. Flooring 7 is located over the entire area of the tower from the casing 2 to the central riser 3 and is made in the form of a ring. At the base of tower 1 (its underground part) is a pool 9 for collecting recycled water. Along the perimeter of the pool wall 9, in the aerial part of the tower, air control devices with rotary shields 10 are installed, which ensure regulation of the external air draft in tower 1 and, respectively, of the spray boom. Part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the flooring and associated floor elements are made in the form of distributing 11 and distribution 12 pipes forming a cooling system. Distribution pipes 12 are made with holes 13. With a lower arrangement of holes 13 in the pipes, the latter are connected to a pipe 14 made with holes 13 at its ends. Distributing pipes 11 and distribution pipes 12 connected to the flooring 7 are made of highly thermally conductive materials, and distribution pipes 12 that are not connected to the flooring can be made of any material.

The proposed cooling tower works as follows. In tower 1, circulating water from turbine condensers through an external pipeline (not shown in the figure) enters the water distribution system with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, with the help of which water is discharged over the irrigation blocks 5 over the entire irrigation area under pressure in the form of inclined or direct streams (estimated height is more than 1.5 m.), which under their own weight, partially cooling, fall down to the irrigation blocks 5. When using cold water as a cooler, the circulating water in this zone mixes with a cooler. Cold water comes from an external source into the distribution pipes 12 and further, through the holes 13 of which it falls into the area between the irrigation blocks 5 and the flooring 7 (Figs. 10-11), and the holes can be provided with nozzles or nozzles. The holes 13 are made with the possibility of direct contact of the ejected jets of the cooler (cold water or air) with the gratings of the flooring 7 and other elements of the protective screen. The contact of cold water with their unfolded surface provides cooling of all elements and entrainment of heat with the drop formed in this case. Since the temperature of cold water is not higher than the condensation temperature of water vapor, condensation of water vapor is formed on this surface. Formed by a drop of condensate droplet and water-cooler “rain” reduces the temperature and pressure in the air space between the deck 7 and the irrigation blocks 5.

Cooled by mixing with a cooler and condensate, the circulating water enters the irrigation units 5, in the cells of which it transfers heat to the oncoming outdoor air flow and enters the pool 9, then it returns to the condensers (not shown) through the exhaust pipe, forming a closed water cooling cycle .

When using distribution pipes 12 with a lower arrangement of holes 13 (Fig. 12) and a nozzle 14 with holes on one or two sides, when the cooler moves along them, additional advantages appear, namely:

- it becomes possible to replace the cooler if necessary, for example, water to air and vice versa;

- provides the ability to control the degree of cooling of the circulating water;

- expansion of the area of sprayed water or air scattering. Which positively affects the efficiency of the cooling tower. Given that the specific heat of air in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 100 ° C varies insignificantly (1006-1010 j / kg × deg.), And the heat content in it is determined, first of all, by the content of water vapor, as The cooler in the cooling towers uses outside air.

The air in the tower 1 enters through an air distribution device with rotary shields 10, providing its flow and regulation of traction. Passing through the irrigation blocks 5, the air, taking away heat from the oncoming flow of circulating water and, being saturated, enters the zone of water distribution and water spraying of circulating water from pipelines 4.

By installing a protective screen with flooring 7 above the jets of hot water between the irrigation units 5 and the protective screen, a zone is created with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor and high relative humidity, approaching 100%.

Sheathing 2 cooling towers is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and prevent the formation of ice.

The implementation of the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials provides heat transfer conditions under which the heating temperature of the elements of the protective screen is always lower than the temperature of hot water, which contributes to the selection of heat from the upward flow of gases.

Under the conditions created, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the flooring material 7 and the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, the moisture-saturated part of the water vapor condenses with the accumulation of desalted condensate on the surface of these elements to certain limits, followed by the formation of a droplet, which, taking away heat from all elements the protective screen over their entire expanded area, falls and falls into the jet part of the hot zone of the circulating water, lowering its temperature, and returning with it flow into the pool 9. Flooring 7 and other elements of the protective screen are additionally cooled by curtains of water or air from the distribution pipe system 12, therefore, have a temperature below the condensation temperature of water vapor, which significantly increases the intensity of condensation and the amount of water vapor capture. The process of condensation of saturated water vapor is accompanied by rarefaction (vacuum formation) due to the difference in the densities of steam and water, with an approximate ratio of more than 1: 1000. and, accordingly, a decrease in pressure and air temperature. Since the condensation of water vapor and the deposition of 1 kg of condensate on the surface of the screen elements corresponds to extracting from the air at a temperature of 17-40 ° C from 15 to 60 m ^{3 the} volume of such vapors, the appearance of an equivalent volume of vacuum in it entails the redistribution of energy in the gas stream, during which heat is removed and the medium is cooled, the vacuum is replaced by the influx of external air and its draft increases into tower 1. As a result, the gas flow is divided into two directions. At the same time, the cooled part of the air, together with drops of condensate and circulating water, tends to down and mixing of the ascending and descending flows of water, condensate and air under the protective screen. The ascending air flow, the elastic part of the (non-condensing) water vapor, taking away excess heat from the elements of the protective screen through the flooring cells formed by the intersection of the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, and also, giving the heat to the cooler at the intersections with pipes 11 and 12, is sent to the upper zone of the tower , then into the atmosphere.

In the pipe system 11, 12, when a cooler is passed through them, the surface temperature of the pipes decreases to the temperature of the cooler. Due to heat removal by the cooler and heat exchange, heat is redistributed between the pipes and the floor and the supporting and auxiliary floor elements associated with it. The temperature of the latter decreases to the calculated limits. As a result, the rate of condensation of water vapor on the surfaces of pipes and associated flooring elements and other elements of the protective shield increases, the volume of trapped steam increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and, consequently, the draft increases, the temperature of the upward gas flow decreases, ultimately, and recycled water, which improves the efficiency of the tower.

Taking into account the regulation of air draft by the rotary shields 10 and the values of the spray nozzle associated with it, the choice of the optimal cell sizes of the gratings of the deck 7, the permissible values of the air velocities in them are limited and the limits of such regulation are specified.

Vacuum-replacing outside air and part of the air cooled in the area of the shield due to heat extraction from water vapor from the upward air flow perform the function of an additional cooler, the flow rate of which can be controlled by rotary shields 10.

Thus, the use of the heat of the exhaust gases to condense water vapor, trap them and then return to the pool, increase the cooling efficiency by creating a pipe system and jet cooling of the screen elements with a cooler can increase the degree of cooling of the circulating water, which improves the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Installation of the flooring transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without a lateral gap with a central riser provides the maximum expanded surface area of the elements of the protective screen, thereby increasing the volume of trapped water vapor and condensate, and, as a result, lowering the temperature and increasing the volume of the return water, thereby improving the efficiency of the tower.

The selection of the sizes of the cells formed by the intersection of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, ensuring gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, allows to maximize the expanded surface area of the flooring elements and the associated screen elements (the smaller the cell sizes, the larger the area of the elements A decrease in the area of these cells can lead to a decrease in gas permeability of the upward flow of gases, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the cooling tower). In addition, the screen heating temperature, which should not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor, depends on the size of the cells. When choosing the sizes of the cells of the flooring, the sizes of falling frosts are also taken into account, the result of which can be a decrease in the reliability of the equipment, and as a result a reduction in the overhaul period. The optimal cell size is calculated according to the conditions of normative documentation at the design stage. Therefore, the selection of the optimal (calculated) cell size allows you to make the operation of the tower more efficient.

Thus, using the gas permeability of flooring gratings, the characteristics of a mixture of gases with different aggregate states (air, water vapor, water) and the redistribution of their energies in the proposed technical solution, ensures the simultaneous performance of air as a coolant and a surface cooler of the screen elements.

The lack of contact between the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen with water jets ejected from the pipelines allows you to create an area with a high concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to avoid overheating of the flooring, and during the winter period of operation of the cooling tower, ice formation on it elements.

Thus, condensation of water vapor on the floor is ensured by the selection of heat from the upward flow of gases last, and the amount of condensate is determined by the volume of water vapor. Since the maximum amount of heat is concentrated in this zone and falls on water vapor, thereby providing optimal conditions for the condensation of water vapor, which significantly increases the efficiency of the tower.

In addition, air having a low heat content in comparison with an equal amount of water vapor acts as a cooler, which means that water vapor acts as the main heat carrier, therefore, the heating temperature of the floor will be lower than the temperature of water vapor, and the proximity of the elements of the protective screen is maximally close to the jet zone hot water without direct contact with it ensures the creation of a zone with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor, as well as heating the elements of the protective screen to the temperature ature, approaching the temperature of water vapor, in which the relative humidity is as close as possible to 100%, which provides increased condensation of water vapor, thereby increasing the efficiency of the tower.

The heating temperature of the flooring in this zone will always be above 0 ° C, which eliminates the formation of frost. The heating temperature of the flooring tends to the temperature of water vapor, but taking into account the expanded area of the elements of the protective screen, their thermal conductivity and heat transfer, it is limited to designing the calculated values of the temperature of condensation of water vapor, supported within the required limits by taking heat to carry it away with the elastic part of the water vapor, air cooling and elements of the protective screen in the process of such condensation, its selection and entrainment into the pool together with circulating water.

Thus, due to the fact that the temperature of the elements of the protective screen is lower than the temperature of the emitted gases, the process of condensation of water vapor contained in the mixture of these gases occurs. As a result, the temperature of the exhaust gases decreases, and the condensate formed on the elements of the protective screen, with the removal of heat from the surface of these elements, returns to the pool, which allows to increase the degree of cooling of the circulating water and to increase the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The execution of the flooring and the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials can increase the amount of heat taken from the upward flow of the gas mixture. The temperature of the gas mixture decreases, thereby ensuring the conditions of condensation of water vapor of this mixture, which leads to the formation of vacuum in the installation area of the deck, the replacement of the latter by the influx of external air, and as a result, increased traction, which reduces the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower .

The implementation of part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap in the form of a system of pipes 11 provides, when passing through it a cooler, lowering the temperature of their surface. Due to heat transfer with high thermal conductivity of the pipe material, heat is redistributed between the pipes and the elements of the protective screen, the temperature of the latter decreases to the design limits. As a result, the rate of condensation of water vapor on the surfaces of pipes and associated screen elements increases, the volume of trapped steam (condensate) increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and, consequently, the draft increases, the temperature of the upward gas flow decreases, and the return temperature decreases water, and, accordingly, increases the efficiency of the tower.

The implementation of at least part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap in the form of pipes with holes with the formation of a piping system that provides movement of the cooler, allows you to create jet curtains that provide direct contact of the cooler with the elements of the flooring and other elements of the protective screen, to increase the heat exchange due to heat removal from the elements of the protective screen, as a result of which the volume of trapped steam (condensate) increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and, the investigator but, the draft increases, the temperature of the upward flow of gases decreases, the temperature of the circulating water decreases, the losses of water due to evaporation decrease, and, accordingly, the efficiency of the cooling tower increases.

Ensuring direct contact of the cooler jets with the elements of the flooring and related elements of the protective screen creates conditions of intense heat transfer, i.e. heat removal from the latter, and, as a consequence, an increase in the intensity of condensation, and, consequently, an increase in the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Taking into account the formation of vacuum during condensation of water vapor and jet cooling of the elements of the protective screen, the temperature of heating of their surface, the temperature and pressure of the environment of this zone are reduced. The decrease in pressure is compensated by the influx of external air into the cavity of the tower and a corresponding increase in the degree of cooling of the circulating water. The distribution of heat between the elements of the protective screen, including their jet cooling, is ensured by the high thermal conductivity of the materials used. In the area of the screen, due to cooling, the upward flow of the gas mixture and the jet part of the cooler are divided into two directions, part of which, falling and mixing under the screen, together with condensate and defense water is directed to the pool, and the second part goes into the atmosphere with a low water content and heat.

The proposed piping system is designed to provide jet cooling of the elements of the protective screen within its area, in which desalinated water or external air is used as a cooler.

The temperature of the cooler is selected in order to increase the intensity of condensation of water vapor on the elements of the protective screen within the specified design limits. When water is used as a cooler, artificial rain forms from the condensate and the trapped part of the recycled water in the space between the deck and the irrigation blocks, which, mixed with hot streams of recycled water, reduces its temperature to the irrigation cells. Thus, an intermediate (preliminary) cooling of the circulating water is provided.

Lowering the temperature and pressure between the irrigation units and the floor and mixing hot and cold water reduces the temperature of the circulating water before it enters the cells of the irrigation blocks, which allows to increase the degree of cooling of the circulating water and, as a result, the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The proposed cooling water cooling system in the tower with an additional cooling circuit increases the rate of condensation of water vapor, both in the screen area and under the screen in the space between the screen and the irrigation units by forming curtains of water or air cooler jets that intersect with upward gas flows. In this case, the water used as a cooler should have a temperature lower than the condensation temperature of water vapor in the screen area. For this purpose, water is used from water pipes of an elevated location, where its temperature in winter is greater than or equal to 4 ° C.

The size of the spray nozzle is reduced in the proposed solution due to the transverse arrangement of the gratings of the flooring and other elements of the protective screen with respect to the upward flow of gases, as well as the increased unfolded area of their surfaces, the execution of some of these elements in the form of pipes distributing 11 and distribution 12 with holes, which can be equipped with nozzles or nozzles. The holes 13 are made with the possibility of direct contact of the ejected jets of the cooler (cold water or air) with the gratings of the flooring 7 and other elements of the protective screen. The contact of cold water with their unfolded surface provides cooling of all elements and entrainment of heat with the drop formed in this case. Since the temperature of cold water does not exceed the temperature of condensation of water vapor, condensation of water vapor is formed on the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen. The artificial “rain” formed by the fall of condensate and the water-cooler reduces the temperature and pressure in the space between the deck 7 and the irrigation blocks 5 and, accordingly, the temperature of the upward flow of a mixture of gases and recycled water returning to the pool.

In addition, the amount of condensate, which does not contain salts and other impurities, returns to the pool, which will reduce the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which also increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The 4th option of the tower is illustrated by drawings (Fig.13-16). The proposed tower contains a tower 1 with a casing 2, a central riser 3 for supporting the load-bearing elements of floors and pipelines, a water distributor with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, irrigation blocks 5, based on supporting columns 6 and beams, over irrigation blocks 5 over the entire area of the tower from the central riser 3 to the sheathing 2 along its perimeter installed flooring 7, placed on the supporting and auxiliary elements of its overlap 8, forming a protective screen. Flooring 7 is located over the entire area of the tower from the casing 2 to the central riser 3 and is made in the form of a ring. At the base of tower 1 (its underground part) is a pool 9 for collecting recycled water. Along the perimeter of the pool wall 9 in the aerial part of the cooling tower, an air distribution device is installed to regulate the air draft by the rotary shields 10, which provide regulation of the outdoor air draft to the tower 1 and, accordingly, the spray boom. In the central part of the cooling tower, outside the zone of fall of ice, a water trap 15 is installed.

The proposed cooling tower works as follows. In tower 1, circulating water from turbine condensers through an external pipeline (not shown in the figure) enters a water distribution system with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, through which water is discharged over pressure irrigation blocks 5 over the entire irrigation area in the form of inclined or direct jets (height is more than 1.5 m.), which under their own weight, partially cooling, fall down to the irrigation blocks 5 towards the upward flow of cooling air. In the area of the irrigation blocks 5, spraying the trapped water and drops of condensate from the floor 7 and other elements of the protective screen falling from the water trap 15 are added to the jet part of the circulating water, after which the cooled mixture enters the cells of the irrigation block 5, where it gives off heat to the oncoming air stream and enters into the pool 9, and then through the outlet (outlet) pipeline returns to the condensers, forming a closed cycle of water cooling.

At the same time, the desalted condensate, entering the pool with circulating water, reduces the salt content in the circulating water, and by mixing condensate and water trapped by the cells of the water trap 15, which have a temperature below the temperature of the circulating water, the temperature of the latter decreases, which improves the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Due to the fact that the specific heat of air within the temperature range from 0 ° С to 100 ° С varies insignificantly (1006-1010 j / kg × deg.), And the heat content in it is determined, first of all, by the content of water vapor, in cooling towers use outside air as a circulating water cooler. The air in the tower 1 enters through an air distribution device with rotary shields 10, providing its flow and regulation of traction. Passing through the irrigation blocks 5, the air, taking away heat from the oncoming flow of circulating water and, being saturated, enters the zone of water distribution and water spraying of circulating water from pipelines 4.

By installing a protective screen with flooring 7 above the jets of hot water between the irrigation units 5 and the protective screen, a zone is created with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor and high relative humidity, approaching 100%. Sheathing 2 of this zone of the tower is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and prevent the formation of frost.

The implementation of the flooring and other elements of the protective screen made of highly heat-conducting materials provides heat transfer conditions under which the heating temperature of the protective screen elements is always lower than the temperature of hot water.

Due to the lack of contact of the flooring 7 with hot water, the main heat source for it is the heat of the upward flow of a mixture of gases, including water vapor, the temperature of which due to heat removal by the elements of the protective screen, including the floor 7, is always equal to or higher than the surface temperature of the elements of the protective screen.

Under the conditions created, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the flooring material 7 and the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, the moisture-saturated part of the water vapor condenses with the accumulation of desalted condensate on the surface of these elements to certain limits, droplets are formed, which, taking away heat from all protective elements screen over their entire expanded area, falls down and enters the jet part of the hot circulating water zone, lowering its temperature, and returns with it in the bass yn At the same time, in the central part, outside the area of ice accumulation, along with desalted condensate, part of the water is added to it, trapped in the cells of the water trap 15, flowing down from their walls in the form of a drop, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, the process of condensation of saturated vapors is accompanied by rarefaction (vacuum formation) due to the difference in the densities of steam and water, with an approximate ratio of more than 1: 1000 and, accordingly, a decrease in pressure and temperature in the air in the protective shield zone. Since the condensation of water vapor and the deposition of 1 kg of condensate on the surface of the elements of the protective screen corresponds to drawing from air at a temperature of 17-40 ° C from 15 to 60 m ^{3 the} volume of such vapors and the appearance of an equivalent volume of vacuum in it, this entails the redistribution of energy in gas flow, during which heat is taken off and the medium is cooled, vacuum is replaced by the influx of external air and its draft increases in tower 1. As a result, gas flow is divided into two main directions. In this case, the cooled part of the air, together with drops of condensate trapped in the circulating water trap 15, together with the main part of the circulating water tends to down with mixing of the ascending and descending flows of water and gases under the protective screen. The ascending air flow, the elastic part of the (non-condensing) water vapor, taking away the excess heat from the elements of the protective shield and the water trap 15 through the overlapping and supporting elements of the overlapping cell and the grating floor 7 and the water trap 15, is directed to the upper zone of the tower and to the atmosphere.

A water trap 15 is installed above the flooring 7 and other elements of its overlap 8, due to heat exchange with which the moisture-saturated mixture of gases entering the water trap 15 (air, water vapor, water spray) is cooled and has a temperature significantly lower than in existing cooling towers. Due to the heat exchange of this flow with the walls of the cells of the water trap 15, the temperature decreases further, and the circulating water flowing from them has a temperature not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in the flooring zone 7. This allows condensation of water vapor in the cells of the water trap 15, dilution of the circulating water water condensate, which provides an increase in the volume of condensate, and as a result, reduction of losses of circulating water, reduction of salt deposits in them, which increases the efficiency of the tower.

The functions of the protective screen, including flooring 7, outside the installation area of the water trap 15 are also expanded: due to the difference in aerodynamic drags, air blocking is eliminated, and the condensate is trapped and returned to the pool over the entire area of the protective screen, including the area of ice accumulation. Water is added to the trapped condensate in the area of ice falling from melting of ice and condensate from the casing 2 of the tower along its perimeter from flooring 7 to the head. In this case, condensate is formed when the heating temperature of the skin surface is equal to or lower than the condensation temperature of water vapor, depending on the temperature of the outside air. In addition, small fractions (splashes) of water trapped by the elements of the protective screen and casing are added to the trapped water. Thus, the amount of demineralized condensate increases, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Since the protective zone of the flooring 7, located along the perimeter of the casing 2 of the tower, has a lower aerodynamic resistance compared to the Central zone of the water trap 15, and is located near the air distribution device with rotary shields 10, the main flow of air entering through the irrigation blocks 5 with the selection of heat from water vapor, will seek to pass through this zone. In this case, the flow will be divided due to the appearance of a horizontal component of the forces, which tends to delay the flow to the central part of the tower, and as a result, the rate of gas rise in the central part, in the area of the water trap 15 will decrease, and, taking into account additional cooling of the walls of the water trap 15 , it will be possible to condense water vapor with the simultaneous capture of water splashes, and as a result, increase the efficiency of the cooling tower. Thus, in the central zone of the cooling tower by installing a water trap 15 outside the ice falling zone, which is ensured by the gas permeability of the flooring grids under it, simultaneously with the elimination of excess pressure, the efficiency of spraying is increased and the condensation of water vapor is collected and its return with recycled water to the pool, which generally increases the efficiency cooling tower work.

In the protective zone, outside the area of the water trap 15, due to the selection of the optimal cell sizes for the flooring 7, a significant expanded area of the flooring elements and other elements of the protective screen, the inadmissible dimensions of the ice are captured and the cooling tower equipment is protected from damage, as well as condensation of water vapor with the removal of heat from the rising gas flow, condensate return to the pool, which greatly improves the efficiency of the tower.

The permissible speeds in the deck 7 are calculated at the design stage, and in practice are selected by adjusting the air flow rate by the rotary shields 10.

Reducing the mudguard is achieved transverse to the upward flow by the location of the elements of the protective screen, including the flooring 7, the expanded area (for example, ribbing), the surfaces of the rods of the flooring 7 and the selection of the optimal cell size.

Taking into account the regulation of air draft by the rotary shields 10 and the values of the spray nozzle associated with it, the choice of the optimal cell sizes of the gratings of the deck 7 limits the permissible values of the air velocities in them and the limits of such regulation are specified.

Taking into account the changes in the functions of the flooring in the protective shield, the conditions of their operation and the specificity of heat transfer and heat losses associated with condensation of water vapor, the optimal cell sizes of the flooring and elements of the protective screen are selected according to the conditions of construction, aerodynamic and heat engineering calculations, ensuring their reliability, gas permeability, and also the sizes of ice accumulated in winter and the loads from them.

Since the amount of heat consumed and the condensate trapped on the surface of the protective shield elements is proportional to its area, the selection of the total surface area of the flooring elements 7 and the supporting and auxiliary floor elements ensures their heating temperature not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor.

Due to the fact that the temperature of the elements of the protective screen is lower than the temperature of the emitted gases, water vapor is condensed from the composition of these gases and then returned to the pool, which improves the degree of cooling of the circulating water, reduces the loss of circulating water and heat, which improves the efficiency of the cooling tower.

At the same time, condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities that returns to the pool provides a partial decrease in the concentration of salts in the circulating water, and its return, together with the trapped part of the circulating water, reduces losses of circulating water, which increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The installation of a water trap on the floor outside the ice falling zone provides the primary heat removal by the elements of the protective screen and the possibility of condensation of water vapor due to a decrease in the temperature of gases in the cells of the water trap, trapping small fractions of recycled water and condensate with the return of the latter to the pool reduces the loss of recycled water, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, the installation of a water trap outside the ice fall zone eliminates damage to the water trap blocks by ice falling during the winter period, which increases the overhaul life of the cooling tower, reduces the cost of its repair, which also increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

By reducing the pressure in the space between the water trap and the irrigation blocks, it becomes possible to reduce the dimensions of cooling towers with water traps.

The size of the spray nozzle is reduced in the proposed solution, in addition to its capture by a water trap 15, due to the transverse arrangement of gratings and other elements of the protective screen with respect to the upward flow of gases, increased expanded surface area of them, as well as trapping and returning condensate and melt water to the pool from falling from casing and head of the cooling tower and ice. In this way:

- The installation of a water trap on the floor outside the ice falling zone provides the primary heat removal by the elements of the protective screen and the possibility of condensation of water vapor due to a decrease in the temperature of gases in the cells of the water trap, trapping small fractions of recycled water and condensate with the return of the latter to the pool reduces the loss of recycled water, which significantly improves the efficiency of the tower. In addition, the installation of a water trap outside the ice fall zone eliminates damage to the water trap blocks, nozzles, nozzles, and other elements of the cooling tower equipment, ice falling during the winter period, which increases the overhaul life of the cooling tower, reduces the cost of its repair, which also increases the efficiency of the cooling tower operation.

- installation of the flooring transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without forming a lateral gap with a central riser provides the maximum expanded surface area of the elements of the protective screen, which contributes to an increase in the volume of trapped water vapor and condensate, and, as a result, lower temperature and increase volume of circulating water, and as a result, increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- selection of cell sizes formed by the intersection of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, ensuring gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, allows you to provide the maximum expanded surface area of the flooring elements and associated screen elements (the smaller the cell sizes, the larger the area flooring elements). A decrease in the area of these cells can lead to a decrease in gas permeability to the upward flow of gases, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, the screen heating temperature, which should not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor, depends on the size of the cells. When choosing the sizes of the cells of the flooring, the sizes of falling frosts are also taken into account, the consequence of which may be a decrease in the reliability of the equipment, and as a result, a reduction in the overhaul period and the efficiency of the cooling tower. The optimal cell size is calculated according to the conditions of normative documentation at the design stage. Therefore, the selection of the optimal (calculated) cell size allows you to make the operation of the tower more efficient.

Thus, using the optimal gas permeability of flooring gratings, the characteristics of a mixture of gases with different state of aggregation (air, water vapor, water) and the redistribution of their energies in the proposed technical solution, ensures the simultaneous performance of air as a coolant and a cooler on the surface of the screen elements.

- the lack of contact between the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen with water jets ejected from the pipelines allows you to create an area with a high concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to avoid overheating of the flooring, and in the winter period of operation of the cooling tower, ice formation on its elements, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- the implementation of the flooring and the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials can increase the amount of heat taken from the upward flow of the gas mixture. The temperature of the gas mixture decreases, thereby ensuring the conditions of condensation of water vapor of this mixture, which leads to the formation of vacuum in the installation area of the deck, the replacement of the latter by the influx of external air, and as a result, increased traction, which reduces the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower ;

- an increase in the amount of condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities returning to the pool, reduces the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which also increases the efficiency of the tower.

The 5th version of the cooling tower is illustrated by drawings (Fig.17-20). The proposed tower contains a tower 1 with a casing 2, a central riser 3 for supporting the load-bearing elements of floors and pipelines, a water distributor with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, irrigation blocks 5 based on supporting columns 6 and beams, over irrigation blocks 5 over the entire area of the tower from the central riser 3 to the casing 2, a deck 7 is installed along its perimeter, placed on the supporting and auxiliary elements of its overlap 8, part of which is made in the form of a pipe system 11 with the movement of the cooler in them. In the central part of the cooling tower, outside the zone of fall of ice, a water separator 15 is installed.

Flooring 7 is located over the entire area of the tower from the casing 2 to the central riser 3 and is made in the form of a ring. At the base of tower 1 (its underground part) is a pool 9 for collecting recycled water. Along the perimeter of the pool wall 9 in the aerial part of the cooling tower, an air distribution device is installed to regulate the air draft by the rotary shields 10, which provide regulation of the outdoor air draft to the tower 1 and, accordingly, the spray boom.

The proposed cooling tower works as follows. In tower 1, circulating water from turbine condensers through an external pipeline (not shown in the figure) enters a water distribution system with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, through which water is discharged over pressure irrigation blocks 5 over the entire irrigation area in the form of inclined or direct jets (approximately height is more than 1.5 m.), which under their own weight, partially cooling, fall down to the irrigation blocks 5 towards the rising air flow. In the area of the irrigation blocks 5, the spray of the water trapped by it and drops of condensate from the floor 7 and other elements of the protective screen, including pipes 11, are added to the jet part of the circulating water 15, after which the cooled mixture enters the cells of the irrigation block 5, where it gives off heat to the counter air flow and enters the pool 9, and then through the outlet (exhaust) pipe returns to the condensers, forming a closed cycle of cooling of the circulating water. At the same time, demineralized condensate falling into the pool with circulating water reduces the salt content in circulating water.

Due to the fact that the specific heat of air within the temperature range from 0 ° С to 100 ° С varies insignificantly (1006-1010 j / kg × deg.), And the heat content in it is determined, first of all, by the content of water vapor, in cooling towers use outside air as a circulating water cooler. The air in the tower 1 enters through an air distribution device with rotary shields 10, providing its flow and regulation of traction. Passing through the irrigation blocks 5, the air, taking heat from the oncoming flow of circulating water and being saturated, enters the zone of water distribution and water spray of circulating water from pipelines 4.

In the proposed tower due to the installation of a protective screen with a deck 7 above the jets of hot water between the irrigation units 5 and the protective screen, a zone is created with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor and high relative humidity, approaching 100%. Sheathing 2 of this zone of the tower is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and prevent the formation of frost. Considering that the elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting materials, heat transfer conditions are provided under which the heating temperature of the elements of the protective screen is always lower than the temperature of hot water.

Due to the lack of contact between the flooring and hot water, the main source of heat for it is the heat of the upward flow of the gas mixture, including water vapor, the temperature of which due to heat removal from it by the elements of the protective screen, including flooring 7, is always higher than the surface temperature of the elements of the protective screen, the temperature of which according to design conditions, equal to or more than the temperature of condensation of water vapor.

Under the conditions created, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the flooring material 7 and the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, the moisture-saturated part of the water vapor condenses with the accumulation of desalted condensate on the surface of these elements to certain limits, followed by the formation of a drop, which, taking away heat from all the protective elements screen over their entire expanded area, falls and falls into the jet part of the zone of hot circulating water, lowering its temperature, and with it returns camping in the pool. At the same time, in the central part, outside the zone of incidence of ice, along with desalted condensate, water is added to it, trapped in the cells of the water trap 15, flowing down from their walls in the form of a drop.

A water trap 15 is installed above the flooring 7 and other elements of its overlap 8, due to heat exchange with which the mixture of gases from the air, water vapor and water spray entering the water trap 15 is cooled and has a temperature significantly lower compared to the known cooling towers with water traps. Due to the heat exchange of this flow with the walls of the cells of the water trap 15, the temperature is further reduced and the water vapor is condensing, and the circulating water and condensate draining from them have a temperature not exceeding the temperature of condensation of water vapor in the flooring zone 7. In addition, it is possible to condense water vapor in cells of the water trap 15, dilution of the circulating water with condensate on the walls of the cells, which ensures the reduction of salt deposits in them.

The functions of the protective screen, including flooring 7, outside the installation area of the water trap 15 are also expanded: due to the difference in aerodynamic drags, air blocking is eliminated, and the condensate is trapped and returned to the pool over the entire area of the protective screen, including the area of ice accumulation. At the same time, water is added to the captured condensate in the area of ice falling from melting of ice and condensate from the casing 2 of the tower along its perimeter from flooring 7 to the head. In this case, condensate is formed when the heating temperature of the skin surface is equal to or lower than the condensation temperature of water vapor, depending on the temperature of the outside air. In addition, small fractions (splashes) of water trapped by the elements of the protective screen and casing are added to the trapped water.

The process of condensation of saturated vapors is accompanied by rarefaction (vacuum formation) due to the difference in the densities of steam and water, with an approximate ratio of more than 1: 1000 and. accordingly, a decrease in pressure and temperature of the air in the screen area. Since the condensation of water vapor and the deposition of 1 kg of condensate on the surface of the screen elements corresponds to drawing from air at a temperature of 17-40 ° C from 15 to 60 m ^{3 the} volume of such vapors and the appearance of an equivalent volume of vacuum in it, this entails the redistribution of energy in the stream gases, during which heat is removed and the medium is cooled, the vacuum is replaced by the influx of external air and its draft increases into tower 1. As a result, the gas flow is divided into two main directions. The cooled part of the air, together with drops of condensate recirculated by the water trap 15, together with the main part of the recycled water tends to down with mixing of the ascending and descending flows of water and gases under the protective screen. The ascending air flow, the elastic part of the (non-condensing) water vapor, taking away the excess heat from the elements of the protective screen, through the cells of the flooring 7 and the water trap 15, through the intersection of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlapping cell and the cell of the flooring 7 and the water trap 15, is directed to the upper zone of the tower and into the atmosphere.

When passing through the pipe system 11 of the cooler, the surface temperature of the pipes decreases. Due to heat transfer with high thermal conductivity of materials, heat is redistributed between the pipes and flooring 7 and the associated supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements. The temperature of the latter decreases to the calculated limits. As a result, the intensity of condensation of water vapor on the surfaces of the pipes 11 and the associated elements of the deck 7 and other elements of the protective screen increases, the volume of trapped steam increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and, consequently, the draft increases, the temperature of the upward flow of gases decreases and coolant (recycled water), which increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Since the protective zone of the flooring 7, located along the perimeter of the casing 2 of the tower, has a lower aerodynamic resistance compared to the Central zone of the water trap 15, and is located near the air distribution device with rotary shields 10, the main flow of air entering through the irrigation blocks 5 with the selection of heat from water vapor, will seek to pass through this zone. In this case, the separation of the flow will occur due to the appearance of a horizontal component of the forces, tending to delay the movement of the flow to the central part of the tower. And as a consequence of this, the rate of rise of gases in the central part, in the area of the water trap 15, will decrease, and, taking into account the additional cooling of the walls of the water trap 15, the formation and swelling of condensate, and the decrease in the velocity of the gases in them, the efficiency of spray collection in the cells of the water trap will increase. Thus, in the central zone of the tower, due to the installation of a water trap 15 outside the ice falling zone, which is ensured by the gas permeability of the flooring grids, underneath it while eliminating the excess pressure, the efficiency of spraying is improved and the condensation of water vapor is captured and returned to the pool with recycled water, which in general increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

In the protective zone, outside the area of the water trap 15, due to the selection of the optimal cell sizes for the flooring 7, a significant expanded area of the flooring elements and other elements of the protective screen, the inadmissible dimensions of the ice are captured and the cooling tower equipment is protected from damage, as well as condensation of water vapor with the removal of heat from the rising gas flow, condensate return to the pool.

The permissible speeds in the deck 7 are calculated at the design stage, and in practice are selected by adjusting the air flow rate by the rotary shields 10.

Reducing the mudguard is achieved by an upward facing arrangement of elements with an expanded area (for example, ribbing), surfaces of the flooring rods 7 and selection of the optimal cell size.

Taking into account the regulation of air draft by the rotary shields 10 and the values of the spray nozzle associated with it, the choice of the optimal cell sizes of the gratings of the deck 7 limits the permissible values of the air velocities in them and the limits of such regulation are specified.

Taking into account the change in the functions of the flooring in the protective screen, the conditions of its operation and the specific heat transfer and heat losses associated with condensation of water vapor, the optimal cell sizes of the flooring and other elements of the protective screen are selected according to the conditions of construction, aerodynamic and heat engineering calculations, ensuring their reliability, gas permeability, as well as the size of ice accumulated in winter and the loads from them.

Since the amount of heat consumed and the cooled condensate trapped on the surface of the protective shield elements is proportional to its area, the selection of the total surface area of the elements of the grating 7 and the supporting and auxiliary floor elements ensures their heating temperature not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor.

Thus, the use of heat of the gas mixture emitted to heat the elements of the protective screen to the temperature of condensation of water vapor, its redistribution during their condensation between the gas and condensate flows of recycled water with the return of the cooled mixture, including their condensate, to the pool allows to increase the degree of cooling circulating water, reduce heat loss and circulating water, which improves the efficiency of the cooling tower.

At the same time, condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities, which returns to the pool, provides a partial decrease in the concentration of salts in the circulating water, and its return, together with the trapped part of the circulating water, reduces losses of circulating water while increasing the cooling tower operation efficiency.

The installation of a water trap on the flooring outside the ice fall zone ensures the capture of small fractions of circulating water and condensate with the return of the latter to the pool, which reduces the loss of circulating water. And by reducing the pressure in the space between the water trap and the irrigation units, it becomes possible to reduce the dimensions of cooling towers with water traps.

The proposed cooling tower application using a cooling system in the flooring zone 7 using a pipe system 11 with the possibility of moving the cooler along them provides additional heat extraction, which also affects the reduction of the temperature of the circulating water.

In this way:

- installation of a water trap on the flooring outside the ice falling zone provides the primary heat removal by the elements of the protective screen and the possibility of condensation of water vapor due to lower gas temperatures in the cells of the water trap, trapping small fractions of recycled water and condensate with the return of the latter to the pool allows to reduce the loss of recycled water, which significantly improves the efficiency of the tower. In addition, the installation of a water trap outside the ice fall zone eliminates damage to the water trap blocks by ice falling during the winter period, which increases the overhaul life of the cooling tower, reduces the cost of its repair, which also increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- installation of the flooring transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without forming a lateral gap with a central riser provides the maximum expanded surface area of the elements of the protective screen, which contributes to an increase in the volume of trapped water vapor and condensate, and, as a result, lower temperature and increase volume of circulating water, and as a result, increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- selection of cell sizes formed by the intersection of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, ensuring gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, allows you to provide the maximum expanded surface area of the flooring elements and associated screen elements (the smaller the cell sizes, the larger the area flooring elements). A decrease in the area of these cells can lead to a decrease in gas permeability to the upward flow of gases, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, the screen heating temperature, which should not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor, depends on the size of the cells. When choosing the sizes of the cells of the flooring, the sizes of falling frosts are also taken into account, the consequence of which may be a decrease in the reliability of the equipment, and as a result, a reduction in the overhaul period and the efficiency of the cooling tower. The optimal cell size is calculated according to the conditions of normative documentation at the design stage. Therefore, the selection of the optimal (calculated) cell size allows you to make the operation of the tower more efficient.

Thus, using the optimal gas permeability of flooring gratings, the characteristics of a mixture of gases with different state of aggregation (air, water vapor, water) and the redistribution of their energies in the proposed technical solution, ensures the simultaneous performance of air as a coolant and a cooler on the surface of the screen elements.

- the lack of contact between the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen with water jets ejected from the pipelines allows you to create an area with a high concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to avoid overheating of the flooring, and in the winter period of operation of the cooling tower, ice formation on its elements, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- the implementation of the flooring and the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials can increase the amount of heat taken from the upward flow of the gas mixture. The temperature of the gas mixture decreases, thereby ensuring the conditions of condensation of water vapor of this mixture, which leads to the formation of vacuum in the installation area of the deck, the replacement of the latter by the influx of external air, and as a result, increased traction, which reduces the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower .

- the implementation of part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap in the form of a system of pipes 11 provides, when passing through it a cooler, lowering the temperature of their surface. Due to heat transfer with high thermal conductivity of the pipe material, heat is redistributed between the pipes and the elements of the protective screen. The temperature of the latter decreases to the calculated limits. As a result, the rate of condensation of water vapor on the surfaces of pipes and associated screen elements increases, the volume of trapped steam (condensate) increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and, consequently, the draft increases, the temperature of the upward gas flow decreases, and the return temperature decreases water, and, accordingly, increases the efficiency of the tower;

- an increase in the amount of condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities returning to the pool, reduces the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which also increases the efficiency of the tower.

The proposed 6th version of the tower is illustrated by drawings (Fig.21-24). The proposed tower contains a tower 1 with a casing 2, a central riser 3 for supporting the load-bearing elements of floors and pipelines, a water distributor with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, irrigation blocks 5, based on bearing 'columns 6 and beams, over irrigation blocks 5 over the entire area of the tower from the central riser 3 to the sheathing 2, a deck 7 is installed along its perimeter, placed on the supporting and auxiliary elements of its overlap 8, some of which are made in the form of a system of pipes distributing 11 (without holes) and distribution 1 2 with holes 13 to ensure movement of the cooler along them. Flooring 7 is made in the form of a ring. At the base of tower 1 (its underground part) is a pool 9 for collecting recycled water. Along the perimeter of the wall of the pool 9 in the aerial part of the tower, an air distribution device with rotary shields 10 is installed, providing regulation of the traction of external air into the tower 1 and, accordingly, the spray boom. A water trap 15 is installed in the central part of the tower outside the ice falling zone. The holes 13 of the distribution 12 pipes can be equipped with nozzles or nozzles. The direction of the holes thus provides direct contact of the jets of the cooler with the elements of the deck 7 and the associated elements of the protective screen. When making holes 13 in the lower part of the pipes, the latter are connected to the pipe 14 with holes 13, while the distance of each hole 13 from the vertical axis of symmetry of the pipe exceeds its radius, which ensures the expansion of the dispersion zone of the cooler. Distributing pipes 11 and distribution pipes 12 connected to the flooring 7 are made of highly thermally conductive materials, and distribution pipes 12 that are not connected to the flooring can be made of any material.

The proposed cooling tower works as follows. In tower 1, circulating water from turbine condensers through an external pipeline (not shown in the figure) enters a water distribution system with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, with which water is discharged over pressure irrigation blocks 5 over the entire irrigation area in the form of inclined or direct jets (height is more than 1.5 m), which, mixing with the gas and partially cooling, under their own weight fall down to the irrigation blocks 5 towards the upward flow of the gas mixture from the irrigation blocks 5 with different ag regatta state of water, which includes warm air, water vapor and small fractions (in the form of splashes) of circulating water (hereinafter - a mixture of gases). In the area of the protective screen and the water trap 15, water vapor condenses from the mixture of gases and, together with the trapped recirculated water sprays, accumulate on the surfaces of the screen elements and the water trap 15. Drops form, which, having a condensation temperature of water vapor or lower, rushes down by gravity. To this stream are added splashes and drops of water of the cooler from the distribution pipe system 12, which reach the surface of the flooring 7 and other associated screen elements and take away some of the heat from them. Thus, in the gap between the protective screen and the irrigation units 5, the mixing of flows of hot circulating water, cooler water, condensate and spray of circulating water trapped by the elements of the protective screen and the cells of the water trap 15, resulting in a decrease in the temperature of the circulating water, forms an artificial “rain” .

The cooled mixture of water, mainly from hot circulating water, enters the cells of the irrigation block 5, where it transfers heat to the oncoming air stream and enters the pool 9, and then returns to the condensers through the exhaust pipe, forming a closed cycle of circulating water cooling.

Simultaneously with the main circulating water cooling system, an additional cooling system of the screen elements by jet curtains is operating, consisting of distributing 11 and distribution 12 pipes with holes 13 (Figs. 21-24) along which a cooler, for example, purified water from an external source, moves. The jets of cold water, leaving the holes 13 of the pipes 12, form water curtains in the area of the protective screen, water from which is directed to the elements of the protective screen. As a result, the elements of the protective screen are cooled by taking heat from them. Due to splashing water into the cells of the water trap 15, the walls of the water trap 15 are cooled. Taking heat from the elements of the protective screen and water trap 15, water jets fall down after contact with the latter. Condensate formed on the walls of the cells of the water trap 15 and the elements of the protective screen also rushes down, forming, together with the cooler and the recirculated water, an artificial “rain” zone. Mixing occurs with the jet part of the circulating water and condensate, the temperature of the hot circulating water in the space to the irrigation units is further reduced, and the mixture enters the cells of the irrigation units 5, where it gives off heat to the oncoming air stream and enters the pool 9. An additional decrease in the temperature of the hot circulating water provides improving the efficiency of the tower.

It is possible to use pipes 12 with a lower arrangement of holes 13 (Fig. 24) with a nozzle 14, which makes it possible to quickly empty the system from the cooler (water) if necessary, as well as replace the cooler, for example, water with air and vice versa.

Due to the fact that the specific heat of air within the temperature range from 0 ° С to 100 ° С varies insignificantly (1006-1010 j / kg × deg.), And the heat content in it is determined, first of all, by the content of water vapor, outdoor air is used as cooling water cooler in cooling towers. The air in the tower 1 enters through an air distribution device with rotary shields 10, providing its flow and regulation of traction. Passing through the irrigation blocks 5, the air, taking heat from the oncoming flow of circulating water and being saturated, enters the zone of water distribution and water spray of circulating water from pipelines 4.

In the proposed tower due to the installation of a protective screen with a deck 7 above the jets of hot water between the irrigation blocks 5 and the screen, a zone is created with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor and high relative humidity, approaching 100%.

Sheathing 2 of this zone of the tower is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and prevent the formation of frost. Considering that the elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting materials, heat transfer conditions are provided under which the heating temperature of the elements of the protective screen is always lower than the temperature of hot water.

Due to the lack of contact between the flooring and hot water, the main heat source for it is the heat of the upward flow of a mixture of gases, including water vapor, the temperature of which due to heat removal from it by the screen elements, including floor 7, is always equal to or higher than the heating temperature of the surface elements of the protective screen elements .

In the screen area under the created conditions, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the flooring material 7 and the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, the moisture-saturated part of the water vapor condenses with the accumulation of desalted condensate on the surface of these elements to certain limits, droplets are formed, which, taking away heat from all elements of the protective screen over their entire expanded area, it falls and enters the jet part of the hot zone of circulating water, lowering its temperature, and returns to the pool with it. At the same time, in the central part, outside the zone of incidence of ice, along with desalted condensate, part of the water is added to it, trapped in the cells of the water trap 15, flowing down from their walls in the form of a drop.

Slatted flooring 7 is the support of the blocks of the water trap 15, which is installed over the flooring 7 and other elements of its overlap 8, which ensures the priority heat from the flooring and other elements of the protective screen. Due to the proposed location of the water trap 15, heat loss by heating and condensation processes of water vapor in the elements of the protective screen, the gas mixture entering the water trap 15, including air, water vapor and water sprays, is cooled and has a temperature significantly lower than in the known cooling towers.

Due to the heat exchange of this cooled stream with the walls of the cells of the water trap 15, the temperature of the latter also decreases further, and the recirculated water flowing from them has a temperature not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in the flooring zone 7. This allows condensation of water vapor in the cells of the water trap 15, dilution of the circulating water with condensate on the walls of the cells, which ensures the reduction of salt deposits in them.

The functions of the protective screen and flooring 7 outside the installation area of the water trap 15 are also expanded: due to the difference in aerodynamic drags, air blocking is eliminated, and the condensate is captured and returned to the pool over the entire area of the screen, including the area of ice accumulation. At the same time, water is added to the captured condensate in the area of ice falling from melting of ice and condensate from the casing 2 of the tower along its perimeter from flooring 7 to the head. In this case, condensate is formed when the heating temperature of the skin surface is equal to or lower than the condensation temperature of water vapor, depending on the temperature of the outside air. In addition, small fractions (splashes) of water trapped by screen and casing elements are added to the trapped water.

The process of condensation of saturated vapors is accompanied by rarefaction (vacuum formation) due to the difference in the densities of steam and water, with an approximate ratio of more than 1: 1000 and. accordingly, a decrease in pressure and temperature of the air in the screen area. Since the condensation of water vapor and the deposition of 1 kg of condensate on the surface of the screen elements corresponds to drawing from air at a temperature of 17-40 ° C from 15 to 60 m ^{3 the} volume of such vapors and the appearance of an equivalent volume of vacuum in it, which entails the redistribution of energy in the stream gases, during which heat is removed and the medium is cooled, the vacuum is replaced by the influx of external air and its draft increases into tower 1. As a result, the gas flow is divided into two main directions. In this case, the cooled part of the air in the form of fog together with drops of condensate recirculated water catcher 15 and water-cooler is mixed with the jets of the main part of the hot circulating water and, cooling it, rushes down to the irrigation blocks 5 with mixing of the ascending and descending flows of water and gases under protective screen.

Due to the mixing of different environments of gases and water in the area under the protective screen to the irrigation units 5, an artificial cold “rain” is formed from drops of condensate, recycled water and cold water (cooler), which are mixed with a foggy cold part of air and vapors and the effluent gas mixtures reduce the temperature and pressure of the medium in this zone. The ascending air flow with the elastic part of the (non-condensing) water vapor in the central zone of the tower due to the selection of excess heat from the elements of the protective screen and water trap 15 is also cooled and has a temperature lower than in the known cooling towers with water traps.

At the intersections of the upward gas flow with Ni 12 pipes, as well as when it is mixed with the downward flow of the droplet, part of the heat is taken away and carried away with the cooler.

Since the protective zone of the flooring 7, located along the perimeter of the casing 2 of the tower, has a lower aerodynamic resistance compared to the central zone with a water trap 15, and is located near the air distribution device with rotary shields 10, the main stream of the gas mixture entering through the irrigation blocks 5 will tend go through this zone. In this case, the separation of the flow will occur due to the appearance of a horizontal component of the forces, tending to delay the movement of the flow to the central part of the tower. And as a result of this, the rate of rise of gases in the central part in the area of the water trap 15 will decrease, and, taking into account the additional cooling of the walls of the water trap 15, the formation and swelling of condensate, the gas velocity in them decreases, the efficiency of spray collection in the cells of the water trap increases significantly. Thus, in the central zone of the tower, the installation of a water trap 15 outside the ice falling zone, which is ensured by the gas permeability of the flooring grids under it, simultaneously with the elimination of excess pressure, increases the efficiency of spray collection and ensures the condensation of water vapor with its return with recycled water to the pool, which increases the efficiency of the tower.

In the protective zone, outside the zone of the water trap 15, due to the selection of the optimal cell sizes for the flooring 7, a significant unfolded area of the flooring and other elements of the protective screen, as well as their transverse location to the gas flow, the capture of the unacceptable dimensions of ice accumulation and protection of the cooling tower equipment from damage, as well as condensation of water vapor with the removal of heat from the upward flow of gases, the return of condensate and water from icing, as well as the trapped part of the recycled water in the form of splashes into the pool, which ensures the operation of the cooling tower more effective.

Permissible values of speeds in the cells of the flooring 7 are calculated at the design stage, and in practice are selected by adjusting the air flow by rotary shields 10.

Reducing the mudguard is achieved by an upward facing arrangement of elements with an expanded area (for example, ribbing), surfaces of the flooring rods 7 and selection of the optimal cell size.

Taking into account the regulation of air draft by the rotary shields 10 and the values of the spray nozzle associated with it, the choice of the optimal cell sizes of the gratings of the deck 7 limits the permissible values of the air velocities in them and the limits of such regulation are specified.

Taking into account the changes in the functions of the flooring in protective screens, the operating conditions of the latter and the specific heat transfer and heat loss associated with condensation of water vapor, the optimal sizes of the flooring cells and screen elements are selected according to the conditions of construction, aerodynamic and heat engineering calculations, ensuring their reliability, gas permeability, and sizes of ice accumulated in winter and loads from them.

Since the amount of heat consumed and the condensate trapped on the surface of the protective shield elements is proportional to its area, the selection of the total surface area of the flooring elements 7 and the supporting and auxiliary floor elements ensures their heating temperature not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor.

Thus, the use of heat of exhaust gases to heat the elements of the protective screen to the temperature of condensation of water vapor, its redistribution between gas and water flows associated with the condensation of water vapor, and the capture of condensate with its subsequent return together with recycled water to the pool can increase the degree of cooling of the circulating water, reduce heat loss and recycled water, which improves the efficiency of the tower.

At the same time, condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities that returns to the pool provides a partial decrease in the concentration of salts in the circulating water, and its return, together with the trapped part of the circulating water, reduces losses of circulating water, which increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

In addition, the installation of a water trap on the flooring outside the ice falling zone ensures the capture of small fractions of circulating water and condensate with the return of the latter to the pool, which reduces the loss of circulating water. And by reducing the pressure in the space between the water trap and the irrigation units, it becomes possible to reduce the dimensions of cooling towers with water traps. Availability at offer. The cooling tower variant of the additional cooling system in the screen area provides the following additional advantages:

cooling the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen and the water trap with a cooler curtain to a temperature below the condensation temperature of water vapor increases the condensation rate, increases the volume of trapped condensate and, accordingly, the volume of air flow and the degree of cooling of the circulating water;

- formed artificial "rain" from the cooler-cold water, condensate and recycled water lowers the temperature of gases and hot recycled water, in the area from the protective screen to the irrigation units;

- the use of distribution pipes with holes in their lower part expands the area of jet cooling of the elements of the protective screen;

- it is possible to empty the system from the liquid cooler and replace it with air and vice versa;

- provides a change in operating modes of the tower and, accordingly, the ability to control the degree of cooling of the circulating water.

The installation of a water trap in the central zone of the tower outside the zone of ice fall increases its reliability, and, as a result, the efficiency of the tower, as any damage due to falling ice is ruled out. In addition, in the area of ice accumulation along the perimeter of the tower, a rarefaction zone forms and air obstruction is eliminated, in contrast to the known cooling towers with water traps.

Additional condensate also appears due to the elements of the casing of the tower when its temperature drops below the condensation temperature of water vapor.

The installation of water trap units on the floor provides the possibility of condensation of water vapor in the cells of the water catcher, uniform distribution of the load on the supporting and auxiliary elements of the floor, and also allows you to save materials by combining the levels of the floor and water catcher floors.

The execution of the surface of the flooring rods and other screen elements is not even (rough) with protruding, for example, ribs, with a maximally expanded total area along the perimeter of the sections together with a developed total area of screen elements connected with the flooring, as well as their transverse arrangement to the gas flow, can increase the efficiency of condensation of water vapor and provides a reduction in spraying. In this way:

- installation of a water trap on the flooring outside the ice falling zone provides the primary heat removal by the elements of the protective screen and the possibility of condensation of water vapor due to lower gas temperatures in the cells of the water trap, trapping small fractions of recycled water and condensate with the return of the latter to the pool allows to reduce the loss of recycled water, which significantly improves the efficiency of the tower. In addition, the installation of a water trap outside the ice fall zone eliminates damage to the water trap blocks by ice falling during the winter period, which increases the overhaul life of the cooling tower, reduces the cost of its repair, which also increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- installation of the flooring transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without forming a lateral gap with a central riser provides the maximum expanded surface area of the elements of the protective screen, which contributes to an increase in the volume of trapped water vapor and condensate, and, as a result, lower temperature and increase volume of circulating water, and as a result, increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- selection of cell sizes formed by the intersection of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, ensuring gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, allows you to provide the maximum expanded surface area of the flooring elements and associated screen elements (the smaller the cell sizes, the larger the area flooring elements). A decrease in the area of these cells can lead to a decrease in gas permeability to the upward flow of gases, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, the screen heating temperature, which should not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor, depends on the size of the cells. When choosing the sizes of the cells of the flooring, the sizes of falling frosts are also taken into account, the consequence of which may be a decrease in the reliability of the equipment, and as a result, a reduction in the overhaul period and the efficiency of the cooling tower. The optimal cell size is calculated according to the conditions of normative documentation at the design stage. Therefore, the selection of the optimal (calculated) cell size allows you to make the operation of the tower more efficient.

Thus, using the optimal gas permeability of flooring gratings, the characteristics of a mixture of gases with different aggregate states (air, water vapor, water) and the redistribution of their energies in the proposed technical solution, ensures the simultaneous performance of air as a coolant and a surface cooler of the screen elements;

- the lack of contact between the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen with water jets ejected from the pipelines allows you to create an area with a high concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to avoid overheating of the flooring, and in the winter period of operation of the cooling tower, ice formation on its elements, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- the implementation of the flooring and the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials can increase the amount of heat taken from the upward flow of the gas mixture. The temperature of the gas mixture decreases, thereby ensuring the conditions of condensation of water vapor of this mixture, which leads to the formation of vacuum in the installation area of the deck, the replacement of the latter by the influx of external air, and as a result, increased traction, which reduces the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower .

- the implementation of part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap in the form of a system of pipes 11 provides, when passing through it a cooler, lowering the temperature of their surface. Due to heat transfer with high thermal conductivity of the pipe material, heat is redistributed between the pipes and the elements of the protective screen. The temperature of the latter decreases to the calculated limits. As a result, the rate of condensation of water vapor on the surfaces of pipes and associated screen elements increases, the volume of trapped steam (condensate) increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and, consequently, the draft increases, the temperature of the upward gas flow decreases, and the return temperature decreases water, and, accordingly, increases the efficiency of the tower;

- the implementation of at least part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap in the form of pipes with holes with the formation of a piping system that provides movement of the cooler, allows you to create inkjet curtains that provide direct contact of the cooler with the elements of the flooring and other elements of the protective screen, to increase the heat transfer rate for account of heat removal from the elements of the protective screen, as a result of which the volume of trapped steam (condensate) increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and But, thrust increases, the temperature of the upward flow of gases decreases, the temperature of the circulating water decreases, and, accordingly, the efficiency of the cooling tower increases;

- the formation of an additional cooling circuit of the elements of the protective screen with the jet curtains of the cooler reduces the heat loss of the exhaust gases and increases the degree of cooling of the circulating water, i.e. increases the efficiency of the cooling tower;

- an increase in the amount of condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities returning to the pool, reduces the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which also increases the efficiency of the tower.

The 7th version of the tower is illustrated by drawings (Fig.25-31). According to the seventh embodiment, the cooling tower contains a tower 1 with a casing 2, a central riser 3 for supporting the load-bearing elements of floors and pipelines, a water distributor with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, irrigation blocks 5, supported by supporting columns 6 and beams, grating 7 located on the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap 8, forming a protective screen. The flooring 7 is located over the entire area of the tower from the casing 2 to the central riser 3 and is made trellised in at least two tiers. At the base of tower 1 (its underground part) is a pool 9 for collecting recycled water. Along the perimeter of the pool wall 9, in the aerial part of the cooling tower, air control devices with rotary shields 10 are installed, providing regulation of the draft of external air c. tower 1 and, accordingly, mudguard.

The proposed cooling tower works as follows. In tower 1, circulating water from turbine condensers through an external pipeline (not shown in the figure) enters a water distribution system with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, through which water is discharged over pressure irrigation blocks 5 over the entire irrigation area in the form of inclined or direct jets (approximately height is more than 1.5 m.), which under their own weight, partially cooling, fall down to the irrigation blocks 5 towards the upward flow of gases, in the cells of which it gives off heat to the counter air flow and enters the pool 9, and then through the outlet (exhaust) pipe returns to the condensers, forming a closed cycle of water cooling.

Outside air is used as a cooler in the cooling towers. This is due to the fact that the specific heat of air in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 100 ° C varies slightly (1006-1010 J / kg × deg.), And the heat content in it is determined, first of all, by the content of water vapor. The air in the tower 1 enters through an air distribution device with rotary shields 10, providing its flow and regulation of traction. Passing through the irrigation blocks 5, the air, taking heat from the oncoming flow of circulating water and moisture saturation, enters the zone of water distribution and water spray of circulating water from pipelines 4.

In the proposed tower due to the installation of a protective screen, including flooring 7, made in our example in two tiers, above the jets of hot water between the irrigation blocks 5 and the protective screen, a zone is created with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor and high relative humidity approaching one hundred%.

Sheathing 2 cooling towers is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and prevent the formation of ice. Considering that the flooring and other elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting materials, heat transfer conditions are provided under which the heating temperature of the elements of the protective screen is always lower than the temperature of hot water.

Due to the lack of contact of the protective screen with hot water, the main heat source for it is the heat of the upward gas stream, including air, water vapor and small fractions of water, the temperature of which due to heat transfer to them by the elements of the protective screen, including the flooring, is always higher than the surface temperature of the screen elements . If there is a second tier of the flooring, its working area increases, and the heating temperature of the elements of the protective screen will always be lower than when performing the flooring in one tier, which ensures the efficient operation of the tower.

Under the conditions created, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the flooring material 7 and the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements, the moisture-saturated part of the water vapor condenses with the accumulation of desalted condensate on the surface of these elements to certain limits, followed by the formation of a droplet, which, taking away heat from all elements the protective screen over their entire expanded area, falls and falls into the jet part of the hot zone of the circulating water, lowering its temperature, and returning with it tysya in the pool. The process of condensation of saturated water vapor is accompanied by rarefaction (vacuum formation) due to the difference in the density of steam and water, with an approximate ratio of more than 1: 1000 and, accordingly, a decrease in pressure and temperature of the air in the screen area. Since the condensation of water vapor and the deposition of 1 kg of condensate on the surface of the elements of the protective screen corresponds to exhausting from air at t = 17-40 ° C from 15 to 60 m ^{3 the} volume of such vapors, the appearance of an equivalent volume of vacuum in it entails the redistribution of energy in the flow gases, during which heat is removed and the medium is cooled, the vacuum is replaced by the influx of external air and its draft increases into tower 1. As a result, the gas flow is divided into two directions. In this case, the cooled part of the air, together with drops of condensate and circulating water, tends to down and mixing of the ascending and descending flows of water and gases under the protective screen. The ascending air flow, the elastic part of the (non-condensing) water vapor, taking away excess heat from the screen elements through the flooring cells, formed by the intersection of the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements and the flooring cell, is sent to the upper zone of the tower into the atmosphere.

Due to the transverse arrangement of the flooring elements to the exhaust gas flow and the ice falling from above, simultaneously with the condensation of water vapor on the elements of the protective shield, including the flooring, the spray of recirculated water is captured, and in the winter, ice accumulation is collected and the melt water is returned to the pool.

Due to the additional tier of the flooring (Figs. 25-31), the expanded area of its elements increases, which entails an increase in the volume of trapped vapors and condensate and, as a consequence, in the volume of vacuum, which provides an additional volume of external air inflow to cool the circulating water and, as a result, increase tower cooling performance.

The second tier can be performed both with displacement of cells in the gratings of decks, and without it. The cell offset is preferably half the pitch of the rods to capture large-sized ice in the area of their fall during the winter period of operation of the tower. Regardless of the profile of the supporting and auxiliary elements (Figs. 26, 28) and the cell size and pitch of the rods (Figs. 29-31), the displacement of the cells in the horizontal plane in one (Figs. 29-30) or in two directions (Figs. 31) taking into account the verticality of the fall of ice blocks, a decrease in the passage of the latter through the cells is provided, because the cross-sectional area is reduced by 2 or 4 times. After the impact, the direction of movement of the ice, their size and, accordingly, the load to safe limits that do not cause damage to the cooling tower equipment, change. The remaining ice after melting on the flooring 7 is returned to the pool, thereby reducing the loss of recycled water, which significantly increases the efficiency of the tower compared to the prototype.

In addition, the presence of a second tier provides higher reliability of the cooling tower by reducing damage to the cooling tower equipment, which increases the durability of the cooling tower, reduces equipment downtime, reduces repair costs, which ultimately increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Reducing the mudguard while increasing the efficiency of condensation of water vapor in the elements of the protective screen is achieved by the transverse arrangement of its elements to the upward flow of gases.

Taking into account the regulation of air draft by the rotary shields 10 and the values of the spray nozzle associated with it, the choice of the optimal cell sizes of the gratings of the deck 7 limits the permissible values of the air velocities in them and the limits of such regulation are specified at the design stage.

Vacuum-replacing outside air and part of the air cooled in the area of the protective screen, by the heat extraction from the water vapor of the upward air flow, perform the function of an additional cooler, the flow rate of which can be controlled by rotary shields 10.

Thus, the use of the heat of the exhaust gases to heat the elements of the protective screen to the condensation temperature, its redistribution between the flows of gases and water (including condensate), water vapor, their capture and subsequent return to the pool can reduce the loss of circulating water, increase the degree of its cooling, thereby lowering the temperature of the emitted gases, which generally improves the efficiency of the cooling tower.

In addition, the condensate does not contain salts and other impurities, returning to the pool, provides a partial decrease in the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which positively affects the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The reliability of the cooling tower equipment is increased due to the exclusion of its damage in winter from falling ice, the overhaul period is increased, which increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The implementation of the flooring over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without a lateral gap with a central riser increases the total expanded area of the elements of the protective screen, and therefore the volume of steam and condensate trapped with condensate increases, which ensures a drop in pressure and temperature in the gap between the sprinkler and the protective screen , and, consequently, an increase in traction, and, as a consequence, a decrease in the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The execution of the surface of the flooring rods and other screen elements is not even (rough) with protruding, for example, ribs, with a maximally deployed total area around the perimeter of the sections and together with a deployed total area of the load-bearing flooring elements, it is possible to increase the efficiency of condensation of water vapor and to reduce splashing noise. Heat loss on these surfaces is directly proportional to their area.

The choice of the installation height of the flooring above the level of irrigation blocks, determined by the height of the water jets discharged from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, allows you to create a zone with increased concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to exclude overheating of the flooring and the formation of frost on its elements in winter the period of operation of the tower, and the insulation of the casing along the perimeter of the tower, in addition, allows to reduce heat loss.

Since air having a low heat content in comparison with an equal amount of water vapor acts as a cooler, therefore, water vapor acts as the main heat carrier, the temperature of the flooring will be less than the temperature of water vapor. Thus, the approximation of the elements of the protective screen as much as possible to the jet zone of hot water without direct contact with it ensures the creation of a zone with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor, as well as heating the elements of the protective screen to a temperature approaching the temperature of water vapor. Relative humidity is as close as possible to 100%, which provides condensation of water vapor, and the return of desalted condensate reduces the temperature of the circulating water and the concentration of salts in it, which increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

In the proposed embodiment, due to the increase in the number of tiers of the flooring and the displacement of its gratings by half the pitch of their rods, the expanded area of the elements of the protective screen increases and, as a result, the intensity of condensation of water vapor and the associated formation of vacuum, which provides additional air flow and cooling of the circulating water , while the volume of recirculated water and its return increases, which greatly increases the degree of cooling of the circulating hot water and, as a result, the efficiency of cooling tower bots. In this way:

- Installation of the flooring transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without the formation of a side gap with a central riser provides the maximum expanded surface area of the elements of the protective screen, which helps to increase the volume of trapped water vapor and condensate, and, as a result, lower the temperature and increase volume of circulating water. Thus, the efficiency of the cooling tower is increased.

- selection of the cell sizes formed by the intersection of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, ensuring gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, allows you to create the maximum expanded surface area of the flooring elements and associated screen elements (the smaller the cell sizes, the larger the area the reduction of the area of these cells can lead to a decrease in gas permeability to the upward flow of gases, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the cooling tower). In addition, the screen heating temperature, which should not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor, depends on the size of the cells. When choosing the sizes of the cells of the flooring, the sizes of falling frosts are also taken into account, the consequence of which may be a decrease in the reliability of the equipment, and as a result, a reduction in the overhaul period and the efficiency of the cooling tower.

The optimal cell size is calculated according to the conditions of normative documentation at the design stage. Therefore, the selection of the optimal (calculated) cell size allows you to make the operation of the tower more efficient.

Thus, using the optimal gas permeability of flooring gratings, the characteristics of a mixture of gases with different aggregate states (air, water vapor, water) and the redistribution of their energies in the proposed technical solution, the air simultaneously performs the functions of a heat carrier and a cooler of the surface of the screen elements.

- the lack of contact between the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen with water jets ejected from the pipelines allows you to create an area with a high concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to avoid overheating of the flooring, and in the winter period of operation of the cooling tower, ice formation on its elements, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower;

- the presence in the proposed version of the cooling tower of at least two tiers of flooring allows you to double the deployed area, which increases the intensity of condensation of water vapor, increases the volume of condensate, and also increases the flow of outside air for cooling hot circulating water, which improves the efficiency cooling towers;

- the displacement of the floor gratings in one or two directions increases the efficiency of trapping ice in the area of their fall, with equal cell sizes with a single-tier flooring, two or four times, in addition, the efficiency of spray trapping of recycled water increases, and the cooling efficiency of the flooring rods increases due to the water of the cooler, and, as a result, an increase in the volume of condensate and a decrease in the temperature of the emitted gases;

- the implementation of the flooring and the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials can increase the amount of heat taken from the upward flow of the gas mixture. The temperature of the gas mixture decreases, thereby creating the conditions for the condensation of water vapor of this mixture, which leads to the formation of vacuum in the installation area of the flooring, the replacement of the latter by the influx of external air, and as a result, increased traction, which reduces the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower ;

- the return of desalted condensate reduces the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which improves the reliability of the cooling tower, and, as a result, increases the efficiency of its operation.

The 8th version of the cooling tower is illustrated by drawings (Fig.32-38). The proposed tower contains a tower 1 with a casing 2, a central riser 3 for supporting the load-bearing elements of floors and pipelines, a water distributor with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, irrigation blocks 5, based on supporting columns 6 and beams, over irrigation blocks 5 over the entire area of the tower from the central riser 3 to the sheathing 2 along its perimeter is installed trellised flooring 7, placed on the supporting and auxiliary elements of its overlap 8, some of which are made in the form of a system of pipes distributing 11 (without holes) and distribution casting 12 with holes 13 with the movement of the cooler. The flooring 7 is located over the entire area of the tower from the casing 2 to the central riser 3 and is made in the form of a ring, at least in two tiers. At the base of tower 1 (its underground part) is a pool 9 for collecting recycled water. Along the perimeter of the pool wall 9 in the aerial part of the cooling tower, an air distribution device is installed to regulate the air draft by the rotary shields 10, which provide regulation of the outdoor air draft to the tower 1 and, accordingly, the spray boom. A water trap 15 is installed in the central part of the tower outside the ice falling zone. The holes 13 on the distribution pipes 12, designed for the cooler jets, provide direct contact with the cooler jets with the floor elements and other elements of the protective screen. In this case, the openings 13 can be provided with nozzles or nozzles, which also provide the cooler jets with direct contact with the flooring elements and other screen elements. When making holes in the lower part of the pipe, the latter are connected to the pipe 13, at the ends of which holes are made whose distance from the central vertical axis of symmetry of the pipe exceeds its radius.

Distributing pipes 11 and distribution pipes 12 connected to the flooring 7 are made of highly thermally conductive materials, and distribution pipes 12 that are not connected to the flooring can be made of any material.

Works on the proposed option of the tower as follows. In tower 1, circulating water from turbine condensers through an external pipeline (not shown in the figure) enters a water distribution system with pipelines 4 with nozzles or nozzles, through which water is discharged over pressure irrigation blocks 5 over the entire irrigation area in the form of inclined or direct jets (estimated height is more than 1.5 m), which under their own weight fall down to the irrigation blocks 5 to meet the upward flow of gases, mix with it and partially cool. In the area of the blocks 5, sprays of trapped water and cooler jets falling down from the water trap 15 and drops of condensate from the flooring 7 and other elements of the protective screen are added to the jet part of the circulating water, after which the pre-cooled mixture, mainly from hot circulating water, is supplied to cells of irrigation blocks 5, where it gives off heat to the oncoming air stream and enters the pool 9, and then returns to the condensers through the outlet (exhaust) pipe, forming a closed water cooling cycle. Moreover, under the protective screen to the irrigation units 5, additional cooling of the water is carried out and an artificial rain zone is formed from the spray of recycled water, condensate and a cooler.

In addition, demineralized condensate entering the pool with circulating water reduces the salt content in the circulating water.

The presence of an additional cooling system from the distributing 11 and distribution 12 pipes with holes (Figs. 32-38) through which the cooler moves, provides cooling of the elements of the protective screen by taking heat from them, the distributing pipes 11 connected to the flooring, and to a greater extent due to the jet cooler curtains between pipes within the protective screen. The holes 13 in the pipes 12 are made with a predetermined pitch and diameter, which are determined by the type of cooler, and ensuring direct contact of the cooler jets with the surface of the screen elements with the formation of a jet cooling zone within the screen in the form of curtains. The holes can be provided with nozzles. It is possible to use distribution pipes 12 with a lower hole arrangement (Figs. 35-38), which makes it possible to quickly empty the system from the cooler (water) if necessary, as well as replace the cooler, for example, water with air and vice versa.

Outside air is also used as a cooler in the cooling towers. This is due to the fact that the specific heat of air in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 100 ° C varies slightly (1006-1010 J / kg × deg.), And the heat content in it is determined, first of all, by the content of water vapor.

The air in the tower 1 enters through an air distribution device with rotary shields 10, providing its flow and regulation of traction. Passing through the irrigation blocks 5, the air, taking heat from the oncoming flow of circulating water and being saturated, enters the zone of water distribution and water spray of circulating water from pipelines 4.

By installing a protective screen with flooring 7 above the jets of hot water between the irrigation units 5 and the protective screen, a zone is created with increased moisture and heat content of water vapor and high relative humidity, approaching 100%.

The choice of the installation height of the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation blocks, determined by the height of the water jets discharged from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, allows you to create a zone with increased concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, to eliminate overheating of the flooring and the formation of ice on its elements during the winter period of operation of the tower, and the insulation of the casing along the perimeter of the tower, in addition, can reduce heat loss.

Sheathing 2 of this zone of the tower is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and prevent the formation of frost. Considering that the elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting materials, heat transfer conditions are provided under which the heating temperature of the elements of the protective screen is always lower than the temperature of hot water.

Due to the lack of contact between the flooring and hot water, the main source of heat for it is the heat of an upward flow of gas, including air, water vapor and water sprays, the temperature of which due to heat removal from it by the elements of the protective screen, including the flooring, is always higher than the surface temperature of the elements of the protective screen .

Under the conditions created, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the material of the grating 7 and the associated supporting and auxiliary floor elements, the moisture-saturated part of the water vapor condensates with the desalted condensate accumulating on the surface of these elements to certain limits, droplets are formed, which, taking away heat for all elements of the protective screen over their entire expanded area, it falls and enters the jet part of the hot zone of circulating water, mixes with it, reduces its rate ture, and with it returns to the pool. At the same time, in the central part, outside the zone of incidence of ice, along with desalted condensate, part of the water trapped in the cells of the water trap 15, which flows from their walls in the form of a drop, is added to it, which increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

A water trap 15, the base of which is the floor, is installed over the floor 7 and other elements of its overlap 8.

Due to losses and redistribution of heat for heating and condensation of water vapor in the elements of the protective screen, the mixture of gases from the air, water vapor and water spray entering the water trap 15 is cooled and has a temperature significantly lower compared to the known cooling towers with a water trap.

Due to the heat exchange of this cooled stream with the walls of the cells of the water trap, the temperature of the latter also decreases further, and the recirculated water flowing from them has a temperature not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in the flooring zone 7. This allows condensation of water vapor in the cells of the water trap 15 dilution of circulating water with condensate on the walls of the cells, which ensures a decrease in salt deposits in them.

The functions of the protective screen and flooring 7 outside the installation area of the water catcher 15 are also expanded: due to the difference in aerodynamic drags, air blocking is eliminated, and the condensate is captured and returned to the pool over the entire area of the protective screen, including the area of incidence of ice accumulation. At the same time, water is added to the captured condensate in the area of ice falling from melting of ice and condensate from the casing 2 of the tower along its perimeter from flooring 7 to the head.

In this case, condensate is formed when the heating temperature of the skin surface is equal to or lower than the condensation temperature of water vapor, depending on the temperature of the outside air. In addition, small fractions (splashes) of water trapped by screen and casing elements are added to the trapped water.

The process of condensation of saturated vapors is accompanied by rarefaction (vacuum formation) due to the difference in the densities of steam and water, with an approximate ratio of more than 1: 1000 and. accordingly, a decrease in pressure and temperature of the air in the screen area. Since the condensation of water vapor and the deposition of 1 kg of condensate on the surface of the elements of the protective screen corresponds to exhausting from air at t = 17-40 ° C from 15 to 60 m ^{3 the} volume of such vapors and the appearance of an equivalent volume of vacuum in it, which entails the redistribution of energy in a gas stream, during which heat is removed and the medium is cooled, the vacuum is replaced by the influx of external air and its draft increases in tower 1. As a result, the gas stream is divided into two main directions. In this case, the cooled part of the air in the form of fog, together with drops of condensate trapped in the circulating water catcher 15, is mixed with the jets of the main part of the hot circulating water, as well as the water of the cooler and, cooling, tends to down with mixing of the ascending and descending flows of water and gases under the screen.

Due to the mixing of different environments of gases and water under the screen to the irrigation units 5, artificial cold rain is formed from drops of condensate, recycled water and cooler water, which, mixed with the foggy cold part of the air and the vapor under the protective screen, reduce the temperature and pressure of the medium in this zone.

The ascending, warmer air flow with the elastic part of the (non-condensing) water vapor in the central zone of the tower due to the selection of excess heat from it by the elements of the protective screen and water trap 15 is significantly cooled. The presence of a second tier of flooring 7 provides an additional reduction in the temperature of the upward flow.

At the intersections of the upward gas flow with Ni 12 pipes, as well as when it is mixed with the downward flow of cooler jets, part of the heat is taken away and carried away with the cooler.

Since the protective zone of the flooring 7, located along the perimeter of the casing 2 of the tower, has a lower aerodynamic resistance compared to the central zone with a water trap 15, and is located near the air distribution device with rotary shields 10, the main flow of air entering through the irrigation blocks 5 will tend to pass through this zone. In this case, the separation of the flow will occur due to the appearance of a horizontal component of the forces, tending to delay the movement of the flow to the central part of the tower. And as a consequence of this, the rate of rise of gases in the central part, in the area of the water trap 15, will decrease, and, taking into account the additional cooling of the walls of the water trap 15, the formation and swelling of condensate, and the decrease in the velocity of the gases in them, the efficiency of spray collection in the cells of the water trap will increase. Thus, in the central zone of the cooling tower, by installing a water trap 15 outside the ice falling zone, which is ensured by the gas permeability of the flooring gratings under it, simultaneously with the elimination of excess pressure, the efficiency of spray collection increases and the condensation of water vapor is captured and returned to the pool with recycled water.

In the protective zone, outside the area of the water trap 15, due to the choice of the optimal size of the cells of the flooring 7, their displacement in tiers by half the pitch of the rods of a significant expanded area of the elements of the flooring and screen, the unacceptable dimensions of the ice are captured and the cooling tower equipment is protected from damage, as well as condensation of water vapor with the selection of heat from the upward flow of gases, the return of condensate and water from ice, as well as the trapped part of the circulating water in the form of splashes into the pool. In addition, the cost of materials and services for the construction and operation of the cooling tower is significantly reduced due to the installation of a water trap only outside the ice-falling zone, in the central part of the cooling tower.

The permissible speeds in the deck 7 are calculated at the design stage, and in practice are selected by adjusting the air flow rate by the rotary shields 10.

The magnitude of the losses of circulating water, including mud spray is reduced in the proposed solution, in addition to trapping with a water trap 15, due to the transverse arrangement of gratings and other elements of the protective screen with respect to the upward flow of gases, increased deployed surface area, as well as trapping and returning condensate to the pool from the entire screen area, as well as melt water from the cooling tower and ice falling from the casing and top of the tower, which improves the efficiency of the tower.

Reducing the mudguard is achieved transverse to the upward flow of the arrangement of elements, the expanded area, increased due to the installation of the second tier, the surfaces of the rods of the flooring 7 and the selection of the optimal cell size.

With an increase in the deployed area, the volume of trapped vapors and condensate increases, and, as a consequence, the volume of vacuum, which provides an additional influx of outside air, thereby more intensive cooling of the circulating water.

The second tier can be performed both with the displacement of the cells in the gratings of the decks (Figs. 33-34), and without displacement (Figs. 35-36). The variant with the cells shifted by half the pitch of the rods in the tiers of adjacent decks is preferable for catching large-sized ice. Regardless of the step size of the cells and the profile of the elements of the protective screen, their displacement in the tiers of the decks in the horizontal plane in one or two directions, taking into account the verticality of the ice accumulation, reduces the passability of the latter through the cells by two or four times, because the cross-sectional area for them is reduced by two or four times depending on the direction of the displacements, and the shock load is distributed to the floor rods and reduced, which ensures the safe operation of the cooling tower equipment.

The remaining ice in the form of melt water returns to the cooling tower basin, thereby reducing the loss of circulating water.

Taking into account the regulation of air draft by the rotary shields 10 and the values of the spray nozzle associated with it, the choice of the optimal cell sizes of the gratings of the deck 7 limits the permissible values of the air velocities in them and the limits of such regulation are specified.

Taking into account the changes in the functions of the flooring in protective screens, the operating conditions of the latter and the specific heat transfer and heat loss associated with condensation of water vapor, the optimal sizes of the flooring cells and screen elements are selected according to the conditions of construction, aerodynamic and heat engineering calculations, ensuring their reliability, gas permeability, and sizes of ice accumulated in winter and loads from them.

Since the amount of heat consumed and condensate trapped on the surface of the elements of the protective shield is proportional to its area, the selection of the total surface area of the elements of the grating 7 and the supporting and auxiliary floor elements ensures their heating temperature not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor.

Thus, the use of heat of exhaust gases to heat the elements of the protective screen and its redistribution in the process of condensation of water vapor with the simultaneous formation of vacuum, trapping of condensate and water spray with their subsequent return to the pool allows to increase the degree of cooling of the circulating water, to reduce the loss of heat and circulating water, which improves the efficiency of the tower.

At the same time, condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities, which returns to the pool, provides a partial decrease in the concentration of salts in the circulating water, and its return, together with the trapped part of the circulating water, reduces losses of circulating water while improving the reliability and efficiency of the cooling tower.

In addition, the installation of a water trap on the flooring outside the ice falling zone ensures the capture of small fractions of circulating water and condensate with the return of the latter to the pool, which reduces the loss of circulating water. And by reducing the pressure in the space between the water trap and the irrigation units, it becomes possible to reduce the dimensions of cooling towers with water traps. By installing a water trap outside the ice fall zone, the costs of building and operating a cooling tower are reduced.

The presence in the proposed version of the cooling tower of two tiers of flooring and an additional cooling system in the area of the protective screen gives the following additional advantages:

- doubling the deployed area allows you to increase the intensity of condensation of water vapor, increase the volume of condensate, and also increases the flow of outside air for cooling hot circulating water;

- lowering the temperature of the circulating water in the area between the screen and the irrigation blocks;

- the displacement of the flooring rods in one or two directions increases the efficiency of trapping ice in the area of their fall, with equal cell sizes in a single-tier flooring, two or four times, in addition, the efficiency of spray trapping of recycled water increases; and also, the cooling efficiency of the flooring rods is increased due to the water of the cooler, and, as a result, an increase in the volume of condensate;

- the temperature of the exhaust gases is reduced,

- emptying the system from the cooler, which makes it possible to provide at least two operating modes of the tower: with a cooler (if necessary) and without it, i.e. the ability to control the degree of cooling of the circulating water;

- the possibility of replacing the cooler: water to air and vice versa. As coolers (water or air), it is preferable to use underground utilities, as the temperature in them in the summer is always lower than the temperature of the outside air, and in the winter, their temperature does not drop below 4 ° C. Thus:

installing a water trap on the floor outside the ice falling zone provides the primary heat removal by the elements of the protective screen and the possibility of condensation of water vapor due to a decrease in the temperature of gases in the cells of the water trap, trapping small fractions of recycled water and condensate with the return of the latter to the pool can reduce the loss of recycled water, which significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, the installation of a water trap outside the ice fall zone eliminates damage to the water trap blocks by ice falling during the winter period, which increases the overhaul life of the cooling tower, reduces the cost of its repair, which also increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- installation of the flooring transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without forming a lateral gap with a central riser provides the maximum expanded surface area of the elements of the protective screen, which contributes to an increase in the volume of trapped water vapor and condensate, and, as a result, lower temperature and increase volume of circulating water, and as a result, increases the efficiency of the cooling tower.

- selection of cell sizes formed by the intersection of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, ensuring gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, allows you to provide the maximum expanded surface area of the flooring elements and associated screen elements (the smaller the cell sizes, the larger the area flooring elements). A decrease in the area of these cells can lead to a decrease in gas permeability to the upward flow of gases, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the cooling tower. In addition, the screen heating temperature, which should not exceed the condensation temperature of water vapor, depends on the size of the cells. When choosing the sizes of the cells of the flooring, the sizes of falling frosts are also taken into account, the consequence of which may be a decrease in the reliability of the equipment, and as a result, a reduction in the overhaul period and the efficiency of the cooling tower. The optimal cell size is calculated according to the conditions of normative documentation at the design stage. Therefore, the selection of the optimal (calculated) cell size allows you to make the operation of the tower more efficient.

Thus, using the optimal gas permeability of flooring gratings, the characteristics of a mixture of gases with different aggregate states (air, water vapor, water) and the redistribution of their energies in the proposed technical solution, ensures the simultaneous performance of air as a coolant and a surface cooler of the screen elements;

- the choice of the installation height of the flooring above the level of the irrigation blocks with the absence of contact between the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen with water jets ejected from the pipelines, allows you to create a zone with increased concentration, moisture content and heat content of water vapor with minimal heat loss, eliminate overheating of the flooring, and in the winter period of operation of the tower - the formation of ice on its elements, which significantly increases the efficiency of the tower.

- the implementation of the flooring and the elements of the protective screen of highly conductive materials can increase the amount of heat taken from the upward flow of the gas mixture. The temperature of the gas mixture decreases, thereby ensuring the conditions of condensation of water vapor of this mixture, which leads to the formation of vacuum in the installation area of the deck, the replacement of the latter by the influx of external air, and as a result, increased traction, which reduces the temperature of the circulating water, thereby increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower .

- the implementation of part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap in the form of a system of pipes 11 provides, when passing through it a cooler, lowering the temperature of their surface. Due to heat transfer with high thermal conductivity of the pipe material, heat is redistributed between the pipes and the elements of the protective screen, the temperature of the latter decreases to the design limits. As a result, the rate of condensation of water vapor on the surfaces of pipes and associated screen elements increases, the volume of trapped steam (condensate) increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and, consequently, the draft increases, the temperature of the upward gas flow decreases, and the return temperature decreases water, and, accordingly, increases the efficiency of the tower;

- the implementation of at least part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap in the form of pipes with holes with the formation of a piping system that provides movement of the cooler, allows you to create inkjet curtains that provide direct contact of the cooler with the elements of the flooring and other elements of the protective screen, to increase the heat transfer rate for account of heat removal from the elements of the protective screen, as a result of which the volume of trapped steam (condensate) increases and, as a result, the volume of vacuum increases, and But, thrust increases, the temperature of the upward flow of gases decreases, the temperature of the circulating water decreases, and, accordingly, the efficiency of the cooling tower increases; in addition, emptying the system from the cooler, which makes it possible to provide at least two operating modes of the tower: with a cooler (if necessary) and without it, i.e. the possibility of regulating the degree of cooling of the circulating water and the possibility of replacing the cooler: water with air and, conversely, without stopping the operation of the tower, which increases the efficiency of the tower;

- the formation of an additional cooling circuit of the elements of the protective screen with the jet curtains of the cooler reduces the heat loss of the exhaust gases and increases the degree of cooling of the circulating water, i.e. increases the efficiency of the cooling tower;

- providing direct contact of the jets of the cooler with the elements of the flooring and the associated elements of the protective screen creates conditions of intense heat transfer, i.e. heat removal from the latter, and, as a result, an increase in the intensity of condensation, and, consequently, an increase in the efficiency of the cooling tower;

- the presence in the proposed version of the cooling tower of at least two tiers of flooring allows you to double the deployed area, which increases the intensity of condensation of water vapor, increases the volume of condensate, and also increases the flow of outside air for cooling hot circulating water, which improves the efficiency cooling towers;

- the displacement of the floor gratings in one or two directions increases the efficiency of trapping ice in the area of their fall, with equal cell sizes with a single-tier flooring, two or four times, in addition, the efficiency of spray trapping of recycled water increases, and the cooling efficiency of the flooring rods increases due to the water of the cooler, and, as a result, an increase in the volume of condensate and a decrease in the temperature of the emitted gases;

- an increase in the amount of condensate that does not contain salts and other impurities returning to the pool, reduces the concentration of salts in the circulating water, which also increases the efficiency of the tower.

Claims (48)

1. A cooling tower comprising a tower with a lining and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen, including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements, located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, characterized in that the flooring is installed transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without formation shackle gap with a central riser, and the sizes of the cells formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the hot circulating water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while all the elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting material. 2. The cooling tower according to claim 1, characterized in that the flooring is lattice or mesh. 3. The cooling tower according to claim 1, characterized in that the optimum cell sizes of the flooring are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the elements of the flooring and overlap. 4. The cooling tower according to claim 1, characterized in that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot circulating water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the protective screen. 5. A cooling tower comprising a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen, including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements, located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, characterized in that the flooring is made of at least one tier and is installed transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without the formation of a lateral gap with a central riser, and the sizes of the cells formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the height of the protective screen above the level of irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the irrigation blocks pipelines of jets of hot recycled water without direct contact with the latter, while all elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting material a, and part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the overlap are made in the form of a pipe system with the movement of the cooler in them. 6. The cooling tower according to claim 5, characterized in that the flooring is lattice or mesh. 7. The cooling tower according to claim 5, characterized in that the optimum cell sizes of the flooring are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the flooring and ceiling elements. 8. The cooling tower according to claim 5, characterized in that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the protective screen. 9. The cooling tower according to claim 5, characterized in that air, water, etc. are used as a cooler. 10. A cooling tower comprising a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen, including a floor with its supporting and auxiliary elements, located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, characterized in that the flooring is made of at least one tier and is installed transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without the formation of a lateral gap with a central riser, and the size of the cells formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements is selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the height of the protective screen above the level of irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the irrigation blocks pipelines of jets of hot recycled water without direct contact with the latter, part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the flooring and related The holes are made in the form of distributing and distribution pipes that form the cooling system, ensuring the movement of the cooler in it, while the distribution pipes are made with holes, the location of which is determined by the type of cooler, and the direction of the cooler jets is chosen with the condition of ensuring direct contact of the latter with the flooring elements and associated with it the elements of the protective screen, while all the elements of the protective screen, except for distribution pipes that are not connected with the flooring, are made of highly heat-conducting material la 11. The cooling tower of claim 10, characterized in that the flooring is lattice or mesh. 12. The cooling tower according to claim 10, characterized in that the optimum cell sizes of the flooring are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the elements of the flooring and overlap. 13. The cooling tower of claim 10, characterized in that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the protective screen. 14. The cooling tower of claim 10, characterized in that purified water or air is used as a cooler. 15. The cooling tower of claim 10, characterized in that the openings in the pipes are performed with a given design pitch and diameter, which are determined by the type of cooler. 16. The cooling tower of claim 10, wherein the holes in the pipes are equipped with nozzles or nozzles. 17. The cooling tower of claim 10, wherein the pipes are arranged to provide gas permeability to the upward flow of gases. 18. The cooling tower of claim 10, characterized in that the lower hole of the pipe is equipped with a pipe with holes, while the distance of each hole from the vertical axis of symmetry of the pipe exceeds its radius. 19. A cooling tower containing a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigation device with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the aerial part around the perimeter of the tower, a pool, a protective tower is located over the irrigation blocks around the perimeter of the tower a screen including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements, while the width of the flooring in the area of incidence of frost is greater than or equal to the opposite side of the leg formed by the inclined component covering the tower with a vertical extending from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the deck, a water trap installed in the central zone of the tower, outside the ice fall zone, the base of which is the deck, the deck is made of at least one tier and is installed transversely to the upward gas flow over the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without the formation of a lateral gap with a central riser, and the sizes of the cells formed by the intersections of the floor rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, are selected to provide gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation units is determined by the height of the hot recycled water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while all the elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting material. 20. The cooling tower according to claim 19, characterized in that the flooring is lattice or mesh. 21. The cooling tower according to claim 19, characterized in that the optimum dimensions of the flooring cells are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the flooring and ceiling elements. 22. The cooling tower according to claim 19, characterized in that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot circulating water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the protective screen. 23. A cooling tower containing a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigation device with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the aerial part around the perimeter of the tower, a pool, a protective tower is located above the irrigation blocks around the perimeter of the tower a screen including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements, while the width of the flooring in the area of incidence of frost is greater than or equal to the opposite side of the leg formed by the inclined component covering the tower with a vertical extending from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the deck, a water trap installed in the central zone of the tower, outside the ice fall zone, the base of which is the deck, the deck is made of at least one tier and is installed transversely to the upward gas flow over the entire area of the tower in the zone of its location without the formation of a lateral gap with a central riser, and the sizes of the cells formed by the intersections of the floor rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, are selected to provide gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the hot recycled water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while some of the supporting and auxiliary overlapping elements are made in the form of a pipe system with movement in them cooler, and all elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting material. 24. The cooling tower according to claim 23, wherein the flooring is lattice or mesh. 25. The cooling tower according to claim 23, characterized in that the optimum cell sizes of the flooring are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the flooring and ceiling elements. 26. The cooling tower according to claim 23, characterized in that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the protective screen. 27. The cooling tower according to claim 23, wherein the dimensions of the flooring cells in the area of the water trap are made to ensure gas permeability not less than the gas permeability of the cells of the latter. 28. Cooling tower according to claim 23, characterized in that air, water, etc. are used as a cooler. 29. A cooling tower containing a tower with a lining and a central riser, an irrigation device with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the aerial part around the perimeter of the tower, a pool, a protective tower is located over the irrigation blocks around the perimeter of the tower a screen including a flooring with its supporting and auxiliary elements, while the width of the flooring in the area of incidence of frost is greater than or equal to the opposite side of the leg formed by the inclined component the lining of the tower with a vertical extending from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the deck, a water trap installed in the central zone of the tower outside the ice fall zone, the base of which is the floor, which is installed transversely to the upward gas flow over the entire area of the tower without forming lateral clearance with a central riser, and the size of the cells formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements, are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water arov and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the hot circulating water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, some of the supporting and auxiliary flooring elements and associated flooring elements are made in the form of distribution and distribution pipes forming the system cooling, with the movement of the cooler in it, while the distribution pipes are made with holes, the location of which is determined by the type of cooler, direction selected from the coolant jets condition for direct contact with the latter a flooring elements and related elements of the protective screen, all elements of the protective screen, except the distribution pipes are not connected with the deck, made of high thermal conductivity material. 30. Cooling tower according to clause 29, wherein the flooring is lattice or mesh. 31. The cooling tower according to clause 29, wherein the optimal cell sizes of the flooring are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the flooring and ceiling elements. 32. The cooling tower according to clause 29, wherein the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the protective screen. 33. Cooling tower according to clause 29, wherein the purified water or air is used as a cooler. 34. Cooling tower according to clause 29, wherein the holes in the pipes are performed with a given design pitch and diameter, which are determined by the type of cooler. 35. Cooling tower according to clause 29, wherein the holes in the pipes are equipped with nozzles or nozzles. 36. Cooling tower according to clause 29, wherein the pipes are arranged to provide gas permeability to the upward flow of gases. 37. The cooling tower according to clause 29, wherein the lower hole of the pipe is equipped with a nozzle with holes, while the distance of each hole from the vertical axis of symmetry of the pipe exceeds its radius. 38. A cooling tower comprising a tower with a lining and a central riser, an irrigator with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the lower zone around the perimeter of the tower, a protective screen, including a grating with its supporting and auxiliary elements, located above the irrigation blocks, a pool, characterized in that the flooring is installed transversely to the upward flow of gases over the entire area of the tower in the area of its location without lateral clearance with a central riser, and the sizes of the cells formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation of water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the hot reversible jets ejected from the pipelines water without direct contact with the latter, while the flooring is made in at least two tiers, the gratings of the floorings of each tier are made with the possibility displacements in the deck plane at half a pitch with respect to the rods adjacent tiers grating, all the elements of the shield made of a high thermal conductivity material. 39. The cooling tower according to claim 38, characterized in that the optimum cell sizes of the flooring are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the flooring and ceiling elements. 40. The cooling tower according to claim 38, characterized in that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot circulating water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the protective screen. 41. A cooling tower comprising a tower with a casing and a central riser, an irrigation device with irrigation blocks, a water distribution system with pipelines with nozzles or nozzles, an air control device with rotary shields installed in the aerial part around the perimeter of the tower, a pool, a protective tower is located over the irrigation blocks around the perimeter of the tower a screen including a grating with its supporting and auxiliary elements, while the width of the floor in the area of incidence of frost is greater than or equal to the opposite leg of the angle formed obliquely component of the casing of the tower with the vertical extending from the tip of the tower to the bottom of the floor, a water trap installed in the central zone of the tower outside the ice fall zone, the base of which is the floor, the floor is installed transversely to the upward gas flow over the entire area of the tower without it formation of a lateral gap with a central riser, and the sizes of the cells formed by the intersections of the flooring rods, its supporting and auxiliary elements are selected to ensure gas permeability, condensation water vapor and condensate return, the installation height of the protective screen above the level of the irrigation blocks is determined by the height of the hot recycled water jets ejected from the pipelines without direct contact with the latter, while all the elements of the protective screen are made of highly heat-conducting material, part of the supporting and auxiliary elements of the flooring and related overlapping elements are made in the form of distributing and distribution pipes forming a cooling system, ensuring the movement of a cooler in it, and a distributor The pipes are made with holes, the location of which is determined by the type of cooler, while the direction of the cooler jets is chosen with the condition of direct contact of the latter with the flooring elements and associated elements of the protective screen, while the flooring is made of at least two tiers, and the grilles the decking of each tier is displaceable in the plane of the flooring by half the pitch of the rods with respect to the grids of the adjacent tier, while all elements of the protective screen, except for distribution pipes, are not connected s with a flooring made of high thermal conductivity material. 42. The cooling tower according to paragraph 41, characterized in that the optimum cell sizes of the flooring are determined according to the conditions of aerodynamic, construction and heat engineering calculations with the requirements for gas permeability, reliability of the elements of the flooring and overlap. 43. The cooling tower according to paragraph 41, characterized in that the expanded total area of the protective screen, taking into account the ribbing of the flooring rods, is selected to ensure the heating temperature of the surfaces of the elements of the protective screen, not exceeding the condensation temperature of water vapor in this zone, while it is lower than the temperature of the main heat carrier - hot circulating water and above 0 ° C and is due to the height of the screen. 44. Cooling tower according to paragraph 41, wherein the purified water or air is used as a cooler. 45. Cooling tower according to paragraph 41, wherein the holes in the pipes are performed with a given design pitch and diameter, which are determined by the type of cooler. 46. Cooling tower according to paragraph 41, wherein the holes in the pipes are equipped with nozzles or nozzles. 47. Cooling tower according to paragraph 41, wherein the pipes are arranged to provide gas permeability to the upward flow of gases. 48. The cooling tower according to paragraph 41, wherein the lower hole of the pipe is equipped with a nozzle with holes, while the distance of each hole from the vertical axis of symmetry of the pipe exceeds its radius.