PT103729A - A CASE AND PROCESS FOR THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF YARNS OF CLINICAL INTEREST, THROUGH AN ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION OF DNA FOLLOWED BY HYBRIDIZATION WITH SPECIFIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES, AND THEIR RESPECTIVE USES. - Google Patents
A CASE AND PROCESS FOR THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF YARNS OF CLINICAL INTEREST, THROUGH AN ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION OF DNA FOLLOWED BY HYBRIDIZATION WITH SPECIFIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES, AND THEIR RESPECTIVE USES. Download PDFInfo
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- PT103729A PT103729A PT10372907A PT10372907A PT103729A PT 103729 A PT103729 A PT 103729A PT 10372907 A PT10372907 A PT 10372907A PT 10372907 A PT10372907 A PT 10372907A PT 103729 A PT103729 A PT 103729A
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Abstract
A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO RELACIONA-SE COM UM PROCESSO PARA A DETECÇÃO E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE LEVEDURAS DE INTERESSE CLÍNICO ATRAVÉS DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE UMA TÉCNICA DE AMPLIFICAÇÃO ISOTÉRMICA DE ADN, QUE UTILIZA OLIGONUCLEÓTIDOS INICIADORES NÃO ESPECÍFICOS PARA AMPLIFICAR UMA REGIÃO DO ADN RIBOSSÓMICO (P.E. DO RADN 265), SEGUIDA DE HIBRIDAÇÃO REVERSA DOS PRODUTOS MARCADOS (P.E. COM DIGOXIGENINA) COM UM PAINEL DE SONDAS DE OLIGONUCLEÓTIDOS (P.E. IMOBILIZADOS NUM SUPORTE SÓLIDO COMO UMA MEMBRANA DE NYLON) ESPECÍFICAS PARA CADA UMA DAS ESPÉCIES. A OCORRÊNCIA DE HIBRIDAÇÃO É SEGUIDAMENTE DETECTADA POR UM MÉTODO COLORIMÉTRICO. A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO RELACIONA-SE IGUALMENTE COM O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM ESTOJO, PARA A DETECÇÃO E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE LEVEDURAS COM RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA, BASEADO NO REFERIDO PROCESSO. DESTA FORMA, O PRESENTE INVENTO É ÚTIL NA DETECÇÃO E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE LEVEDURAS RELACIONADAS COM INFECÇÕES COM A VANTAGEM DE SE REVELAR UM MÉTODO SIMPLES, RÁPIDO, FIÁVEL E DE BAIXO CUSTO, PODENDO SER APLICADO NA ÁREA CLÍNICA, FARMACÊUTICA, VETERINÁRIA, ALIMENTAR E BIOTECNOLÓGICA.The present invention relates to a method for the detection and identification of yeasts of clinical interest through the use of an isothermal DNA amplification technique, which uses non-specific oligonucleotide primers to amplify a region of the RIBs (RNA 265) , Followed by reversed-hydrolysis of the labeled products (PE with Digoxigenin) with a panel of oligonucleotides (PE immobilized on a solid support such as a NYLON membrane) specific to each of the species. THE HYBRIDIZATION OCCURRENCE IS FURTHER DETECTED BY A COLORIMETRIC METHOD. The present invention is also related to the development of a kit for the detection and identification of yeasts with clinical relevance based on the said process. In this way, the present invention is useful in the detection and identification of yeasts related to infections with the advantage of disclosing a simple, rapid, reliable and low cost method, which can be applied in the clinical, pharmaceutical, veterinary, food and biotechnology fields.
Description
11
DESCRIÇÃO "ESTOJO Ξ PROCESSO PARA A DETECÇÃO E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE LEVEDURAS DE INTERESSE CLÍNICO, ATRAVÉS DE UMA AMPLIFICAÇÃO ISOTÉRMICA DE ADN SEGUIDA DE HIBRIDAÇÃO COM OLIGONUCLEÓTIDOS ESPECÍFICOS, E RESPECTIVAS UTILIZAÇÕES"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for the detection and identification of yeasts of clinical interest through an isothermal amplification of DNA followed by hybridization with specific oligonucleotides and their uses. &Quot;
Dominio técnico da invenção A presente invenção relaciona-se com um estojo e um processo para a detecção e identificação de leveduras de interesse clínico, mediante a utilização de uma técnica optimizada de amplificação isotérmica de ADN seguida de hibridação reversa com oligonucleótidos específicos e uma detecção colorimétrica da ocorrência de hibridação, tendo assim aplicação nas áreas médica, farmacêutica, veterinária, alimentar e biotecnológica.TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a kit and method for the detection and identification of yeasts of clinical interest using an optimized isothermal DNA amplification technique followed by reverse hybridization with specific oligonucleotides and a colorimetric detection of the occurrence of hybridization, thus having application in the medical, pharmaceutical, veterinary, food and biotechnological areas.
Sumário da invenção A presente invenção relaciona-se com um processo para a detecção e identificação de leveduras de interesse clínico através da utilização de uma técnica de amplificação isotérmica de ADN, preferencialmente baseada na amplificação isotérmica de ADN mediada por estruturas semicirculares (LAMP - "Loop-Mediated Isothermal DNA Amplification"). 0 processo descrito na invenção utiliza oligonucleótidos iniciadores não específicos para amplificar uma região do ADN ribossómico (p.e. do rADN 26S) de uma gama variada de espécies de leveduras, em que ocorre simultaneamente a marcação dos fragmentos de ADN amplificados com uma molécula marcadora (p.e. digoxigenina), seguida de hibridação reversa dos produtos de amplificação marcados 2 com um painel de oligonucleótidos específicos para as diferentes espécies, imobilizados numa superfície sólida (p.e. membrana de nylon), e detecção colorimétrica da ocorrência de hibridação. A presente invenção relaciona-se igualmente com o desenvolvimento de um estojo, para a detecção e identificação de leveduras com relevância clínica, baseado no referido processo.Summary of the Invention The present invention relates to a process for the detection and identification of yeasts of clinical interest through the use of an isothermal DNA amplification technique, preferably based on isothermal DNA amplification mediated by semicircular structures (LAMP - " Loop-Mediated Isothermal DNA Amplification "). The process described in the invention uses non-specific primer oligonucleotides to amplify a region of ribosomal DNA (eg 26S rDNA) from a variety of yeast species, where simultaneously the labeling of the DNA fragments amplified with a marker molecule (eg digoxigenin ), followed by reverse hybridization of the labeled amplification products 2 with a panel of oligonucleotides specific for the different species, immobilized on a solid surface (eg nylon membrane), and colorimetric detection of the occurrence of hybridization. The present invention also relates to the development of a kit for the detection and identification of clinically relevant yeasts based on said process.
Desta forma, o presente invento é útil na detecção e identificação de leveduras relacionadas com infecções com a vantagem de se revelar um método simples, rápido e de baixo custo, podendo ser aplicado na área médica e farmacêutica.Thus, the present invention is useful in the detection and identification of yeast infections related with the advantage that it is a simple, quick and inexpensive method and can be applied in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.
Antecedentes da invenção A ocorrência de micoses nosocomiais invasivas, em doentes imunocomprometidos, tem crescido progressivamente em anos recentes (Martin et al. 2003). As leveduras do género Candida são os agentes etiológicos mais frequentes deste tipo de infecções, com grande prevalência de C. albicans. No entanto, outras leveduras, como por exemplo C. parapsilosis e C. glabrata, ocorrem como organismos patogénicos oportunistas associados a infecções sistémicas, colocando dificuldades relacionadas com as diferentes susceptibilidades destas leveduras no que respeita às terapias antifúngicas (Hobson 2003).BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The occurrence of invasive nosocomial mycoses in immunocompromised patients has progressively increased in recent years (Martin et al., 2003). Candida yeasts are the most frequent etiological agents of this type of infection, with a high prevalence of C. albicans. However, other yeasts, such as C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata, occur as opportunistic pathogens associated with systemic infections, posing difficulties related to the different susceptibilities of these yeasts to antifungal therapies (Hobson 2003).
Desta forma, o desenvolvimento de um sistema fiável e de rápida identificação destas leveduras patogénicas revela-se ser da maior importância, de modo a melhorar a gestão da doença e a selecção do tratamento mais adequado. 3 A identificação corrente de leveduras, em laboratório, geralmente envolve a análise das suas caracteristicas fenotípicas, o que se reconhece ser um procedimento trabalhoso, moroso e dispendioso, não fornecendo por vezes, para além disso, resultados fiáveis. Estes microrganismos são ainda dificeis de cultivar a partir de algumas amostras clinicas, como o sangue e a urina, sendo que as metodologias tradicionais e correntemente utilizadas no diagnóstico clinico envolvem o isolamento e a cultura destes organismos. De realçar que o isolamento de Candida a partir de amostras de sangue é presuntivo de infecção invasiva, embora em apenas 20% dos doentes com candidémia se conseguem obter hemoculturas destas leveduras. A presença de anticorpos específicos no soro contra Candida é também usado como critério de diagnóstico, mas está associada a estes processos uma baixa sensibilidade, entre outras razões porque os doentes imunocomprometidos apresentam dificuldades em gerar uma resposta imunitária. Os métodos serológicos não têm também permitido a diferenciação entre as várias espécies.Thus, the development of a reliable system and rapid identification of these pathogenic yeasts proves to be of the utmost importance in order to improve disease management and selection of the most appropriate treatment. 3 The current identification of yeasts in the laboratory usually involves the analysis of their phenotypic characteristics, which is recognized as a laborious, time-consuming and costly procedure, and sometimes does not provide reliable results. These microorganisms are still difficult to grow from some clinical samples, such as blood and urine, and the methodologies traditionally and currently used in clinical diagnosis involve the isolation and culture of these organisms. It should be noted that isolation of Candida from blood samples is presumptive of invasive infection, although only 20% of patients with candidemia can obtain blood cultures from these yeasts. The presence of specific antibodies in the serum against Candida is also used as a diagnostic criterion, but is associated with these processes a low sensitivity, among other reasons because the immunocompromised patients present difficulties in generating an immune response. Serological methods have also not allowed differentiation between the various species.
As técnicas de diagnóstico baseadas em PCR (reacção em cadeia de polimerase) têm evoluído mas a sua implementação, ao nível da rotina laboratorial, ainda não se encontra estabelecida. Esta situação deve-se, muito possivelmente, ao facto de que esta técnica requer equipamento dispendioso e sofisticado (p.e. termociclador). Vários grupos têm desenvolvido tecnologias alternativas de amplificação de ácidos nucleicos como forma de ultrapassar a etapa limitante de PCR. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento de um processo de amplificação isotérmica revela-se de 4 particular interesse, uma vez que poderá facilitar a sua integração em estojos de diagnóstico a usar p.e. em ambulatório ou em locais de menores recursos financeiros (estojos POC - "Point Of Care").Diagnostic techniques based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) have evolved but their implementation, in terms of laboratory routine, has not yet been established. This is most likely due to the fact that this technique requires expensive and sophisticated equipment (eg thermal cycler). Several groups have developed alternative technologies for nucleic acid amplification as a way to overcome the PCR limiting step. In this sense, the development of an isothermal amplification process proves to be of particular interest, since it may facilitate its integration into diagnostic kits to be used eg in the outpatient clinic or in places of lower financial resources (POC - Point Of Care ").
Uma destas tecnologias é a amplificação isotérmica de ADN mediada por estruturas semi-circulares (LAMP - Loop-Mediated Isothermal DNA Amplification), descrita inicialmente por Notomi et al. (2000) (ver também documento EP 1 020 534 Al - "Process for synthesizing nucleic acid"). Desde então, foram descritos vários desenvolvimentos a esta elegante, robusta e muito promissora técnica de amplificação isotérmica de ADN (Mori et al. 2001, 2004, 2006; Nagamine et al. 2001, 2002). A técnica LAMP baseia-se na síntese de ADN usando oligonucleótidos iniciadores que reconhecem pelo menos seis sequências distintas no ADN, e uma polimerase de ADN sem actividade exonucleotídica. A reacção decorre na presença de ADN molde e dNTPs (desoxirribonucleótidos trifosfatados), usualmente em menos de 90 minutos a uma temperatura constante (ex. entre 60 e 65°C) . Os produtos finais de amplificação apresentam repetições invertidas alternadas da sequência-alvo, sendo visualizados como um perfil do tipo marcador de pesos moleculares de ADN quando submetidos a uma electroforese em gel de agarose. A técnica LAMP proporciona uma elevada eficiência de amplificação, sendo o ADN amplificado cerca de 109 a 1010 vezes, com um limite de detecção e especificidade comparável à técnica PCR. Para além disso, a sensibilidade 5 da técnica LAMP não é, aparentemente, afectada pela presença de ADN não-alvo em amostras, sendo este método ainda mais tolerante à presença de reconhecidos inibidores de PCR, como p.e. os presentes no soro sanguíneo (Kaneko et ai. 2007). O elevado potencial da tecnologia LAMP para o desenvolvimento de estojos de diagnóstico molecular, pela sua simplicidade e evitando o recurso a equipamento sofisticado, justifica o crescente número de documentos que relatam a utilização desta técnica para a detecção e identificação de organismos com relevância clínica e biotecnológica (Tabela 1). Tem sido enfatizado o diagnóstico de infecções bacterianas e virais. No entanto, também foram objecto de atenção parasitas como por ex. o Plasmodium falciparum e Trypanosoma spp., bem como fungos filamentosos, tais como Paracoccidioídes brasiliensis e Ochroconis gallopava. Resultados anteriores sobre técnicas isotérmicas de amplificação de ácidos nucleicos em leveduras são baseados na tecnologia NASBA (Nucleíc Acid Sequence-Based) (Borst et al. 2001, 2002; Loeffler et al. 2003; Widjojoatmdjo et al. 1999) e, muito recentemente, foi também publicada a utilização da tecnologia LAMP para a identificação de leveduras de contaminação alimentar como Dekkera (Hayashi et al. 2007). 6One of these technologies is the isothermal DNA amplification mediated by semi-circular structures (LAMP - Loop-Mediated Isothermal DNA Amplification), initially described by Notomi et al. (2000) (see also EP 1 020 534 Al - " Process for synthesizing nucleic acid "). Since then, several developments have been described in this elegant, robust and very promising technique of isothermal DNA amplification (Mori et al 2001, Nagamine 2001, 2002). The LAMP technique is based on DNA synthesis using oligonucleotide primers that recognize at least six distinct DNA sequences, and a DNA polymerase lacking exonucleotide activity. The reaction proceeds in the presence of template DNA and dNTPs (triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides), usually in less than 90 minutes at a constant temperature (eg, between 60 and 65 ° C). The final amplification products exhibit alternating inverted repeats of the target sequence and are visualized as a marker profile of molecular weights of DNA when subjected to an agarose gel electrophoresis. The LAMP technique provides high amplification efficiency, the DNA amplified being about 109 to 1010 fold, with a detection limit and specificity comparable to the PCR technique. In addition, the sensitivity of LAMP technique is apparently not affected by the presence of non-target DNA in samples, which is even more tolerant to the presence of known PCR inhibitors, such as those present in blood serum (Kaneko et al. al., 2007). The high potential of LAMP technology for the development of molecular diagnostic kits, due to its simplicity and avoiding the use of sophisticated equipment, justifies the growing number of documents that report the use of this technique for the detection and identification of organisms with clinical and biotechnological relevance (Table 1). The diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections has been emphasized. However, they have also been the subject of parasite attention eg. Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma spp., as well as filamentous fungi, such as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Ochroconis gallopava. The results of the present work are based on the NASBA (Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based) technology (Borst et al., 2001; Loeffler et al., 2003; Widjojoatmdjo et al., 1999) the use of LAMP technology for the identification of food contamination yeasts such as Dekkera (Hayashi et al., 2007) was also published. 6
Tabela 1. Exemplos de organismos para os quais têm sido desenvolvidos testes de detecção baseados em LAMP_Table 1. Examples of organisms for which LAMP-based detection tests have been developed
Organismo ReferênciaOrganism Reference
FungosFungi
Ohori et al. (2006) Endo et al. (2004) Hayashi et al. (2007) Poon et al. (2005) Kuboki et al. (2003); Thekisoe et al. (2005) Kamachi et al. (2006) Kato et al. (2005) Maruyama et al. (2003); Song et al. (2005); Yano et al. (2007) Torigoe et al. (2007) Minami et al. (2006) Furuhata et al. (2005) Enosawa et al. (2003); Mukai et al. (2006); Iwamoto et al. (2003) Saito et al. (2005) Aoi et al. (2006) Maeda et al. (2005); Yoshida et al. (2005) Hara-Kudo et al. (2005); Ohtsuka et al. (2005) Song et al. (2005) Seki et al. (2005) Horisaka et aJ. (2004) Suzuki et al. (2006) Parida et al. (2005) Imai et al. (2006) Nakagawa e Ito (2006) Yoshino et al. (2006);Ohori et al. (2006) Endo et al. (2004) Hayashi et al. (2007) Poon et al. (2005) Kuboki et al. (2003); Thekisoe et al. (2005) Kamachi et al. (2006) Kato et al. (2005) Maruyama et al. (2003); Song et al. (2005); Yano et al. (2007) Torigoe et al. (2007) Minami et al. (2006) Furuhata et al. (2005) Enosawa et al. (2003); Mukai et al. (2006); Iwamoto et al. (2003) Saito et al. (2005) Aoi et al. (2006) Maeda et al. (2005); Yoshida et al. (2005) Hara-Kudo et al. (2005); Ohtsuka et al. (2005) Song et al. (2005) Seki et al. (2005) Horisaka et al. (2004) Suzuki et al. (2006) Parida et al. (2005) Imai et al. (2006) Nakagawa and Ito (2006) Yoshino et al. (2006);
Ochroconis gallopava Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Dekkera/Brettanomyces ParasitasOchroconis gallopava Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Dekkera / Brettanomyces Parasites
Plasmodium falciparum Trypanosoma spp.Plasmodium falciparum Trypanosoma spp.
BactériasBacteria
Bordetella pertussis Clostridium difficile Escherichia coliBordetella pertussis Clostridium difficile Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae Helicobacter pylori Legionella spp.Haemophilus influenzae Helicobacter pylori Legionella spp.
Mycobacterium spp.Mycobacterium spp.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Nitrosomonas europaea Porphyromonas gingivalisMycoplasma pneumoniae Nitrosomonas europaea Porphyromonas gingivalis
Salmonella entericaSalmonella enterica
Shigella spp.Shigella spp.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Yersinia pseudotuberculosis VirusStreptococcus pneumoniae Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virus
CitomegalovirusCytomegalovirus
Virus do DengueDengue Virus
Virus da Gripe Aviaria H5N1Avian Influenza Virus H5N1
Virus da Gripe HumanaHuman Influenza Virus
Virus do Herpes Koi 7Herpes Virus Koi 7
Vírus do Sarampo Vírus da Papeira Norovirus Vírus da Batata YMeasles Virus Viruses of the Papeira Norovirus Viruses of the Potato Y
Coronavírus do Síndroma Respiratório Agudo Vírus do Nilo OesteAcute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus West Nile Virus
Gunimaladevi et al. (2004) Fujino et al. (2005) Okafuji et al. (2005) Fukuda et al. (2006)Gunimaladevi et al. (2004) Fujino et al. (2005) Okafuji et al. (2005) Fukuda et al. (2006)
Nie (2005)Nie (2005)
Thai et al. (2004)Thai et al. (2004)
Parida et ai. (2004) Têm sido desenvolvidos vários métodos para a detecção e/ou identificação de fungos patogénicos, incluindo de leveduras, baseados na amplificação de ácidos nucleicos, principalmente por PCR, seguido de electroforese em gel de agarose, hibridação com sondas de ADN específicas, ou qualquer outro método para a detecção de amplificação e/ou diferenciação dos produtos amplificados. Têm sido descritos oligonucleótidos, universais ou específicos para determinadas espécies, usados em reacções de amplificação e hibridação. Muitos destes oligonucleótidos, e métodos para a sua utilização, têm sido objecto de registo de patentes. Grande parte dos oligonucleótidos desenvolvidos tem como alvo sequências complementares de regiões bastante variáveis do ADN genómico de fungos, como as regiões ITS1 ("Internai Transcribed Spacer" 1) e ITS2 das unidades de rADN (p.e. documentos W02007038578 - "Compositions and methods for the detection of Candida species"; WO2006123295 - DNA fragments, primers and method for amplification of the DNA fragments and kit including the aforementioned primers for the detection and Identification of clinically relevant Candida species"; US2005260584 - "Nucleic acids for the Identification of fungi and methods for using the same"; US2005164243 - "Nucleic acid probes and methods for 8 detecting clinically important fungai pathogens"; US6017699 - "PCR Identification and quantification of important Candida species").Parida et al. (2004) Various methods have been developed for the detection and / or identification of pathogenic fungi, including yeast, based on nucleic acid amplification, mainly by PCR, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, hybridization with specific DNA probes, or any other method for the detection of amplification and / or differentiation of the amplified products. Oligonucleotides, universal or specific for certain species, used in amplification and hybridization reactions have been described. Many of these oligonucleotides, and methods for their use, have been patented. A large part of the developed oligonucleotides targets complementary sequences from highly variable regions of fungal genomic DNA, such as the ITS1 (" Internai Transcribed Spacer " 1) and ITS2 regions of the rDNA units (eg, documents W02007038578 - " Compositions and methods for the detection of Candida species ", WO2006123295 - DNA fragments, primers and method for amplification of the DNA fragments and kit including the aforementioned primers for the detection and identification of clinically relevant Candida species " US2005260584 - " Nucleic acids for the Identification of fungi and methods for using the same " US2005164243 - " Nucleic acid probes and methods for detecting clinically important fungal pathogens ", US6017699 - " PCR Identification and quantification of important Candida species ").
Outros métodos descritos desenvolvem oligonucleótidos e sistemas baseados em PCR para a detecção e diferenciação de fungos patogénicos e de genes específicos, como por ex. genes envolvidos na resistência a antibióticos (p.e. documento US2006263810 - "Species-specific, genus-specific and universal DNA probes and amplification primers to rapidly detect and identify common bacterial and fungai pathogens and associated antibiotic resistance genes from clinicai specimens for diagnosis in microbiology laboratories")Other disclosed methods provide oligonucleotides and PCR-based systems for the detection and differentiation of pathogenic fungi and specific genes, e.g. genes involved in antibiotic resistance (eg, US2006263810 - " Species-specific, genus-specific and universal DNA probes and amplification primers to rapidly detect and identify common bacterial and fungal pathogens and associated antibiotic resistance genes from clinical specimens for diagnosis in microbiology laboratories ";)
Um conceito interessante para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de identificação molecular de leveduras, incorporado na presente invenção, consiste na amplificação de um segmento universal de ADN, como por ex. a partir de ADN ribossómico, seguido de hibridação reversa dos produtos com um painel de oligonucleótidos específicos para várias espécies, com uma subsequente detecção colorimétrica da hibridação positiva (p.e. Anthony et al. 2000; Martin et al. 2000; Playford et al. 2006; Posteraro et al. 2000). A presente invenção apresenta a novidade, incorporada no desenvolvimento do conceito anterior, da optimização e utilização de um processo isotérmico de amplificação de ADN, neste caso baseado na tecnologia LAMP, para amplificar e marcar fragmentos de ADN (p.e. com a molécula de digoxigenina) a partir de leveduras patogénicas, fragmentos esses que são usados depois numa hibridação reversa e detecção colorimétrica da ocorrência de hibridação. 9 0 objecto da presente invenção consiste, portanto, no desenvolvimento de um método molecular e estojo para a detecção e identificação de leveduras de relevância clinica, tendo como ponto de partida a simples extracção de ADN genómico ou mesmo directamente a partir de células inteiras. Baseia-se preferencialmente na tecnologia LAMP para a amplificação de ácidos nucleicos, sendo a primeira vez que esta tecnologia é utilizada para amplificar e marcar ADN genómico de leveduras, neste caso com a molécula marcadora digoxigenina. 0 conceito utilizado na presente invenção difere dos outros métodos que recorrem à técnica LAMP, e que se encontram actualmente divulgados, uma vez que estes envolvem a utilização de conjuntos de oligonucleótidos iniciadores LAMP específicos para a espécie na detecção e identificação de um único organismo, sendo a presença de produtos de amplificação de ADN indicadora de que a amostra contém esse determinado organismo.An interesting concept for the development of molecular yeast identification techniques incorporated in the present invention is the amplification of a universal segment of DNA, e.g. from ribosomal DNA, followed by reverse hybridization of the products with a panel of oligonucleotides specific for several species, with a subsequent colorimetric detection of positive hybridization (eg, Anthony et al., 2000, Playford et al. Posteraro et al., 2000). The present invention presents the novelty incorporated in the development of the foregoing concept of the optimization and use of an isothermal DNA amplification process, in this case based on LAMP technology, to amplify and label DNA fragments (eg with the digoxigenin molecule) from pathogenic yeasts, which fragments are then used in reverse hybridization and colorimetric detection of the occurrence of hybridization. The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a molecular method and kit for the detection and identification of clinically relevant yeasts having as the starting point the simple extraction of genomic DNA or even directly from whole cells. It is primarily based on LAMP technology for nucleic acid amplification, the first time this technology is used to amplify and label yeast genomic DNA, in this case with the digoxigenin marker molecule. The concept used in the present invention differs from other methods which use the LAMP technique, and which are currently disclosed, as they involve the use of species-specific LAMP primer oligonucleotide sets in the detection and identification of a single organism, the presence of DNA amplification products indicating that the sample contains that particular organism.
Pelo contrário, na presente invenção considera-se a utilização de um conjunto de oligonucleótidos iniciadores LAMP relativamente conservados, comuns a muitas espécies de fungos, que conduzem à amplificação de um fragmento de ADN comum a uma vasta gama de espécies de leveduras e à sua marcação com uma molécula marcadora (p.e. digoxigenina), usando nucleótidos modificados. Essas espécies, quer de forma individual ou inseridas numa população mista de leveduras, podem ser subsequentemente diferenciadas mediante hibridação reversa dos produtos amplificados com um painel de oligonucleótidos específicos imobilizados num suporte sólido (p.e. membrana de nylon). 10In contrast, the present invention contemplates the use of a set of relatively conserved LAMP primer oligonucleotides common to many fungal species which lead to the amplification of a common DNA fragment to a wide range of yeast species and to their labeling with a marker molecule (eg digoxigenin), using modified nucleotides. Such species, either individually or inserted into a mixed yeast population, may be further differentiated by reverse hybridization of the amplified products with a panel of specific oligonucleotides immobilized on a solid support (e.g., nylon membrane). 10
Para além disso, as condições de desenvolvimento da reacção LAMP foram optimizadas para este sistema, de forma a permitir uma maior simplicidade de detecção das leveduras em questão.In addition, the development conditions of the LAMP reaction were optimized for this system, so as to allow for a greater simplicity of detection of the yeasts in question.
Descrição geral da invenção A presente invenção relaciona-se com um processo de detecção e identificação de leveduras de interesse clinico baseado em técnicas de amplificação isotérmica de ADN, em particular da técnica LAMP. O método proporciona uma identificação num período inferior a seis horas e é adaptável a um estojo, desenvolvido a partir deste processo, com aplicação na detecção e identificação de leveduras clinicamente relevantes. 0 processo, objecto da presente invenção, compreende a amplificação isotérmica de um fragmento do ADN genómico de leveduras, preferencialmente do gene do ARN ribossómico 26S, que é marcado com uma molécula marcadora durante a reacção de amplificação (p.e. digoxigenina) seguido de hibridação reversa dos produtos com um painel de oligonucleótidos específicos para as várias espécies, com o objectivo de identificar as leveduras ao nível da espécie.The present invention relates to a method of detecting and identifying yeasts of clinical interest based on isothermal DNA amplification techniques, in particular the LAMP technique. The method provides an identification in a period of less than six hours and is adaptable to a kit, developed from this process, with application in the detection and identification of clinically relevant yeasts. The process of the present invention comprises the isothermal amplification of a yeast genomic DNA fragment, preferably the 26S ribosomal RNA gene, which is labeled with a marker molecule during the amplification reaction (eg digoxigenin) followed by reverse hybridization of products with a panel of oligonucleotides specific for the various species, in order to identify yeasts at the species level.
Outro dos aspectos da presente invenção constitui ainda o desenvolvimento de um estojo de diagnóstico molecular para detectar e identificar estes microrganismos a partir de culturas purificadas e, também, directamente a partir de amostras clínicas (ex. amostras de sangue).Another aspect of the present invention further comprises the development of a molecular diagnostic kit for detecting and identifying such microorganisms from purified cultures and also directly from clinical samples (eg blood samples).
Desta forma, pretende-se com a presente invenção, desenvolver ferramentas de rotina, fiáveis, sensíveis, de simples execução e com uma boa relação preço/qualidade, 11 aplicáveis na área clinica, farmacêutica, veterinária, alimentar e biotecnológica.Thus, it is intended with the present invention to develop routine, reliable, sensitive, simple-to-perform and cost-effective tools 11 applicable in the clinical, pharmaceutical, veterinary, food and biotechnological areas.
Os métodos de diagnóstico molecular, baseados maioritariamente na reacção de PCR, combinam algumas destas caracteristicas mas implicam a utilização de eguipamento e reagentes sofisticados e/ou dispendiosos.Molecular diagnostic methods, based largely on the PCR reaction, combine some of these features but involve the use of sophisticated and / or expensive reagents and reagents.
Na presente invenção foi desenvolvida, optimizada e aplicada à detecção e identificação de leveduras a referida metodologia de amplificação isotérmica de ADN, conhecida como LAMP, de forma a ultrapassar as limitações relacionadas com o passo de amplificação através de PCR. 0 primeiro, e talvez o passo mais importante na optimização da técnica LAMP, é a concepção do conjunto de oligonucleótidos iniciadores. Em geral, verifica-se pela experiência r que é necessário conceber vários conjuntos de oligonucleótidos iniciadores até que um destes funcione eficientemente na reacção LAMP.In the present invention, said isothermal DNA amplification methodology, known as LAMP, has been developed, optimized and applied to the detection and identification of yeasts in order to overcome the limitations related to the amplification step through PCR. The first, and perhaps the most important step in optimizing the LAMP technique is the design of the primer set oligonucleotides. In general, it will be appreciated from the experience that it is necessary to design several sets of oligonucleotide primers until one of these functions efficiently in the LAMP reaction.
Foram usadas várias espécies de leveduras na optimização da invenção (Tabela 2). Foram seleccionadas oito espécies para estudo sendo o critério de selecção a sua relevância clinica, no que diz respeito a micoses invasivas: Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsílosis, C. tropicalis, C. lusitaniae, C. krusei, Pichia anómala e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As restantes espécies foram usadas como controlo negativo nos testes de detecção e identificação de leveduras. 12Several species of yeast were used in the optimization of the invention (Table 2). Eight species were selected for the study being the selection criterion its clinical relevance, with respect to invasive mycoses: Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsílosis, C. tropicalis, C. lusitaniae, C. krusei, Pichia anomalous and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The remaining species were used as a negative control in yeast detection and identification tests. 12
Tabela 2. Lista das leveduras usadas na presente invençãoTable 2. List of yeasts used in the present invention
Espécie EstirpeSpecies Strain
Candida albicans PYCC 3436 PYCC 2411 PYCC 2746 PYCC 4079 Candida glabrata PYCC 2418' PYCC 3109 PYCC 2716 Candida kruseia PYCC 3341' PYCC 2631 PYCC 4740 Candida lusitaniaeb PYCC 2705' PYCC 4093' PYCC 4175 Candida mal tosa PYCC 3860' Candida oleophila PYCC 4296 Candida parapsilosis PYCC 2545' PYCC 5124 Candida tropicalis PYCC 3097' PYCC 4672 PYCC 2508 Candida viswanathii PYCC 2811 Kl uyveromyces polysporusd PYCC 3887' Lodderomyces PYCC 4136'Candida albicans PYCC 3436 PYCC 2489 PYCC 4093 Candida albicans Candida parapsilosis Candida albicans Candida parapsilosis Candida albicans Candida parapsilosis Candida albicans Candida parapsilosis Candida albicans Candida parapsilosis PYCC Candida parapsilosis PYCC 2545 'PYCC 5124 Candida tropicalis PYCC 3097' PYCC 4672 PYCC 2508 Candida viswanathii PYCC 2811 Kl uyveromyces polysporusd PYCC 3887 'Lodderomyces PYCC 4136'
OrigemSource
Pele humana com micose interdigitalHuman skin with interdigital mycosis
Expectoração (Portugal)Expectoration (Portugal)
Expectoração de doente asmático (Noruega)Expectoration of asthmatic patient (Norway)
DesconhecidaUnknown
Fezes humanasHuman feces
Tracto digestivo de animal doméstico (Alemanha)Digestive tract of pet (Germany)
DesconhecidoUnknown
Expectoração de doente brônquico (Sri Lanka)Expectoration of bronchial patients (Sri Lanka)
Tracto digestivo de cavalo (Portugal) Água do mar (Portugal)Digestive tract of horse (Portugal) Water of the sea (Portugal)
Ceco de porco (Portugal)Ceco de porco (Portugal)
Essência de Citrus (Israel) DesconhecidaCitrus Essence (Israel) Unknown
Tanque de neutralização de glutamato monossódico (Japão)Monosodium glutamate neutralization tank (Japan)
DesconhecidaUnknown
Caso de psilose (Porto Rico)Case of psilose (Puerto Rico)
DesconhecidaUnknown
Doente brônquicoBronchial patient
Solo próximo de rio poluído (Portugal) Fígado de elefante (Portugal)Soil near the polluted river (Portugal) Elephant's liver (Portugal)
Camarão Peneaus braziliensis - (Golfo do México)Shrimp Peneaus braziliensis - (Gulf of Mexico)
Solo (África do Sul)Solo (South Africa)
Sumo de laranja concentrado 13 elongi sporusConcentrated orange juice 13 elongi sporus
Pichia anómala PYCC PYCC PYCC 4121 3294 5618 Saccharomyces bayanus PYCC 4456 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC 4455' Saccharomyces exiguuse PYCC 2543' Saccharomyces paradoxus PYCC 4570' Stephanoascus PYCC 3818 (EUA)Anomalous Pichia PYCC PYCC PYCC 4121 3294 5618 Saccharomyces bayanus PYCC 4456 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC 4455 'Saccharomyces exiguous PYCC 2543' Saccharomyces paradoxus PYCC 4570 'Stephanoascus PYCC 3818 (USA)
DesconhecidaUnknown
Pus de pulmão de doente de tuberculose falecido (Itália)Pus of lung of patient of tuberculosis deceased (Italy)
DesconhecidaUnknown
Cerveja turvaCloudy beer
Leveduras de produção de cerveja (Holanda) (Japão)Brewing yeast (Holland) (Japan)
Exsudado de árvore Pescoço de vaca (Holanda) aSinónimo actual de Issatchenkia orientalis; bSinónimo actual de Clavispora lusitaniae; CT de Clavispora lusitaniae; dSinónimo actual de Vanderwaltozyma polyspora; eSinónimo actual de Kazachstania exígua; PYCC - Colecção Portuguesa de Culturas de Leveduras, Caparica, Portugal; T -estirpe tipo;Tree exudate Cow's neck (Holland) a Present synonym of Issatchenkia orientalis; b Current synonym of Clavispora lusitaniae; CT of Clavispora lusitaniae; Current name of Vanderwaltozyma polyspora; e Current synonym of Kazachstania exiguous; PYCC - Portuguese Collection of Yeast Cultures, Caparica, Portugal; T-type strain;
Para a extracção do ADN usaram-se células de leveduras cultivadas em meio de cultura MYP (agar, extracto de malte, extracto de levedura e peptona de soja) que foram posteriormente suspendidas em tampão de lise contendo esferas de vidro. Após incubação e ruptura das células, as suspensões foram centrifugadas, sendo o sobrenadante usado para a amplificação do ADN. As soluções de ADN extraído podem ser mantidas durante vários anos, a -20°C, sem degradação aparente.Yeast cells cultured in MYP culture medium (agar, malt extract, yeast extract and soy peptone) were used for the extraction of the DNA and were then suspended in lysis buffer containing glass beads. After incubation and cell disruption, the suspensions were centrifuged, the supernatant being used for DNA amplification. The extracted DNA solutions can be maintained for several years at -20øC without apparent degradation.
Os oligonucleótidos iniciadores LAMP, desenvolvidos no âmbito desta invenção, têm como alvo sequências mais ou menos conservadas no interior dos domínios D1/D2 do rARN 26S de fungos. Esta região foi seleccionada devido a ser 14 frequenteraente utilizada em estudos de sistemática e identificação de leveduras, e pela disponibilidade das respectivas sequências em bases de dados de acesso público.LAMP primer oligonucleotides, developed within the scope of this invention, target more or less conserved sequences within the D1 / D2 domains of fungal rRNA 26S. This region was selected because it is commonly used in yeast systematics and identification studies, and the availability of the respective sequences in databases of public access.
As respectivas sequências são as seguintes: F3, oligonucleótido iniciador externo directo: Seq. N°1 (5'-GCA TAT CAA TAA GCG GAG GAA AAG-3') B3, oligonucleótido iniciador externo reverso: Seq. N°2 (5'-CCT TCC CTT TCA ACA ATT TCA C-3'); FIP, oligonucleótido iniciador interno directo: Seq. N°3 (5'-CTG CAT TCC CAA ACA ACT CGA CTC ACA GAG GGT GAG AAT CCC G-3'); e BIP, oligonucleótido iniciador interno reverso: Seq. N°4 (5'-TAT TGG CGA GAG ACC GAT AGC GTT TCA CTC TCT TTT CAA AGT TC-3').The respective sequences are as follows: F3, direct external primer oligonucleotide: Seq. No. 1 (5'-GCA TAT CAA TAA GCG GAG GAA AAG-3 ') B3, reverse external primer oligonucleotide: Seq. No. 2 (5'-CCT TCC CTT TCA ACA ATT TCA C-3 '); FIP, direct internal primer oligonucleotide: Seq. No. 3 (5'-CTG CAT TCC CAA ACA ACT CGA CTC ACA GAG GGT GAG AAT CCC G-3 '); and BIP, reverse internal primer oligonucleotide: Seq. No. 4 (5'-TAT TGG CGA GAG ACC GAT AGC GTT TCA CTC TCT TTT CAA AGT TC-3 ').
Os iniciadores foram concebidos de acordo com os procedimentos descritos por Notomi et al. (2000). O conjunto de oligonucleótidos iniciadores LAMP amplificou com sucesso o ADN genómico de todas as leveduras testadas, produzindo os padrões esperados, do tipo marcador de pesos moleculares, em electroforegramas de gel de agarose.The primers were designed according to the procedures described by Notomi et al. (2000). The set of oligonucleotide primers LAMP successfully amplified the genomic DNA of all yeasts tested, yielding the expected molecular weight marker patterns on agarose gel electrophoreses.
Os oligonucleótidos iniciadores atrás indicados não têm uma sequência-alvo totalmente complementar no rADN de algumas das leveduras clinicamente relevantes testadas (p.e. com C. krusei), provocando uma menor sensibilidade da reacção LAMP na amplificação de ADN genómico a partir dessas leveduras. Embora uma menor sensibilidade não constitua um problema na amplificação de ADN a partir de culturas puras, tal como o descrito na presente invenção, isto pode, contudo, criar algumas dificuldades na realização de análises directas a 15 amostras clínicas, onde podem estar presentes quantidades diminutas de ADN. A utilização de oligonucleótidos iniciadores degenerados ou uma mistura de iniciadores pode constituir uma alternativa viável para ultrapassar este problema.The foregoing oligonucleotide primers do not have a fully complementary target sequence in the rDNA of some of the clinically relevant yeasts tested (e.g. with C. krusei), causing a lower sensitivity of the LAMP reaction in the amplification of genomic DNA from these yeasts. Although a lower sensitivity is not a problem in DNA amplification from pure cultures such as that described in the present invention, this may nonetheless create some difficulties in performing direct analyzes on clinical samples where minute quantities may be present of DNA. The use of degenerate oligonucleotide primers or a mixture of primers may be a viable alternative to overcome this problem.
Os oligonucleótidos específicos (sondas) para as várias espécies foram concebidos tendo como objectivo a identificação de leveduras com interesse clínico, com base na análise comparativa das sequências de rADN 26S recuperadas do GenBank. Este painel de sondas de oligonucleótidos pode ser alargado a espécies adicionais e/ou variantes, eventualmente usando outras regiões do ADN. A Tabela 3 apresenta as sondas usadas no âmbito da presente invenção.Specific oligonucleotides (probes) for the various species were designed for the identification of yeasts of clinical interest, based on the comparative analysis of the 26B rDNA sequences recovered from GenBank. This panel of oligonucleotide probes can be extended to additional species and / or variants, optionally using other regions of the DNA. Table 3 shows the probes used within the scope of the present invention.
Tabela 3. Sondas de ADN usadas no âmbito da presente invenção____Table 3. DNA probes used within the scope of the present invention ____
Sonda Sequência(5' -> 3') %GCa Tm (°C)a Espécies-alvo U210 TCG AGT TGT TTG GGA ATG 50.0 65 Panfúngica CAG CTC Cal70b TGA GAT GAC CCG GGT CTG 50.0 65 Candida TGT AAA albicans Cal7 6b GAC CCG GGT CTG TGT AAA 56.5 66 C. albicans GTT CC Cgl66 GTG GCG AGG GTG TCA GTT 67 54 C. glabrata CTT TGT Cgl7 5 GTG TCA GTT CTT TGT AAA 48.0 68 C. glabrata GGG TGC TCG Cdl76c GGC CCG GGT CTA TGT AAA 56.5 66 C. GTT CC dubliniensis C1180 GAC TCT TTG CAC CGC GGC 66.7 67 C. lusitaniae TCC Ctl66 GCG ATG AGA TGA TCC AGG 67 52 C. tropicalis CCT ATG T Ct17ld GAG ATG ATC CAG GCC TAT 44.0 64 C. tropicalis GTA AAG T 16(5 '-> 3')% GCa Tm (° C) a Target Species U210 TCG AGT TGT TTG GGA ATG 50.0 65 Pancreatic CAG CTC Cal70b TGA GAT GAC CCG GGT CTG 50.0 65 Candida TGT AAA albicans Cal7 6b GAC CCG GGT CTG TGT AAA 56.5 66 C. albicans GTT CC Cgl66 GTG GCG AGG GTG TCA GTT 67 54 C. glabrata CTT TGT Cgl7 5 GTG TCA GTT CTT TGT AAA 48.0 68 C. glabrata GGG TGC TCG Cdl76c GGC CCG GGT CTA TGT AAA 56.5 66 C. GTT CC dubliniensis C1180 GAC TCT TTG CAC CGC GGC 66.7 67 C. lusitaniae TCC Ctl66 GCG ATG AGA TGA TCC AGG 67 52 C. tropicalis CCT ATG T Ct17ld GAG ATG ATC CAG GCC TAT 44.0 64 C. tropicalis GTA AAG T 16
16 Cpl66 GCG ATG AGA TGT ccc AGA CCT ATG Cpl71e GAG ATG TCC CAG ACC TAT GTA AAG TTC Ckl7 5 GGC GGA AGC AGT GAG GCC CTT CT Pal71 GAG ATG o o o ATT CCT ATG TAA GGT GC Pal76f GCC CAT TCC TAT GTA AGG TGC TAT c Scl7 6g GTG CGG TTC TTT GTA AAG TGC CTT CG 67 54 C. parapsilosis 44.4 67 C. parapsilosis 65.2 70 C. krusei 68 50 Pichia anómala 48.0 66 Pichía anómala 50.0 68 S. cerevisiae aDados obtidos com Oligo Analyzer 1.0.2 (Teemu Kuulasmaa, Universidade de Kuopio, Finlandia); bIdêntica em C. africana espécie recentemente descrita, e duas discrepâncias com C. dubliniensis e C. viswanathii; cDuas discrepâncias em C. albicans; dIdêntica em C. sojae e uma discrepância em C. maltosa; eIdêntica em C. orthopsilosis e uma discrepância em C. metapsilosis, ambas recentemente descritas, e duas discrepâncias com C. maltosa e L. elongisporus; fIdêntica em P. subpelliculosa; gDuas discrepâncias em S. bayanus e S. paradoxus.16 Cpl66 GCG ATG AGA TGT ccc AGA CCT ATG Cpl71e GAG ATG TCC CAG ACC TAT GTA AAG TTC Ckl7 5 GGC GGA AGC AGT GAG GCC CTT CT Pal71 GAG ATG ooo ATT CCT ATG TAA GGT GC Pal76f GCC CAT TCC TAT GTA AGG TGC TAT c Scl7 6g GTG CGG TTC TTT GTA AAG TGC CTT CG 67 54 C. parapsilosis 44.4 67 C. parapsilosis 65.2 70 C. krusei 68 50 Anomalous Pichia 48.0 66 Anomalous Pichia 50.0 68 S. cerevisiae aDen's obtained with Oligo Analyzer 1.0.2 (Teemu Kuulasmaa , University of Kuopio, Finland); bIdêntica in C. africana recently described species, and two discrepancies with C. dubliniensis and C. viswanathii; cTwo discrepancies in C. albicans; in C. sojae and a discrepancy in C. maltosa; in C. orthopsilosis and a discrepancy in C. metapsilosis, both recently described, and two discrepancies with C. maltosa and L. elongisporus; phytotic in P. subpelliculosa; gTy discrepancies in S. bayanus and S. paradoxus.
Adicionalmente, foi concebida uma sonda universal para fungos (U210, Tabela 3) . Os alvos para as sondas especificas encontram-se localizados no fragmento amplificado por LAMP.In addition, a universal fungal probe (U210, Table 3) was designed. Targets for the specific probes are located on the LAMP-amplified fragment.
Todas as sondas foram sintetizadas com seis bases adicionais de timina na extremidade 3', de forma a garantir uma eficiente ligação às membranas de nylon (Brown et al. 2000) .All probes were synthesized with six additional thymine bases at the 3 'end, to ensure efficient binding to nylon membranes (Brown et al., 2000).
Com o objectivo de optimizar a reacção LAMP, para garantir uma elevada sensibilidade e eficácia na detecção de leveduras em amostras clinicas, testou-se diferentes tempos 17 de incubação, tendo-se obtido melhores resultados usando um período de incubação de 90 minutos, a 64°C, em vez do tradicional período de 60 minutos ou menos. A mistura de reacção LAMP foi igualmente optimizada para o sistema de identificação da presente invenção e contém os olígonucleótidos iniciadores FIP, BIP, F3 e B3, dNTPs, o ADN molde, betaína, MgCl2 e a polimerase Bst. Para a marcação dos produtos de amplificação, 1/40 dos dTTPs encontravam-se na forma de dUTPs marcados com digoxigenina.In order to optimize the LAMP reaction, in order to ensure high sensitivity and efficacy in the detection of yeasts in clinical samples, different incubation times were tested, and better results were obtained using a 90 minute incubation period at 64 ° C, instead of the traditional period of 60 minutes or less. The LAMP reaction mixture was also optimized for the identification system of the present invention and contains the oligonucleotide primers FIP, BIP, F3 and B3, dNTPs, template DNA, betaine, MgCl2 and Bst polymerase. For the labeling of the amplification products, 1/40 of the dTTPs were in the form of digoxigenin-labeled dUTPs.
Procedeu-se à desnaturação do ADN molde, antes da reacção LAMP. Numa forma preferencial de realização do presente invento, procedeu-se à inactivação térmica da enzima polimerase após a reacção LAMP.The template DNA was denatured prior to the LAMP reaction. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polymerase enzyme was inactivated after the LAMP reaction.
As reacções LAMP foram igualmente realizadas com a adição de suspensões celulares de leveduras directamente à mistura de reacção, sem extracção prévia de ADN genómico.LAMP reactions were also performed with the addition of yeast cell suspensions directly to the reaction mixture without prior extraction of genomic DNA.
Para determinação da sensibilidade da reacção LAMP, procedeu-se à quantificação do ADN genómico extraído de C. albicans PYCC 3436T e C. krusei PYCC 3341T, através de electrof orese em gel de agarose, com diluições em série usadas como padrão nas reacções LAMP. 0 limite de detecção dos produtos da reacção de amplificação isotérmica LAMP foi obtido com cerca de 0,05 e 1 pg de ADN genómico para C. albicans e C. krusei, respectivamente.To determine the sensitivity of the LAMP reaction, genomic DNA extracted from C. albicans PYCC 3436T and C. krusei PYCC 3341T was quantified by agarose gel electrophoresis with serial dilutions used as standard in the LAMP reactions. The detection limit of the LAMP isothermal amplification reaction products was obtained with about 0.05 and 1 pg of genomic DNA for C. albicans and C. krusei, respectively.
Foi possível confirmar que a reacção LAMP prossegue sem o passo prévio de desnaturação térmica do molde de ADN, o que 18 torna esta técnica realmente isotérmica. Contudo, verificou-se que a sensibilidade da técnica é significativamente inferior quando se utilizam moldes de ADN não desnaturados comparativamente com os moldes de ADN desnaturados. Este aspecto pode revelar-se crucial na realização de análises directas a partir de amostras clinicas.It was possible to confirm that the LAMP reaction proceeds without the prior step of thermal denaturation of the DNA template, which makes this technique really isothermal. However, the sensitivity of the technique has been found to be significantly lower when using non-denatured DNA templates compared to the denatured DNA templates. This may prove to be crucial in conducting direct analyzes from clinical samples.
Para agilizar o tempo de resposta da identificação, através da eliminação do passo de extracção de ADN, foi testada a utilização de células de leveduras, tratadas termicamente, directamente na mistura reaccional LAMP. Desta forma, foram obtidos produtos de amplificação utilizando 1 a 10 células de levedura na mistura de reacção. A simplicidade destes procedimentos incrementa a potencial importância dos estojos de diagnóstico baseados na técnica LAMP para aplicação em análises clinicas de rotina.To expedite the identification response time, by eliminating the DNA extraction step, the use of thermally treated yeast cells was tested directly in the LAMP reaction mixture. In this way, amplification products were obtained using 1 to 10 yeast cells in the reaction mixture. The simplicity of these procedures increases the potential importance of diagnostic kits based on the LAMP technique for application in routine clinical analyzes.
Os produtos de amplificação LAMP marcados com digoxigenina foram hibridados com um painel de sondas de oligonucleótidos específicos para as várias espécies testadas. Assim, as sondas de oligonucleótidos (Tabela 3) foram inicialmente imobilizadas num suporte sólido (como p.e. tiras de membranas de nylon).Digoxigenin-labeled LAMP amplification products were hybridized with a panel of oligonucleotide probes specific for the various species tested. Thus, oligonucleotide probes (Table 3) were initially immobilized on a solid support (such as nylon membrane strips).
Após ligação (cross-linking) dos oligonucleótidos às membranas, procedeu-se à sua lavagem para remoção de sondas não ligadas sendo em seguida secas e armazenadas à temperatura ambiente.After ligation (cross-linking) of the oligonucleotides to the membranes, they were washed for removal of unbound probes and then dried and stored at room temperature.
Após desnaturação dos fragmentos de ADN amplificados e marcados com digoxigenina, estes foram usados numa reacção 19 de hibridação com os oligonucleótidos específicos imobilizados nas tiras de nylon, em tampão de hibridação. A ocorrência de hibridação foi detectada mediante a utilização de fosfatase alcalina e de um sistema de detecção colorimétrico. A hibridação reversa dos fragmentos amplificados por LAMP, marcados com digoxigenina, com as sondas de oligonucleótidos específicas permite a correcta identificação das respectivas espécies de leveduras.After denaturation of the amplified and digoxigenin-labeled DNA fragments, they were used in a hybridization reaction with the specific oligonucleotides immobilized on the nylon strips in hybridization buffer. The occurrence of hybridization was detected using alkaline phosphatase and a colorimetric detection system. Reverse hybridization of the digoxigenin-labeled LAMP-amplified fragments with the specific oligonucleotide probes allows the proper identification of the respective yeast species.
Cada fragmento amplificado por LAMP produziu um sinal visualmente evidente de hibridação com a respectiva sonda específica para a espécie e sonda universal U210 para fungos. Os sinais de hibridação específicos são normalmente fortes embora com diferentes intensidades, dependendo da sonda. Numa forma preferencial de realização do método, é possível estandardizar as intensidades de sinal para todas as sondas, ex. através da modificação da sua concentração e/ou do número de resíduos de timina adicionados na extremidade 3' dos oligonucleótidos específicos.Each fragment amplified by LAMP produced a visually evident signal of hybridization with the respective species-specific probe and U210 universal fungal probe. Specific hybridization signals are usually strong although with different intensities depending on the probe. In a preferred embodiment of the method, it is possible to standardize the signal intensities for all the probes, by modifying their concentration and / or the number of thymine residues added at the 3 'end of the specific oligonucleotides.
Uma discrepância interna na sequência da sonda Scl76, em comparação com o alvo complementar, foi suficiente para distinguir espécies muito próximas, tal como o demonstrado pela diferenciação entre S. cerevisiae PYCC 4455T e S. bayanus PYCC 4456T ou S. paradoxus PYCC 4570T, que apenas apresentam sinais fracos de hibridação com essa sonda.An internal discrepancy in the Scl76 probe sequence compared to the complementary target was sufficient to distinguish closely related species, such as demonstrated by the differentiation between S. cerevisiae PYCC 4455T and S. bayanus PYCC 4456T or S. paradoxus PYCC 4570T, which only show weak signals of hybridization with this probe.
De uma forma geral, os resultados da presente invenção indicam que o desenvolvimento de metodologias de 20 amplificação isotérmica de ADN, isentas de PCR, terão um enorme impacto na implementação global de estojos de diagnóstico molecular, fiáveis, fáceis de usar e de resposta rápida, para a identificação de microrganismos patogénicos e, em particular, de leveduras infecciosas.In general, the results of the present invention indicate that the development of isothermal PCR amplification methodologies, free from PCR, will have a huge impact on the overall implementation of reliable, easy-to-use, rapid response molecular diagnostic kits, for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms and, in particular, of infectious yeasts.
Descrição detalhada da invenção 1. Estirpes de levedurasDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. Yeast strains
As estirpes de leveduras usadas nesta invenção estão listadas na Tabela 2 e encontram-se mantidas na Colecção Portuguesa de Culturas de Leveduras (PYCC), Caparica, Portugal.The yeast strains used in this invention are listed in Table 2 and are maintained in the Portuguese Collection of Yeast Cultures (PYCC), Caparica, Portugal.
Foram seleccionadas oito espécies, sendo o critério de selecção a sua relevância clínica no que diz respeito a micoses invasivas: Candída albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. lusitaniae, C. krusei, Pichia anómala e Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Eight species were selected, the selection criteria being their clinical relevance with regard to invasive mycoses: Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. lusitaniae, C. krusei, anomalous Pichia and Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
As restantes espécies foram utilizadas como controlo negativo nos ensaios de hibridação reversa.The remaining species were used as a negative control in the reverse hybridization assays.
2. Extracção de ADN2. DNA extraction
As culturas foram cultivadas em agar MYP (0,05% p/v de extracto de levedura, 0,7% de extracto de malte, 0,25% de peptona de soja (soytone) e 1,5% de agar) e as células suspendidas em 500 μL de tampão de lise (50 mM Tris, 250 mM NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, 0,3% SDS, pH 8) contendo o equivalente a um volume de 200 μί de esferas de vidro (0 425 - 600 μπι) . 21Cultures were grown on MYP agar (0.05% w / v yeast extract, 0.7% malt extract, 0.25% soy peptone (soytone) and 1.5% agar) and the cells suspended in 500 μl of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, 250 mM NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, 0.3% SDS, pH 8) containing the equivalent of a 200 μl volume of glass beads (0 425-600 μl ). 21
Após agitação em vortex durante 2 minutos, os tubos foram incubados durante 1 hora a 65°C e agitados de novo, em vortex, durante 2 minutos. As suspensões foram então centrifugadas durante 15 minutos a 14.000 rpm, o sobrenadante diluído (1:750) em água esterilizada bi-destilada e a solução final usada directamente para a amplificação de ADN.After vortexing for 2 minutes, the tubes were incubated for 1 hour at 65øC and vortexed again for 2 minutes. The suspensions were then centrifuged for 15 minutes at 14,000 rpm, the supernatant diluted (1: 750) in sterile bi-distilled water and the final solution used directly for DNA amplification.
As soluções de ADN podem ser mantidas durante vários anos a -20°C, sem degradação aparente.DNA solutions can be maintained for several years at -20øC without apparent degradation.
3. Oligonucleótidos Iniciadores LAMP3. Oligonucleotides LAMP primers
Foi concebido um conjunto de oligonucleótidos iniciadores LAMP tendo como alvo sequências relativamente conservadas nos domínios D1/D2 do rARN fúngico 26S, de forma a amplificar um fragmento de 190 pb provenientes de uma vasta gama de espécies de leveduras.A set of LAMP primer oligonucleotides targeting relatively conserved sequences in the D1 / D2 domains of 26S fungal rRNA was designed to amplify a 190 bp fragment from a wide range of yeast species.
As respectivas sequências são as seguintes:The respective sequences are as follows:
Seq. 1 - F3, oligonucleótido iniciador externo directo (5'-GCA TAT CAA TAA GCG GAG GAA AAG-3')Seq. 1-F3, direct external primer oligonucleotide (5'-GCA TAT CAA TAA GCG GAG GAA AAG-3 ')
Seq. 2 - B3, oligonucleótido iniciador externo reverso (5'-CCT TCC CTT TCA ACA ATT TCA C-3')Seq. 2-B3, reverse external primer oligonucleotide (5'-CCT TCC CTT TCA ACA ATT TCA C-3 ')
Seq.3 - FIP, oligonucleótido iniciador interno directo (5'-CTG CAT TCC CAA ACA ACT CGA CTC ACA GAG GGT GAG AAT CCC G-3'); eSeq.3 - FIP, direct internal initiator oligonucleotide (5'-CTG CAT TCC CAA ACA ACT CGA CTC ACA GAG GGT GAG AAT CCC G-3 '); and
Seq.4 - BIP, oligonucleótido iniciador interno reverso (5'-TAT TGG CGA GAG ACC GAT AGC GTT TCA CTC TCT TTT CAA AGT TC-3' ) . O conjunto de oligonucleótidos iniciadores é totalmente complementar aos segmentos no interior do rADN 26S de três das espécies em estudo, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. 22Seq.4-BIP, reverse internal primer oligonucleotide (5'-TAT TGG CGA GAG ACC GAT AGC GTT TCA CTC TCT TTT CAA AGT TC-3 '). The set of oligonucleotide primers is fully complementary to the segments within the 26S rDNA of three of the studied species, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. 22
No que diz respeito às outras espécies, o número máximo de substituições nucleotidicas ocorreu para o oligonucleótido iniciador FIP que apresenta cinco substituições, quando comparadas com as sequências de C. krusei e C. lusitaniae. Os oligonucleótidos iniciadores foram concebidos de acordo com os procedimentos descritos por Notomi et al. (2000). 4. Sondas de oligonucleótidos especificasWith respect to the other species, the maximum number of nucleotide substitutions occurred for the FIP primer oligonucleotide which has five substitutions, as compared to the sequences of C. krusei and C. lusitaniae. The primer oligonucleotides were designed according to the procedures described by Notomi et al. (2000). 4. Specific oligonucleotide probes
As sondas de oligonucleótidos especificas para as várias espécies testadas, tendo como objectivo a identificação de leveduras com interesse clínico, foram concebidas com base na análise comparativa das sequências de rADN 26S consultadas no GenBank (Tabela 3).Oligonucleotide probes specific for the various species tested, for the identification of yeasts of clinical interest, were designed based on the comparative analysis of the 26S rDNA sequences queried on GenBank (Table 3).
Adicionalmente, foi concebida uma sonda universal para fungos (U210). Os alvos para as sondas específicas encontram-se localizados no fragmento amplificado por LAMP.In addition, a universal fungal probe (U210) has been designed. Targets for the specific probes are located on the LAMP-amplified fragment.
Todas as sondas foram sintetizadas com seis bases de timina adicionais na extremidade 3' , de forma a garantir uma eficiente ligação às membranas de nylon.All probes were synthesized with six additional thymine bases at the 3 'end, to ensure efficient binding to the nylon membranes.
5. Reacção LAMP A mistura de reacção LAMP foi optimizada para o sistema de identificação da presente invenção e contém: 1,6 μΜ de cada oligonucleótido iniciador FIP e BIP; 0,2 μΜ de cada oligonucleótido iniciador F3 e B3; 900 μΜ de cada dNTP; 1,4 μΐ de solução de ADN molde; 0.8 M de betaína; 3 mM de MgCl2; 3,2 U de polimerase Bst e respectivo tampão 1* (New England Biolabs). 235. LAMP Reaction The LAMP reaction mixture was optimized for the identification system of the present invention and contains: 1.6 μΜ of each FIP and BIP primer oligonucleotide; 0.2 μΜ of each primer oligonucleotide F3 and B3; 900 μΜ of each dNTP; 1.4 μΐ template DNA solution; 0.8 M betaine; 3 mM MgCl 2; 3.2 U of Bst polymerase and respective 1 * buffer (New England Biolabs). 23
Para a marcação dos fragmentos de ADN amplificados por LAMP, 1/40 dos dTTPs encontravam-se na forma de dUTPs marcados com digoxigenina. O ADN molde foi desnaturado a 94°C durante 4 minutos e mantido em gelo antes da reacção LAMP. A mistura de reacção LAMP foi incubada a 64°C durante 90 minutos num bloco de aquecimento, seguido de um passo opcional que consistiu na manutenção a 80°C, durante 5 minutos, para inactivação da enzima.For labeling the DNA fragments amplified by LAMP, 1/40 of the dTTPs were in the form of digoxigenin-labeled dUTPs. The template DNA was denatured at 94 ° C for 4 minutes and kept on ice prior to the LAMP reaction. The LAMP reaction mixture was incubated at 64øC for 90 minutes in a heating block, followed by an optional step which consisted of maintenance at 80øC for 5 minutes for inactivation of the enzyme.
Os fragmentos de ADN amplificados foram separados através de electroforese em gel de agarose (1,4%), sendo a detecção efectuada com brometo de etidio.The amplified DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis (1.4%), and the detection was performed with ethidium bromide.
As reacções LAMP foram igualmente realizadas com a adição de suspensões celulares de leveduras directamente à mistura de reacção (células cultivadas em MYP durante 2 a 5 dias, suspendidas em água e tratadas durante 5 minutos a 99°C). 5. Hibridação reversaLAMP reactions were also performed with the addition of yeast cell suspensions directly to the reaction mixture (cells cultured in MYP for 2 to 5 days, suspended in water and treated for 5 minutes at 99 ° C). 5. Reverse Hybridization
Os fragmentos de ADN amplificados por LAMP e marcados com digoxigenina foram hibridados com um painel de sondas de oligonucleótidos imobilizados numa membrana de nylon. Cada uma das sondas é especifica para uma determinada espécie dentre as leveduras com relevância clínica testadas.The DNA fragments amplified by LAMP and labeled with digoxigenin were hybridized with a panel of oligonucleotide probes immobilized on a nylon membrane. Each of the probes is specific for a given species among the clinically relevant yeasts tested.
As sondas de oligonucleótidos (Tabela 3) foram inicialmente imobilizadas em tiras de nylon (1 χ 2 cm; Hybond™-N, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) utilizando o procedimento seguinte: 0,3 μΐ de cada solução aquosa 50 pM da sonda foram colocados numa localização específica da membrana de 24 nylon, sendo a membrana com as sondas em seguida irradiada com luz UV de ondas curtas durante 2,5 minutos.The oligonucleotide probes (Table 3) were initially immobilized on nylon strips (1 χ 2 cm; Hybond ™ -N, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) using the following procedure: 0.3 μΐ of each 50 pM aqueous solution of the probe was placed in a specific location of the nylon membrane, the membrane with the probes then irradiated with shortwave UV light for 2.5 minutes.
Após ligação (cross-linking) dos oligonucleótidos às membranas, procedeu-se à sua lavagem em SSC 0,5x (lx SSC corresponde a 1,15 M de NaCl com 0,015 M de citrato de sódio) e 0,1% SDS, durante 2 minutos a 37°C, para remoção de sondas não ligadas.After ligation (cross-linking) of the oligonucleotides to the membranes, they were washed in 0.5x SSC (1x SSC corresponds to 1.15 M NaCl with 0.015 M sodium citrate) and 0.1% SDS for 2 minutes at 37 ° C for removal of unbound probes.
As tiras foram então secas e armazenadas à temperatura ambiente.The strips were then dried and stored at room temperature.
Para a hibridação, cada tira foi colocada num tubo de microcentrifuga de 2 ml, contendo 1 ml de tampão de hibridação pré-aguecido (Dig Easy Hyb; Roche Diagnostics) , e incubado com agitação suave a 55°C durante 10 minutos.For hybridization, each strip was placed in a 2 ml microfuge tube, containing 1 ml of pre-incubated hybridization buffer (Dig Easy Hyb; Roche Diagnostics), and incubated with gentle shaking at 55øC for 10 minutes.
Após desnaturação dos fragmentos de ADN amplificados por LAMP e marcados com digoxigenina, a 95°C durante 5 minutos seguidos de arrefecimento em gelo, foram adicionados 4 μΐ da reacção de mistura ao tubo de microcentrifuga contendo a tira e o tampão de hibridação. A hibridação foi realizada a 55°C durante 3 horas com agitação suave. A tira foi então removida do tubo e lavada em SSC 0,25* e 0,1% SDS (40 ml para cada conjunto de 30 tiras) a 55°C durante 10 minutos. A ocorrência de hibridação foi detectada mediante a utilização de fosfatase alcalina e de um sistema de detecção colorimétrico, de acordo com as instruções do fabricante (Dig Labelling and Detection Kit; Roche 25After denaturation of the DNA fragments amplified by LAMP and labeled with digoxigenin at 95 ° C for 5 minutes followed by ice cooling, 4 μΐ of the reaction mixture was added to the microcentrifuge tube containing the strip and the hybridization buffer. Hybridization was performed at 55 ° C for 3 hours with gentle shaking. The strip was then removed from the tube and washed in 0.25 * SSC and 0.1% SDS (40 ml for each set of 30 strips) at 55 ° C for 10 minutes. The occurrence of hybridization was detected using alkaline phosphatase and a colorimetric detection system, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Dig Labeling and Detection Kit; Roche 25
Diagnostics). A cor desenvolveu-se entre 5 a 30 minutos a partir do inicio da reacção.Diagnostics). Color developed between 5 and 30 minutes from the start of the reaction.
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| PCT/IB2008/051710 WO2008135931A2 (en) | 2007-05-04 | 2008-05-02 | Kit and method for the detection and identification of clinically relevant yeasts, using an isothermal dna amplification followed by the hybridisation to species- specific oligonucleotide probes, and respective applications |
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| WO2010126771A1 (en) * | 2009-04-27 | 2010-11-04 | University Of Miami | Systems, kits and methods of identifying ocular fungal and amoebic pathogens |
| JP5786295B2 (en) * | 2010-06-22 | 2015-09-30 | ソニー株式会社 | Nucleic acid isothermal amplification microchip, method for producing the same, and nucleic acid isothermal amplification method |
| CN101906473A (en) * | 2010-07-22 | 2010-12-08 | 中华人民共和国北京出入境检验检疫局 | Nucleic acid isothermal amplification kit and method for detecting EPSPS transgenic crops |
| CN102312010B (en) * | 2011-10-09 | 2013-02-20 | 中国人民解放军总医院 | Rapid detection primers, kit and detection method for C.parapsilosis with loop-mediated isothermal amplification |
| CN104946758A (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2015-09-30 | 上海市东方医院 | LAMP detection primer set, detection kit and detection method for candida albicans |
| CN106086181A (en) * | 2016-06-16 | 2016-11-09 | 广州医科大学附属第三医院 | The detection test kit of Candida glabrata, primer and method |
| CN106521010A (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2017-03-22 | 上海速创诊断产品有限公司 | LAMP primer composition used for detecting candida parapsilosis and LAMP detection kit and application method thereof |
| BR112022021086A2 (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2022-12-13 | Stab Vida Investig E Servicos Em Ciencias Biologicas Lda | INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SEQUENCES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND METHOD OF USE OF THE INTEGRATED SYSTEM |
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