[go: up one dir, main page]

PE20081185A1 - Anticuerpos que se unen a interleucina 13 (il-13) humana y composiciones farmaceuticas que lo comprenden - Google Patents

Anticuerpos que se unen a interleucina 13 (il-13) humana y composiciones farmaceuticas que lo comprenden

Info

Publication number
PE20081185A1
PE20081185A1 PE2007000018A PE2007000018A PE20081185A1 PE 20081185 A1 PE20081185 A1 PE 20081185A1 PE 2007000018 A PE2007000018 A PE 2007000018A PE 2007000018 A PE2007000018 A PE 2007000018A PE 20081185 A1 PE20081185 A1 PE 20081185A1
Authority
PE
Peru
Prior art keywords
seq
human interleukin
antibodies
understand
compositions
Prior art date
Application number
PE2007000018A
Other languages
English (en)
Spanish (es)
Inventor
Claire Ashman
Martin John Cassidy
Jane Elizabeth Clarkson
Jonathan Henry Ellis
Trevor Anthony Kenneth Wattam
Original Assignee
Glaxo Group Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=35997844&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=PE20081185(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Glaxo Group Ltd filed Critical Glaxo Group Ltd
Publication of PE20081185A1 publication Critical patent/PE20081185A1/es

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C07K16/244—Interleukins [IL]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/02—Nasal agents, e.g. decongestants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/10—Anthelmintics
    • A61P33/12—Schistosomicides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/10—Cells modified by introduction of foreign genetic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/34—Identification of a linear epitope shorter than 20 amino acid residues or of a conformational epitope defined by amino acid residues
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
PE2007000018A 2006-01-11 2007-01-09 Anticuerpos que se unen a interleucina 13 (il-13) humana y composiciones farmaceuticas que lo comprenden PE20081185A1 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0600488.1A GB0600488D0 (en) 2006-01-11 2006-01-11 Immunoglobulins

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
PE20081185A1 true PE20081185A1 (es) 2008-10-07

Family

ID=35997844

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PE2007000018A PE20081185A1 (es) 2006-01-11 2007-01-09 Anticuerpos que se unen a interleucina 13 (il-13) humana y composiciones farmaceuticas que lo comprenden

Country Status (18)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1976881A2 (zh)
JP (1) JP2009523154A (zh)
KR (1) KR20080113201A (zh)
CN (1) CN101370829A (zh)
AR (1) AR058955A1 (zh)
AU (1) AU2007204372A1 (zh)
BR (1) BRPI0706481A2 (zh)
CA (1) CA2635972A1 (zh)
CR (1) CR10161A (zh)
EA (1) EA200801520A1 (zh)
GB (1) GB0600488D0 (zh)
IL (1) IL192207A0 (zh)
MA (1) MA30156B1 (zh)
NO (1) NO20082767L (zh)
PE (1) PE20081185A1 (zh)
TW (1) TW200736274A (zh)
WO (1) WO2007080174A2 (zh)
ZA (1) ZA200805526B (zh)

Families Citing this family (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5006330B2 (ja) 2005-10-21 2012-08-22 ノバルティス アーゲー Ｉｌ１３に対するヒト抗体および治療的使用
ES2514495T3 (es) 2006-05-25 2014-10-28 Glaxo Group Limited Anticuerpos humanizados modificados anti-interleucina-18
EP2050764A1 (en) * 2007-10-15 2009-04-22 sanofi-aventis Novel polyvalent bispecific antibody format and uses thereof
BRPI0823231A2 (pt) * 2008-11-26 2015-06-16 Glaxo Group Ltd Domínio variável único da imunoglobulina anti-interleucina-13 (il-13), antagonista da interleucina-13 (il-13), uso da antagonista, método para tratar e/ou prevenir uma condição mediada pela il-13 em um paciente, dispositivo de dispensação pulmonar contendo o antagonista, ligando específico duplo, ácido nucléico isolado ou recombinante, vetor, célula hospedeira, método para produzir polipeptídeo, e, proteína de fusão.
KR101579771B1 (ko) 2009-03-05 2015-12-28 애브비 인코포레이티드 Ｉｌ-17 결합 단백질
GB0904214D0 (en) 2009-03-11 2009-04-22 Ucb Pharma Sa Biological products
TW201107345A (en) * 2009-05-28 2011-03-01 Glaxo Group Ltd Immunoglobulins
RU2603055C2 (ru) 2009-10-20 2016-11-20 Эббви Инк Выделение и очистка антител против il-13 с применением аффинной хроматографии с белком а
PL2627673T3 (pl) * 2010-10-15 2018-01-31 Medimmune Ltd Terapie poprawiające funkcje płuc
WO2012083132A2 (en) 2010-12-16 2012-06-21 Genentech, Inc. Diagnosis and treatments relating to th2 inhibition
TWI700093B (zh) 2011-03-16 2020-08-01 法商賽諾菲公司 雙重ｖ區類抗體蛋白質之用途
CA2924873A1 (en) 2013-10-23 2015-04-30 Genentech, Inc. Methods of diagnosing and treating eosinophilic disorders
WO2015127405A2 (en) 2014-02-21 2015-08-27 Genentech, Inc. Anti-il-13/il-17 bispecific antibodies and uses thereof
AU2015246037B2 (en) 2014-04-11 2018-04-12 Novartis Ag Methods of selectively treating asthma using IL-13 antagonists
JP2018511797A (ja) 2015-03-16 2018-04-26 ジェネンテック， インコーポレイテッド ＩＬ−１３の検出方法及び定量方法並びにＴｈ２関連疾患の診断及び治療における使用
WO2017162604A1 (en) 2016-03-21 2017-09-28 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Methods for diagnosis and treatment of solar lentigo
PL3448391T3 (pl) 2016-04-27 2024-09-16 AbbVie Manufacturing Management Unlimited Company Sposoby leczenia chorób, w których jest szkodliwa aktywność il-13, przy zastosowaniu przeciwciała anty-il-13
WO2018135653A1 (ja) * 2017-01-23 2018-07-26 学校法人東洋大学 抗ｅｐｈａ２抗体及びこれを用いたｅｐｈａ２の免疫学的検出
CN109776677B (zh) * 2017-11-15 2023-11-03 尚华科创投资管理（江苏）有限公司 一种人源化抗il-13抗体及其制备方法和应用
CN107909501B (zh) * 2017-12-05 2020-12-01 创新先进技术有限公司 气味与行为的关联方法、气味社交方法及装置
JP7418337B2 (ja) 2018-02-09 2024-01-19 ジェネンテック， インコーポレイテッド マスト細胞媒介性炎症性疾患の治療法及び診断法
WO2020092015A1 (en) 2018-11-02 2020-05-07 University Of Rochester Therapeutic mitigation of epithelial infection
US20240317892A1 (en) * 2019-03-20 2024-09-26 Javelin Oncology, Inc Anti-adam12 antibodies and chimeric antigen receptors, and compositions and methods comprising
GB201919062D0 (en) * 2019-12-20 2020-02-05 Ucb Biopharma Sprl Antibody

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006503018A (ja) * 2002-08-30 2006-01-26 グラクソ　グループ　リミテッド ワクチン
WO2004096849A2 (en) * 2003-04-25 2004-11-11 University Of Manitoba Peptide-based cytokine/chemokine vaccines against allergy
ES2775204T3 (es) * 2003-12-23 2020-07-24 Genentech Inc Nuevos anticuerpos anti IL13 y usos de los mismos
US7501121B2 (en) * 2004-06-17 2009-03-10 Wyeth IL-13 binding agents
TWI307630B (en) * 2004-07-01 2009-03-21 Glaxo Group Ltd Immunoglobulins

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0600488D0 (en) 2006-02-22
MA30156B1 (fr) 2009-01-02
WO2007080174A3 (en) 2007-12-06
BRPI0706481A2 (pt) 2011-03-29
CN101370829A (zh) 2009-02-18
NO20082767L (no) 2008-10-06
WO2007080174A2 (en) 2007-07-19
EP1976881A2 (en) 2008-10-08
JP2009523154A (ja) 2009-06-18
CA2635972A1 (en) 2007-07-19
CR10161A (es) 2008-11-26
AR058955A1 (es) 2008-03-05
AU2007204372A1 (en) 2007-07-19
ZA200805526B (en) 2009-10-28
EA200801520A1 (ru) 2009-02-27
IL192207A0 (en) 2008-12-29
TW200736274A (en) 2007-10-01
KR20080113201A (ko) 2008-12-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
PE20081185A1 (es) Anticuerpos que se unen a interleucina 13 (il-13) humana y composiciones farmaceuticas que lo comprenden
HRP20171690T1 (hr) Antitijela koja se vežu za humani cgrp receptor
PE20110801A1 (es) Anticuerpos con reactividad cruzada y biespecificos anti-il-17a/f
PE20060376A1 (es) ANTICUERPO MONOCLONAL HUMANIZADO O QUIMERICO COMO INHIBIDOR DE hIL-3
HRP20191462T1 (hr) Antitijela usmjerena protiv her-3 i njihove uporabe
CL2010001544A1 (es) Anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado o fragmento de union al mismo que se une y neutraliza al factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular humano (hvegf); composicion que lo comprende; acido nucleico codificante; vector; celula huesped; su uso para tratar o prevenir una enfermedad mediada por vegf; e hibridoma.
RU2011121419A (ru) Иммуноглобулины
PE20090518A1 (es) Proteinas enlazantes de antigenos que enlazan al receptor de la interleucina 18 (il-18)
AU2016204274A1 (en) Antibodies that bind to OX40 and their uses
PE20120554A1 (es) Polipeptidos y metodo de tratamiento
EA201190132A1 (ru) Гуманизированные антитела, связывающиеся с cd19, и их применение
PE20091342A1 (es) Inmunoglobulinas
RU2014122990A (ru) Способы комбинированной терапии с применением молекул, связывающихся с psl и pcrv pseudomonas
PE20130159A1 (es) Anticuerpos anti-cd40
AR065506A1 (es) Anticuerpos antagonistas ox40 y su uso en el tratamiento de enfermedades
PE20120211A1 (es) Anticuerpos que tienen especificidad por ox40 humana
HRP20211444T1 (hr) Anti-dll3 antitijelo
NZ609619A (en) Novel egfr-binding molecules and immunoconjugates thereof
PE20081186A1 (es) Metodos y composiciones para el tratamiento de enfermedades alergicas
PE20121579A1 (es) Proteinas de enlace al antigeno il-23 humanas
CO6260104A2 (es) Anticuerpos contra la il-25
JP2013091655A5 (zh)
NO20074867L (no) Antistoffer mot CCR5 og anvendelser derav
ES2571129T3 (es) Anticuerpos anti-CTLA4 humanizados
JP2011517447A5 (zh)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FC Refusal