KR20150112631A - Composition for Light Diffused Anti-Glare Film and Light Diffused Anti-Glare Film Using the Same - Google Patents
Composition for Light Diffused Anti-Glare Film and Light Diffused Anti-Glare Film Using the Same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR20150112631A KR20150112631A KR1020140037179A KR20140037179A KR20150112631A KR 20150112631 A KR20150112631 A KR 20150112631A KR 1020140037179 A KR1020140037179 A KR 1020140037179A KR 20140037179 A KR20140037179 A KR 20140037179A KR 20150112631 A KR20150112631 A KR 20150112631A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- light
- diffusion
- antiglare film
- composition
- light diffusion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
- G02B5/0205—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
- G02F1/13362—Illuminating devices providing polarized light, e.g. by converting a polarisation component into another one
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Abstract
Description
본 발명은 광확산 방현필름용 조성물 및 이를 이용한 광확산 방현필름에 관한 것으로, 보다 상세하게는 정면 투과선명도 및 사면 확산선명도가 우수한 광확산 방현필름의 제조에 사용될 수 있는 광확산 방현필름용 조성물, 이를 이용하여 형성되는 광확산 방현필름, 상기 광확산 방현필름이 구비된 편광판 및 액정표시장치에 관한 것이다.
The present invention relates to a composition for a light diffusion film and a light diffusion film using the same, and more particularly to a composition for a light diffusion film, which can be used in the production of a light diffusion film having excellent frontal clearness and slope diffusion sharpness, A polarizing plate having the optical diffusion antiglare film, and a liquid crystal display device.
최근, 액정표시장치는 휴대 전화, 퍼스널 컴퓨터용 모니터, 텔레비젼, 액정 프로젝터 등 응용 범위가 급속히 확대되고 있다. 일반적으로, 액정표시장치는 TN(Twisted Nematic) 모드, VA(Vertical Alignment) 모드, IPS(In-Plane Switching) 모드 등의 표시 모드로 액정을 동작시키고, 그 액정을 통과하는 광을 전기적으로 제어하여 명암의 차이를 화면 상에 나타냄으로써 문자나 화상을 표시한다.2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, liquid crystal display devices have been rapidly expanded in applications such as mobile phones, monitors for personal computers, televisions, liquid crystal projectors and the like. In general, a liquid crystal display device operates a liquid crystal in a display mode such as a TN (Twisted Nematic) mode, a VA (Vertical Alignment) mode, or an IPS (In-Plane Switching) mode and electrically controls light passing through the liquid crystal By displaying the difference of contrast in the screen, characters or images are displayed.
종래, 액정표시장치에 있어서는, 표시 화면을 비스듬한 방향에서 본 경우에 높은 콘트라스트를 얻을 수 없고, 화상의 명암이 역전하는 계조 반전 현상 등에 의해 양호한 표시 특성을 얻을 수 없는 문제, 즉 시야각이 좁은 문제가 지적되어 왔다.Conventionally, in a liquid crystal display device, a problem that a high contrast can not be obtained when a display screen is viewed in an oblique direction, good display characteristics can not be obtained due to a gradation reversal phenomenon in which the contrast of an image is reversed, Has been pointed out.
상기 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방법으로서, 액정표시장치의 시인측 표면에 광확산 방현필름을 마련하는 기술이 알려져 있다. 예컨대, 미립자를 함유하는 도포액을 기재 상에 도포함으로써 형성되는 고헤이즈의 광확산층을 갖는 광확산 방현필름(광확산 시트)이 잘 알려져 있다. 이러한 광확산 방현필름을 액정표시장치의 시인측 표면에 배치함으로써, 액정표시장치의 표시 화면을 비스듬히 관찰한 경우에 화상의 콘트라스트 저하나 계조 반전 현상의 개선에 의해 시야각을 확장시키는 것이 가능하다.As a method for solving the above problem, there is known a technique of providing a light diffusion antiglare film on the visual side surface of a liquid crystal display device. For example, a light diffusion-preventing film (light diffusion sheet) having a light-diffusing layer of high haze formed by applying a coating liquid containing fine particles onto a substrate is well known. By arranging such a light diffusing antiglare film on the visual side surface of the liquid crystal display device, it is possible to expand the viewing angle by improving the contrast of the image or the grayscale reversal phenomenon when obliquely observing the display screen of the liquid crystal display device.
그러나, 종래의 광확산 방현필름에 있어서는, 광시야각을 얻기 위해 충분한 광확산성을 부여하면, 표시 화상의 투과선명도가 저하하고, 그에 따른 표시 화상의 정면 콘트라스트가 저하함과 더불어, 광확산층의 표면 난반사에 의해 화면 전체가 희게 느껴지는, 소위 백화가 발생하는 문제가 있었다. 또한, 반대로 충분한 투과선명도를 부여하고자 하면, 광확산성이 불충분해져 광시야각을 얻을 수 없었다[참조: 일본 공개특허 제2012-48223호].
However, in the conventional optical diffusion antiglare film, if sufficient light diffusibility is given to obtain a wide viewing angle, the transmission clearness of the display image is lowered and the frontal contrast of the display image is lowered. In addition, There was a problem that so-called whitening occurs in which the whole screen is whiter due to diffuse reflection. On the contrary, if a sufficient transparency sharpness is to be imparted, the light diffusing property becomes insufficient and a wide viewing angle can not be obtained (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2012-48223).
본 발명은 상기와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위한 것으로, 본 발명의 한 목적은 정면 투과선명도 및 사면 확산선명도가 우수한 광확산 방현필름의 제조에 사용될 수 있는 광확산 방현필름용 조성물을 제공하는 것이다.It is an object of the present invention to provide a composition for a light diffusion antiglare film which can be used in the production of a light diffusion antiglare film having excellent frontal clearness and slope diffusion sharpness.
본 발명의 다른 목적은 상기 광확산 방현필름용 조성물을 이용하여 형성되는 광확산 방현필름을 제공하는 것이다.Another object of the present invention is to provide a light diffusing antiglare film formed by using the composition for light diffusing visibility film.
본 발명의 또 다른 목적은 상기 광확산 방현필름이 구비된 편광판을 제공하는 것이다.It is still another object of the present invention to provide a polarizing plate provided with the light diffusion antiglare film.
본 발명의 또 다른 목적은 상기 광확산 방현필름이 구비된 액정표시장치를 제공하는 것이다.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal display device provided with the light diffusion antiglare film.
한편으로, 본 발명은 정면 투과선명도가 100% 이상이고, 사면 확산선명도가 200% 이상인 광확산 방현필름용 조성물을 제공한다.On the other hand, the present invention provides a composition for a light-diffusing antiglare film having a front transmission sharpness of 100% or more and a slope diffusion sharpness of 200% or more.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에서, 상기 광확산 방현필름은 헤이즈가 80 내지 90%인 것을 특징으로 한다.In one embodiment of the present invention, the light diffusion antiglare film has a haze of 80 to 90%.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 광확산 방현필름용 조성물은 실리콘 입자, 투광성 수지, 개시제 및 용제를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다.The composition for a light diffusion film according to one embodiment of the present invention is characterized by containing silicon particles, a light transmitting resin, an initiator and a solvent.
다른 한편으로, 본 발명은 투명기재의 한면 또는 양면에, 상기 광확산 방현필름용 조성물의 경화물을 포함하는 광확산층이 형성되어 있는 광확산 방현필름을 제공한다.On the other hand, the present invention provides a light diffusing anticorrosion film in which a light-diffusing layer containing a cured product of the composition for a light-diffusing and scattering film is formed on one side or both sides of a transparent substrate.
또 다른 한편으로, 본 발명은 상기 광확산 방현필름이 구비되어 있는 것을 특징으로 하는 편광판을 제공한다.On the other hand, the present invention provides a polarizing plate characterized in that the light diffusing antiglare film is provided.
또 다른 한편으로, 본 발명은 상기 광확산 방현필름이 구비되어 있는 것을 특징으로 하는 액정표시장치를 제공한다.
On the other hand, the present invention provides a liquid crystal display device characterized by comprising the abovementioned light diffusion-preventing film.
본 발명에 따른 광확산 방현필름은 헤이즈가 높고 정면 투과선명도 및 사면 확산선명도가 우수하다. 아울러, 본 발명에 따른 광확산 방현필름을 포함하는 액정표시장치는 백라이트 확산필름을 제거할 수 있어 백라이트 확산필름으로 인해 백라이트측 편광판 표면에 발생하는 스크래치를 방지할 수 있다.
The light diffusing antiglare film according to the present invention has high haze and excellent frontal transmission sharpness and slope diffusion sharpness. In addition, the liquid crystal display device including the optical diffusion antiglare film according to the present invention can remove the backlight diffusion film, thereby preventing scratches on the backlight side polarizing plate surface due to the backlight diffusion film.
이하, 본 발명을 보다 상세히 설명한다.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
본 발명의 일 실시형태는 정면 투과선명도가 100% 이상이고, 사면 확산선명도가 200% 이상인 광확산 방현필름용 조성물에 관한 것이다.An embodiment of the present invention relates to a composition for a light diffusion antiglare film having a front transmission sharpness of 100% or more and a slope diffusion sharpness of 200% or more.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에서, 상기 광확산 방현필름은 헤이즈가 80 내지 90%인 것을 특징으로 한다.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the light diffusion antiglare film has a haze of 80 to 90%.
상기 헤이즈 및 투과선명도는, JIS K 7105-1981 「플라스틱의 광학적 특성 시험 방법」에 규정되어 있고, 헤이즈를 구하는 방법 자체는, JIS K 7136:2000 「플라스틱-투명 재료의 헤이즈를 구하는 방법」에도 규정되어 있다. 헤이즈는 하기 수학식 1로 정의되는 값이다.The haze and transmission sharpness are specified in JIS K 7105-1981 " Test Method of Optical Properties of Plastics ", and the method of obtaining haze itself is also specified in JIS K 7136: 2000 " Method of obtaining haze of plastic- . The haze is a value defined by the following equation (1).
[수학식 1][Equation 1]
헤이즈=(확산 투과율/전체 광선 투과율)×100(％)
Haze = (diffusion transmittance / total light transmittance) x 100 (%)
한편, 투과선명도는 투과법에 의해 측정되는 이미지 선명도를 의미한다. 상기 규격에 규정된 바와 같이, 이미지 선명도는 어떤 광학 빛을 이용하였을 때, 기록지 상에 기록되는 최고 파고 및 최저 파고로부터, 하기 수학식 2에 따라 구해지는 값이다. 또한 본 명세서에 있어서는 시험편의 세로 방향과 가로 방향의 측정 결과의 평균값을 채용하였다.On the other hand, the transmission sharpness means the image sharpness measured by the transmission method. As defined in the above specification, the image sharpness is a value obtained from the maximum peak and the lowest peak recorded on the recording paper when certain optical light is used, according to the following equation (2). In this specification, the average value of the measurement results of the longitudinal direction and the lateral direction of the test piece was adopted.
[수학식 2]&Quot; (2) "
이미지 선명도=[(최고 파고-최저 파고)/(최고 파고+최저 파고)]×100(％)
Image sharpness = [(highest peak - lowest peak) / (highest peak + lowest peak)] × 100 (%)
상기 규격에서는, 이미지 선명도의 측정에 이용하는 광학 빛으로서, 암부와 명부의 폭의 비가 1:1이고, 그 폭이 0.125 ㎜, 0.5 ㎜, 1.0 ㎜ 및 2.0 ㎜인 4 종류가 규정되어 있지만, 본 명세서에 있어서는 이들 4 종류의 광학 빛을 이용하여 투과법에 의해 측정되는 이미지 선명도의 합계값을 가지고 투과 선명도로 한다. 이와 같이 4 종류의 광학 빛을 이용하여 측정되는 값의 합계값을 투과선명도로 하기 때문에, 그 최대값, 즉 시료 없이 측정되는 값(의 합계값)은 400％가 된다.In this specification, four types of optical light used for measurement of image sharpness are defined, wherein the ratio of the width of the dark portion to that of the bright portion is 1: 1 and the width is 0.125 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm. , The total of the image sharpness measured by the transmission method using these four types of optical light is taken as the transmission sharpness. Since the total value of the values measured using the four kinds of optical lights is defined as the transmission sharpness, the maximum value, i.e., the total value of the values measured without the sample, is 400%.
본 명세서에서, 정면 투과선명도는 측정부를 정면의 법선 방향으로 0도의 위치에서 측정한 투과선명도를 의미하고, 확산선명도는 측정부를 정면의 법선 방향으로 30도의 위치에서 측정한 투과선명도를 의미한다.
In the present specification, the front transmission sharpness means the transmission sharpness measured at the position of 0 degree in the normal direction of the front face, and the diffusion sharpness means the transmission sharpness measured at the position of 30 degrees in the normal direction of the front face.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 광확산 방현필름용 조성물은 실리콘 입자, 투광성 수지, 개시제 및 용제를 포함한다.
A composition for a light diffusion film according to an embodiment of the present invention includes silicon particles, a light transmitting resin, an initiator, and a solvent.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 광확산 방현필름용 조성물은 확산 입자로서 투광성을 가지는 실리콘 입자를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다. 상기 실리콘 입자는 방현필름의 표면에 요철을 형성시켜 필름에 방현성을 부여하는 것으로서 당해 분야에서 일반적으로 사용되는 것이라면 제한 없이 적용할 수 있다. 상기 실리콘 입자는 비표면적이 20m2/g 내지 30m2/g이고, 직경은 2.0㎛ 내지 5.0㎛인 것이 바람직하다. 실리콘 입자의 직경이 2.0㎛ 미만이면 방현층 표면에 요철형성이 어려워 방현효과가 나타나지 않으며, 직경이 5.0㎛을 초과하면 방현층 표면의 요철형상이 거칠어져 시인성이 떨어지는 문제점을 야기시킨다.The composition for a light diffusion film according to an embodiment of the present invention is characterized by including silicon particles having light transmittance as diffusion particles. The silicone particles impart irregularities to the film by forming irregularities on the surface of the antiglare film and can be applied without limitation as long as they are generally used in the art. The silicon particles preferably have a specific surface area of 20 m 2 / g to 30 m 2 / g and a diameter of 2.0 to 5.0 μm. If the diameter of the silicon particles is less than 2.0 m, the surface of the antiglare layer is difficult to form, and the antiglare effect is not exhibited. If the diameter exceeds 5.0 m, the surface of the antiglare layer is roughened and the visibility becomes poor.
상기 실리콘 입자의 사용량은 투광성 수지 100중량부에 대하여 20 내지 100중량부 포함하는 것이 바람직하다. 상기 투광성 수지 100중량부 기준에서 실리콘 입자의 함량이 20중량부 미만이면 광 산란이 저하되어 사면의 광확산성이 떨어지며, 입자의 함량이 100중량부 초과하면 광투과율의 심한 저하가 발생하는 문제점을 가지고 있다.
The amount of the silicone particles to be used is preferably 20 to 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the light transmitting resin. If the content of the silicon particles is less than 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the light transmitting resin, the light scattering is lowered and the light diffusibility of the slope is lowered. When the content of the particles exceeds 100 parts by weight, Have.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에서, 상기 투광성 수지는 광경화형 수지이며, 상기 광경화형 수지는 광경화형 (메타)아크릴레이트 올리고머 및/또는 모노머를 포함할 수 있다.In one embodiment of the present invention, the light transmitting resin is a photocurable resin, and the photocurable resin may include a photocurable (meth) acrylate oligomer and / or a monomer.
상기 광경화형 (메타)아크릴레이트 올리고머로는 에폭시 (메타)아크릴레이트, 우레탄 (메타)아크릴레이트 등을 통상적으로 사용하며, 우레탄 (메타)아크릴레이트가 바람직하다. 우레탄 (메타)아크릴레이트는 분자내에 히드록시기를 갖는 다관능 (메타)아크릴레이트와 이소시아네이트기를 갖는 화합물을 촉매 존재 하에서 제조할 수 있다. 상기 분자내에 히드록시기를 갖는 다관능 (메타)아크릴레이트의 구체적인 예로는, 2-히드록시에틸(메타)아크릴레이트, 2-히드록시이소프로필(메타)아크릴레이트, 4-히드록시부틸(메타)아크릴레이트, 카프로락톤 개환 히드록시아크릴레이트, 펜타에리스리톨트리/테트라(메타)아크릴레이트 혼합물 및 디펜타에리스리톨펜타/헥사(메타)아크릴레이트 혼합물로 이루어진 군으로부터 1종 이상 선택될 수 있다. 또한 상기 이소시아네이트기를 갖는 화합물의 구체적인 예로는, 1,4-디이소시아나토부탄, 1,6-디이소시아나토헥산, 1,8-디이소시아나토옥탄, 1,12-디이소시아나토도데칸, 1,5-디이소시아나토-2-메틸펜탄, 트리메틸-1,6-디이소시아나토헥산, 1,3-비스(이소시아나토메틸)시클로헥산, 트랜스-1,4-시클로헥센디이소시아네이트, 4,4'-메틸렌비스(시클로헥실이소시아네이트), 이소포론디이소시아네이트, 톨루엔-2,4-디이소시아네이트, 톨루엔-2,6-디이소시아네이트, 자일렌-1,4-디이소시아네이트, 테트라메틸자일렌-1,3-디이소시아네이트, 1-클로로메틸-2,4-디이소시아네이트, 4,4'-메틸렌비스(2,6-디메틸페닐이소시아네이트), 4,4'-옥시비스(페닐이소시아네이트), 헥사메틸렌디이소시아네이트로부터 유도되는 3관능 이소시아네이트, 및 트리메탄프로판올어덕트톨루엔디이소시아네이트로 이루어진 군으로부터 1종 이상 선택될 수 있다.
As the photocurable (meth) acrylate oligomer, epoxy (meth) acrylate, urethane (meth) acrylate and the like are generally used, and urethane (meth) acrylate is preferable. The urethane (meth) acrylate can be produced in the presence of a catalyst having a polyfunctional (meth) acrylate having a hydroxyl group in the molecule and an isocyanate group. Specific examples of the polyfunctional (meth) acrylate having a hydroxyl group in the molecule include 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxyisopropyl (meth) acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (Metha) acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta / hexa (meth) acrylate, and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of the compound having an isocyanate group include 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,8-diisocyanatooctane, 1,12-diisocyanatododecane, Diisocyanato-2-methylpentane, trimethyl-1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,3-bis (isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane, trans-1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate, Diisocyanate, toluene-2,6-diisocyanate, xylene-1,4-diisocyanate, tetramethyl xylene-1, Diisocyanate, 1-chloromethyl-2,4-diisocyanate, 4,4'-methylenebis (2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanate), 4,4'-oxybis (phenylisocyanate), hexamethylene diisocyanate And trifunctional isocyanate derived from trimethylene propanol adduct toluene diisocyanate O it may be one or more selected from the group consisting of carbonate.
상기 모노머는 통상적으로 사용하는 것을 제한 없이 사용할 수 있으며, 광경화형 관능기로 (메타)아크릴로일기, 비닐기, 스티릴기, 알릴기 등의 불포화기를 분자내에 갖는 모노머가 바람직하고, 그 중에서도 (메타)아크릴로일기를 갖는 모노머가 바람직하다. The monomer is not particularly limited, and monomers having a photocurable functional group in the molecule such as a (meth) acryloyl group, a vinyl group, a styryl group, and an allyl group are preferable. Among them, Monomers having an acryloyl group are preferred.
상기 (메타)아크릴로일기를 갖는 모노머는 구체적인 예로, 네오펜틸글리콜아크릴레이트, 1,6-헥산디올(메타)아크릴레이트, 프로필렌글리콜디(메타)아크릴레이트, 트리에틸렌글리콜디(메타)아크릴레이트, 디프로필렌글리콜디(메타)아크릴레이트, 폴리에틸렌글리콜디(메타)아크릴레이트, 폴리프로필렌글리콜디(메타)아크릴레이트, 트리메틸올프로판트리(메타)아크릴레이트, 트리메틸올에탄트리(메타)아크릴레이트, 1,2,4-시클로헥산테트라(메타)아크릴레이트, 펜타글리세롤트리(메타)아크릴레이트, 펜타에리스리톨테트라(메타)아크릴레이트, 펜타에리스리톨트리(메타)아크릴레이트, 디펜타에리스리톨트리(메타)아크릴레이트, 디펜타에리스리톨펜타(메타)아크릴레이트, 디펜타에리스리톨테트라(메타)아크릴레이트, 디펜타에리스리톨헥사(메타)아크릴레이트, 트리펜타에리스리톨트리(메타)아크릴레이트, 트리펜타에리스리톨헥사트리(메타)아크릴레이트, 비스(2-하이드록시에틸)이소시아누레이트디(메타)아크릴레이트, 하이드록시에틸(메타)아크릴레이트, 하이드록시프로필(메타)아크릴레이트, 하이드록시부틸(메타)아크릴레이트, 이소옥틸(메타)아크릴레이트, 이소덱실(메타)아크릴레이트, 스테아릴(메타)아크릴레이트, 테트라하이드로퍼푸릴(메타)아크릴레이트, 페녹시에틸(메타)아크릴레이트, 및 이소보네올(메타)아크릴레이트로 이루어진 군으로부터 1종 이상 선택될 수 있다.Specific examples of the monomer having a (meth) acryloyl group include neopentyl glycol acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol (meth) acrylate, propylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, triethylene glycol di Acrylate, dipropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, polyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, polypropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, trimethylol ethane tri Acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra (Meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, (Meth) acrylate such as tripentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate di (meth) acrylate, hydroxyethyl (Meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, tetrahydroperfuryl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, (Meth) acrylate, phenoxyethyl (meth) acrylate, and isobonole (meth) acrylate.
상기 예시한 투광성 수지인 광경화형 (메타)아크릴레이트 올리고머 및 모노머는 각각 단독으로 또는 둘 이상을 조합하여 사용할 수 있다.The above-mentioned light-curable (meth) acrylate oligomer and monomer which are the light-transmitting resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
상기 투광성 수지는 특별히 제한되지는 않으나, 상기 광확산 방현필름용 조성물 전체 100중량부에 대하여 1 내지 80중량부 포함될 수 있다. 1중량부 이하이면 충분한 경도 향상을 도모하기 어렵고, 80중량부를 초과할 경우 컬링이 심해지는 문제가 있다.
The light transmitting resin is not particularly limited, but may be included in an amount of 1 to 80 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the entire composition for a light diffusion and scattering film. When the amount is less than 1 part by weight, it is difficult to achieve sufficient hardness improvement, and when the amount is more than 80 parts by weight, curling becomes serious.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에서, 상기 광개시제로는 당해 분야에서 사용되는 것을 제한 없이 사용할 수 있다. 상기 광개시제로는 구체적으로, 2-메틸-1-[4-(메틸티오)페닐]2-모폴린프로판온-1, 디페닐케톤 벤질디메틸케탈, 2-히드록시-2-메틸-1-페닐-1-온, 4-히드록시시클로페닐케톤, 디메톡시-2-페닐아세토페논, 안트라퀴논, 플루오렌, 트리페닐아민, 카바졸, 3-메틸아세토페논, 4-크놀로아세토페논, 4,4-디메톡시아세토페논, 4,4-디아미노벤조페논, 1-히드록시시클로헥실페닐케톤 및 벤조페논으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 적어도 하나를 사용할 수 있다. In one embodiment of the present invention, the photoinitiator may be any of those used in the art. Specific examples of the photoinitiator include 2-methyl-1- [4- (methylthio) phenyl] 2-morpholinepropanone-1, diphenylketone benzyldimethylketal, 2-hydroxy- 4-hydroxycyclophenyl ketone, dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, anthraquinone, fluorene, triphenylamine, carbazole, 3-methylacetophenone, At least one selected from the group consisting of 4-dimethoxyacetophenone, 4,4-diaminobenzophenone, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone and benzophenone can be used.
상기 광개시제는 상기 광확산 방현필름용 조성물 전체 100중량부에 대하여 0.1 내지 10중량부 포함될 수 있다. 상기 광개시제의 함량이 0.1중량부 미만이면 경화 속도가 늦고, 10중량부를 초과할 경우 과경화로 방현성 광확산층에 크랙이 발생할 수 있다.
The photoinitiator may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total composition for the light diffusion / shockproof film. When the content of the photoinitiator is less than 0.1 parts by weight, the curing rate is slow. When the content of the photoinitiator is more than 10 parts by weight, cracking may occur in the light-scattering optical diffusion layer.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에서, 상기 용제는 당해 분야에서 용제로 알려진 것이라면 제한되지 않고 사용할 수 있다. 일례로, 상기 용제는 알코올계(메탄올, 에탄올, 이소프로판올, 부탄올, 메틸셀루소브, 에틸솔루소브, 1-메톡시-2-프로판올 등), 케톤계(메틸에틸케톤, 메틸부틸케톤, 메틸이소부틸케톤, 디에틸케톤, 디프로필케톤, 시클로헥사논 등), 헥산계(헥산, 헵탄, 옥탄 등), 벤젠계(벤젠, 톨루엔, 자일렌 등) 등이 바람직하게 사용될 수 있다. 상기 예시된 용제들은 각각 단독으로 또는 2종 이상을 조합하여 사용할 수 있다.In one embodiment of the present invention, the solvent can be used without limitation as long as it is known in the art as a solvent. For example, the solvent may be an alcohol (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, methylcellulose, ethylsulosorb, 1-methoxy- Hexane, heptane, and octane), benzene (benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.), and the like can be preferably used. The solvents exemplified above may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
상기 용제의 함량은 상기 광확산 방현필름용 조성물 전체 100중량부에 대하여 10 내지 95중량부 포함될 수 있다. 상기 용제가 상기 기준으로 10중량부 미만이면 점도가 높아 작업성이 떨어지고, 95중량부를 초과할 경우에는 경화 과정에서 시간이 많이 소요되고 경제성이 떨어지는 문제가 있다.
The content of the solvent may be in the range of 10 to 95 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total composition for the light diffusion film. If the amount of the solvent is less than 10 parts by weight, the viscosity of the composition is low, and if the amount of the solvent exceeds 95 parts by weight, the curing process is time-consuming and economical.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 광확산 방현필름용 조성물은 상기한 성분들 이외에도, 당해 기술분야에서 일반적으로 사용되는 성분들, 예를 들어 항산화제, UV 흡수제, 광안정제, 열적 고분자화 금지제, 레벨링제, 계면활성제, 윤활제, 방오제 등이 추가적으로 포함될 수 있다.
In addition to the above-mentioned components, the composition for a light diffusion film according to an embodiment of the present invention may contain components commonly used in the art, for example, antioxidants, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, A leveling agent, a surfactant, a lubricant, an antifouling agent, and the like.
본 발명의 일 실시형태는 상술한 광확산 방현필름용 조성물을 이용하여 형성되는 광확산 방현필름에 관한 것이다. 본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 광확산 방현필름은 투명기재의 한면 또는 양면에 상술한 광확산 방현필름용 조성물의 경화물을 포함하는 광확산층이 형성되어 있는 것을 특징으로 한다.One embodiment of the present invention relates to a light diffusing antiglare film formed using the above composition for a light diffusion film. The light diffusing antiglare film according to one embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that a light diffusing layer containing a cured product of the composition for a light diffusion and scattering film described above is formed on one or both sides of a transparent substrate.
상기 투명기재로는 투명성이 있는 플라스틱 필름이면 어떤 것이라도 사용 가능하다. 예를 들면, 노르보르넨이나 다환 노르보르넨계 단량체와 같은 시클로올레핀을 포함하는 단량체의 단위를 갖는 시클로올레핀계 유도체, 셀룰로오스(디아세틸셀룰로오스, 트리아세틸셀룰로오스, 아세틸셀룰로오스부틸레이트, 이소부틸에스테르셀룰로오스, 프로피오닐셀룰로오스, 부티릴셀룰로오스, 아세틸프로피오닐셀룰로오스), 에틸렌아세트산비닐공중합체, 폴리에스테르, 폴리스티렌, 폴리아미드, 폴리에테르이미드, 폴리아크릴, 폴리이미드, 폴리에테르술폰, 폴리술폰, 폴리에틸렌, 폴리프로필렌, 폴리메틸펜텐, 폴리염화비닐, 폴리염화비닐리덴, 폴리비닐알콜, 폴리비닐아세탈, 폴리에테르케톤, 폴리에테르에테르케톤, 폴리에테르술폰, 폴리메틸메타아크릴레이트, 폴리에틸렌테레프탈레이트, 폴리부틸렌테레프탈레이트, 폴리에틸렌나프탈레이트, 폴리카보네이트, 폴리우레탄 및 에폭시 중에서 선택하여 사용할 수 있으며, 미연신, 1축 또는 2축 연신 필름을 사용할 수 있다.As the transparent substrate, any plastic film having transparency can be used. For example, cycloolefin-based derivatives having units of monomers including cycloolefins such as norbornene and polycyclic norbornene monomers, cellulose (such as diacetylcellulose, triacetylcellulose, acetylcellulose butylate, isobutylestercellulose, Propylene cellulose, butyryl cellulose and acetyl propionyl cellulose), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polyester, polystyrene, polyamide, polyether imide, polyacryl, polyimide, polyether sulfone, polysulfone, polyethylene, polypropylene, Polyolefins such as polymethylpentene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetal, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyethersulfone, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, Polyethylene naphthalate Polyesters, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and epoxies. Unstretched, uniaxially or biaxially stretched films can be used.
구체적으로는, 상기 예시한 투명기재 중에서도 투명성 및 내열성이 우수한 1축 또는 2축 연신 폴리에스테르 필름이나, 투명성 및 내열성이 우수하면서 필름의 대형화에 대응할 수 있는 시클로올레핀계 유도체 필름, 투명성 및 광학적으로 이방성이 없는 트리아세틸셀룰로오스 필름, 높은 투명성과 저가인 아크릴계 공중합체 필름이 적합하게 사용될 수 있다. Specifically, among the above-mentioned transparent materials, monoaxially or biaxially stretched polyester films excellent in transparency and heat resistance, cycloolefin-based derivative films excellent in transparency and heat resistance, capable of coping with the enlargement of the film, transparent and optically anisotropic A triacetylcellulose film having no transparency and a low-cost acrylic copolymer film can be suitably used.
상기 투명기재의 두께는 특별히 제한되지 않으나, 8 내지 1000㎛, 구체적으로는 20 내지 150㎛일 수 있다. 상기 투명기재의 두께가 8㎛ 미만이면 필름의 강도가 저하되어 가공성이 떨어지게 되고, 1000㎛ 초과이면 투명성이 저하되거나 편광판의 중량이 커지는 문제가 발생한다.
The thickness of the transparent substrate is not particularly limited, but may be 8 to 1000 탆, specifically 20 to 150 탆. If the thickness of the transparent base material is less than 8 占 퐉, the strength of the film is lowered and the workability is lowered. If the thickness is more than 1000 占 퐉, the transparency is lowered or the weight of the polarizing plate is increased.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 광확산 방현필름은 투명기재의 한면 또는 양면에 본 발명의 광확산 방현필름용 조성물을 도포하고 경화시켜 광확산층을 형성시킴으로써 제조할 수 있다.The light diffusing antiglare film according to an embodiment of the present invention can be produced by applying a composition for a light diffusion antiglare film of the present invention on one side or both sides of a transparent substrate and curing the same to form a light diffusion layer.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 광확산 방현필름용 조성물은 다이코터, 에어 나이프, 리버스 롤, 스프레이, 블레이드, 캐스팅, 그라비아, 마이크로 그라비아, 스핀코팅 등 공지된 방식을 적절히 사용하여, 투명기재에 도공(Coating Process)이 가능하다.The composition for a light diffusion film according to an embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a transparent substrate using a known method such as a die coater, an air knife, a reverse roll, a spray, a blade, a casting, a gravure, a microgravure, (Coating Process) is possible.
상기 광확산 방현필름용 조성물을 투명기재에 도포한 후에는, 30 내지 150℃의 온도에서 10초 내지 1시간 동안, 보다 구체적으로는 30초 내지 30분 동안 휘발물을 증발시켜 건조시킨 다음, UV광을 조사하여 경화시킨다. 상기 UV광의 조사량은 구체적으로 약 0.01 내지 10J/㎠일 수 있으며, 보다 구체적으로 0.1 내지 2J/㎠일 수 있다.After the composition for a light diffusion film is applied to a transparent substrate, the volatiles are evaporated at a temperature of 30 to 150 ° C for 10 seconds to 1 hour, more specifically for 30 seconds to 30 minutes, Light is irradiated to cure. The irradiation amount of the UV light may be about 0.01 to 10 J / cm 2, and more specifically, about 0.1 to 2 J / cm 2.
이때, 형성되는 광확산층의 두께는 구체적으로 1 내지 30㎛, 보다 구체적으로 1.5 내지 10㎛일 수 있다. 상기 광확산층의 두께가 상기 범위 내에 포함될 경우 우수한 경도 효과를 얻을 수 있다.
At this time, the thickness of the formed light diffusion layer may be specifically 1 to 30 탆, more specifically, 1.5 to 10 탆. When the thickness of the light diffusion layer is within the above range, an excellent hardness effect can be obtained.
본 발명의 일 실시형태는 상술한 광확산 방현필름이 구비된 편광판에 관한 것이다. 본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 편광판은 상술한 광확산 방현필름을 편광필름의 한 면에 상기 광확산 방현필름의 투명기재측이 상기 편광필름에 대향하도록 적층하여 제조할 수 있다.One embodiment of the present invention relates to a polarizing plate provided with the above-mentioned light diffusion-preventing film. The polarizing plate according to one embodiment of the present invention can be produced by laminating the above-mentioned light diffusion antiglare film on one side of a polarizing film so that the transparent substrate side of the light diffusion antiglare film faces the polarizing film.
상기 편광필름은 특별하게 제한되지 않으며, 예를 들면 폴리비닐 알코올계 필름, 에틸렌-비닐 아세테이트 공중합체계 부분 비누화 필름 등의 친수성 고분자 필름에, 요오드나 2색성 염료 등의 2색성 물질을 흡착시켜 1축 연신한 필름, 폴리비닐 알코올의 탈수처리물이나 폴리염화비닐의 탈염산처리물 등 폴리엔계 배향 필름 등이 사용될 수 있다. 구체적으로는, 폴리비닐 알코올계 필름과 요오드 등의 2색성 물질로 이루어지는 것이 사용될 수 있다. 이들 편광필름의 두께는 특별하게 제한되지 않지만, 일반적으로는 5 내지 80㎛ 정도이다.
The polarizing film is not particularly limited. For example, a polarizing film such as a polyvinyl alcohol film, a partial saponification film of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymerization system, or the like may be produced by adsorbing a dichromatic substance such as iodine or a dichromatic dye onto a single- A stretched film, a dehydrated product of polyvinyl alcohol, a dehydrochlorinated product of polyvinyl chloride, and the like can be used. Specifically, a film made of a dichromatic material such as a polyvinyl alcohol-based film and iodine can be used. The thickness of these polarizing films is not particularly limited, but is generally about 5 to 80 占 퐉.
본 발명의 일 실시형태는 상술한 광확산 방현필름이 구비된 액정표시장치에 관한 것이다. 상술한 본 발명의 편광판은, 통상적으로는 액정표시장치에 부착하는 경우, 상기 광확산 방현필름이 시인측(광출사측)이 되도록, 점착제층 등을 개재시켜 액정 패널의 유리 기판에 점착되어 액정표시장치에 편입된다.One embodiment of the present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device provided with the above-mentioned light diffusion antiglare film. The above-mentioned polarizing plate of the present invention is usually adhered to a glass substrate of a liquid crystal panel through a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer or the like so that the light diffusion antiglare film becomes a visual side (light emission side) when attached to a liquid crystal display, And incorporated into the display device.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 액정표시장치는, 적합하게는 백라이트 장치와, 광편향 수단과, 백라이트측 편광판과, 액정 셀과, 본 발명의 편광판을, 이 순서로 구비하도록 구성된다. 구체적으로는, 노멀리 화이트 모드의 TN 방식의 액정표시장치의 경우에는, 백라이트 장치, 광편향 수단으로서의 2장의 프리즘 필름, 백라이트측 편광판, 한쌍의 투명 기판 사이에 액정층이 마련되어 이루어지는 액정 셀, 및 본 발명의 편광판(시인측 편광판)이 이 순서로 배치된다. 상기 액정표시장치를 구성하는 부재 및 그의 제조방법은 당해 분야에 공지된 방법에 의하고 자세한 설명을 생략한다.The liquid crystal display device according to one embodiment of the present invention is preferably configured to include a backlight device, a light deflecting means, a backlight side polarizing plate, a liquid crystal cell, and a polarizing plate of the present invention in this order. Specifically, in the TN mode liquid crystal display device of the normally white mode, there are a backlight device, two prism films as light deflecting means, a backlight side polarizing plate, a liquid crystal cell provided with a liquid crystal layer between a pair of transparent substrates, And the polarizing plate (viewing side polarizing plate) of the present invention are arranged in this order. The members constituting the liquid crystal display device and the manufacturing method thereof are not shown in detail with reference to the methods known in the art.
본 발명의 일 실시형태에 따른 광확산 방현필름은 반사형, 투과형, 반투과형 LCD 또는 TN형, STN형, OCB형, HAN형, VA형, IPS형 등의 각종 구동 방식의 LCD에 사용될 수 있다.
The light diffusing antiglare film according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used in reflective, transmissive, semi-transmissive LCD or various driving LCDs such as TN type, STN type, OCB type, HAN type, VA type and IPS type .
이하, 실시예, 비교예 및 실험예에 의해 본 발명을 보다 구체적으로 설명하고자 한다. 이들 실시예, 비교예 및 실험예는 오직 본 발명을 설명하기 위한 것으로, 본 발명의 범위가 이들에 국한되지 않는다는 것은 당업자에게 있어서 자명하다.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to Examples, Comparative Examples and Experimental Examples. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that these examples, comparative examples and experimental examples are only for illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
실시예 1 내지 6 및 비교예 1 내지 4: 광확산 방현필름용 조성물의 제조Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4: Preparation of Composition for Optical Diffuse Anti-
하기 표 1 에 나타낸 바와 같은 비율(단위; 중량%)로 각 성분들을 혼합하여 광확산 방현필름용 조성물을 제조하였다.Each composition was mixed at the ratio (unit: wt%) as shown in Table 1 below to prepare a composition for a light diffusion anticr film.
M340: 펜타에리스리톨트리/테트라아크릴레이트M340: Pentaerythritol tri / tetraacrylate
Tospearl 120: 직경 2㎛ 실리콘 입자(굴절률 1.43, 모멘티브사)Tospearl 120: 2 탆 diameter silicon particles (refractive index 1.43, Momentive)
Tospearl 130: 직경 3㎛ 실리콘 입자(굴절률 1.43, 모멘티브사)Tospearl 130: 3 mu m diameter silicon particles (refractive index 1.43, Momentive)
XX-04HW: 직경 5㎛ 아크릴 입자(세키스이사)XX-04HW: Acrylic particles 5 mu m in diameter (Sekisu Corporation)
XX-11HW: 직경 2㎛ 아크릴 입자(세키스이사)XX-11HW: 2 탆 diameter acrylic particles (Sekisu Corporation)
XX-17HW: 직경 7㎛ 아크릴 입자(세키스이사)XX-17HW: 7 mu m diameter acrylic particles (Sekisu Corporation)
XX-10HW: 직경 3㎛ 아크릴 입자(세키스이사)XX-10HW: Acrylic particles with a diameter of 3 mu m (Sekisui Corporation)
PGME: 1-메톡시-2-프로판올PGME: 1-methoxy-2-propanol
Irgacure 184: 1-히드록시시클로헥실페닐케톤Irgacure 184: 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone
BYK-3550: 실리콘변성오일(BYK사)
BYK-3550: silicone-modified oil (BYK)
실험예 1: 광확산 방현필름의 제조 및 평가Experimental Example 1: Manufacture and evaluation of light diffusion antiglare film
상기 실시예와 비교예에서 제조한 광확산 방현필름용 조성물을 2시간 동안 교반한 후, 트리아세틸셀룰로오즈 필름(40㎛, TAC) 위에 두께가 1.5~3㎛가 되도록 마이어바로 도포한 다음, 80℃에서 2분간 건조한 후, 400mJ/cm2으로 경화시켜서 광확산 방현필름을 제조하였다.
After the composition for the light diffusion-diffusing film prepared in the above-mentioned Examples and Comparative Examples was stirred for 2 hours, it was applied to a Meyer bar so as to have a thickness of 1.5 to 3 μm on a triacetyl cellulose film (40 μm, TAC) For 2 minutes, and then cured at 400 mJ / cm < 2 > to prepare a light diffusion film.
상기와 같이 제조된 광확산 방현필름에 대하여 하기와 같이 물성을 측정하고, 그 결과를 하기 표 2에 나타내었다.
The physical properties of the light diffusing antiglare film prepared as described above were measured as follows, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.
(1) 헤이즈 측정(1) Haze measurement
MURAKAMI사의 HM-150 Haze Meter를 이용하여 각 필름의 헤이즈(Haze)를 측정하였다.
The haze of each film was measured using an HM-150 haze meter manufactured by MURAKAMI.
(2) 정면(0도) 투과선명도 측정(2) Front (0 degree) transmission sharpness measurement
선명도 측정기(ICM-1T, 스가사)를 이용하여 각 필름의 투과선명도를 측정하였다. 투과선명도 측정 시 투과선명도 수치는 슬릿 간격 0.125mm, 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 2.0mm의 투과선명도 수치의 합산으로 결정하였다.
The clarity of each film was measured using a sharpness tester (ICM-1T, Suga). Transparency sharpness values were determined by summing the values of the transmission sharpness values of the slit intervals of 0.125 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm.
(3) 사면(30도) 확산선명도 측정(3) slope (30 degrees) diffusion sharpness measurement
선명도 측정기(ICM-1T, 스가사)를 이용하여 각 필름의 확산선명도를 측정하였다. 30도 사면의 확산선명도는 측정부를 정면의 법선 방향으로 30도의 위치에서 측정하였으며, 수치는 슬릿 간격 0.125mm, 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 2.0mm의 확산선명도 수치의 합산으로 결정하였다.The diffusion sharpness of each film was measured using a sharpness meter (ICM-1T, Suga). The diffusion sharpness of the 30-degree slope was measured at a position of 30 degrees in the normal direction of the front surface, and the numerical values were determined by summing the diffusion sharpness values of the slit intervals of 0.125 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm.
상기 표 2에서 보듯이, 확산 입자로 실리콘 입자를 사용한 본 발명에 따른 실시예 1 내지 6의 광확산 방현필름은 헤이즈가 82.1 내지 86.4%이며, 투과선명도(정면 0도) 및 확산선명도(사면 30도)가 각각 100% 이상 및 200% 이상으로, 확산 입자로 아크릴 입자를 사용한 비교예 2 내지 4의 방현필름보다 광확산성이 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다.
As shown in Table 2, the light diffusion antiglare films of Examples 1 to 6 according to the present invention using silicone particles as diffusion particles had a haze of 82.1 to 86.4%, a transmission sharpness (frontal 0 degree) and a diffusion sharpness (slope 30 Was 100% or more and 200% or more, respectively, than the antiglare films of Comparative Examples 2 to 4 using acrylic particles as the diffusion particles.
이상으로 본 발명의 특정한 부분을 상세히 기술하였는 바, 본 발명이 속한 기술분야에서 통상의 지식을 가진 자에게 있어서 이러한 구체적인 기술은 단지 바람직한 구현예일 뿐이며, 이에 본 발명의 범위가 제한되는 것이 아님은 명백하다. 본 발명이 속한 기술분야에서 통상의 지식을 가진 자라면 상기 내용을 바탕으로 본 발명의 범주 내에서 다양한 응용 및 변형을 행하는 것이 가능할 것이다.It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Do. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
따라서, 본 발명의 실질적인 범위는 첨부된 특허청구범위와 그의 등가물에 의하여 정의된다고 할 것이다. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
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