KR20060097486A - Secondary battery - Google Patents
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- KR20060097486A KR20060097486A KR1020050019837A KR20050019837A KR20060097486A KR 20060097486 A KR20060097486 A KR 20060097486A KR 1020050019837 A KR1020050019837 A KR 1020050019837A KR 20050019837 A KR20050019837 A KR 20050019837A KR 20060097486 A KR20060097486 A KR 20060097486A
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/103—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure prismatic or rectangular
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/107—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/117—Inorganic material
- H01M50/119—Metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/121—Organic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/147—Lids or covers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)
Abstract
이차 전지는 케이스와, 케이스의 외면을 커버하는 절연성 외장재를 포함하므로, 이차 전지의 외면이 손상되는 것을 방지할 수 있는 효과가 있다.Since the secondary battery includes a case and an insulating outer cover covering the outer surface of the case, there is an effect of preventing the outer surface of the secondary battery from being damaged.
이차 전지, 외장재, 필름, 도장, 라미네이트 Secondary battery, exterior material, film, coating, laminate
Description
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 이차 전지의 사시도를 도시한 도면이고, 1 is a view showing a perspective view of a secondary battery according to the present invention,
도 2는 도 1의 이차 전지를 A-A'방향으로 절단한 단면도이다.FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the rechargeable battery of FIG. 1 taken along the line AA ′. FIG.
< 도면의 주요 부호에 대한 간단한 설명 ><Brief Description of Major Codes in Drawings>
10 : 원통형 케이스 20 : 전극조립체10: cylindrical case 20: electrode assembly
30 : 캡 조립체 40 : 외장재30
100 : 이차 전지100: secondary battery
본 발명은 이차 전지에 관한 것으로서 보다 상세하게는 인체에 유해하지 않고, 환경오염문제를 극복할 수 있는 외장재를 갖는 이차 전지에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a secondary battery, and more particularly, to a secondary battery having an exterior material which is not harmful to a human body and can overcome environmental pollution problems.
최근에는 셀룰라 폰, 노트북 컴퓨터, 캠코더 등의 콤팩트하고 경량화 된 전기/전자장치들이 활발하게 개발 및 생산되고 있다. 이러한 휴대용 전기/전자장치들은 별도의 전원이 구비되지 않은 장소에서도 작동될 수 있도록 전지 팩을 내장하고 있다. 내장된 전지 팩은 휴대용 전기/전자장치를 일정 기간 동안 구동시키기 위해 일정 레벨의 전압을 출력시킬 수 있도록 내부에 적어도 하나의 전지를 구비하고 있 다.Recently, compact and lightweight electric / electronic devices such as cellular phones, notebook computers, camcorders, etc. have been actively developed and produced. These portable electric / electronic devices have a battery pack that can be operated in a place where no separate power source is provided. The built-in battery pack has at least one battery therein for outputting a predetermined level of voltage for driving the portable electric / electronic device for a certain period of time.
상기 전지 팩은 경제적인 측면을 고려하여 최근에는 충ㆍ방전이 가능한 이차전지를 채용하고 있다. 이차전지에는 대표적으로, 니켈-카드뮴(Ni-Cd)전지와 니켈-수소(Ni-MH)전지 및 리튬(Li)전지와 리튬 이온(Li-ion)전지 등의 리튬 이차 전지 등이 있다.In consideration of economic aspects, the battery pack has recently adopted a secondary battery capable of charging and discharging. Typical secondary batteries include nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, nickel-hydrogen (Ni-MH) batteries, and lithium secondary batteries such as lithium (Li) batteries and lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries.
특히, 리튬 이차 전지는 작동 전압이 3.6V로서, 휴대용 전자 장비 전원으로 많이 사용되고 있는 니켈-카드뮴 전지나, 니켈-수소 전지보다 3배나 높고, 단위 중량당 에너지 밀도가 높다는 측면에서 급속도로 신장되고 있는 추세이다.In particular, the lithium secondary battery has an operating voltage of 3.6 V, which is three times higher than that of a nickel-cadmium battery or a nickel-hydrogen battery, which is widely used as a power source for portable electronic equipment, and is rapidly increasing in terms of high energy density per unit weight. to be.
이러한 리튬 이차 전지는 주로 양극 활물질로 리튬계 산화물, 음극 활물질로는 탄소재를 사용하고 있.다. 일반적으로는 전해액의 종류에 따라 액체 전해질 전지와, 고분자 전해질 전지로 분류되며, 액체 전해질을 사용하는 전지를 리튬 이온 전지라 하고, 고분자 전해질을 사용하는 전지를 리튬 폴리머 전지라고 한다. 또한 리튬 이차 전지는 여러 가지 형상으로 제조되고 있는데, 대표적인 형상으로는 원통형과, 각형과, 파우치형을 들 수 있다.Such lithium secondary batteries mainly use lithium-based oxides as positive electrode active materials and carbon materials as negative electrode active materials. In general, a battery is classified into a liquid electrolyte battery and a polymer electrolyte battery according to the type of electrolyte. A battery using a liquid electrolyte is called a lithium ion battery, and a battery using a polymer electrolyte is called a lithium polymer battery. Moreover, although a lithium secondary battery is manufactured in various shapes, typical shapes include cylindrical shape, square shape, and pouch type.
통상적으로, 원통형 리튬 이차 전지는 원통형 케이스의 내부에 음극전극판, 양극전극판 및 세퍼레이터가 권취된 전극 조립체와 전해액이 수용되고, 캡 조립체에 의해 밀봉된다.In general, a cylindrical lithium secondary battery accommodates an electrode assembly and an electrolyte in which a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a separator are wound inside a cylindrical case, and is sealed by a cap assembly.
여기서 원통형 케이스에는 원통형 케이스의 손상을 방지하고, 원통형 케이스와 도체가 접촉되어 쇼트되는 것을 방지하기 위해 절연물질로 원통형 케이스의 외면을 감싸는 외장재가 설치된다.The cylindrical case is provided with an outer material surrounding the outer surface of the cylindrical case with an insulating material in order to prevent damage to the cylindrical case and to prevent the cylindrical case and the conductor from being shorted.
외장재는 일반적으로 연질의 PVC 튜브로서, PVC 튜브 내부에 원통형 케이스를 삽입한 후, 약 200℃ 이상의 열을 가하여 PVC 튜브를 열수축시킨다. 그러면, PVC 튜브는 수축되어 원통형 케이스의 외면에 라미네이팅 되어 원통형 케이스의 외면을 보호하는 외장재가 된다.The sheath is generally a soft PVC tube, and a cylindrical case is inserted into the PVC tube, and then heat contracted to the PVC tube by applying heat of about 200 ° C. or more. Then, the PVC tube is shrunk and laminated to the outer surface of the cylindrical case to become an exterior material protecting the outer surface of the cylindrical case.
그런데, 종래의 외장재를 갖는 이차 전지는 PVC 튜브를 수축시킬 때 가해지는 열로 인해 이차 전지 내부에 수납된 전극 조립체나 전해액 등이 변형되어 이차 전지의 성능이 저하되는 문제점이 있다.By the way, the secondary battery having a conventional packaging material has a problem that the performance of the secondary battery is deteriorated by deformation of the electrode assembly or the electrolyte contained in the secondary battery due to the heat applied when the PVC tube shrinks.
또한, PVC에서는 환경호르몬 작용이나 발암성이 있는 프탈산에스테르가 발생되고, 열이 가해지면 염화규소와 같은 유해물질이 발생되므로 환경오염문제 등을 유발시키므로 PVC의 사용을 규제하고 있다.In addition, the use of PVC is regulated because PVC causes phthalic acid esters having environmental hormone action or carcinogenicity, and harmful substances such as silicon chloride are generated when heat is applied.
본 발명의 목적은 상술한 바와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위해 안출된 것으로서, 외장재는 인체에 유해하거나 환경오염문제를 유발시키지 않고, 이차 전지의 성능에 영향을 주지 않는 재질로 형성된 이차 전지를 제공한다.An object of the present invention is to solve the problems as described above, the exterior material provides a secondary battery formed of a material that does not harm the human body or cause environmental pollution problems, and does not affect the performance of the secondary battery.
상기와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명은 케이스와, 상기 케이스의 외면을 커버하는 절연성 외장재를 포함하는 이차 전지를 제공한다.The present invention for achieving the above object provides a secondary battery comprising a case and an insulating outer cover covering the outer surface of the case.
상기 외장재는 나일론이나 PET 재질로 형성될 수 있다.The exterior material may be formed of nylon or PET material.
상기 외장재는 필름타입으로 형성되어 상기 케이스의 외면에 라미네이팅 될 수 있다.The exterior material may be formed in a film type and laminated on the outer surface of the case.
상기 외장재는 접착제가 도포된 테이프 타입으로 형성될 수 있다.The exterior material may be formed in a tape type coated with an adhesive.
상기 케이스는 원통형이나 각형으로 형성될 수 있으며, 그 재질은 알루미늄, 스틸, 스텐레스 스틸 중 어느 하나의 재질로 형성될 수 있다.The case may be formed in a cylindrical or rectangular shape, the material may be formed of any one material of aluminum, steel, stainless steel.
상기 케이스는 내부에 제1,2전극 그리고 세퍼레이터가 권취된 전극 조립체가 수납되고, 상기 전극 조립체의 전극과 연결되는 캡 조립체에 의해 마감된 것이 바람직하다. 여기서, 상기 제1전극은 음극인 것이 바람직하다.The case may include an electrode assembly in which the first and second electrodes and the separator are wound therein, and are closed by a cap assembly connected to the electrodes of the electrode assembly. Here, the first electrode is preferably a cathode.
이하에서는 도면을 참조하여 본 발명에 따른 이차 전지를 상세히 설명한다.Hereinafter, a secondary battery according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 이차 전지의 사시도를 도시한 도면이고, 도 2는 도 1의 이차 전지를 A-A'방향으로 절단한 단면도이다. 이들 도면을 참조하면, 이차 전지(100)는 제1전극판(21)과, 제2전극판(23) 및 제1전극판(21)과 제2전극판(23) 사이에 위치되어 쇼트를 방지하고, 리튬 이온(Li-ion)의 이동만을 가능하게 하는 세퍼레이터(25)가 권취된 전극 조립체(20)와, 전극 조립체(20)를 수용하는 케이스(10)와, 케이스(10)의 내측에 주입되어 리튬 이온의 이동을 가능하게 하는 전해액 및 원통형 케이스(10)를 밀봉하여 마감하는 캡 조립체(30) 등으로 이루어져 있다.1 is a diagram illustrating a perspective view of a rechargeable battery according to the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the rechargeable battery of FIG. Referring to these drawings, the
여기서, 제1전극판(21)은 음극 활물질이 코팅된 음극전극판이고, 제2전극판(23)은 양극 활물질이 코팅된 양극 전극판인 것이 바람직하다. Here, it is preferable that the first electrode plate 21 is a negative electrode plate coated with a negative electrode active material, and the
활물질층이 코팅되며 제1,2전극탭(21a,23b)이 연결된 제1,2전극판(21,23)은 그 사이에 세퍼레이터(25)를 적층한 후, 이를 권취하여 전극 조립체(20)를 제조한다.The first and
케이스(10)는 원통형이나 각형으로 형성될 수 있으며, 바람직하게는 알루미 늄이나 스틸, 스텐레스 스틸 중 어느 하나의 재질로 형성될 수 있다. 그러나 여기서 그 재질을 한정하는 것은 아니다.The
원통형 케이스(10)는 원기둥 형태로 형성되며 내부에 전극 조립체(20)를 수납할 수 있도록 일측이 개구된다. 원통형 케이스(10)의 개구는 캡 조립체(30)에 의해 커버된다.The
이에 따라, 전극 조립체(20)는 원통형 케이스(10)의 개구를 통해 원통형 케이스(10)에 수납되어 전극 조립체(20)가 이탈되지 않도록 한 후, 원통형 케이스(10)에는 전해액(30)이 주입된다. 전극 조립체(20)의 양극 또는 음극이 되는 전극은 캡조립체(40)와 연결된다.Accordingly, the
여기서, 원통형 케이스(10)는 외면에 나일론(Nylone)이나 PET 재질로 된 외장재(50)를 형성하여 이차 전지(100)의 손상을 방지한다.Here, the
나일론은 아미드결합 －CONH－으로 연결되어 있으며, 원칙적으로는 사슬 모양의 고분자로서, 폴리아미드계 합성 고분자이다. Nylon is connected by an amide bond -CONH-, and in principle, it is a chain-shaped polymer and is a polyamide synthetic polymer.
나일론은 일반적으로 강인하며 내유성(耐油性)·내약품성이 뛰어나 고온에서 저온까지 안정 상태로 사용할 수 있다. 나일론플라스틱(紡絲하지 않은 나일론)은 엔지니어링 플라스틱으로 대표적인 것이다. 특히 마찰계수가 작고, 내마모성이 뛰어나다. 나일론6은 필름으로 강인성·산소차단성·내유성 등의 특징을 살려 유성식품(油性食品)이나 냉동식품의 포장에 이용된다. 나일론6, 6의 필름은 내열성이 우수하다. 나일론섬유는 다음의 특성 즉 높은 인장강도, 낮은 탄성률, 낮은 흡수율, 높은 내마모성, 퍼머넌트세트가 가능하여 편물·직물로서도 널리 이용된다. 인장강 도가 높으므로 매우 얇은 직물 구조, 특히 숙녀용 스타킹에 독점적으로 쓰인다. 양모·목면·레이온과 혼방함으로써 광범위하게 이용된다. 최근 방향족 폴리아미드(아라미드)가 새로운 폴리아미드로 각광을 받고 있다. 골격 구조 중에 벤젠고리를 가진 방향족 폴리아미드는 지방산 폴리아미드보다도 녹는점·탄성률이 높은 고온특성이 좋기 때문에 내열성섬유·타이어코드 그 밖에 산업용 자재로 쓰인다. Nylon is generally tough and has excellent oil resistance and chemical resistance, so it can be used in a stable state from high temperature to low temperature. Nylon plastic is an example of engineering plastics. In particular, the friction coefficient is small and the wear resistance is excellent. Nylon 6 is a film that is used for packaging oily foods or frozen foods, taking advantage of toughness, oxygen barrier properties, and oil resistance. The films of nylon 6 and 6 are excellent in heat resistance. Nylon fiber is widely used as knit fabric and fabric because of the following properties: high tensile strength, low elastic modulus, low absorption rate, high wear resistance, and permanent set. Due to its high tensile strength it is used exclusively in very thin fabric constructions, especially ladies stockings. It is widely used by blending with wool, cotton, and rayon. Recently, aromatic polyamides (aramids) have been spotlighted as new polyamides. Aromatic polyamides having a benzene ring in the skeletal structure have higher melting point and higher elastic modulus than fatty acid polyamides.
즉, 나일론은 최소의 부피를 갖도록 형성되어도 강도가 우수하고, 유연성과 탄성이 뛰어나다. 이에, 나일론은 얇은 필름타입으로 형성가능하다. In other words, even when nylon is formed to have a minimum volume, it is excellent in strength, excellent in flexibility and elasticity. Accordingly, nylon can be formed into a thin film type.
따라서, 외장재(50)는 원통형 케이스(10)의 외면에 얇은 필름타입으로 형성된 나일론을 필리밍(Filming)하여 사용할 수 있다. 이때, 필름타입의 외장재(40)는 약한 열에 의해 원통형 케이스(10)의 외면에 라미네이팅되어 형성가능하다.Therefore, the exterior member 50 may be used by filming nylon formed in a thin film type on the outer surface of the
또한, 외장재(50)는 도면에 도시되지는 않았으나, 접착제가 도포된 테이프 타입으로 형성되어 원통형 케이스(10)의 외면에 접착될 수 있다.In addition, although not shown in the drawing, the exterior member 50 may be formed in a tape type to which an adhesive is applied and may be adhered to the outer surface of the
PET는 폴리에틸렌테레프탈레이트로서 섬유, 필름, 플라스틱 병으로 사용되며 뛰어난 강도, 내열성을 가지므로 금속, 페놀수지, 디아릴프탈레이트를 대체하는 용도로 사용되고 있다. 원료로는 원료 에틸렌그리콜, 테레프탈산, 디메틸테레프탈레이트나, 에틸렌그리클과 테레프탈산 디메틸테레프탈레이트를 중합시켜 만든다. PET is a polyethylene terephthalate, which is used as a fiber, film, plastic bottle, and has excellent strength and heat resistance, and thus is used as a substitute for metal, phenol resin, and diaryl phthalate. As a raw material, it is made by polymerizing raw material ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, and ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid dimethyl terephthalate.
또한, 내열성(열변형온도 240℃ UL규격 연속사용온도 140℃)과 전기특성, 내약품성, 칫수안정성, 양산성, 착색성이 뛰어나므로 상술한 나일론 재질과 같이 필름타입이나 테이프 타입의 외장재(50)로 제조될 수 있다.In addition, since it is excellent in heat resistance (heat deformation temperature 240 ℃ UL standard continuous use temperature 140 ℃) and electrical properties, chemical resistance, dimensional stability, mass production, colorability, the film type or tape type exterior material (50) like the nylon material described above It can be prepared as.
본 발명에 따르면, 이차 전지는 케이스의 외면에 나일론 재질로 된 필름타입의 외장재가 라미네이팅됨에 따라, 종래의 PVC 재질과 달리 환경규제를 받지 않는 케이스의 외장재가 구비되는 이점이 있다.According to the present invention, as the secondary battery is laminated with a film type exterior material made of nylon on the outer surface of the case, unlike the conventional PVC material, there is an advantage that the exterior material of the case is not subject to environmental regulations.
또한, 이차 전지는 절연성을 갖는 외장재가 구비되므로 케이스와 도전체가 접촉되어도 쇼트가 방지되고, 이차 전지의 외면이 손상되는 것을 방지할 수 있는 효과가 있다.In addition, since the secondary battery is provided with an insulating outer material, shorting is prevented even when the case and the conductor come into contact with each other, thereby preventing the external surface of the secondary battery from being damaged.
그리고, 나일론 재질로 된 외장재는 가격이 저렴하므로 생산 단가를 낮출 수 있는 효과가 있다.In addition, since the exterior material made of nylon is inexpensive, there is an effect of lowering the production cost.
Claims (11)
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20100021812A1 (en) * | 2006-12-11 | 2010-01-28 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Lithium ion battery of crimping shape of increased safety |
| KR20190068220A (en) | 2017-12-08 | 2019-06-18 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Battery Can Comprising Outer Cover with Improved Mechanical Strength |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20100021812A1 (en) * | 2006-12-11 | 2010-01-28 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Lithium ion battery of crimping shape of increased safety |
| US8889288B2 (en) | 2006-12-11 | 2014-11-18 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Lithium ion battery of crimping shape of increased safety |
| US9130203B2 (en) * | 2006-12-11 | 2015-09-08 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Lithium ion battery of crimping shape of increased safety |
| KR20190068220A (en) | 2017-12-08 | 2019-06-18 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Battery Can Comprising Outer Cover with Improved Mechanical Strength |
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