KR101636750B1 - 프린팅기반 어셈블리에 의해 제조되는 광학 시스템 - Google Patents
프린팅기반 어셈블리에 의해 제조되는 광학 시스템 Download PDFInfo
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- KR101636750B1 KR101636750B1 KR1020147033798A KR20147033798A KR101636750B1 KR 101636750 B1 KR101636750 B1 KR 101636750B1 KR 1020147033798 A KR1020147033798 A KR 1020147033798A KR 20147033798 A KR20147033798 A KR 20147033798A KR 101636750 B1 KR101636750 B1 KR 101636750B1
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Abstract
Description
도 2 a-e는 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자를 포함하는 본 발명의 광학 시스템의 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 도 2a는 집적 광학 확산기를 갖는 프린트된 LED 어레이를 도시한다. 도 2b는 집적 광섬유를 갖는 실리콘 칩 위의 VCSEL 어레이를 도시한다. 도 2c는 집적 광학 수집기를 갖는 프린트된 광전 어레이를 도시한다. 도 2d는 수집 렌즈 위에 프린트된 포토다이오드 어레이를 포함하는 인공 눈 센서를 도시한다. 도 2e는 광 센싱 및 광 발생 기능을 모두 갖고 프린트된 어레이 LED 및 포토다이오드 부품 그리고 중합체나 다른 저비용의 기판에 제공되고 집적 수집 광학계를 포함하는 광 시트 스캐너를 도시한다.
도 3은 본 발명의 프린트된 무기물 능동 매트릭스 LED 디스플레이의 단일 픽셀 소자의 제조를 위한 공정 흐름 개략도를 제공한다.
도 4는 유리 기판 위에 프린트된 능동 매트릭스 LED 디스플레이의 개략적인 도해(스케일 제외)를 제공한다. 도시된 디스플레이는 100개의 픽셀을 포함하며, 약 11인치 디스플레이이다. 장치의 박막 트랜지스터(TFT) 소자, LED 소자, 게이트 라인, 양극 라인 및 데이터 라인이 도 4에 도시되어 있다.
도 5는 (투명한) 유리 기판 위의 능동 매트릭스 LED 디스플레이의 단일 픽셀의 사진(도 5a) 및 작동 전류-전압 특성(도 5b)을 제공한다. 도 5a에 도시된 바와 같이, 능동 매트릭스 LED 디스플레이의 단일 픽셀은 프린트된 TFT 구조물, LED 구조물, 게이트 전극 및 전기적 상호 연결을 포함한다. 도 5b는 능동 매트릭스 LED 디스플레이의 단일 픽셀에 대한 전류(A) 대 구동 바이어스(V)의 곡선을 제공한다.
도 6은 (투명한) 유리 기판 위의 64 픽셀 능동 매트릭스 LED 디스플레이의 사진을 제공한다. 도 6a는 기판에 인력으로 위치된 ILEDs 및 장치 기판에 프린트된 1 ㎜의 트랜지스터를 포함하는 64 픽셀 부분 LED 디스플레이(주의: 상부 접촉이 빠짐)를 제공한다. 도 6a에 도시된 장치에서, 픽셀은 4 ㎜ 정도로 제공된다. 도 6b는 높은-전류 작동에 대한 채널(가는 초록색 선)과 서로 맞물린 프린트된 실리콘 TFT의 사진을 제공한다. 도 6c는 LED에 대항하는 투명한 일반 양극 전기적 접촉을 위치하게 하여 빛을 발하는 두 픽셀의 사진을 제공한다.
도 7a는 프린트된 무기물 수동 매트릭스 LED 디스플레이의 단일 픽셀 소자의 제조를 위한 공정 흐름 개략도를 제공한다.
도 7b는 (소프트한) 기판/층의 압축에 의해 전기적 접촉을 성립시키기 위한 공정 흐름 개략도를 제공한다.
도 8은 프린트된 수동 매트릭스 프린트된 무기물 LED 디스플레이의 개략적인 도해(스케일 제외)를 제공한다. 도 8에 도시된 바와 같이, 디스플레이는 하부 기판, 전극 네트워크, 프린트된 ILED, PDMS층 및 상부 기판을 포함한다.
도 9는 유리 및 플렉서블 PET 기판에 수동으로 위치가 지정된 프린트된 무기물 LED 디스플레이/어레이의 사진을 제공한다.
도 10은 냉간-용접 본딩 기술을 통해서 무기물 광 방출기 및 수집기를 프린팅하기 위한 공정 흐름 개략도를 제공한다.
도 11은 도너 카트리지 및 냉간-용접 본딩 기술을 사용하여 프린팅하기 위한 공정 흐름 개략도를 제공한다. 이 방법에서 카트리지는 SU-8로 패터닝된다. ILED 구조물은 카트리지의 패터닝된 표면에 위치한다. 스탬프가 ILED 구조물을 들어올린 다음 전사 프린팅을 통해서 전극이 미리 패터닝되어 있는 기판에 ILED 구조물을 프린팅하는데 사용된다. 도 11의 하부 패널은 이 방법을 사용하여 프린트된 LED 구조물의 예를 보여준다.
도 12는 본 발명의 광학 시스템의 개략도를 제공하며, 확산 광학계는 프린트 가능한 LED 구조물과 집적된다. 이 실시예에서, PDMS는 거친 폴리스티렌에서 몰딩된다. 패널(들) (a) 및 (b)의 비교는 이 광학 시스템에서 확산기의 결합의 영향을 보여준다. 확산기는 거친 몰딩된 PDMS 구조물일 수 있다. 이 도면은 확산기가 빛을 내는 영역의 크기를 효과적으로 크게 할 수 있다는 것을 설명한다.
도 13은 본 발명의 LED 광 시스템에 유용한 광선 밀도 증감 산란 중심을 포함하는 확산 광학계의 개략도를 제공한다. 이 도면에 도시된 바와 같이, 금속 아래에 프린트된 LED 구조물은 다수의 광학 산란 중심과 광통신 하도록 제공된다. 도 13의 하부 패널은 투명한 기판에서의 구조 특징부를 포함하는 산란 중심의 단면도를 보여준다.
도 14a는 프린트 가능한 마이크로-LED의 제조를 위한 예시적인 에피층(epilayer) 구조물을 제공한다. 이 도면에 도시된 바와 같이, 에피층 구조물은 장치층, 희생층 및 핸들 웨이퍼의 시리즈를 포함한다. 에피층 구조물에서 개별 층은 도 14a의 하부 패널에 도시되어 있다. 도 14b는 양자 우물 방사층을 포함하는 프린트 가능한 마이크로-LED의 제조를 위한 예시적인 에피층의 구조물을 제공한다. 에피층 구조물은 p-클래딩 및 n-클래딩층 사이에 제공된 반도체층의 시리즈를 포함한다. 에피층 구조물에서 각 층의 특정 구성이 제공된다. 도 14c는 프린트 가능한 마이크로-LED의 제조를 위한 에피층 구조에서 각 층의 구성, 두께, 도핑 및 기능을 나타내는 테이블을 제공한다. 도 14d는 프린트 가능한 p-온-n GaAs 태양 전지가 9에서 4층을 포토리소그래피와 식각하고 습식 화학 식각으로 3층을 선택적으로 제거하여 만들어질 수 있는 마더 웨이퍼의 예를 도시한다. 도 14e는 프린트 가능한 n-온-p GaAs 태양 전지가 9에서 4층을 포토리소그래피와 식각하고 습식 화학 식각으로 3층을 선택적으로 제거하여 만들어질 수 있는 마더 웨이퍼의 다른 예를 제공한다.
도 15는 낮은 필-팩터, 마이크로-크기( < ~ 100 ㎛ 발자국)의 LED로부터 미세한 픽실레이션/높은 투명도를 설명하는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 이 도면의 상부 패널에 도시된 바와 같이, 광학 시스템은 (ⅰ) 제1 유리 코팅된 ITO 또는 낮은 필-팩터의 금속 메쉬층; (ⅱ) 프린트된 마이크로 LED 구조물; 및 (ⅲ) 제2 유리 코팅된 ITO 또는 낮은 필-팩터의 금속 메쉬층을 포함한다. 오프 상태 및 온 상태에 대응하는 평면도가 제공되어 있다. 평면도의 확대도 또한 마이크로 LED 구조물의 위치를 보여주기 위해 제공되어 있다.
도 16은 프린트 가능한 발광 무기물 반도체 마이크로-소자: 마이크로-LED 또는 VCSEL의 분리(release)를 위한 방법을 제공한다. 방법 1은 예를 들어, 그것들을 포토레지스트 같은 중합체에 밀봉하고 그것들이 성장되었던 웨이퍼로부터 불화수소산(hydrofluoric acid)을 사용하여 AlxGa1 -xAs( x > 약 70%) 희생층을 선택적으로 식각하여 그것들을 분리함으로써 그런 소자들을 분리하는 것을 설명한다. 방법 2는 변형가능한(conformable) 유전체(예를 들어, 실리콘 질화물)에서 그것들을 밀봉하고 수용 수산화 칼륨을 사용하여 AlGaAs를 선택적으로 산화하고 산화된 재료를 식각한 웨이퍼로부터 그것들을 분리하는 분리를 설명한다. 방법 3은 예를 들어, 포로레지스트 같은 중합체로 그것들을 밀봉하고 구연산 및 과산화 수소의 수용 혼합물을 사용하여 묻혀있는 GaAs 희생층을 선택적인 식각하는 분리를 설명한다. 방법 3에서, AlGaAs는 구연산-기반 식각액으로부터 발광 소자의 아래쪽을 보호한다.
도 17a는 프린트 가능한 태양 전지에 의해 집적 태양 전지/수집기 어레이의 제조를 설명하는 개략적인 공정 흐름 도표를 제공한다. 도 17b는 광학 어레이의 레지스트리의 상호 연결을 통해서 집적 태양 전지/수집기 어레이의 제조를 설명하는 개략적인 공정 흐름 도표를 제공한다. 도 17c는 집적 태양 전지/수집기 어레이의 작동을 설명하는 개략적인 공정 흐름 도표를 제공한다.
도 18a는 본 발명의 집적된 낮은 수준의 수집 광학계 (렌즈) 및 광학 시스템의 태양-전지 어레이의 작동을 보여주는 개략적인 광선 도표(스케일 제외)를 제공한다. 도 18a에 도시된 바와 같이 복사는 집속기에 의해 수집되고 프린트된 마이크로태양 전지에 초점이 맞춰진다. 도 18b는 비반사층, 상부 접촉 및 p-n 접합을 포함하는 본 발명의 마이크로전지의 확대도를 보여준다.
도 19는 시트(sheet) 같은 폼 팩터(form factor)에서 반도체 재료 비용을 감소시켜 광 수확하는 개략적인 도표 설명을 제공한다. 수집기 크기는 대략 2 mm이고, 태양 전지 크기는 대략 0.1 mm이며, 영역 증가(수집기 영역 및 태양 전지 영역의 비율)은 대략 400이다. 이 도면에서 도시된 계산에 의해 설명된 바와 같이 가공된 반도체 웨이퍼 1ft2는 대략 400 ft2의 광-수확 영역을 결과적으로 생기게 한다. 이 계산은 본 발명의 방법 및 광학 시스템이 고성능의 광전 소자 및 시스템을 위해 고효율과 저비용의 제조 전략을 제공한다는 것을 설명해준다.
도 20은 본 발명의 수집 광학계 및 태양 전지 어레이의 외래적으로 구성된 태양 전지(sympevolent/diventegration)의 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 이 도면에 도시된 바와 같이, 수집 광학계가 접촉 프린팅을 통해서 장치 기판에 조립된 질화물/인화물 및/또는 비화물 태양 전지 및 실리콘 태양 전지와의 광통신에 제공된다. 도 20은 또한 수집기의 수집 및 초점 기능과 개별적으로 위치가 지정된 태양 전지를 보여주는 입사광의 광선 도표를 제공한다. 단결정 멀티층 태양 전지(예를 들어, 제3세대 태양 전지)는 대개 MOCVD에 의해서 성장하고, 층 사이의 결정 그리드 미스매치의 불가피성에 의해서 압박받는다. 우리 시스템에서 다른 흡수층은 임의의 그리드를 가질 수 있고, 재료는 각 층을 위해 최적 스펙트럼 흡수를 위해 선택된다.
도 21은 레플리카 몰딩 방법 및 접촉 프린팅의 조합을 사용하는 집적 태양 전지 및 렌즈 어레이의 제조를 위한 개략적인 공정 흐름 도표를 제공한다. 이 도면에 도시된 바와 같이 마스터 렌즈 어레이는 예를 들어, 레플리카 몰딩이나 각인 기술 같은 네거티브 레플리카 몰드를 생성하는데 사용된다. 다음, 몰딩된 PDMS층은 네거티브 레플리카에 대해서 중합체를 주조하여 평요의 중합체 렌즈 어레이를 생성하는데 사용된다. 도 21에 도시된 바와 같이, 장치 기판에 프린트된 태양 전지는 본 발명의 광학 시스템을 생성하기 위하여 렌즈 어레이와 광통신 하는데 제공된다.
도 22는 본 발명에 의해 기술되는 광 수집 시스템에서의 사용을 위한 작은 영역에 광을 초점 맞추는 집속/수집 광학계 형태, 프레스넬(Fresnel) 렌즈의 성능을 설명해준다. 프레스넬 렌즈 어레이는 종래 렌즈에 비해 얇은 폼 팩터 및 가벼운 무게 같은 유리한 특징 때문에 광학 집속기로서 사용될 수 있다. 도면은 구형 및 실린더형의 프레스넬 렌즈의 초점 영역 측정을 보여준다.
도 23은 본 발명의 광학 시스템을 설명하는 개략적인 도표를 제공하며, 수평의 광 파이프 및/또는 도파관은 광 수집을 위해 제공된다. 이 광학 시스템은 수직으로 또는 비스듬히 입사하는 광을 포획하고 태양 전지 또는 태양 전지 어레이에 기판의 평면에 인도하기 위해 적절한 굴절률의 투명하고 구조화된 매질을 사용한다.
도 24는 실리콘 온 절연체 SOI 웨이퍼에 실리콘을 사용하는 예시적인 프린트 가능한 실리콘 태양 전지 제조를 보여주는 개략도를 제공한다. 태양 전지는 P/As 혼합물로 도핑된 상부 표면을 포함하며, SOI 웨이퍼의 묻혀 있는 산화층에 의해 지지된다. 도 24는 n+-Si(P/As)층 및 p-Si(B)층을 포함하는 태양 전지의 다층 구조를 보여준다.
도 25는 태양 전지를 장치 기판에 붙이기 위해 접촉 프린팅과 그 후의 냉간 용접 공정을 사용하여 프린트 가능한 태양 전지를 전사시키는 방법을 설명하는 개략적인 공정 흐름 도표를 제공한다.
도 26은 본 발명의 태양 전지 어레이에 상부 접촉을 위한 예시적인 구성의 평면도(평행하게)를 보여주는 개략적인 도표(스케일 제외)를 제공한다. (회색으로 도시된) 대략 120 ㎛의 너비 및 대략 1 ㎜의 길이를 갖는 마이크로 태양 전지는 장치 기판에 어레이 포맷으로 제공된다. 금속 특징부는 1인치 차수의 길이 및 약 60 ㎛의 너비를 갖도록 제공된다. 금속 특징부는 본 발명의 태양 전지 장치 어레이의 상부 접촉을 제공한다. 이 도면은 0.85 ㎝의 구부려진 반지름으로 청색 LED 및 얇은 캡톤(kapton) 기판으로 만들어진 플렉서블 스트립 광(strip light)을 보여준다.
도 27은 본 발명의 "인공 눈" 센서의 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 센서는 구형 곡률을 갖는 렌즈에 분배된 무기물 포토다이오드 어레이를 포함한다. 다양한 렌즈 형상 및 국면이 도 27에 도시되어 있다.
도 28은 예시적인 "인공 눈" 센서에서 신축성의 필요성을 설명하는 구형 표면 주위의 평평한 시트를 감싸는 것을 설명하는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 도 28에 도시된 바와 같이, 평평한 시트의 공형 위치는 실패를 피하기 위해서 어느 정도의 신축성을 요구한다.
도 29는 본 발명의 마이크로태양 전지 어레이를 만드는 방법을 보여주는 공정 흐름 도표의 개략도를 제공한다.
도 30. 실리콘 두께의 기능으로서 추정된 단락 회로 전류(Jsc) 및 AM 1.5 효율.
도 31. Si 다층 리본 스택의 연속 형성을 보여주는 주사형 전자 현미경 사진.
도 32는 얇은 n-타입층 상부에 에미터를 형성하기 위해 p-타입 실리콘을 포함하는 Si 리본의 연결 도해의 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 왼쪽은 이와 같이 전사된 Si 리본을 보여주고, 오른쪽은 연결을 보여준다(직접-쓰기 또는 스크린-프린팅). 오직 4개의 Si 리본이 명쾌함을 위해 도시되어 있다.
도 33은 태양 빛을 집속시키기 위해 PDMS를 사용하는 본 발명의 태양 전지 어레이의 개략도를 제동한다.
도 34는 단결정 실리콘을 플라스틱, 유리, Si 웨이퍼, InP 웨이퍼 및 박막 비정질 Si에 프린팅하는 결과를 보여주는 이미지를 제공한다. 본 발명의 마이크로스탬핑 공정은 넓은 범위의 기판과 호환될 수 있다.
도 35는 프린트 가능한 무기물 반도체-기반의 LED에 적용되는 본 발명의 예시적인 공정의 개략적인 도해를 보여준다.
도 36은 변형가능한 LED 광 시스템을 제조하는 본 방법에서 유용한 프린터의 개략적인 도해 및 이미지를 제공한다.
도 37은 접촉 프린팅을 통해서 플라스틱 기판에 조립되고 수동으로 위치가 지정된 청색 무기물 LED를 포함하는 정사각형(a 부분) 및 선형(b 부분) 광 장치의 이미지를 제공한다. b 부분의 장치는 본 발명의 공형 ILED-기반의 광 시스템을 포함하는 박막 광 장치의 설명을 나타낸다.
도 38은 본 발명의 변형가능한 LED 광 시스템의 제조 방법의 개략적인 공정 흐름 도표를 제공한다.
도 39는 플렉서블 스트립(strip)을 포함하는 본 발명의 ILED 광 장치의 제조를 위한 공정 흐름 개략도를 제공한다.
도 40은 상부 및 하부 PET 기판(대략 175 ㎛의 두께)), ILED 구조물(대략 100 ㎛의 두께), 전극 및 PDMS 밀봉 코팅을 포함하는 본 발명의 공형 ILED 광 시스템의 단면도를 제공한다.
도 41a 및 도 41b는 안 구부려진 상태, 7 ㎝의 구부려진 반지름을 갖는 제1구부려진 상태, 5 ㎝의 구부려진 반지름을 갖는 제2구부려진 상태, 4.5 ㎝의 구부려진 반지름을 갖는 제3구부려진 상태, 3 ㎝의 구부려진 반지름을 갖는 제4구부려진 상태 및 구부려지는 스트레스를 방출한 상태에서의 본 발명의 ILED 광 시스템의 이미지를 제공한다. 도 42의 이미지는 본 발명의 공형 ILED 광 시스템이 구부려진 구성에서 유용한 광학 특성을 제공하는 것을 확인시켜 준다.
도 42는 청색 LED 및 0.85 ㎝와 같은 구부려진 반지름을 갖는 얇은 캡톤 기판으로 만들어진 플렉서블 스트립 광의 이미지를 제공한다.
도 43은 장치 기판에 ILED 구조물의 조립을 위한 두 가지 방법을 보여주는 개략도를 제공한다.
도 44는 낮은 레벨의 집속기 렌즈를 갖는 마이크로 단결정 실리콘 태양 전지의 형성을 위한 개략도를 제공한다. 제1단계 (a)에서 마이크로 구조물은 PDMS로부터 장치를 위한 뒷면 전기 접촉으로서 작용하는 임베딩된 전극으로 전사된다. 실리콘은 전극 표면에 PDMS를 라미네이트하고 천천히 PDMS 뒷면을 벗겨서 전사된다. 다음, 단계 (b)에서 상부 금속 접촉의 형성이 뒤따르는 평탄화가 수행된다. 장치는 PDMS로부터 만들어진 낮은 집속 실린더 렌즈 어레이와 집적되어 완성된다(단계 c). 이 마지막 단계에서, 장치는 실리콘 전지들의 줄이 렌즈 어레이의 초점과 정렬되도록 설계되었다는 것을 알 수 있다.
도 45는 유리 기판에 전사된 실리콘 태양 전지의 이미지를 제공한다. (a) 상부 및 하부 전기 접촉을 모두 갖는 유리 기판 위의 단일 전지의 광학 이미지. (b) 전류 전압 특성 - AM 1.5에서 (a)에 도시된 장치의 전형적인 Ⅰ-Ⅴ 반응.
도 46은 실린더 수집 광학계에 결합된 태양 전지 어레이의 이미지를 제공한다. (a) 실린더 렌즈 어레이에 완전히 집적된 최종 장치의 사진. (b) 렌즈 어레이와 결합되지 않은 상기와 같은 장치의 사진.
도 47은 mS-실리콘 태양 전지(마이크로-실리콘 태양 전지)에 집적 금속 접촉을 갖는 광학 집속기 어레이를 만드는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 공정은 PDMS 몰딩된 렌즈 어레이를 통해서 (암청색으로 표시된) 기판으로부터 금속 메쉬 패턴의 회수로부터 시작된다. 렌즈 어레이/메쉬 패턴은 실리콘 태양 전지 어레이의 레지스트리에 라미네이트될 수 있다.
도 48은 태양 전지 및 집적 집속 광학계의 제조를 위한 공정 흐름을 기술하고 있다.
도 49는 얇은 PDMS 접착층을 통해서 유리 기판에 금 버스 라인에 프린트된 마이크로 태양 전지 어레이의 이미지를 제공한다. 또한 태양 전지 어레이에 대한 전류 - 전압 특성이 도시되어 있다.
도 50은 (a) 수직-형태, (b) 수평-형태, (c) 두 형태의 조합의 마이크로전지의 개략적인 도해를 제공한다.
도 51은 접촉 프린팅을 통해서 현미 조작을 사용하는 넓은 영역의 광학 시스템을 만들기 위한 본 발명의 방법을 설명하는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 이 기술은 마이크로-크기 및/또는 나노-크기의 물리적 크기를 갖는 무기물 반도체 소자 및 반도체 장치의 대량으로 평행한 조립품에 제공된다.
도 52는 전사 프린팅을 통해서 조립된 무기물 LED 장치를 위한 전류(A) 대 적용된 전압(V)의 플롯을 제공한다.
도 53a는 전사 프린팅을 통해서 플라스틱 기판에 조립된 프린트된 박막 무기물 LED 장치에 대한 전류(A) 대 적용된 전압(V)의 플롯을 제공한다. 도 53a는 또한 조립된 장치의 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 도 53a는 본 발명에서 유용한 예시적인 ILED 에피층 구조물을 보여주는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다.
도 54a 및 54b는 평탄화된 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자를 포함하는 본 발명의 시스템의 개략적인 도표를 제공한다.
도 55는 프린트 가능한 반도체-기반의 전자 장치 및 장치 부품 같은 평탄화된 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자를 포함하는 반도체-기반의 광학 시스템을 만들기 위한 본 발명의 방법의 공정 단계를 설명하는 흐름 도표를 제공한다.
도 56은 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자에 및/또는 사이에 전기적 접촉을 성립시키는 단계 에지의 영향을 특징짓는 실험적 결과를 제공한다.
도 57은 태양 전지 어레이를 제조하기 위해 다음으로 조립되고 상호 연결될 수 있는 수직 태양 전지를 포함하는 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자를 만들기 위한 공정 흐름 도표를 제공한다.
도 58은 벌크 웨이퍼로부터 제조단 다른 두께의 마이크로태양 전지의 SEM 이미지를 제공한다.(상부에서 하부로: 8 ㎛, 16 ㎛, 22 ㎛의 두께).
도 59는 본 공정 플랫폼을 사용하여 제조된 개별 태양 전지 장치의 IV 특징을 보여주는 플롯을 제공한다.
도 60은 수직 태양 전지 및 관련된 전자 성능 데이터를 위한 상부 접촉을 만들기 위한 공정을 보여준다.
도 61은 <111> p-타입 Si 웨이퍼에 패터닝되고 접촉 프린팅을 통해서 다음 조립 및 집적될 수 있는 수평 형태 태양 전지의 태양 전지 레이아웃을 보여주는 개략도를 제공한다.
도 62는 보론(p+) 및 인(n+) 도핑된 영역이 패터닝된 반도체 리본의 외부 표면에 패터닝된 도핑 개요를 보여주는 개략도를 제공한다.
도 63은 전지 패터닝 및 도핑 단계를 위한 공정 흐름을 보여주는 개관 개략도를 제공한다.
도 64는 포토리소그래피 및 STS 깊은 RIE 식각 공정 단계를 설명하는 태양 전지 리본을 패터닝하기 위한 공정 단계를 보여주는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다.
도 65는 패터닝된 리본의 측벽의 KOH 정련 공정으로부터의 결과를 보여준다.
도 66은 보론 도핑 공정을 위한 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. KOH 정련 단계 후에, 보론 도핑이 상부 p+ 접촉의 형성을 위해 행해진다.
도 67은 인 도핑 공정을 위한 개략적인 도표를 제공한다.
도 68은 측벽 패시베이션(passivation) 공정을 보여주는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다.
도 69는 KOH 식각 창 형성을 위한 공정을 보여주는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다.
도 70은 KOH 식각 공정 및 하부 보론 도핑 공정을 보여주는 현미경사진을 제공한다.
도 71은 PDMS 전사 장치를 사용하는 소스 웨이퍼로부터 태양 전지 리본의 전사를 보여주는 이미지를 제공한다.
도 72는 접촉 프린팅 및 평탄화 공정 단계를 설명하는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다.
도 73은 금속화 공정의 결과를 보여주는 이미지를 제공한다.
도 74는 Al 금속층, SiO2 유전체층, Cr/Au층, 태양 전지, 평탄화층 및 장치 기판을 보여주는 금속화 단계의 개략적인 도표를 제공한다.
도 75a 및 75b는 본 명세서에서 사용된 바와 같이 "측면 크기" 및 "단면 크기"라는 표현을 예시하는 개략적인 도표를 제공한다. 도 75a는 4개의 반도체 리본(6005)을 포함하는 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자의 평면도를 제공한다. 이 명세서의 문맥에서, "측면 크기"란 표현은 반도체 리본(6005)의 길이(6000) 및 너비(6010)에 의해서 예시된다. 도 75b는 4개의 반도체 리본(6005)을 포함하는 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자의 단면도를 제공한다.
도 76은 PET 기판에 프린트된 프린트 가능한 GaAs/GaAIP 적색 LED의 어레이를 보여준다.
| # |
기판 | 전극 |
전기도금 | 작동 체크 1 | 주입 |
작동 체크 2 | 구부려진 반지름(최대) | 작동 체크 3 | 특징 | |
| PDMS | PET | |||||||||
| 1 | O | O | Ti/Au(5/300nm) | X | 50% | O | 50% | 3cm | 50% | 개선 |
| 2 | O | O | Ti/Au(5/300nm) | X | 90% | O | 90% | 3cm | 80% | |
| 3 | O | O | Ti/Au(5/300nm) | X | 70% | O | 70% | 3cm | 70% | |
| 4 | O | O | Al/Ti/Au(700/5/50nm) | X | 50% | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| 5 | X | O | Al/Ti/Au(500/5/100nm) | O | 80% | O | 80% | 3cm | 80% | 개선 |
| 6 | X | O | Ti/Au(5/300nm) | X | 60% | O | 60% | 3cm | 50% | 그러나 반복될 수 있는 테스트 후의 동작 문제 |
| 7 | O | O | Ti/Au(5/300nm) | O | X | X | X | X | X | 전기도금을 위해 기판으로부터 전극을 디라미네이션 |
Claims (24)
- 집적 광학 장치를 제조하는 방법으로서,
복수의 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자들을 장치 기판에 전사 프린팅(transfer printing)하는 단계로서, 상기 전사 프린팅하는 단계는, (i) 웨이퍼 상의 태양 전지들의 어레이를 스탬프 접촉 표면과 접촉시키는 단계; (ii) 상기 웨이퍼로부터 상기 스탬프 접촉 표면으로 상기 태양 전지들의 어레이를 전사시키기 위하여, 상기 스탬프를 상기 웨이퍼에서 멀어지는 방향으로 제거하는 단계; 및 (iii) 상기 스탬프 접촉 표면으로부터, 목표 조립(assembly) 기판에 의해 지지되는 뒷면 전극(back electrode)으로 상기 태양 전지들의 어레이를 전사시키는 단계를 포함하는 전사 프린팅 단계;
광학 부품들의 어레이를 상기 장치 기판 상의 상기 태양 전지들의 어레이에 대하여 위치를 지정하는(addressing) 단계로서, 상기 태양 전지들의 각각을 상기 광학 부품들의 어레이의 고유의(unique) 개별 멤버에 대하여 광학적으로 위치를 지정하는 단계;
전사된 상기 태양 전지 어레이와 전기적으로 접촉하는 앞면 전극들 및 절연층을 제공하는 단계; 및
전사된 상기 태양 전지들의 어레이를 마이크로렌즈들의 어레이와 위치를 지정하는 단계로서, 상기 마이크로렌즈들의 어레이 내의 각 마이크로렌즈는 개별적으로 위치가 지정되어 개별 태양 전지와 광학적으로 정렬되는 단계;
를 포함하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법. - 삭제
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 마이크로렌즈 어레이는 마이크로렌즈들의 몰딩된(molded) 어레이인 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 마이크로렌즈들은 상기 마이크로렌즈가 개별적으로 위치가 지정되는 태양 전지 상에 입사광을 포커싱하는 집속(concentrating) 렌즈들을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 태양 전지들은:
비반사층:
상기 비반사층을 가로지르는 상부 접촉;
상기 상부 접촉과 전기적으로 접촉하는 p-n 접합; 및
상기 p-n 접합을 지지하는 하부 층을 포함하는 다층 구조인 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법. - 제5항에 있어서, 상기 마이크로렌즈들은 태양 전지들에 광을 광학적으로 포커싱하는 수집기들(collectors)를 포함하고, 각 마이크로렌즈-태양 전지가 개별적으로 위치가 지정된 쌍(each microlens - solar cell individually addressed pair)은 400 이상의 수집기 영역 대 태양 전지 영역의 비율을 갖는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제6항에 있어서, 상기 수집기들은 2 mm의 개별 사이즈를 갖고, 상기 태양 전지들은 0.1 mm의 개별 사이즈를 갖는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 마이크로렌즈 어레이는 레플리카 몰딩(replica molding)에 의해 제조된 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제8항에 있어서, 상기 마이크로렌즈 어레이는 평요의(plano-concave) 중합체 렌즈 어레이를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 마이크로렌즈 어레이는 프레넬(Fresnel) 렌즈들을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 마이크로렌즈 어레이는 수평 광 파이프들, 도파관들, 또는 수평 광 파이프들 및 도파관들을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 태양 전지들은 실리콘 온 인슐레이터(silicon on insulator) 웨이퍼로 제조된 실리콘 태양 전지들을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 태양 전지는 매립된 산화층에 의해 지지되는 P/As 혼합물로 도핑된 상부 표면을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 방법은:
상기 프린팅된 태양 전지들 상에 상기 절연층을 캐스팅함으로써, 상기 프린팅된 태양 전지들을 평탄화하는 단계; 및
상기 평탄화된 프린팅된 태양 전지들 상에 상부 전극들을 증착하는 단계를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법. - 제1항에 있어서, 상기 스탬프는 탄성 스탬프인 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 앞면 전극들은 상기 앞면 전극들에 의한 태양 전지들의 쉐도윙(shadowing)을 최소화하기 위하여, 전사된 상기 태양 전지 어레이에 수직인 방향으로 정렬된 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제16항에 있어서, 상기 앞면 전극들은 하부의 태양 전지의 측면 거리(lateral distance)를 광학적으로 방해하고, 상기 광학적으로 방해된 측면 거리는, 1 mm보다 큰 길이를 갖는 태양 전지에 대하여 60 μm보다 작은 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 적어도 1000개의 마이크로 태양 전지들이 평행하게 전사 프린트되는 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 복수의 프린트 가능한 반도체 소자들은:
확산 광학 렌즈에 위치가 지정된 LED(light emitting diode);
광섬유에 위치가 지정된 VCSEL(vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser);
수집 광학 렌즈에 위치가 지정된 포토다이오드; 또는
수집 렌즈에 위치가 지정된 광학 센서 및 광학 생성기(generator)의 일부인 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법. - 제1항에 있어서, 변형 가능한(conformable) LED 광 시스템을 제공하도록, 상기 장치 기판은 얇은 플렉서블(thin and flexible) 기판이고, 전사된 상기 반도체 소자들은 0.0003 mm 이상이고 0.3 mm 이하인 두께를 갖는 LED의 일부인 것을 특징으로 하는 집적 광학 장치의 제조 방법.
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| PCT/US2007/022959 WO2008143635A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 | 2007-10-31 | Optical systems fabricated by printing-based assembly |
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| KR20190096256A (ko) * | 2018-02-08 | 2019-08-19 | 한국과학기술원 | 전사부재 및 선택적 전사 기술을 이용한 액티브 매트릭스 rgb 수직형 마이크로led 디스플레이 |
| KR102095215B1 (ko) | 2018-02-08 | 2020-04-23 | 한국과학기술원 | 전사부재 및 선택적 전사 기술을 이용한 액티브 매트릭스 rgb 수직형 마이크로led 디스플레이 |
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