JP7584125B2 - Methods for testing the risk of developing cardiovascular events - Google Patents
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特許法第30条第2項適用 1.掲載アドレス https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/circ.140.suppl_1.11022 2.掲載日 令和1年11月11日 3.公開者 舘野馨、豊田幸子、廣瀬雅教、近藤尚道、神田真人、小林欣夫 [刊行物等] 1.掲載アドレス https://aha.scientificposters.com/epsAbstractAHA.cfm?id=2 2.掲載日 令和1年11月16日 3.公開者 舘野馨、豊田幸子、廣瀬雅教、近藤尚道、神田真人、小林欣夫 [刊行物等] 1.集会名 AHA Scientific Sessions 2019(米国心臓病学会(American Heart Association)主催) 2.開催日 令和1年11月16日 3.公開者 舘野馨、豊田幸子、廣瀬雅教、近藤尚道、神田真人、小林欣夫 [刊行物等] 1.掲載アドレス http://www.congre.co.jp/jcs2020/abstracts/jcs2020_ja.pdf 2.掲載日 令和2年2月13日 3.公開者 舘野馨、豊田幸子、廣瀬雅教、近藤尚道、神田真人、小林欣夫 [刊行物等] 1.掲載アドレス https://www.micenavi.jp/jcs2020/search/detail_program/id:2801? 2.掲載日 令和2年7月27日 3.公開者 舘野馨、豊田幸子、廣瀬雅教、近藤尚道、神田真人、小林欣夫Patent Law Article 30, paragraph 2 application 1. Publication address https://www. ahajournals. org/doi/abs/10.1161/circ. 140. suppl_1.11022 2. Publication date November 11, 2019 3. Publisher Kaoru Tateno, Sachiko Toyoda, Masanori Hirose, Naomichi Kondo, Masato Kanda, Yoshio Kobayashi [Publications, etc.] 1. Publication address https://aha.scientificposters. com/epsAbstractAHA. cfm? id=2 2. Publication date November 16, 2019 3. Disclosed by Kaoru Tateno, Sachiko Toyoda, Masanori Hirose, Naomichi Kondo, Masato Kanda, Yoshio Kobayashi [Publications, etc.] 1. Meeting name AHA Scientific Sessions 2019 (hosted by the American Heart Association) 2. Date held November 16, 2019 3. Disclosed by Kaoru Tateno, Sachiko Toyoda, Masanori Hirose, Naomichi Kondo, Masato Kanda, Yoshio Kobayashi [Publications, etc.] 1. Publication address http://www.congre.co.jp/jcs2020/abstracts/jcs2020_ja.pdf 2. Published date February 13, 2020 3. Distributor Kaoru Tateno, Sachiko Toyoda, Masanori Hirose, Naomichi Kondo, Masato Kanda, Yoshio Kobayashi [Publications, etc.] 1. Publication address https://www. micenavi. jp/jcs2020/search/detail_program/id:2801? 2. Published date July 27, 2020 3. Distributor Kaoru Tateno, Sachiko Toyoda, Masanori Hirose, Naomichi Kondo, Masato Kanda, Yoshio Kobayashi
本発明は、心血管イベントの発症リスクを検査する方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for examining the risk of developing a cardiovascular event.
近年の生活習慣の欧米化に伴い、本邦でも動脈硬化性疾患に罹患するケースが急増している。昨今の予防医学は高血圧や高脂血症など、動脈硬化の危険因子を是正することに主眼がおかれている。しかし残念ながら、いまや心血管病は本邦における死因のトップとなってしまった。その理由のひとつとして、脳卒中・急性心筋梗塞など心血管イベント発症の正確な予測マーカーが存在しないことが挙げられる。動脈硬化性病変が進行した結果として生じる様々な病態は、患者のQOLを著しく低下させるばかりか、社会的な損失も甚大である。心血管病イベントの発症を抑制する必要性は益々高まっているが、その意味において、予後予測因子の同定がもたらす意義は非常に大きい。 In recent years, with the Westernization of lifestyle habits, the number of cases of arteriosclerotic diseases has been rapidly increasing in Japan. Today's preventive medicine focuses on correcting risk factors for arteriosclerosis, such as high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. Unfortunately, however, cardiovascular disease has now become the leading cause of death in Japan. One of the reasons for this is the lack of accurate predictive markers for the onset of cardiovascular events, such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction. The various pathological conditions that arise as a result of the progression of arteriosclerotic lesions not only significantly reduce the patient's quality of life, but also result in enormous social losses. There is an ever-increasing need to suppress the onset of cardiovascular disease events, and in that sense, the identification of prognostic predictive factors is of great significance.
このような予後予測因子として、非特許文献1および非特許文献2には、血小板数と血小板凝集能の計測値が、脳卒中や心筋梗塞の発症と関連があることが報告されている。 As such prognostic predictors, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 report that the measured values of platelet count and platelet aggregation are related to the onset of stroke and myocardial infarction.
しかし、上述のような従来法は、検体採取後ただちに計測することが必要であるにも関らず、検査の手技と手順が極めて煩雑であるため、一般的な診療施設・検診現場では実施が困難である点や、予測精度が低い点など、未だ改良の余地がある。 However, the conventional methods described above require measurements to be taken immediately after sample collection, and the testing techniques and procedures are extremely cumbersome, making them difficult to implement in general medical facilities and screening sites. They also have low prediction accuracy, so there is still room for improvement.
本発明者は、血中の血小板数の変動傾向を指標とすることにより、簡便かつ高精度で心血管イベントの発症リスクを判定できることを見いだした。さらに、本発明者は、血小板数の変動傾向に加え、血液試料中のCD40リガンド(CD40L)の濃度も指標とすることにより、心血管イベントの発症リスク判定の精度がさらに向上することを見いだした。本発明は、これらの知見に基づくものである。 The inventors have found that the risk of developing a cardiovascular event can be determined easily and with high accuracy by using the trend in the number of platelets in the blood as an indicator. Furthermore, the inventors have found that the accuracy of determining the risk of developing a cardiovascular event can be further improved by using the concentration of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in a blood sample as an indicator in addition to the trend in the number of platelets. The present invention is based on these findings.
従って、本発明は、心血管イベント発症のリスクを簡便かつ高精度で判定することが可能な方法を提供する。 Therefore, the present invention provides a method that can easily and accurately determine the risk of developing a cardiovascular event.
本発明は、以下の発明を包含する。
(1)被検体における心血管イベントの発症リスクを判定する方法であって、
(a)前記被検体から複数の時点で採取した複数の血液試料中の血小板数の値を取得する工程、および
(b)血小板数が減少する傾向が見られた場合に、心血管イベントの発症リスクが高いものと判定し、血小板数が増加する傾向が見られた場合に、心血管イベントの発症リスクが低いものと判定する工程
を含んでなる、方法。
(2)工程(b)において、工程(a)で得られた血小板数の値を時間軸に対してプロットし、変曲点が見られるときは最新の変曲点から最新のプロットに向けて、変曲点が見られないときは最古のプロットから最新のプロットに向けて、減少傾向が見られた場合に心血管イベントの発症リスクが高いものと判定され、増加傾向が見られた場合に心血管イベントの発症リスクが低いものと判定される、前記(1)に記載の方法。
(3)被検体における心血管イベントの発症リスクを判定する方法であって、
(i)前記被検体から複数の時点で採取した複数の血液試料中の血小板数の値を取得する工程、
(ii)前記被検体から複数の時点で採取した複数の血液試料の少なくとも1つにおけるCD40リガンド(CD40L)の定量値を取得する工程、および
(iii)血小板数が減少する傾向が見られ、かつ、CD40Lの定量値をその定量に用いた血液試料と同じ時点で採取した血液試料中の血小板数の値で割った値が、心血管イベントの発症リスクが低い個体についての値と比較して低い場合に、心血管イベントの発症リスクが高いものと判定する工程
を含んでなる、方法。
(4)工程(iii)において、工程(i)で得られた血小板数の値を時間軸に対してプロットし、変曲点が見られるときは最新の変曲点から最新のプロットに向けて、変曲点が見られないときは最古のプロットから最新のプロットに向けて、減少傾向が見られ、かつ、CD40Lの定量値をその定量に用いた血液試料と同じ時点で採取した血液試料中の血小板数の値で割った値が、心血管イベントの発症リスクが低い個体についての値と比較して低い場合に、心血管イベントの発症リスクが高いものと判定される、前記(3)に記載の方法。
(5)前記被検体がヒトである、前記(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(6)前記被検体が、重症下肢虚血を発症した後のヒトである、前記(5)に記載の方法。
(7)前記被検体が、慢性維持透析患者である、前記(5)に記載の方法。
The present invention includes the following inventions.
(1) A method for determining a risk of developing a cardiovascular event in a subject, comprising:
A method comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining platelet count values in multiple blood samples taken from the subject at multiple time points; and (b) determining that the risk of developing a cardiovascular event is high when a tendency for the platelet count to decrease is observed, and determining that the risk of developing a cardiovascular event is low when a tendency for the platelet count to increase is observed.
(2) The method according to (1), wherein in step (b), the platelet count values obtained in step (a) are plotted against a time axis, and when an inflection point is observed, the platelet count values are plotted from the most recent inflection point to the most recent plot, and when no inflection point is observed, the platelet count values are plotted from the oldest plot to the most recent plot. If a decreasing trend is observed, the risk of developing a cardiovascular event is determined to be high, and if an increasing trend is observed, the risk of developing a cardiovascular event is determined to be low.
(3) A method for determining a risk of developing a cardiovascular event in a subject, comprising:
(i) obtaining platelet count values in multiple blood samples taken from the subject at multiple time points;
(ii) obtaining a quantitative value of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in at least one of a plurality of blood samples taken from the subject at a plurality of time points; and (iii) determining that the subject is at high risk of developing a cardiovascular event when a tendency for a decrease in platelet count is observed and the value obtained by dividing the quantitative value of CD40L by the platelet count in a blood sample taken at the same time point as the blood sample used for the quantification is lower than the value for an individual at low risk of developing a cardiovascular event.
(4) The method according to (3) above, wherein in step (iii), the platelet count values obtained in step (i) are plotted against a time axis, and when an inflection point is observed, a decreasing trend is observed from the most recent inflection point to the most recent plot, or when no inflection point is observed, from the oldest plot to the most recent plot, and when the value obtained by dividing the quantitative CD40L value by the platelet count value in a blood sample collected at the same time point as the blood sample used for the quantification is lower than the value for an individual at low risk of developing a cardiovascular event, the individual is judged to be at high risk of developing a cardiovascular event.
(5) The method according to any one of (1) to (4) above, wherein the subject is a human.
(6) The method according to (5) above, wherein the subject is a human after developing critical limb ischemia.
(7) The method according to (5) above, wherein the subject is a chronic maintenance dialysis patient.
本発明の方法では、医療現場での作業は、図2に示すような血漿サンプルの採取・遠心・凍結保存作業と、図1に示すような血液データのプロット作業のみとすることができるため、従来技術と比較して実施が容易である。また、血漿サンプルにおけるCD40リガンド(CD40L)の定量はELISA法にて行われるが、これは一般的な検査受託企業で通常行われている技術であり、あるいは市販品も豊富なCD40L測定キットを導入するのみで実施可能であるため、低コストで実施可能である。特に、本発明は、検査後短期間(例えば6ヶ月)以内の差し迫った発症のリスクを判定できる点で有利である。さらに、本発明は、心血管イベント発症率が高い慢性維持透析患者(血液検査を定期的に行う)において、優位性が顕著であると考えられる。 In the method of the present invention, the work required in the medical field is only the collection, centrifugation, and freezing of plasma samples as shown in FIG. 2, and the plotting of blood data as shown in FIG. 1, making it easier to implement than the conventional technology. In addition, ELISA is used to quantify CD40 ligand (CD40L) in plasma samples, which is a technique commonly used by general testing contract companies, or can be implemented by simply introducing a CD40L measurement kit, which is widely available commercially, making it possible to implement the method at low cost. In particular, the present invention is advantageous in that it can determine the risk of imminent onset within a short period (e.g., six months) after testing. Furthermore, the present invention is considered to be significantly superior in chronic maintenance dialysis patients (who undergo regular blood tests) who have a high incidence of cardiovascular events.
本発明の第一の態様の方法は、被検体から複数の時点で採取した複数の血液試料中の血小板数の値を取得する工程を含む。この方法では、血小板数が減少する傾向が見られた場合に、心血管イベントの発症リスクが高いものと判定され、血小板数が増加する傾向が見られた場合に、心血管イベントの発症リスクが低いものと判定される。 The method of the first aspect of the present invention includes a step of obtaining platelet count values in multiple blood samples taken from a subject at multiple time points. In this method, if a tendency for the platelet count to decrease is observed, the risk of developing a cardiovascular event is determined to be high, and if a tendency for the platelet count to increase is observed, the risk of developing a cardiovascular event is determined to be low.
本発明の第二の態様の方法は、(i)被検体から複数の時点で採取した複数の血液試料中の血小板数の値を取得する工程、および(ii)前記被検体から複数の時点で採取した複数の血液試料の少なくとも1つにおけるCD40リガンド(CD40L)の定量値を取得する工程を含む。この方法では、血小板数が減少する傾向が見られ、かつ、CD40Lの定量値をその定量に用いた血液試料と同じ時点で採取した血液試料中の血小板数の値で割った値が、心血管イベントの発症リスクが低い個体についての値と比較して低い場合に、心血管イベントの発症リスクが高いものと判定される。 The method of the second aspect of the present invention includes the steps of (i) obtaining platelet count values in multiple blood samples taken from a subject at multiple time points, and (ii) obtaining a quantitative value of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in at least one of the multiple blood samples taken from the subject at multiple time points. In this method, if a tendency for a decrease in platelet count is observed and the value obtained by dividing the quantitative value of CD40L by the platelet count value in a blood sample taken at the same time point as the blood sample used for the quantification is lower than the value for an individual at low risk of developing a cardiovascular event, the risk of developing a cardiovascular event is determined to be high.
本明細書において、「心血管イベント」とは、心血管疾患における症状の発生をいい、具体的には、例えば、心血管死(致死性心筋梗塞、非致死性脳卒中、心臓突然死)、非致死性心筋梗塞、非致死性脳卒中、経皮的冠動脈インターベンション(PCI)、ACバイパス術、その他の心血管再建術、安静狭心症および労作狭心症の新たな発症、狭心症の不安定化(入院、PCI、ACバイパス術、その他の心血管再建術の実施)などが挙げられる。本発明の好ましい実施態様によれば、心血管イベントは、心臓突然死、急性心筋梗塞、不安定狭心症、虚血性脳卒中、一過性脳虚血発作、または急性動脈閉塞(バイパス術後、透析シャント術後を含む)とされる。 In this specification, the term "cardiovascular event" refers to the occurrence of symptoms in cardiovascular disease, and specifically includes, for example, cardiovascular death (fatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, sudden cardiac death), nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), AC bypass surgery, other cardiovascular reconstruction surgery, new onset of rest angina and exertional angina, and destabilization of angina (hospitalization, PCI, AC bypass surgery, other cardiovascular reconstruction surgery). According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cardiovascular event is sudden cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or acute arterial occlusion (including after bypass surgery and after dialysis shunt surgery).
本明細書において、「被検体」は、心血管イベントを発症する可能性のある動物であれば特に制限はなく、具体的には、ヒト、サル、またはラット等のげっ歯類等が挙げられ、好ましくはヒトとされる。本発明の方法は、特に、動脈硬化性疾患の疑いのあるヒト、または重症下肢虚血(CLI)または動脈硬化性疾患を発症した後のヒト、または慢性維持透析患者を対象として好適に行われる。 In this specification, the "subject" is not particularly limited as long as it is an animal that may develop a cardiovascular event, and specifically includes humans, monkeys, rodents such as rats, etc., and is preferably humans. The method of the present invention is particularly suitable for humans suspected of having arteriosclerotic disease, humans who have developed critical limb ischemia (CLI) or arteriosclerotic disease, or patients undergoing chronic maintenance dialysis.
本発明の方法で使用する血液試料は、被検体から採取直後のものを測定に用いることが好ましいが、保存したものを用いてもよい。血液試料の保存方法としては、試料中の血小板の量が変化しない条件であれば特に制限はなく、例えば0~10℃の凍結しない程度の低温条件、暗所条件および無振動条件下が好ましい。 The blood sample used in the method of the present invention is preferably taken from the subject immediately after measurement, but a stored sample may also be used. There are no particular limitations on the method of storing the blood sample, so long as the amount of platelets in the sample does not change. For example, it is preferable to store the blood sample under low-temperature conditions (not freezing, such as 0 to 10°C), in a dark place, and without vibration.
血小板数を測定する「血液試料」としては、血小板を含有し、その数(濃度)を測定できるものであれば特に制限はないが、通常は全血試料が用いられる。この全血試料としては、被検体から採取された血液(全血)をそのまま用いてもよいし、凝固防止等を目的としてEDTAカリウム塩やヘパリン等の添加剤が添加されてもよい。被検体から血液試料を採取するために採血するタイミングは、特に制限されない。 There are no particular limitations on the "blood sample" for measuring the platelet count, so long as it contains platelets and the number (concentration) can be measured, but a whole blood sample is usually used. This whole blood sample may be blood collected from a subject (whole blood) as is, or additives such as EDTA potassium salt or heparin may be added for the purpose of preventing coagulation, etc. There are no particular limitations on the timing of blood collection to collect a blood sample from a subject.
血液試料中の血小板の量を測定する方法については特に制限はなく、従来公知の手法が適宜採用されうる。特に血小板数の測定は、一般の健康診断等における血液検査においても採用されているほどの主要な検査項目であり、血液試料における血小板の量の測定技術についてはきわめて多くの知見が存在する。 There are no particular limitations on the method for measuring the amount of platelets in a blood sample, and any conventionally known method may be used as appropriate. In particular, measuring the platelet count is such a major test item that it is also used in blood tests in general health checkups, and a great deal of knowledge exists about techniques for measuring the amount of platelets in blood samples.
本発明の方法では、血小板数変動が判断の指標とされる。血小板数変動は、各被検体に由来する複数の時点での血液サンプルにおける血小板数を測定し、得られた測定値をグラフにプロットしてその経時変化をみることにより調べることができる。ここで、グラフにプロットされる測定値は、移動平均値(例えば、3日移動平均値、5日移動平均値、7日移動平均値、または7日以上の移動平均値)とすることが好ましい。より具体的には、図1に例示するように、血小板数の測定値の移動平均値(7日以上)を時間軸に対してプロットし、最新の採血時から遡って直近の変曲点を特定し、変曲点における血小板数(移動平均値)をσ(ベースライン)とし、最新の採血時における血小板数(移動平均値)から変曲点における血小板数(移動平均値)を引いた差をδとし、δ/σ×100を血小板数変動値(%)とすることができる。この血小板数変動値(%)が0よりも小さいと、血小板数の減少傾向が示され、0よりも大きいと、血小板数の増加傾向が示される。また、変曲点が存在しない場合には、最古の採血時における血小板数(移動平均値)をσ(ベースライン)とし、最新の採血時における血小板数(移動平均値)からσを引いた差をδとすればよい。変曲点または最古の採血時から最新の採血時までの期間は、特に制限されるものではないが、好ましくは7日間以上とされる。また、変曲点または最古の採血時から最新の採血時までに取得される血液試料の数は、特に制限されるものではないが、好ましくは5検体以上とされる。 In the method of the present invention, the platelet count fluctuation is used as an index for judgment. The platelet count fluctuation can be examined by measuring the platelet count in blood samples from each subject at multiple time points, plotting the obtained measurements on a graph, and observing the change over time. Here, the measurements plotted on the graph are preferably moving average values (e.g., 3-day moving average value, 5-day moving average value, 7-day moving average value, or 7-day or more moving average value). More specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the moving average value (7 days or more) of the platelet count measurements is plotted against the time axis, and the most recent inflection point is identified retroactively from the most recent blood collection time, the platelet count (moving average value) at the inflection point is set as σ (baseline), the difference obtained by subtracting the platelet count (moving average value) at the inflection point from the platelet count (moving average value) at the most recent blood collection is set as δ, and δ/σ×100 can be set as the platelet count fluctuation value (%). If this platelet count fluctuation value (%) is smaller than 0, a decreasing tendency of the platelet count is indicated, and if it is larger than 0, an increasing tendency of the platelet count is indicated. Furthermore, if there is no inflection point, the platelet count (moving average value) at the earliest blood collection is taken as σ (baseline), and the difference obtained by subtracting σ from the platelet count (moving average value) at the latest blood collection is taken as δ. The period from the inflection point or the earliest blood collection to the latest blood collection is not particularly limited, but is preferably 7 days or more. The number of blood samples obtained from the inflection point or the earliest blood collection to the latest blood collection is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 or more samples.
CD40Lを測定する「血液試料」としては、CD40Lを含有し、その数(濃度)を測定できるものであれば特に制限はないが、好ましくは血清または血漿(Platelet poor plasma, Platelet free plasma)が用いられ、より好ましくは血漿(Platelet poor plasma, Platelet free plasma)、さらに好ましくは採血後30分以内に遠心分離された血漿が用いられる。このような血液試料は、例えば、図2に示すような血漿サンプルの採取・遠心・凍結保存作業によって作製することができる。特に、凍結保存された血液試料(例えば血漿)を用いる場合には、分析のセンター化が容易となるため、特に好ましい。 There are no particular limitations on the "blood sample" for measuring CD40L, so long as it contains CD40L and its number (concentration) can be measured, but preferably serum or plasma (platelet poor plasma, platelet free plasma) is used, more preferably plasma (platelet poor plasma, platelet free plasma), and even more preferably plasma centrifuged within 30 minutes of blood collection. Such blood samples can be prepared, for example, by collecting, centrifuging, and freezing a plasma sample as shown in Figure 2. In particular, the use of a frozen blood sample (e.g., plasma) is particularly preferred, as this makes it easier to centralize the analysis.
血液試料中のCD40Lの濃度を測定する方法については特に制限はなく、従来公知の手法が適宜採用されうる。このような手法としては多くの方法が知られており、また、その方法を実行するためのキットも市販されている。 There are no particular limitations on the method for measuring the concentration of CD40L in a blood sample, and any conventionally known method can be used as appropriate. Many such methods are known, and kits for carrying out these methods are also commercially available.
本発明の第二の態様の方法において、CD40Lの定量値をその定量に用いた血液試料と同じ時点で採取した血液試料中の血小板数の値で割った値を指標とする場合には、その値を、心血管イベントの発症リスクが低い個体についての値と比較する。このような比較は、その都度、低リスク者について測定された値を用いてもよいし、あるいは、低リスク者の値に基づいて適当なカットオフ値を規定しておき、これを比較に用いてもよい。低リスク者の血液試料中のCD40L濃度は、予め心血管イベント発症のハイリスク群でないことを臨床的に確認された個体から血液を採取し、被検体から採取した血液と同様の処理および測定を行って定量することにより得ることができる。 In the method of the second aspect of the present invention, when the index is the value obtained by dividing the quantitative value of CD40L by the platelet count in a blood sample taken at the same time point as the blood sample used for the quantification, the value is compared with the value for an individual at low risk of developing a cardiovascular event. For such comparison, the value measured for a low-risk individual may be used each time, or an appropriate cutoff value may be defined based on the value for a low-risk individual and used for comparison. The CD40L concentration in a blood sample from a low-risk individual can be obtained by taking blood from an individual who has been clinically confirmed in advance not to be in the high-risk group for developing a cardiovascular event, and subjecting it to quantification through the same processing and measurement as for blood taken from a subject.
また、血漿中のCD40L濃度は、その個体が罹患している疾患によって変動することがある。例えば、急性心筋梗塞、不安定狭心症、慢性心房細動、または糖尿病に罹患している個体では、血漿CD40L濃度が高値を示すことが知られており、急性疾患(急性心筋梗塞および不安定狭心症)ではおよそ5倍程度、慢性疾患(慢性心房細動および糖尿病)ではおよそ2倍程度のオーダーとなる。従って、CD40Lの定量値をその定量に用いた血液試料と同じ時点で採取した血液試料中の血小板数の値で割った値を指標とする場合において、その値を、心血管イベントの発症リスクが低い個体についての値と比較する場合には、このような疾患による血漿CD40L濃度の変動を考慮することが好ましい。例えば、被検体が罹患している疾患の種類ごとに、同じ疾患を有する低リスク個体の値に基づいてカットオフ値を決定しておくことができる。 In addition, the plasma CD40L concentration may vary depending on the disease that the individual suffers from. For example, it is known that plasma CD40L concentrations are high in individuals suffering from acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, chronic atrial fibrillation, or diabetes, and are on the order of about five times higher in acute diseases (acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina), and about two times higher in chronic diseases (chronic atrial fibrillation and diabetes). Therefore, when using the value obtained by dividing the quantitative value of CD40L by the platelet count in a blood sample taken at the same time point as the blood sample used for the quantification as an index, it is preferable to take into account the variation in plasma CD40L concentration due to such diseases when comparing the value with the value for an individual at low risk of developing a cardiovascular event. For example, a cutoff value can be determined for each type of disease suffered by the subject based on the value for a low-risk individual with the same disease.
カットオフ値とは、ある物質に着目して目的とする疾患群と非疾患群とを判定する場合に定める値をいう。目的とする疾患と非疾患とを判定する場合に、カットオフ値以下であれば陰性、カットオフ値以上であれば陽性として、またはカットオフ値以下であれば陽性、カットオフ値以上であれば陰性として疾患を判定することができる(金井正光編、臨床検査法提要 金原出版株式会社)。 The cutoff value is a value determined when determining whether a substance is a diseased or non-disease group. When determining whether a substance is a diseased or non-disease group, a result below the cutoff value is negative, and a result above the cutoff value is positive, or a result below the cutoff value is positive and a result above the cutoff value is negative (Masamitsu Kanai, ed., Summary of Clinical Testing Methods, Kanehara Publishing Co., Ltd.).
カットオフ値の臨床的有用性を評価する目的で用いられる指標としては、感度と特異度が挙げられる。ある母集団をカットオフ値を用いて判定し、疾病患者のうち、判定で陽性とされたものをa(真陽性)、疾病患者でありながら判定で陰性とされたものをb(偽陰性)、疾病患者でないにも関わらず判定で陽性とされたものをc(偽陽性)、疾病患者でなく判定で陰性とされたものをd(真陰性)と表したときに、a/(a+b)で表される値を感度(真陽性率)、d/(c+d)で表される値を特異度(真陰性率)として表すことができる。 Sensitivity and specificity are indices used to evaluate the clinical usefulness of cutoff values. When a population is judged using a cutoff value, and diseased patients who are judged to be positive are represented as a (true positive), diseased patients who are judged to be negative are represented as b (false negative), non-diseased patients who are judged to be positive are represented as c (false positive), and non-diseased patients who are judged to be negative are represented as d (true negative), the value expressed as a/(a+b) can be represented as sensitivity (true positive rate), and the value expressed as d/(c+d) can be represented as specificity (true negative rate).
目的とする疾患群と非疾患群との測定値の分布は通常、一部重複する。したがって、カットオフ値を上下させることにより、感度と特異度は変化する。カットオフ値を下げることにより感度は高くなるが、特異度は低下し、カットオフ値を上げることにより感度は低くなるが、特異度は上がる。判定方法としては、感度と特異度の両者の値が高いほうが好ましい。 The distribution of measurement values between the target disease group and non-disease group usually overlaps to some extent. Therefore, by raising or lowering the cutoff value, the sensitivity and specificity change. Lowering the cutoff value increases sensitivity but decreases specificity, and raising the cutoff value decreases sensitivity but increases specificity. As a method of assessment, it is preferable for both sensitivity and specificity to be high.
カットオフ値を設定する方法としては、非疾患群の分布の95%を含む、中央からの両端のいずれかの値をカットオフ値として設定する方法、非疾患群の分布が正規分布を示す場合、平均値+2倍の標準偏差(SD)または平均値-2SDをカットオフ値として設定する方法等が挙げられる。 Methods for setting the cutoff value include setting either of the two values from the center that include 95% of the distribution of the non-disease group as the cutoff value, or setting the mean value plus two standard deviations (SD) or the mean value minus 2 SD as the cutoff value when the distribution of the non-disease group shows a normal distribution.
また、一般に、診断方法が有用かどうかを判定するためには、前述のように設定されたカットオフ値によって感度と特異度が変化するため、単純にあるカットオフ値での感度と特異度で評価するよりも、カットオフ値を上下させたときに感度や特異度が高く保たれるような指標、例えばROC曲線のAUC値で評価するのが望ましい。ROC曲線のAUC値は感度と特異度が両方100%になるようなカットオフ値が存在する場合に1になり、診断性能が良くない場合に0.5に近づく。 In addition, in general, in order to determine whether a diagnostic method is useful, since sensitivity and specificity change depending on the cutoff value set as described above, it is more desirable to evaluate using an index that maintains high sensitivity and specificity when the cutoff value is raised or lowered, such as the AUC value of the ROC curve, rather than simply evaluating the sensitivity and specificity at a certain cutoff value. The AUC value of the ROC curve is 1 when there is a cutoff value at which both sensitivity and specificity are 100%, and approaches 0.5 when the diagnostic performance is poor.
すなわち、本発明の方法におけるカットオフ値は、上述の感度、特異度およびROC曲線のAUC値のいずれかが好ましい数値となるように決定することができる。また、血小板数変動を決定する際の変曲点から最新の採血時までの期間、および変曲点から最新の採血時までに取得される血液試料の数もまた、上述の感度、特異度およびROC曲線のAUC値のいずれかが好ましい数値となるように決定することができる。 That is, the cutoff value in the method of the present invention can be determined so that any of the above-mentioned sensitivity, specificity, and AUC value of the ROC curve is a preferred numerical value. In addition, the period from the inflection point to the latest blood sampling time when determining the platelet count fluctuation, and the number of blood samples obtained from the inflection point to the latest blood sampling time, can also be determined so that any of the above-mentioned sensitivity, specificity, and AUC value of the ROC curve is a preferred numerical value.
本発明の第二の態様の方法に従って、心血管イベントの発症リスクが高い群と低い群を選別した具体例を図3に示す。この例では、血中の血小板数変動値(%)が0よりも小さいこと、および血漿中CD40L(ng/μL)/血小板数(/μL)が1.00よりも小さいこと、という2つの基準により、100%の感度で心血管イベントの発症リスクが高い群を検出している。ちなみに、特異度は47%である。特定の理論に拘るわけではないが、低リスク群では、血小板活性化による血小板の消費が亢進すると、血小板減少傾向が持続するが、血漿CD40Lは高値を示すため、血小板機能が正常なら心血管イベントが回避されると考えられる。一方で、高リスク群では、血小板に質的な異常が存在するために、心血管イベントを回避できず、この場合、CD40Lも高値を示せないのではないかと考えられる。 Figure 3 shows a specific example of selecting a group with a high risk of developing a cardiovascular event from a group with a low risk of developing a cardiovascular event according to the method of the second aspect of the present invention. In this example, the group with a high risk of developing a cardiovascular event is detected with 100% sensitivity based on two criteria: the blood platelet count fluctuation value (%) is less than 0, and the plasma CD40L (ng/μL)/platelet count (/μL) is less than 1.00. The specificity is 47%. Without being bound to a particular theory, in the low-risk group, when platelet consumption due to platelet activation is enhanced, the tendency for thrombocytopenia continues, but plasma CD40L shows high values, so it is thought that cardiovascular events can be avoided if platelet function is normal. On the other hand, in the high-risk group, cardiovascular events cannot be avoided due to the presence of qualitative abnormalities in platelets, and in this case, it is thought that CD40L cannot show high values.
このようにして、本発明の方法により心血管イベントの発症のハイリスク群であると判定された被検者(動物)は、それぞれの疾患に適した治療を受けることにより、予後の経過や治療効果が非常に良好となる。本発明の方法は、血液維持透析におけるハイリスクケースのスクリーニング、プライマリケアにおけるハイリスク患者のスクリーニング、一般検診等におけるハイリスクケースのスクリーニング等にも好適に用いることができる。 In this way, subjects (animals) determined by the method of the present invention to be at high risk of developing cardiovascular events can have a very good prognosis and treatment effect by receiving treatment appropriate for their respective diseases. The method of the present invention can also be suitably used for screening of high-risk cases in maintenance blood dialysis, screening of high-risk patients in primary care, screening of high-risk cases in general medical examinations, etc.
以下、実施例により本発明をより具体的に説明するが、本発明の技術的範囲はこれらに限定されない。 The present invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to examples, but the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples.
血小板数およびCD40Lの測定方法
以下の実施例において、血液試料中の血小板数および血漿中のCD40リガンド(CD40L)の測定は以下の手法により行った。
Method for Measuring Platelet Count and CD40L In the following Examples, the platelet count in blood samples and CD40 ligand (CD40L) in plasma were measured by the following procedures.
血小板数の測定
被験者から採取した血液サンプルを標準的なEDTA-2Kチューブに回収した。次いで、血小板数および平均赤血球容積(MCV)を含む各種の値を、GEN・S cellular analyzer system(ベックマン・コールター社製)またはXE-2100 Hematology analyzer(シスメックス社製)を製造者の指示に従って用いて測定した。これらの測定装置については、測定値の正確性を担保するために適宜較正を行った。
Platelet count measurements: Blood samples were collected from subjects and collected in standard EDTA-2K tubes. Platelet count and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were then measured using a GEN-S cellular analyzer system (Beckman Coulter) or an XE-2100 Hematology analyzer (Sysmex) according to the manufacturer's instructions. These devices were calibrated appropriately to ensure the accuracy of the measurements.
CD40Lの測定
被験者から採取した血漿サンプルについて、ELISA法によりCD40Lを定量した。このELISA法は、市販のキット(製品名:The Quantikine Human CD40 Ligand Immunoassay, R&D Systems Inc.)を用いて行った。
Measurement of CD40L CD40L was quantified in plasma samples collected from subjects by ELISA using a commercially available kit (product name: The Quantikine Human CD40 Ligand Immunoassay, R&D Systems Inc.).
後ろ向きコホート研究
閉塞性動脈硬化症(ASO)による重症下肢虚血(CLI)が認められ、単核球による血管新生治療を受けた患者のうち、受診前の血清サンプルおよび血漿サンプルが利用可能な39症例を対象とする後ろ向きコホート研究を行った。この研究では、39症例を、受診後6ヶ月以内に心血管イベント(CVE)を発症した7症例とそうでない32症例に分けた。ここで、実際に見られた心血管イベント(CVE)は、突然死、心筋梗塞、冠動脈病変の悪化や脳血管障害の発症などであった。
A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 39 patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) due to arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) who underwent mononuclear cell angiogenesis therapy and for whom serum and plasma samples were available before the consultation. In this study, the 39 cases were divided into 7 cases who developed cardiovascular events (CVE) within 6 months of consultation and 32 cases who did not. The cardiovascular events (CVE) actually observed here included sudden death, myocardial infarction, worsening of coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease.
受診日における対象患者のデータを以下の表1に示す。
これらの対象患者に由来する受診日の血漿サンプル中のCD40Lを定量するとともに、受診日までの血小板数変動を調べた。血小板数変動は、各患者に由来する受診日前の複数の血液サンプルにおける血小板数を測定し、得られた測定値をグラフにプロットしてその経時変化をみることにより調べた。具体的には、図1に例示するように、血小板数の測定値の移動平均値(7日以上)を時間軸に対してプロットし、受診日から遡って直近の変曲点を特定した。そして、変曲点における血小板数(移動平均値)をσ(ベースライン)とし、受診日における血小板数(移動平均値)から変曲点における血小板数(移動平均値)を引いた差をδとした。変曲点が存在しない場合には、最古の採血時における血小板数(移動平均値)をσ(ベースライン)とし、最新の採血時における血小板数(移動平均値)からσを引いた差をδとした。δ/σ×100を血小板数変動値(%)とした。 CD40L was quantified in plasma samples from these patients on the day of their visit, and the platelet count fluctuation up to the day of their visit was examined. The platelet count fluctuation was examined by measuring the platelet count in multiple blood samples from each patient before their visit, plotting the measured values on a graph, and observing the change over time. Specifically, as illustrated in Figure 1, the moving average (7 days or more) of the platelet count measurements was plotted against the time axis, and the most recent inflection point was identified retroactively from the day of their visit. The platelet count (moving average) at the inflection point was then defined as σ (baseline), and the difference obtained by subtracting the platelet count (moving average) at the inflection point from the platelet count (moving average) on the day of their visit was defined as δ. When no inflection point existed, the platelet count (moving average) at the earliest blood draw was defined as σ (baseline), and the difference obtained by subtracting σ from the platelet count (moving average) at the most recent blood draw was defined as δ. δ/σ×100 was defined as the platelet count fluctuation value (%).
次に、血小板数変動値(%)を横軸とし、受診日における[CD40Lの定量値(ng/μL)]/[血小板数(/μL)]を縦軸としてプロットしたグラフを図4に示す。 Next, Figure 4 shows a graph plotting the platelet count fluctuation value (%) on the horizontal axis and [CD40L quantitative value (ng/μL)] / [platelet count (/μL)] on the day of examination on the vertical axis.
図4によれば、心血管イベントを発症した患者のサンプルは、いずれも0%よりも低い血小板数変動値(%)を示していた。さらに、心血管イベントを発症した患者のサンプルは、0%よりも低い血小板数変動値(%)を示し、かつ、CD40Lの定量値も低かった。従って、これらの指標により、被験者が心血管イベントを近い将来に発症するリスクを有するか否かを判定できることが明らかとなった。特に、この例において、血小板数変動値(%)のカットオフ値を0%とし、[CD40Lの定量値(ng/μL)]/[血小板数(/μL)]のカットオフ値を1.00としたときの診断方法としての感度は100%であり、特異度は47%であった。 According to Figure 4, all samples from patients who developed cardiovascular events showed platelet count fluctuation values (%) lower than 0%. Furthermore, samples from patients who developed cardiovascular events showed platelet count fluctuation values (%) lower than 0% and also had low CD40L quantitative values. Therefore, it was revealed that these indices can be used to determine whether or not a subject is at risk of developing a cardiovascular event in the near future. In particular, in this example, when the cutoff value for platelet count fluctuation values (%) was set to 0% and the cutoff value for [CD40L quantitative value (ng/μL)]/[platelet count (/μL)] was set to 1.00, the sensitivity of the diagnostic method was 100% and the specificity was 47%.
Claims (7)
(i)前記被検体から複数の時点で採取した複数の血液試料中の血小板数の値を取得する工程、
(ii)前記被検体から複数の時点で採取した複数の血液試料の少なくとも1つにおけるCD40リガンド(CD40L)の定量値を取得する工程、および
(iii)血小板数が減少する傾向が見られ、かつ、CD40Lの定量値をその定量に用いた血液試料と同じ時点で採取した血液試料中の血小板数の値で割った値が、心血管イベントの発症リスクが低い個体についての値と比較して低い場合を、心血管イベントの発症リスクが高い指標とする工程
を含んでなる、方法。 A method for evaluating a risk of developing a cardiovascular event in a subject in vitro , comprising:
(i) obtaining platelet count values in multiple blood samples taken from the subject at multiple time points;
(ii) obtaining a quantitative value of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in at least one of a plurality of blood samples taken from the subject at a plurality of time points; and (iii) determining that a tendency for a decrease in platelet count is observed and that a value obtained by dividing the quantitative value of CD40L by the platelet count in a blood sample taken at the same time point as the blood sample used for the quantification is lower than the value for an individual at low risk of developing a cardiovascular event, as an indication of a high risk of developing a cardiovascular event.
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| JP2005515407A (en) | 2001-11-05 | 2005-05-26 | ザ ブライアム アンド ウィミンズ ホスピタル インコーポレーテッド | Soluble CD40L (CD154) as a prognostic marker for atherosclerosis |
| WO2009034470A2 (en) | 2007-09-10 | 2009-03-19 | Universiteit Leiden | Future cardiac event biomarkers |
| JP2013228229A (en) | 2012-04-24 | 2013-11-07 | Chiba Univ | Inspection method of cardiovascular event onset risk |
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| JP2005515407A (en) | 2001-11-05 | 2005-05-26 | ザ ブライアム アンド ウィミンズ ホスピタル インコーポレーテッド | Soluble CD40L (CD154) as a prognostic marker for atherosclerosis |
| WO2009034470A2 (en) | 2007-09-10 | 2009-03-19 | Universiteit Leiden | Future cardiac event biomarkers |
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