JP6318177B2 - 非対称振動をもたらすための装置 - Google Patents
非対称振動をもたらすための装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6318177B2 JP6318177B2 JP2015557197A JP2015557197A JP6318177B2 JP 6318177 B2 JP6318177 B2 JP 6318177B2 JP 2015557197 A JP2015557197 A JP 2015557197A JP 2015557197 A JP2015557197 A JP 2015557197A JP 6318177 B2 JP6318177 B2 JP 6318177B2
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Description
である。
容器の一端に位置する圧縮性の気泡(または、剛直な障壁を形成しない容器の何らかの部分)は、圧力が特定の値を下回って低下する場合に、容器の他端にキャビテーションを引き起こしうる。この値は、一般的には液体の蒸気圧であるが、液体内の気体または固体の含有量などといった他の因子に依存して変化しうる(キャビテーションは、容器の高さが流体における振動の波長に近く、あるいはそれよりも大きい場合にも生じうる)。キャビテーションは、下方への加速度(マイナスg)および液体の高さに起因する液体の圧力の変化が、流体の蒸気圧を(ほぼ)差し引いた容器内の初期の圧力よりも大きい場合に生じる。したがって、気泡の存在、不在、または位置、容器の内部の平均圧力、容器の高さ、流体の密度、ならびに振動波形の周波数、振幅、および形状など、キャビテーションの回避または生成のために変更することができるいくつかのパラメータが存在する。
本発明の別の実施形態においては、容器が、粒子の分離または混合の改善のために、水平方向に振動させられる。例えば、分離が望まれる場合、気泡塔反応器を、気泡を右方へ、高密度な粒子を左方へと移動させるやり方で水平方向に振動させ、気泡を粒子から分離させることができる。混合が所望される場合、振動を繰り返し反転させることによって、より軽い粒子およびより重い粒子の場所を交代させ、粒子を容器の全幅にわたって水平方向に混合することで、搬送速度、質量移動速度、熱交換、拡散速度、または他のプロセスの速度を高めることができる。同様に、上下方向の振動の形状および/または振幅を、上下方向の混合を改善するために変動させることができる。
さらに、本発明の一実施形態を、流体内の熱対流をなくし、あるいは逆にするために使用することができる。上述の種類の振動は、容器の底の流体の低温層を、より温かい流体を通って容器の上部へと上方に流すことができる。この効果は、上部において加熱され、底部において冷却される液体中のサーモクロミック顔料を使用して実証されている。スローモーションビデオにおいて、より低温の液体が、振動の作用のもとで上昇した。対流を遅くし、あるいは逆にする能力により、結晶化、固化、および燃焼などの化学プロセスを改善することができる。
本発明の実施形態の他の用途は、異なる密度の2つ以上の不混和の流体を迅速に混合してコロイドを生成することである。振動が増すにつれ、流体間のインターフェイスにおいてリップルが形成されて成長し、最終的に、一方の流体の気泡が他方の流体に取り込まれるように充分に大きくなる。振動が純粋に正弦波振動である場合、気泡は再び安定しようとする傾向であると考えられるが、振動が上述のように非正弦波である場合、適切なサイズの気泡を他方の液体へとさらに浮揚させることができる。振動が続くとき、凝集速度(気泡が互いに衝突して大きな気泡を形成する速度)が振動による気泡の分解速度に実質的に等しくなるまで、より大きな気泡はより小さな気泡へと分解する。コロイドを、数サイクル/秒から超音波の周波数までの幅広い範囲の振動周波数において迅速に生成することができる。コロイドは、振動が維持される限りにおいて持続する。振動の周波数、形状、および振幅を、液滴のサイズを変更し、振動の停止後も長くコロイドの安定性を維持するために充分に液滴を小さくできるように、調節することができる。安定剤を、安定性を改善するために追加することもできる。
流動層反応器の流量と比較して、本発明の実施形態は、流体に対する粒子のより高い速度を達成することができる。流動層においては粒子を流動化する1つの流量(または、狭い範囲の流量)が存在するが、本実施形態の振動の振幅および周波数は、波形の形状を浮揚を維持するように調節することができるため、幅広い範囲にわたって調節可能である。例えば、第2の高調波の振幅を、流動化を達成するように第1の高調波に対して調節することができる。さらに、実施形態は、流体の再循環経路を必要としない。
さらに、振動試験を、本発明の実施形態によって改善することができる。現在の振動試験の規格は、正弦波振動、正弦波掃引試験、ランダム試験、および/またはインパルス試験だけを要求している。しかしながら、すでに示したように、周期的ではあるが正弦波ではない振動において、単に第2高調波が加えられただけでも、正弦波形またはランダム波形においては見られていない重要な効果が生じる可能性がある。上下振動が、密度の小さい流体において粒子を浮揚させることができ、上部に集めることさえ可能である一方で、水平方向の振動は、他の効果のなかでもとりわけ、水平方向のストリーミングを生じさせることができる。
本発明の他の目的は、正弦波または非正弦波振動の印加を通じて電池セルの供給可能電流を増やし、あるいは電池セルの充電速度を高めるための装置および方法である。水平方向の正弦波振動は、鉛直な電極の間の電解質およびイオンの流れを増加させることで、セルの内部抵抗を減らし、充電および放電の両方において最大電流を大きくする。非正弦波の水平振動は、特定の方向のイオンの移動を生じさせることができる。バイポーラ電池などのように、カソードおよびアノードの間の方向がセルの全体にわたって同じである場合、この移動は、振動波形の極性に応じて、放電を犠牲にして充電を改善でき、あるいは充電を犠牲にして放電を改善することができる。充分に大きい振動の振幅は、セルの充電または充電に必要な電圧の低減にさえも充分であるかもしれない。振動を、必要とされる電流に応じて、動的に増加または減少させることができ、あるいは完全に無くすことが可能である。この柔軟性は、内部短絡の恐れを減らすことによって安全性を向上させる電極間のより大きな分離、および振動を停止させることによって熱散逸を停止させる能力を可能にする。
本発明の別の用途は、超音波医療の分野にある。超音波波形の形状を、キャビテーションまたは組織の加熱の恐れを低く保ちつつストリーミングを生じさせるように調節することができる。米国特許第5,523,058号(1996年6月4日にShinichiro Umemuraに発行された)が、第1および第2の高調波を組み合わせる超音波装置を開示しているが、効果をキャビテーションの増加と記載している。キャビテーションが多少増加する可能性もあるが、それらの観測される効果の大部分は、おそらくは種々のサイズ、形状、または密度の粒子への非正弦波振動のストリーミングまたは混合に起因している。(例として、方形の圧力波を近似するように)適切な位相および振幅の関係で第2の高調波の代わりに奇数次の高調波を加えることで、超音波に対して充分な非線形応答を有する組織または気泡の通過を除き、ストリーミングを生じさせることなくキャビテーションを増加させることができる。反対に、おそらくは三角形の圧力波または適切な極性の鋸歯波を近似することによって正しい位相および振幅の関係を有する高調波を加えることで、圧力の変化の最大速度を小さくしてキャビテーションを減らすことができる。キャビテーションの恐れを減らすことで、超音波をより安全にすることができる。
Claims (14)
- 非対称な振動をもたらすための装置であって、
容器と、
前記容器内に配設された流体および粒子と、
前記容器に取り付けられており、当該容器を振動させる振動ドライバと、
前記振動ドライバに設けられ、前記粒子に対する振動の1又は2以上の効果を検知する光学センサと、
前記振動ドライバ及び光学センサに接続されたマイクロコントローラと
を備えており、
前記マイクロコントローラは、
粒子に対する振動の効果の検知についてのフィードバック信号を前記光学センサから受け、
前記フィードバック信号を解析して粒子に対する所望の効果を得るための振動の調節を決定し、
前記フィードバック信号の解析の基づき決定された調節にしたがって、前記振動ドライバにより生成される振動の非対称な特性を調節する第2の信号を出力する、装置。 - 前記振動ドライバは前記粒子に作用する重力と反対方向の力を当該粒子に与えることができる請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記振動ドライバは、2つ以上の波形の和としての振動を供給する請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記振動ドライバは、相対的な位相、振幅、周波数、軸、または振動の加速度を変化させることによって非対称を生み出す請求項3に記載の装置。
- 前記2つ以上の波形のうちの第2の波形の基本周波数は、前記2つ以上の波形のうちの第1の波形の基本周波数の2倍である請求項3に記載の装置。
- 前記振動ドライバは、異なる周波数の2つの正弦曲線の和としての振動を供給する請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記振動ドライバは、圧電トランスデューサ、オーディオスピーカドライバ、リニアモータ、及び他の機構を使用して直線運動へと変換される回転モータからなる群れより選択される請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記振動ドライバは、回転運動を直線運動に変換するための機構に接続された回転モータを含む請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記特性は周波数である請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記特性は波形である請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記振動ドライバは、動作上部よりも動作下部において、より高いばね定数を有するばね機構を含む請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記振動ドライバは、2つの圧電発信器からの信号にしたがって振動する請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記2つの圧電発信器の一つ目は、第1の周波数および第1の振幅であり、
前記2つの圧電発信器の二つ目は、前記第1の周波数の2倍の第2の周波数、および前記第1の振幅の半分の第2の振幅である請求項12に記載の装置。 - 前記マイクロコントローラは、フーリエ解析により前記フィードバック信号を解析する請求項1に記載の装置。
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| US20170216793A1 (en) | 2017-08-03 |
| JP2016515035A (ja) | 2016-05-26 |
| US11224847B2 (en) | 2022-01-18 |
| WO2014124440A3 (en) | 2015-11-05 |
| US11027247B2 (en) | 2021-06-08 |
| US20200129937A1 (en) | 2020-04-30 |
| US20140226430A1 (en) | 2014-08-14 |
| EP2953710A2 (en) | 2015-12-16 |
| EP2953710A4 (en) | 2016-12-14 |
| US10058834B2 (en) | 2018-08-28 |
| US20170056849A1 (en) | 2017-03-02 |
| US10864489B2 (en) | 2020-12-15 |
| CN105008006B (zh) | 2019-08-09 |
| WO2014124440A2 (en) | 2014-08-14 |
| EP2953710B1 (en) | 2023-06-07 |
| US20200129939A1 (en) | 2020-04-30 |
| EP2953710C0 (en) | 2023-06-07 |
| CN105008006A (zh) | 2015-10-28 |
| US10058833B2 (en) | 2018-08-28 |
| US20200129938A1 (en) | 2020-04-30 |
| US20200129936A1 (en) | 2020-04-30 |
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