JP6313203B2 - Alu−rna誘導変性からの細胞の保護及び細胞保護用阻害剤 - Google Patents
Alu−rna誘導変性からの細胞の保護及び細胞保護用阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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Description
ヴァレリア タラッロ(ケンタッキー、レキシントン;イタリア国籍)
譲受人:ユニバーシティー オブ ケンタッキー リサーチ ファウンデイション
代理人整理番号:13177N/1790WO
本出願は、2011年7月18日出願の米国仮出願第61/508,867号及び2011年10月4日出願の米国仮出願第61/543,038号(この参照により、これら出願の開示全体が本明細書中に組み込まれる)の優先権を主張する。
政府の権益
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所の国立眼研究所により認められた政府補助R01EY018350、R01EY018836、R01EY020672、R01EY022238、R21EY019778、RC1EY020442の下でなされた。米国政府は本発明に一定の権利を有する。
本願開示の主題は、インフラマソーム、MyD88、IL-18、VDAC1、VDAC2、カスパーゼ-8及びNFκBの阻害;インフラマソーム、MyD88、IL-18、VDAC1、VDAC2、カスパーゼ-8及びNFκBの阻害剤、細胞の保護方法、並びに阻害剤を同定するスクリーニング法に関する。
加齢性黄斑変性(AMD)(これは先進工業国ではガンと同程度に蔓延している)は、世界中で失明の主原因である。血管新生型AMD(この疾患に対しては多くの認可された治療法が存在する)とは対照的に、遥かにより一般的な萎縮型AMDは十分に解明されておらず、有効な臨床的介入が存在しない。網膜色素上皮(RPE)の広範な萎縮は、重篤な視力喪失に至り、地図状萎縮と名付けられており、その病因は不明である。地図状萎縮は、世界中で数百万人の人々に失明を引き起こし、現時点で認可された治療法が存在しない。
本願開示の主題は、本明細書で提供される情報を学んだ後に当業者に明らかとなるように、上記のニーズの幾つか又は全てを満たす。
この「要旨」は、本願開示の主題の幾つかの実施形態を記載し、多くの場合で、これら実施形態の変形物及び入替物を挙げる。この「要旨」は、単に、多くの多様な実施形態の例示に過ぎない。所与の実施形態の1以上の代表的特徴の言及も同様に例示である。このような実施形態は、典型的には、言及した特徴を有していることもあれば有していないこともある;同様に、これら特徴は、本願開示の主題の他の実施形態(この「要旨」で挙げられていてもいなくても)にあてはまる。過度の繰返しを避けるために、この「要旨」は、この特徴の可能な組合せの全てを列挙せず、示唆もしない。
配列番号1 IMG-2005-1ペプチド配列:DRQIKIWFQNRRMKWKKRDVLPGT。ここで、最後の7アミノ酸はMyD88ホモ二量体化の阻害に必要であり、先行するアミノ酸配列は、阻害性ペプチドの細胞進入を可能にするアンテナペディア細胞透過配列であり、その結果、これはMyD88をブロックすることができる。
配列番号2 コントロールペプチド配列:DRQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK
配列番号3 MyD88 siRNA #1センス:5'-GAGAAGCCUUUACAGGUdTdT-3'
配列番号4 MyD88 siRNA #1アンチセンス:5'-ACCUGUAAAGGCUUCUCdTdT-3'
配列番号5 MyD88 siRNA #2センス:5'-CAGAGCAAGGAAUGUGAdTdT-3'
配列番号7:NLRP3 siRNA - 5'-GUUUGACUAUCUGUUCUdTdT-3'
配列番号8:NLRP3 siRNA - 5'-GGAUCAAACUACUCUGUGA-3'
配列番号9:NLRP3 siRNA - 5'-UGCAAGAUCUCUCAGCAAA-3'
配列番号10:NLRP3 siRNA - 5'-GAAGUGGGGUUCAGAUAAU-3'
配列番号12:PYCARD siRNA - 5'-GAAGCUCUUCAGUUUCAdTdT-3'
配列番号13:PYCARD siRNA - 5'-GGCUGCUGGAUGCUCUGUACGGGAA-3'
配列番号14:PYCARD siRNA - 5'-UUCCCGUACAGAGCAUCCAGCAGCC-3'
配列番号15:ヒトピリンコーディング配列のsiRNA:GCTGGAGCAGGTGTACTACTTC
配列番号17:ヒトカスパーゼ-1の3'UTRのsiRNA:GTGAAGAGATCCTTCTGTA
配列番号18:ヒトIL1B用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-TTAAAGCCCGCCTGACAGA-3'
配列番号19:ヒトIL1B用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-GCGAATGACAGAGGGTTTCTTAG-3'
配列番号20:ヒトIL18用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-ATCACTTGCACTCCGGAGGTA-3'
配列番号22:ヒトNLRP3用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-GCACCTGTTGTGCAATCTGAA-3'
配列番号23:ヒトNLRP3用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-TCCTGACAACATGCTGATGTGA-3'
配列番号24:ヒトPYCARD用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-GCCAGGCCTGCACTTTATAGA-3'
配列番号25:ヒトPYCARD用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-GTTTGTGACCCTCGCGATAAG-3'
配列番号27:ヒトVDAC1用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-CTGTCCAGGCAAGATTGACA-3'
配列番号28:ヒトVDAC2用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-CAGTGCCAAATCAAAGCTGA-3'
配列番号29:ヒトVDAC2用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-CCTGATGTCCAAGCAAGGTT-3')
配列番号30:ヒトVDAC3用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-TTGACACAGCCAAATCCAAA-3'
配列番号32:ヒト18S rRNA用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-CGCAGCTAGGAATAATGGAATAGG-3'
配列番号33:ヒト18S rRNA用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-GCCTCAGTTCCGAAAACCAA-3'
配列番号34:マウスMyd88用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-CACCTGTGTCTGGTCCATTG-3'
配列番号35:マウスMyd88用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-AGGCTGAGTGCAAACTTGGT-3'
配列番号37:マウスNlrp3用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-AACCAATGCGAGATCCTGAC-3'
配列番号38:マウスIl18用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-GACAGCCTGTGTTCGAGGAT-3'
配列番号39:マウスIl18用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、リバース 5'-TGGATCCATTTCCTCAAAGG-3'
配列番号40:マウス18S rRNA用オリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、フォワード 5'-TTCGTATTGCGCCGCTAGA-3'
配列番号42:マウスmiR-184-5'-TGGACGGAGAACTGATAAGGGT-3';
配列番号43:マウスmiR-221/222-5'-AGCTACATCTGGCTACTGGGT-3';
配列番号44:マウスmiR-320a-5'-AAAAGCTGGGTTGAGAGGGCGA-3'、及び
配列番号45:マウスマウスmiR-484-5'-TCAGGCTCAGTCCCCTCCCGAT-3'
配列番号47:VDAC1 siRNAセンス-5'-CGGAAUAGCAGCCAAGUdTdT-3'
配列番号48:VDAC2 siRNAセンス-5'-CCCUGGAGUUGGAGGCUdTdT-3'
配列番号49:VDAC3 siRNAセンス-5'-GCUUUAAUCGAUGGGAAdTdT-3'
配列番号50:DICER1アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド(AS)-5'-GCUGACCTTTTTGCTUCUCA-3'
配列番号52:Alu AS-5'-CCCGGGTTCACGCCATTCTCCTGCCTCAGCCTCACGAGTAGCTGGGACTACAGGCGCCCGACACCACTCCCGGCTAATTTTTTGTATTTTT-3'
配列番号53:Alu AS用コントロール-5'-GCATGGCCAGTCCATTGATCTTGCACGCTTGCCTAGTACGCTCCTCAACCTATCCTCCTAGCCCGTTACTTGGTGCCACCGGCG-3'
配列番号54:MyD88ホモ二量体化阻害用オリゴペプチド:RDVLPGT
配列番号55:MyD88ホモ二量体化阻害用オリゴペプチド:RDVVPGG
配列番号57 VDAC1 siRNAセンス(5'-CGGAAUAGCAGCCAAGUdTdT-3')
配列番号58 VDAC2 siRNAセンス(5'-CCCUGGAGUUGGAGGCUdTdT-3')
配列番号59 VDAC3 siRNAセンス(5'-GCUUUAAUCGAUGGGAAdTdT-3')
本願開示の主題は、MyD88阻害剤を同定する方法、MyD88を阻害する方法及び組成物、並びにそれらの使用を包含する。本願開示の主題は、インフラマソーム阻害剤を同定する方法、インフラマソームを阻害する方法及び組成物、並びにそれらの使用を包含する。本願開示の主題は、インフラマソームの構成要素の阻害剤を同定する方法、インフラマソームの構成要素を阻害する方法及び組成物、並びにそれらの使用を包含する。インフラマソームの構成要素としては、例えば、NLRP3、PYCARD及びカスパーゼ-1が挙げられる。本願開示の主題は、IL-18阻害剤を同定する方法、IL-18を阻害する方法及び組成物、並びにそれらの使用を包含する。本願開示の主題は、VDAC1又はVDAC2阻害剤を同定する方法、VDAC1又はVDAC2を阻害する方法及び組成物、並びにそれらの使用を包含する。本願開示の主題は、カスパーゼ-8阻害剤を同定する方法、カスパーゼ-8を阻害する方法及び組成物、並びにそれらの使用を包含する。本願開示の主題は、NFkB阻害剤を同定する方法、NFkBを阻害する方法及び組成物、並びにそれらの使用を包含する。対象者の眼において活性化カスパーゼ-1を画像化する方法及び組成物もまた提供する。
幾つかの実施形態では、本願開示の主題の方法及び組成物は、細胞をAlu-RNA誘導変性に対して保護するために有用である。よって、幾つかの実施形態では、方法は阻害剤を投与することを含み、細胞がAlu-RNA誘導変性に対して保護される。
幾つかの実施形態では、本願開示の主題は、細胞のインフラマソームを阻害することを含んでなる、細胞を保護する方法を包含する。インフラマソームがNLRP3インフラマソーム、NLRP1インフラマソーム、NLRC4インフラマソーム、AIM2インフラマソーム及びIFI16インフラマソームから選択される、先行する請求項のいずれか1項に記載の方法。幾つかの実施形態では、インフラマソームはNLRP3インフラマソームである。
上記のように、幾つかの実施形態では、興味対象のポリペプチドの阻害は、オリゴヌクレオチド又は小RNA分子を投与することを含んでなる。小RNA分子は、例えばNLRP3及び/又はPYCARDを標的することができる。ヌクレオチドは、NLRP3及び/又はPYCARDを標的し、分解することができる。この点に関して、本願開示の主題は、NLRP3及び/又はPYCARDの発現を阻害する単離二本鎖RNA分子(ここで、該二本鎖RNAの第1の鎖は表Aに示した配列を含んでなり、約14〜25ヌクレオチドを含む)を包含する。上記のように、幾つかの実施形態では、阻害は、優勢ネガティブベクターであるインフラマソーム阻害剤を投与することを含んでなる。幾つかの実施形態では、インフラマソームの阻害は、カスパーゼ-1の阻害剤を投与することを含んでなる。幾つかの実施形態では、カスパーゼ-1の阻害剤はペプチド阻害剤である。
本願開示の主題は更に、候補阻害剤をスクリーニングしてインフラマソーム阻害剤を同定する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、インフラマソーム阻害剤を同定する方法は、培養細胞を使用する。ここで、インフラマソームの活性化剤(例えば、Alu RNA、リポ多糖+ATP)に応答してのPYCARD凝集、カスパーゼ-1切断又はIL-1β若しくはIL-18の切断/分泌を測定する細胞ベースの系が提供される。
幾つかの実施形態では、インフラマソーム阻害剤のスクリーニング法は、細胞(例えば、RPE細胞)又は細胞株(例えば、THP-1又はRAWマクロファージ)をAlu RNA又はLPS+ATPで刺激すること;CaspaLux(登録商標)1-E2D2アッセイ(OncoImmunin, Inc.)を用いてカスパーゼ-1活性をモニターすること;及びCaspaslux蛍光の阻害程度について候補分子を試験することを含む。
幾つかの実施形態では、インフラマソーム阻害剤のスクリーニング法は、HEK-BlueTM IL-1β細胞(Invivogen)をAlu RNA又はLPS+ARPで刺激して、QUANTI-BlueTM(Invivogen)を用い生物活性IL-1βの生成を検出すること;及び呈色シグナルの阻害程度について候補分子を試験することを含む。
幾つかの実施形態では、本願開示の主題は、細胞のMyD88を阻害することを含んでなる細胞を保護する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、MyD88の阻害はMyD88阻害剤を投与することを含んでなる。
上記のように、幾つかの実施形態では、興味対象のポリペプチドの阻害は、オリゴヌクレオチド又は小RNA分子を投与することを含んでなる。この小RNA分子はMyD88を標的することができる。このヌクレオチドはMyD88を標的し分解することができる。この点に関して、本願開示の主題は、myD88の発現を阻害する単離二本鎖RNA分子(ここで、該二本鎖RNAの第1の鎖は表Cに示した配列を含んでなり、約14〜25ヌクレオチドを含む)を包含する。本願開示の主題に従って使用することができるMyD88阻害剤の例はとしては、表Cに示すものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。このように、本願開示の主題の実施形態は、表Cに示すMyD88阻害剤を投与することを含み得る。
本願開示の主題は、myD88の発現を阻害する単離RNA分子を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、二本鎖RNAの第1の鎖は下記の配列から選択される配列を含んでなり、約14〜25ヌクレオチドを含む:5'-GAGAAGCCUUUACAGGUdTdT-3'(配列番号3);5'-ACCUGUAAAGGCUUCUCdTdT-3'(配列番号4);5'-CAGAGCAAGGAAUGUGAdTdT-3'(配列番号5);及び5'-UCACAUUCCUUGCUCUGdTdT-3'(配列番号6)。
幾つかの実施形態では、MyD88阻害剤を同定する方法は、MyD88がアップレギュレートされている培養細胞を利用する。該培養細胞を用いて候補化合物をスクリーニングし、MyD88をモジュレートする効力を決定することができる。候補化合物としては、例えば、小分子、生物製剤及びそれらの組合せ(例えば、複数の化合物を含む組成物)が挙げられる。用語 小分子は、従来の薬学的化合物を含む。用語 生物製剤は、ポリペプチド及びヌクレオチドを含み、siRNA、抗体、アプタマー、及び優勢ネガティブプラスミド又はベクターを含む。
MyD88阻害剤のスクリーニング法の幾つかの実施形態では、細胞又は細胞株は、MyD88の既知の活性化剤(例えば、Alu RNA又はLPS)で刺激することができる。二量体化若しくはオリゴマー化MyD88の量は、非還元条件下で抗MyD88抗体を用いるウェスタンブロッティングにより測定することができる。候補分子は、MyD88の二量体化又はオリゴマー化の阻害の程度について試験され得る。
MyD88阻害剤のスクリーニング法の幾つかの実施形態では、細胞又は細胞株は、MyD88の既知の活性化剤(例えば、Alu RNA又はLPS)で刺激することができる。リン酸化形態のIRAK1又はIRAK4の量は、還元条件下で抗ホスホIRAK1抗体又は抗ホスホIRAK4抗体を用いるウェスタンブロッティングにより測定することができる。候補分子はIRAK1又はIRAK4のリン酸化の阻害程度について試験され得る。
幾つかの実施形態では、本願開示の主題は、細胞のIL-18を阻害することを含んでなる、細胞を保護する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、IL-18の阻害はIL-18阻害剤を投与することを含んでなる。
上記のように、幾つかの実施形態では、興味対象のポリペプチドの阻害は、結合性タンパク質又は抗体を投与することを含んでなる。このような抗体は、IL-18に対する中和抗体又はIL-18レセプターへのIL-18結合をブロックする抗体を含み得る。幾つかの実施形態では、IL-18阻害剤は、IL-18結合性タンパク質(Novickら,1999)であり得る。
本願開示の主題に従って使用することができるIL-18阻害剤の例としては、表Dに示したものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。このように、本願開示の主題の実施形態は、表Dに示したIL-18阻害剤を投与することを含み得る。
幾つかの実施形態では、IL-18阻害剤を同定する方法は、細胞(例えば、RPE細胞)又は細胞株(例えば、THP-1又はRAWマクロファージ)を組換えIL-18で刺激すること;MyD88活性化を、例えば増加したMyD88二量体化を(ウェスタンブロッティングにより)測定するか又はIRAK1若しくはIRAK4の増大したリン酸化を測定することにより測定することを含む。
幾つかの実施形態では、本願開示の主題は、細胞のVDAC1及び/又はVDAC2を阻害することを含んでなる、細胞を保護する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、VDAC1及び/又はVDAC2の阻害は、VDAC1阻害剤及び/又はVDAC2阻害剤を投与することを含んでなる。
上記のように、幾つかの実施形態では、興味対象のポリペプチドの阻害は、オリゴヌクレオチド又は小RNA分子を投与することを含んでなる。小RNA分子はVDAC1及び/又はVDAC2を標的することができる。ヌクレオチドは、VDAC1及び/又はVDAC2を標的し、分解することができる。この点に関して、本願開示の主題は、VDAC1及び/又はVDAC2の発現を阻害する単離二本鎖RNA分子(ここで、該二本鎖RNAの第1の鎖は表Eに示す配列を含んでなり、約14〜25ヌクレオチドを含む)を包含する。本願開示の主題に従って使用することができるVDAC1及び/又はVDAC2阻害剤の例としては、表Eに示すものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。このように、本願開示の主題の実施形態は、表Eに示すVDAC1及び/又はVDAC2阻害剤を投与することを含み得る。
本願開示の主題は、VDAC1及び/又はVDAC2の発現を阻害する単離RNA分子を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、二本鎖RNAの第1の鎖は、以下から選択される配列を含んでなり、約14〜25ヌクレオチドを含む:5'-CGGAAUAGCAGCCAAGUdTdT-3'(配列番号47)及び5'-CCCUGGAGUUGGAGGCUdTdT-3'(配列番号48)。
本願開示の主題は更に、候補阻害剤をスクリーニングしてVDAC1及び/又はVDAC2の阻害剤を同定する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、細胞又は細胞株ベースの方法が使用される。
幾つかの実施形態では、本願開示の主題は、細胞のカスパーゼ-8を阻害することを含んでなる、細胞を保護する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、カスパーゼ-8の阻害は、カスパーゼ-8阻害剤を投与することを含んでなる。
本願開示の主題に従って使用することができるカスパーゼ-8阻害剤の例としては、表Fに示すものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。このように、本願開示の主題の実施形態は、表Fに示すカスパーゼ8阻害剤を投与することを含み得る。
本願開示の主題は更に、候補阻害剤をスクリーニングしてカスパーゼ-8阻害剤を同定する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、細胞又は細胞株ベースの方法が使用される。
幾つかの実施形態では、本願開示の主題は、細胞のNFκBを阻害することを含んでなる、細胞を保護する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、NFκBの阻害は、NFκB阻害剤を投与することを含んでなる。
本願開示の主題に従って使用することができるNFκB阻害剤の例としては、表Gに示すものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。このように、本願開示の主題の実施形態は、表Gに示すNFκB阻害剤を投与することを含み得る。
本願開示の主題は更に、候補阻害剤をスクリーニングしてNFκB阻害剤を同定する方法を包含する。幾つかの実施形態では、細胞又は細胞株ベースの方法が使用される。
幾つかの実施形態では、カスパーゼ-1の基質に接合した蛍光分子又はカスパーゼ-1による切断後に蛍光を発する分子を含んでなる、対象者の眼において活性化カスパーゼを画像化するための診断組成物が提供される。幾つかの実施形態では、対象者のRPE細胞に診断組成物を(例えば、眼内又は静脈内)投与すること及び任意に蛍光の空間的クラスター化をモニターすることを含む、対象者の眼において活性化カスパーゼ-1を画像化する方法が提供される。
そうでないと規定されていない場合、本明細書で使用する全ての技術用語及び科学用語は、本願開示の主題が属する分野の当業者が通常理解するものと同じ意味を有する。本明細書に記載されたものに類似するか又は等価である任意の方法、デバイス及び材料を本願開示の主題の実施及び試験に使用できるが、代表的な方法、デバイス及び材料をここに記載する。
そうでないことが示されていない場合、本明細書及び特許請求の範囲で使用する成分、性質(例えば反応条件)などの量を表す全ての数は、全ての場合で、用語「約」で修飾されていると理解されるべきである。したがって、そうでないことが示されていない場合、本明細書及び特許請求の範囲に示される数値パラメータは、本願開示の主題により得ることが求められる所望の性質に応じて変動し得る近似値である。
本願開示の主題は、下記の具体的(非限定的)実施例により更に説明される。以下の実施例は、本発明に関連する開発及び実験の過程で種々の時点で集めたデータの代表例であるデータを合併したものを含み得る。
実施例1
網膜色素上皮(RPE)におけるDICER1欠損に起因するAlu RNA蓄積は、地図状萎縮(GA)(数百万人に失明を引き起こす進行型加齢性黄斑変性)に関わる。Alu RNA誘導細胞毒性の機序は不明である。ここでは、DICER1欠損又はAlu RNA曝露が、RPEにおいて、NLRP3インフラマソームを活性化し、IL-18を介するTLR非依存性MyD88シグナル伝達を誘引することを示す。インフラマソーム構成要素(NLRP3、Pycard、カスパーゼ-1)、MyD88又はIL-18の遺伝子阻害又は薬理学的阻害は、DICER1喪失又はAlu RNA曝露により引き起こされるRPE変性を防止する。これら知見は、ヒトGA RPEが上昇量のNLRP3、PYCARD及びIL-18を含有するという観察並びにカスパーゼ-1及びMyD88の増大した活性化の証拠と併せると、GAにおいてこの経路を標的する合理的根拠を提供する。これら知見はまた、免疫系外でのインフラマソームの新規機能及び可動エレメントの驚くべき免疫調整作用を明らかにする。
Alu RNAは種々のTLR又はRNAセンサを活性化しない
Alu RNAは、一本鎖(ss)RNA及び二本鎖(ds)RNAモチーフを有する(Sinnettら,1991)。よって、Alu RNAがtoll様レセプター-3(TLR3)、dsRNAセンサ(Alexopoulouら,2001)又はTLR7(ssRNAセンサ(Dieboldら,2004;Heilら,2004))が欠損したマウスにおいてRPE変性を誘導するかどうかを調べた。Alu RNAをコードするプラスミド(pAlu)の網膜下送達は、Tlr3-/-マウス及びTlr7-/-マウスにおいて、野生型(WT)マウスと同様に、RPE変性を誘導した(図1A〜C)。21ヌクレオチド以上の完全相補性siRNAはRPE細胞のTLR3を活性化することが以前に示されている(Kleinmanら,2011)。Alu RNAによるTLR3活性化の欠如は、TLR3結合を妨げ得る複数のヘアピン及び隆起を含有する複雑な構造に起因する蓋然性が高い。7SL RNA(Alu RNAの進化的前駆体)もp7SLもWTマウスにおいてRPE変性を誘導しなかった(図8A及び8B)。このことは、Alu RNA細胞毒性が、今のところ不明確な構造的特徴に起因し得ることを示唆する。pAluはUnc93b1マウス(これは、TLR3、TLR7及びTLR9シグナル伝達を欠く;Tabetaら,2006)においてRPE変性を誘導した(図1D)。このことは、これら核酸センサがAlu RNAにより重複して活性化されないことを示している。pAluはTlr4-/-マウスにおいてRPE変性を誘導し(図1E)、TLR4アンタゴニストであるRhodobacter sphaeroides LPS(Qureshiら,1991)はWTマウスにおいてpAlu誘導RPE変性を阻害しなかった(図8C)。よって、観察されたRPE細胞死はリポ多糖混入に起因しない。更に、2つの異なるインビトロ転写Alu RNA(Kanekoら,2011)は複数のTLRを活性化しなかった(図1F)。
次いで、TRIF(Ticam1によりコードされる;TLR3及びTLR4のアダプター(Hoebeら,2003;Yamamotoら,2003))及びMyD88(TLR3以外の全てのTLRのアダプター(Akiraら,2006;Alexopoulouら,2001;Suzukiら,2003))の関与を調べた。Alu RNAは、Tlr3-/-マウス及びTlr4-/-マウスにおける知見と一致して、Ticam1-/-マウスにおいてRPE変性を誘導した(図9A)。予想外にも、Alu RNAも2つの異なるpAluプラスミドもMyd88-/-マウスにおいてRPE変性を誘導しなかった(図2A、9B及び9C)。MyD88ホモ二量体化のペプチド阻害剤(Loiarroら,2005)の硝子体内送達は、WTマウスにおいてAlu RNAにより誘導されるRPE変性を防止した一方、コントロールペプチドは防止しなかった(図2B)。MyD88を標的する短い干渉RNA(siRNA)(これは、長さが21ヌクレオチドより短く、TLR3活性化を防止し、細胞透過を可能にするためにコレステロールに接合されている(Kleinmanら,2008))は、WTマウスにおいて、pAluにより誘導されるRPE変性を阻害したが、コントロールsiRNAは阻害しなかった(図2C〜2E)。Myd88+/-ヘテロ接合型マウスはAlu RNA誘導RPE変性に対して保護された(図2F及び9D)。このことは、MyD88の部分的ノックダウンが治療上十分であるというsiRNA研究を実証している。
カスパーゼ-1(Casp1によりコードされる;生物学的に活性な形態へのインターロイキンの成熟を誘導するプロテアーゼである(Ghayurら,1997;Guら,1997;Thornberryら,1992)がAlu RNA誘導RPE変性に関与するかどうかを調べた。ヒトRPE細胞のAlu RNA処理は、ウェスタンブロッティング及び基質切断の蛍光レポーターにより測定されるように、カスパーゼ-1活性化を導いた(図3A及び10A)。事実、Alu RNAは、他の細胞タイプ(例えば、HeLa及びTHP-1単球細胞)において、カスパーゼ-1活性化を誘導した(図10B)。このことは、Alu RNA細胞毒性が多くの系において潜在的に広く関与していることを示唆している。カスパーゼ-1-阻害性ペプチドZ-WEHD-FMKの硝子体内送達は、WTマウスにおいてIL-18成熟及びpAlu誘導RPE変性をブロックしたが、コントロールペプチドZ-FA-FMKの硝子体内送達はブロックしなかった(図3B及び3C)。カスパーゼ-1阻害性ペプチドはヒトRPE細胞においてAlu RNA誘導基質切断をブロックした(図10C)。このことはその作用態様を確証する。同様に、Alu RNA又はpAluで処置したCasp1-/-マウスはRPE変性を示さなかった(図3D及び10D)。また、pAluはCasp1-/-マウスRPE細胞において細胞死を誘導しなかった(図3E)。
NLRP3インフラマソーム機能は2つのシグナルを必要とする。その第1はプライミングと呼ばれる。pAluは、NLRP3 mRNA及びIL18 mRNAの両方をアップレギュレートしたので、インフラマソームプライミングを誘導した。このプライミングは、WTマウス及びMyd88-/-マウスの両方のRPE細胞において等しく生じた(図4A)。このことは更に、MyD88がこの系のNLRP3の下流で機能することを確証する。NLRP3と直接相互作用しない他のインフラマソームアゴニスト(Tschopp and Schroder, 2010)と同様に、Alu RNAとNLRP3との間の物理的相互作用は観察されなかった(図11A)。Alu RNAがどのようにインフラマソームをプライムするかを決定するために、Alu RNAが反応性酸素種(ROS)産生(プライミングのシグナル(Bauernfeindら,2011;Nakahiraら,2011))を誘導するかどうかを調べた。pAluはヒトRPE細胞においてROS生成を誘導し(図4B)、ROS阻害剤であるジフェニルヨードニウム(DPI)は、WTマウスにおいて、pAlu誘導NLRP3 mRNA及びIL18 mRNAのアップレギュレーション及びAlu RNA誘導RPE変性をブロックした(図4C及び4D)。DPIはミトコンドリアROS及びファゴソームROSをブロックする(Li and Trush, 1998)ので、どちらの経路が誘引されるのかを調べた。というのも、NLRP3応答に寄与するROSの供給源をめぐる議論が存在する(Latz, 2010)からである。
Alu RNAはカスパーゼ-1(パイロプトーシスを誘引することができる)を活性化する。ここで、パイロプトーシスは、膜孔の形成及び浸透圧溶解により特徴付けられる細胞死の一形態である(Fink and Cookson, 2006)。細胞保護因子であるグリシン(これはパイロプトーシスを減弱させる(Finkら,2008;Fink and Cookson, 2006;Verhoefら,2005))は、LPS+ATPにより誘導されるヒトRPE細胞死を阻害したが、Alu RNAにより誘導されるヒトRPE細胞死は阻害しなかった(図5A及び5B)。パイロプトーシスはカスパーゼ-1を必要とするが、IL-18とは独立して進行することができる(Miaoら,2010)。よって、IL-18がCasp1-/-マウスにおいてRPE変性を誘導したという知見(図5C)は、グリシンによる回復の欠如と併せて考えると、Alu RNA誘導RPE変性はパイロプトーシスを介して起こるのではないことが示唆される。
RPE細胞の健常維持にけるDICER1の鍵となる役割(Kanekoら,2011)が以前に証明されている:DICER1切断Alu RNAはインビボでRPE変性を誘導しなかった;DICER1過剰発現はAlu RNA誘導RPE変性に対して保護した;及び、DICER1喪失誘導RPE変性はAlu RNAの拮抗によりブロックされた(Kanekoら,2011)。また、Alu RNA阻害によるDICER1ノックダウン誘導RPE変性の回復は、マイクロRNA欠損の回復に伴うものではなかった(Kanekoら,2011)。したがって、DICER1もまたAlu RNAによるNLRP3インフラマソーム活性化を防止するかどうかを調べた。ヒトRPE細胞におけるAlu RNA誘導カスパーゼ-1活性化は、DICER1過剰発現により阻害された(図6A及び6B)。逆に、ヒトRPE細胞においてDICER1ノックダウンにより誘導されるカスパーゼ-1切断は、同時のAlu RNAのアンチセンスノックダウンにより阻害された(図12A及び12B)。
次に、GAを有するヒト眼(RPEにおいてDICER1の喪失及びAlu RNAの蓄積を示す(Kanekoら,2011))もまたインフラマソーム活性化の証拠を示すかどうか調べた。GAを有するヒト眼のRPEにおけるNLRP3 mRNAの量は、コントロールの眼と比較して顕著に増加した(図7A)。IL18 mRNA及びIL1B mRNAの量もまたGA RPEで増加した;しかし、IL18レベルの差のみが統計学的有意に達した(図7A)。免疫局在化研究により、NLRP3、PYCARD及びカスパーゼ-1タンパク質の発現もGA RPEにおいて増加することが示された(図7B〜D)。ウェスタンブロット分析により、GA RPEにおけるNLRP3及びPYCARDの量の増加が確証され、GA RPEにおいて酵素的に活性な切断カスパーゼ-1p20サブユニットのレベルが大きく増大することが明らかになった(図7E)。GA RPEにおいて、リン酸化IRAK1及びIRAK4量も増大した。このことは、MyD88シグナル伝達の増大を示す(図7E)。まとめると、これらデータは、ヒトGAにおけるインサイチュでのNLRP3インフラマソーム及びMyD88の活性化の証拠を提供し、ヒトRPE細胞培養物及びマウスインビボでの機能的データを反映している。
データにより、GAの病状におけるAlu RNAによる先天性免疫センシング経路の破壊についての機能的役割が確立される。まとめると、これら知見は、NLRP3インフラマソームがGA関連Alu RNA危険シグナルを感知し、RPE変性に寄与し、場合によってはAMDにおける視覚喪失に寄与することを証明する(図13)。今日まで、NLRP3インフラマソームの機能は、インビボでは免疫細胞にほとんど限定されていた。NLRP3インフラマソームがRPE細胞生存において重大な機能を演じているという知見は、このインフラマソームの細胞範囲を広げ、他の非免疫細胞がこのプラットフォームを用い得る可能性を生じさせる。
網膜下注射及び画像化。網膜下注射(1μL)は、Pico-Injector(PLI-100, Harvard Apparatus)を用いて行った。プラスミドは、10% Neuroporter(Genlantis)を用いてインビボでトランスフェクトした。眼底画像は、デジタル画像化システム(Sony)に連結したTRC-50 IXカメラ(Topcon)で撮影した。RPE平面マウントは、閉鎖帯-1に対する抗体(Invitrogen)を用いて免疫標識した。
mRNA量。転写物量は、Applied Biosystems 7900 HT Fast Real-Time PCR systemを用いるリアルタイムRT-PCRで2-ΔΔCt法により定量した。
タンパク質の量及び活性。タンパク質の量は、カスパーゼ-1に対する抗体(1:500;Invitrogen)、pIRAK1に対する抗体(1:500;Thermo Scientific)、pIRAK4に対する抗体(1:500, Abbomax)、PYCARDに対する抗体(1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology)、NLRP3に対する抗体(1:500, Enzo Life Sciences)及びビンキュリンに対する抗体(1:1,000;Sigma-Aldrich)を用いるウェスタンブロット分析により評価した。カスパーゼ-1活性は、Caspalux1 E1D2(OncoImmunin)を製造業者の指示に従って用いて視覚化した。
ヒト組織。AMDに起因する地図状萎縮を有する患者又はAMDを有しない年齢適合患者からのドナー眼又は眼組織を、種々のアイバンクから得た。診断は、組織若しくは眼の収集前に散大眼検査により、又は死後の眼球検査に際して確証した。研究は、ヘルシンキ宣言の指針に従った。研究所の審査会は標本の分配及び組織学的分析について認可した。
細胞生存能。MTSアッセイを、CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferationアッセイ(Promega)を製造業者の指示に従って用いて行った。Alu RNA誘導細胞死におけるグリシンの細胞保護効果を調べるために、ヒトRPE細胞をpNull/pAluでトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクション後6時間で、細胞を、グリシン(5mM)含有完全培地又はビヒクルとインキュベートし、24時間後に細胞生存能を評価した。同様に、LPS(5μg/mlで6時間)でプライムしたヒトRPE細胞を、グリシン含有培地(5mM)の存在下にATP(25μM)で処理した。ATP処理の30分後に細胞生存能を上記のように評価した。
カスパーゼ-1活性。カスパーゼ-1活性は、細胞をCaspalux1E1D2試薬(OncoImmunin)と共に製造業者の指示に従ってインキュベートすることにより可視化した。Caspalux1E1D2シグナルは、Synergy 4リーダー(Biotek)を用いて蛍光(励起552nm、発光580nm)を読み取って定量した。画像からの蛍光の定量は、Adobe Photoshop CS5において画像をグレースケールに変換し、ImageJソフトウェア(NIH)(Bogdanovichら,2008)を用いて白黒画像の積算密度を測定することにより行った。
ELISA。馴化細胞培養培地中の分泌サイトカイン含量を、ヒトIL-1β及びIL-18 ELISAキット(R&D)を製造業者の指示に従って用いて分析した。
統計学。結果は、平均±SEMとして表し、p<0.05を統計学的に有意と見なす。群間の差は、必要に応じてマンホイットニーU検定又はスチューデントt検定を用いて比較し、両側p値を報告する。
インビトロ転写Alu RNA及びAluをコードするプラスミド(pAlu)が共にIL-18分泌を誘導することによりRPE細胞死を誘導し、IL-18分泌がカスパーゼ-3活性化を導くMyD88依存性シグナル伝達を誘引することが示された。この細胞死経路に介在する機序工程を決定することが求められた。
マウス。全ての動物実験は、研究所の審査委員会により承認され、Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Visual Researchに従った。野生型C57BL/6J、Fas-/-(CD95又はFaslprとしても知られる)、Faslg-/-(Fasgldとしても知られる)及びNfkb1-/-マウスはThe Jackson Laboratoryから購入した。全ての手順について、麻酔は、100mg/kg塩酸ケタミン(Ft. Dodge Animal Health)及び10mg/kgキシラジン(Phoenix Scientific)の腹腔内投与により行い、局所1%トロピカミド(Alcon Laboratories)で瞳孔を散大させた。
網膜下注射。マウスにおける網膜下注射(1μL)は、Pico-Injector(PLI-100, Harvard Apparatus)を用いて行った。2つの異なるAlu配列をコードするプラスミド(pAlu)又は空のコントロールベクター(pNull)(Bennettら,2008;Kanekoら,2011;Shaikhら,1997)のインビボトランスフェクションは、10% Neuroporter(Genlantis)を用いて達成した。インビトロ転写Alu RNAは0.3mg/mLで注射した。
細胞生存能。MTSアッセイを、CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferationアッセイ(Promega)を製造業者の指示に従って用いて行った。
統計学。結果は、平均±SEMとして表し、p<0.05を統計学的に有意と見なす。群間の差は、必要に応じてマンホイットニーU検定又はスチューデントt検定を用いて比較し、両側p値を報告する。
Alu RNA又は組換えIL-18を、0日目に野生型マウスの網膜下腔に注射した。DyeLight782-VAD-FMK3(ThermoScientific)(生物活性カスパーゼの存在下に蛍光を発するプローブ)を、注射後2日目又は3日目に野生型マウスの硝子体液中に注射した。
平面マウント画像化。DyeLight782-VAD-FMK3の注射後24時間で、アイカップをマウスから切り出し、神経網膜を除去し、RPEの平面マウントを調製し、蛍光顕微鏡下で観察した。
生存眼におけるインビボバイオ画像化。DyeLight782-VAD-FMK3の注射後0〜24時間の間に、ICGフィルターを用いてTopcon 50IXカメラで眼底写真を撮影した。
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Claims (9)
- 配列番号7〜16に記載の核酸から選択される核酸を含むインフラマソーム阻害剤;配列番号17に記載の核酸を含むカスパーゼ-1阻害剤;抗ASC抗体、次の配列:ALR QTQ PYL VTD LEQ Sで表されるエピトープに結合する抗体及び抗カスパーゼ-1抗体から選択される抗体;パルテノリド、エストロゲン結合性B-boxタンパク質、COP、ICEBERG、Z-WEHD-FMK、Ac-YVAD-CHO (Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO)及びAc-YVAD-CMK(CAS番号:178603-78-6;N-アセチル-L-チロシル-L-バニル-N-[(1S)-1-(カルボキシメチル)-3-クロロ-2-オキシ-プロピル]-L-アラニンアミド)、cPOP1、cPOP2、セルピンプロテイナーゼ阻害剤9(PI-9)、BCL-2及びBCL-xL、M13L-PYD、S013L、カポジ肉腫関連ヘルペスウイルスOrf63、M013、Z-VAD-FMK;NLRP3の発現を阻害する単離二本鎖RNA分子であって、コレステロールに結合していてもいなくてもよく、少なくとも一方の鎖が核酸GUUUGACUAUCUGUUCUdTdT(配列番号7)を含む単離二本鎖RNA分子;PYCARDの発現を阻害する単離二本鎖RNA分子であって、その少なくとも一方の鎖が核酸5'-GAAGCUCUUCAGUUUCAdTdT-3'(配列番号12)、5'-GGCUGCUGGAUGCUCUGUACGGGAA-3'(配列番号13)又は5'-UUCCCGUACAGAGCAUCCAGCAGCC-3'(配列番号14)を含む単離二本鎖RNA分子 からなる群より選択されるNLRP3インフラマソーム阻害剤を含んでなる、Alu-RNA誘導変性に対してRPE細胞を保護する組成物。
- 配列番号1、54及び55に記載のポリペプチドから選択されるポリペプチドを含むMyD88阻害剤、MyD88の発現を阻害する二本鎖RNA分子であり、その少なくとも一方の鎖が配列番号3、4、5、6及び56に記載の核酸から選択される核酸を含む二本鎖RNA分子、Pepinh-MYD(Invitrogen)、短縮型MyD88(アミノ酸152〜296)、エキソン2を欠いているスプライス変異型MyD88、ヒドロシナモイル-L-バリルピロリジン;ST2825;4-[(E)-2-(1-ヘキシルピリジン-1-イウム-2-イル)エテニル]-N,N-ジメチルアニリン ヨーダイド;50-F12及び26-J10;マリンガミドFアセテートからなる群より選択されるMyD88阻害剤を更に含んでなる請求項1に記載の組成物。
- IL-18に対する中和抗体、IL-18レセプターへのIL-18結合を遮断する抗体及びIL18BPからなる群より選択されるIL-18阻害剤を更に含んでなる請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 配列番号47に記載の核酸を含むVDAC1阻害剤、任意のホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチドランダマー、シクロスポリンA、スーパーオキシドジスムターゼ1、4,4'-ジイソチオシアナトスチルベン-2,2'-ジスルホン酸(DIDA)、Bcl-x(L) BH4(4-23)及びTR019622からなる群より選択されるVDAC1阻害剤を更に含んでなる請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 配列番号48に記載の核酸を含むVDAC2阻害剤、任意のホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチドランダマー、Bcl-x(L) BH4(4-23)及びTR019622からなる群より選択されるVDAC2阻害剤を更に含んでなる請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- Z-IETD-FMK、Ac-Ala-Ala-Val-Ala-Leu-Leu-Pro-Ala-Val-Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu-Ala-Pro-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-CHO、Z-Ile-Glu(OMe)-Thr-Asp(OMe)-CH2F及び細胞性fas関連死ドメイン様インターロイキン-1β変換酵素阻害性タンパク質(L)からなる群より選択されるカスパーゼ-8阻害剤を更に含んでなる請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 硝子体内注射;網膜下注射;胸膜上注射;テノン嚢下注射;球後注射;球周囲注射;局所的点眼適用;強膜に縫い付けられ若しくは付着され又は強膜上に配置され、又は硝子体液若しくは前眼房中に注入され、水晶体包若しくは水晶体嚢に埋め込まれた持続放出インプラントデバイスからの放出;経口投与;又は静脈内投与により投与される請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 保護すべき細胞を有する対象者が地図状萎縮の治療を必要としている請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 保護すべき細胞を有する対象者が加齢性黄斑変性を有する請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
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