JP5578655B2 - 微粒子による薬物送達 - Google Patents
微粒子による薬物送達 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5578655B2 JP5578655B2 JP2009551881A JP2009551881A JP5578655B2 JP 5578655 B2 JP5578655 B2 JP 5578655B2 JP 2009551881 A JP2009551881 A JP 2009551881A JP 2009551881 A JP2009551881 A JP 2009551881A JP 5578655 B2 JP5578655 B2 JP 5578655B2
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- Prior art keywords
- drug
- polymer
- group
- conjugate
- polymerization
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Description
AB2型の環状モノマーなど、本明細書に記載の環状モノマーのいずれかを用いて、重合開始のために機能できるような化学種とのポリマー又はオリゴマーのコンジュゲートを形成することができる。開環重合により重合できる任意の環状モノマー又はその混合物を用いて、本発明の薬物コンジュゲート及び粒子、とりわけナノ粒子を形成できる。とりわけ、活性化された−OH基又は金属酸化物基により重合できる環状モノマーを一般に用いて、本発明の薬物コンジュゲート及び粒子を形成できる。有用な環状モノマーとしては、環状エステル及び環状カルボネートが挙げられる。環状エステルとしては、ラクトン、環状ジエステル、及び環状エステルアミド、例えば環状デプシペプチドが挙げられる。
環状エステルは、次式を有する:
(式中、m+nは1〜20の範囲であり、XはO又はNHであり、xは0又は1であってエステル又はアミド基の存在を示し、Y1及びY2は、環の1つ又は複数の炭素原子が水素以外の置換基で場合により置換されることを示す。Y1及びY2はそれぞれ互いに独立に、本明細書に記載のような重合反応を妨げない置換基であり、例えば、水素、ハロゲン、−COOR、−NRR’、−SR、−ORから成る群から選択でき、このときR及びR’は独立に、1つ又は複数の、水素、アルキル基又はアリール基、グアニジウム基、イミダゾール基、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基(フェニル又はベンジルなど)及び−N3である。又、Y1又はY2はそれぞれ、アミノ酸、又は、1〜5個のアミノ酸を有する短鎖ペプチドであってもよい。さらに、Y1又はY2はそれぞれ、当技術分野で認識されている保護基で保護された、上に掲載のような基を包含する。アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基及びアリール基は、1つ又は複数のハロゲン(1つ又は複数のフッ素など)、−N3、−COOR’’、−NR’’R’’’、−SR’’、−OR’’で置換されていてもよく、このときR’’及びR’’’は独立に、水素、又は、置換されていない、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基又はアリール基である。特定の実施形態では、Y1及びY2のうち1つ又は2つは、ヒドロキシルアルキル基であってもよい。特定の実施形態では、Y1及びY2はそれぞれ、水素、又は、1から6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基、とりわけメチル基である。
(式中、pは1〜20の範囲であり、Y1及びY2は、環の1個又は複数の炭素原子が水素以外の置換基で場合により置換されていることを示し、このときY1及びY2はそれぞれ、上に定義したとおりである)。特定の実施形態では、Y1及びY2はそれぞれ、水素、又は、1から6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基、とりわけメチル基である。特定の実施形態では、Y1及びY2のうち1つ又は2つは、ヒドロキシルアルキル基であってもよい。
任意の置換されたラクチド又はグリコリド:
6又は7員環構造を有する任意の環状デプシペプチド(半エステル及び半アミド)、中でも式D1〜D3:
それぞれ
などが包含される。
(式中、q=1から20、Y3は、Y1及びY2について上に定義したとおりであり、R3はY3(ホスホネート)又は−OY3(ホスフェート)である)。
(式中、記号は上に定義したとおりである)、
及び
(式中、Rはそれぞれ独立に、水素、又は、場合により置換されたアルキル基から選択される)などのケイ素含有環状モノマー。上記の環状モノマーの特定の実施形態では、Y1〜3のそれぞれは、水素、又は、1〜6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基である。上記の環状モノマーの特定の実施形態では、Y1〜3は全て水素であるか、又は、Y1〜3は全て、1〜6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、とりわけ、Y1〜3は全てメチル基である。上記の環状モノマーの特定の実施形態では、Rはそれぞれ、水素、又は、1〜6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基から選択される。上記の環状モノマーの特定の実施形態では、R’は全て水素であるか、又は、R’は全て、1〜6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、とりわけ、R’は全てメチル基である。
特定の実施形態では、重合可能なAB2型の環状モノマーを、単独で、又は、他の環状エステル又は環状カルボネートと組み合わせて用いる。AB2型の環状エステルモノマーとしては、次式:
(式中、zは1から6であり、Y1は上に定義したとおりである。特定の実施形態では、Y1は、水素、又は、1〜6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であってもよい)
のものが挙げられる。
ヒドロキシル基、チオール基、アミン基、アジド基、アルキン基、アルケン基、ケトン基、フェノール基、ハロゲン化物基、イミダゾール基、グアニジウム基、カルボキシレート基又はホスフェート基が挙げられる。このような所望の官能基は、本明細書に記載のポリマー又はオリゴマーの末端で、周知の化学的方法を用いて導入できる。このような官能基を用いて、本発明のポリマー又はオリゴマーのコンジュゲートを他のポリマー、他のオリゴマー、炭水化物、ペプチド、タンパク質、抗体、核酸、アプタマーなどといった他の化学種とさらにコンジュゲートし、及び/又は、本発明のコンジュゲートを使用して調製されるナノ粒子についての表面修飾のための部位を提供できる。
本発明は、さらに、本明細書に記載の方法により調製された粒子が、コーティング処理され、又は、他の方法でナノ粒子上に第2のポリマー層を供給するように処理されている多層粒子にも関する。第2のポリマーは、粒子中のポリマーコンジュゲートのポリマーのものと同じであっても異なっていてもよい。本発明の粒子は、所与の用途において適合する、コンジュゲートされた2種以上の化学種、例えば、2種以上の異なる薬物を含有してもよい。本発明の粒子は、中での化学種又は薬物の濃度が異なっている、異なる層又は部分を有していてもよい。例えば、外層は、内層と比較して高い又は低い濃度の所与の化学種(例えば薬物)を含有してもよい。例えば、内層が、異なるポリマーのコンジュゲートを含有している場合でも、外層はPEGを含有してもよい。例えば、第1の内層は、第1の薬物のポリマー又はオリゴマーのコンジュゲートを含有し、第2の外層が第2の薬物のポリマー又はオリゴマーのコンジュゲートを含有できる。
本発明のナノ粒子の設計は、開環重合反応における開始剤として薬物を使用して、その薬物がポリマー又はオリゴマーと共有結合している薬物−ポリマー(及び薬物−オリゴマー)コンジュゲートを形成することに基づく。薬物を重合の開始剤として使用することから、ポリマー(オリゴマー)への薬物のコンジュゲーションの効率は非常に高く、理想的には100%となろう。加えて、薬物分子の全てがリビング重合の中に効率的に組み込まれれば(例えば薬物分子が開始剤として機能する場合には)、薬物担持率(%)は、モノマー/開始剤比率を調整することにより正確に制御できる。
Ptxl−PLA重合の場合の要領で、触媒(BDI)MgN(TMS)2とD,L−ラクチドとを処理した。重合は、グローブボックス中で行った。全ての反応槽をアルミホイルで覆い、ボックスのライトを消した。まず、ドキソルビシンをDMF中で溶解させ、完全に溶解するまで10分間撹拌した。次に、THF中に(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2を加えて溶解させた。ドキソルビシンと(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2との溶液を15〜20分間混合すると、溶液の色は橙赤色から紫色に変化した。HPLC分析にかけると、ドキソルビシンに関連するピークが変化し、(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2とドキソルビシンとの複合体が形成されたことが示唆された。UV検出器は450nmのものであった。D,L−ラクチドをTHF中で溶解させ、急速に撹拌しながらドキソルビシンと(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2との混合物中に滴加した。ドキソルビシンが全て消失するまで、HPLCにより反応過程をモニターした。Doxo−LAのUVスペクトルは、400〜500nmでのドキソルビシンの吸収とは異なり、325〜400nmでの吸収を呈した。Ptxl−PLAナノ粒子と同様、ナノ析出によりナノ粒子を形成した。
触媒であるTBD又はBDI−Mg−N(TMS)2をドセタキセルと混合し、触媒と開始剤との混合物にラクチドを加えた。例えば、ドセタキセルとTBDとをTHF溶液中で溶解させ、5〜10分間撹拌した。(HPLCでは、ドセタキセルのピークが変化し、TBDがドセタキセルとの複合体を形成したことが示唆された)。D,L−ラクチドをTHF溶液中で溶解させ、ドセタキセルとTBDとの混合物中に滴加した。この反応はパクリタキセル−PLAの反応と類似しており、これをFTIR及びHPLCによりモニターした。ドセタキセル−Mg(II)複合体により開始する重合を、パクリタキセルの場合について上述したものと同じ様式で実施した。Ptxl−LAナノ粒子と同様にナノ粒子が形成された。
ピレンメタノール(TCI America)を、CaH2を加えたTHF中で溶解させ一晩撹拌することにより精製し、濾過して真空乾燥させてからグローブボックスの冷凍庫中で保管した。ピレンメタノールをBDI−Mg−N(TMS)2中のLAと混合した。モノマー対開始剤(Pyr)の比率を選択した。24時間後、反応を停止させ、メタノール及びエーテルで3回洗浄することにより精製した。NMRにより、ピレンメタノールとコンジュゲートされたPLAコポリマーの形成を確認した。Ptxl−PLAナノ粒子と同様にナノ粒子が形成された。
ゴセレリンをBachemから入手し、冷凍庫中で保管した。(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2及びD,L−ラクチドを、Ptxl−PLA重合のために上述の要領で処理した。重合はグローブボックス中で行った。ゴセレリンを、撹拌しながら、DMF溶液中で10分間溶解させた。(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2をTHF溶液中で溶解させた。ゴセレリンと(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2との溶液を、撹拌しながら、30分間混合した。D,L−ラクチドをTHF中で溶解させてから、この混合物中に加えた。ラクチド対ゴセレリンの比率を選択した。重合中、溶液が濁り始めることがあり、これは、何らかの種の析出を示すものである。この現象が生じたら、溶液中の成分及び生成物を維持するために、より多くのDMSOを加えることができる。HPLCによりゴセレリンの変換を検出した。しかし、観察された変換は、95%未満であった。Ptxl−PLAナノ粒子の場合に記載したのと同様に、ゴセレリンコンジュゲートからナノ粒子が形成された。
Mg(II)複合体は速やかな重合をもたらした。しかし、場合によっては、Mg(II)は、リビング重合を実施するには望ましくない、開始より著しく速い伸張をもたらすことがある。Coatesは、特定のZn触媒は速やかな開始及び比較的遅い鎖伸張を容易にし、Znが媒介するラクチド重合は、結果として狭い多分散度を有するポリマーをもたらすことができることを実証した19。したがって、(BDI)Zn−(ドセタキセル)及び(BDI)Zn−(ドキソルビシン)は、本明細書に記載の方法における開始剤として有用である。このような方法に有用な他の触媒としては、Ca及びFeのものが挙げられる16。Mg、Zn、Ca及びFeは、ヒト体内で見られる元素であるため、Al及びSnなど他の活性触媒より安全なプロファイルを有するはずである。例示的な触媒としては、中でも、
(式中、
が挙げられる。
ピレンメタノール−PLA放出試験
遊離ピレンメタノールを用いて、濃度−HPLCピーク面積(又は強度)曲線を較正した。ナノ粒子は、アセトニトリル(10mg/ml)−水(1/10)系中で形成し、DI水により3回洗浄して共有結合していない小分子を除去した。0日目、いくつかのバイアル中で1倍のPBS−NP溶液を調製し、37Cでインキュベートした。実験には2個のバイアルを使用した。一方のバイアルの中身を4000rpmで30分間遠心分離して、NPを全て遠心沈殿させてから、上澄み中のピレンメタノール濃度の濃度を測定した。1N NaOH溶液を他方のバイアルに37Cで30〜90分間加えてNPを全て分解させてから、ピレンメタノール(100%)の総濃度を測定した。(HPLC中に注入する前に、酢酸を用いて溶液のpH値を7に調整した)。選択された時点で、37Cのインキュベーターからバイアルを取り出し、NPを遠心沈殿させて上澄みを得、PBS−アセトニトリルの1/1溶液に調製してHPLC中に注入する。積分ピーク及び強度を記録し、ナノ粒子中の100%ピレンメタノールの総濃度の測定値と比較して、放出プロファイルを決定した。HPLC検出器は、227nm及び265nmでの吸収についてモニターした。使用する移動相は、アセトニトリル/0.05%TFAを加えたDI水(50/50)である。
遊離ドセタキセルを用いてHPLC分析における検量線を較正した。PLA−ドセタキセルナノ粒子を1倍のPBS溶液中に十分に分散させ、1−オクタノールで抽出した。1−オクタノール抽出物をHPLC中に直接注入した。用いた分析条件は、PLA−ピレンメタノールに用いたものと同じであり、検出器は227nm及び265nmでモニターした。同じHPLC注入濃度で100%組込みポリマー中のドセタキセルの量を比較することにより、放出比率(%)を定量する。
薬物放出動態はナノ粒子表面積に直接相関することから、ナノ粒子をさらに小型化する結果、さらに速い薬物リースがもたらされることになる。加えて、小さいナノ粒子は、大きめの粒子と比較して、劇的に異なる薬物送達特性及び他の用途を有する可能性がある。例えば、小さいナノ粒子は、細胞取込みについての異なる特徴を有するはずである。比較的大きい粒子サイズ(約100nm)の場合、粒子は、エンドサイトーシスされ得る。しかし、NPが約10nmの範囲である場合、溶液のピノサイトーシス(細胞飲作用)により粒子を直接侵入させ、又は流入させることが可能である。ブロックコポリマーをミセル化させると、典型的に、10nm範囲を超える粒子がもたらされる。
この白色の固形物(1.5mmol、375.0mg)をメタノール(1.5m)中に溶解させ、10%Pd/C触媒(40mg)を加えたH2によりCbz基を脱保護した。2日後、この溶液を蒸発させて白色の固形物を得た。NMR及びEI−MSにより、構造を確認した。
60nm未満のナノ粒子を、とりわけ、疎水性のPLA又はDtxl−PLAを析出することにより作製することは難題である。しかし、ミセル化を用いて、20〜60nmの範囲の正確に制御されたサイズを有するナノ粒子を作製できる。Dtxl−LAの末端の−OH基にPEGをコンジュゲートする。PEGのコンジュゲーションは、重合コンジュゲーション後に実施できる。或いは、単一の反応ステップを採用することもできる。それぞれの重合後、末端のヒドロキシル基は、イソシアネートのようなキャッピング基に反応性を示す。例えば、PEG−イソシアネートをキャッピング剤として使用して、薬物−PLAコンジュゲートの末端のヒドロキシル基をキャップする。PEG−イソシアネートは、PEG−NH2をトリホスゲンと反応させることにより、容易に調製される。Dtxl−LA−OHとのPEG−イソシアネートの反応は速く、結果としてDtxl−LA−ウレタンリンカー−PEGが定量的な収率でもたらされる。コンジュゲートされたポリマーをSECカラムにより精製した後、コンジュゲートされ精製されたポリマーを使用してミセルを調製する。平均分子量が高めのPEGを使用すると、小さい粒子サイズ(20nm〜60nm)のミセルを容易に生成させることができる。コポリマーミセルを形成するためのPEG−ポリ(アスパラギン酸)−薬物コンジュゲートの使用は、Kataoka20、Kwon21、22及び本発明者ら23、24により広範に研究されている。
水中油中水(W/O/W)溶媒蒸発法を用いて、薬物を封入した微小粒子を調製する。手短に言えば、ジクロロメタン中のポリマーコンジュゲート(Dtxl−LA)(50mg)の溶液1mL中で、プローブソニケーター(Sonic&Materials Inc、Danbury、CT、USA)を10Wで15〜30秒使用して水50マイクロリットルを乳化させた。次に、このエマルションをPVA水溶液(1%)又はコール酸ナトリウム水溶液(1%w/v)50mL中に注ぎ、この混合物を1分間ホモジナイズした(8000rpm)。この結果得られたエマルションを、PVA水溶液又はコール酸ナトリウム水溶液(0.3%w/v)150mL中に、穏やかに撹拌しながら注ぎ、その後、有機溶媒を、室温で2時間撹拌することにより蒸発させるか、又は、ロータリーエバポレーターを用いて急速に除去した。最後に、6000rpmで30分間の遠心分離によりナノ粒子を単離し、これを蒸留水で洗浄し、蒸留水(6mL)中のエマルション形態にて−15Cで保存した。或いは、ナノ粒子を凍結乾燥させて粉末を得ることもできる。
他の箇所で用いた水中油中水(W/O/W)溶媒蒸発法(ダブルエマルション法)を用いて、薬物を封入した微小粒子を調製する。手短に言えば、プローブソニケーター(Sonic&Materials Inc、Danbury、CT、USA)を10Wで15〜30秒間使用し、ジクロロメタン中のポリマーコンジュゲート(Doxo−LA)(50mg)の溶液1mL中で、水50マイクロLを乳化させる。次に、このエマルションをPVA(1%)水溶液又はコール酸ナトリウム水溶液(1%w/v)50mL中に注ぎ、この混合物を500〜8000rpmの速度で1分間ホモジナイズする。この結果得られるエマルションをPVA水溶液又はコール酸ナトリウム水溶液(0.3%w/v)150mL中に穏やかに撹拌しながら注ぎ、その後、有機溶媒を、室温で2時間撹拌することにより蒸発させるか、又は、ロータリーエバポレーターを用いて急速に除去する。最後に、6000rpmで30分間の遠心分離によりナノ粒子を単離し、これを蒸留水で洗浄し、蒸留水(6mL)中のエマルション形態にて−15Cで保存するか、又は、凍結乾燥させて粉末を得る。
リン酸緩衝液(pH=8.0)中にトラスツズマブ(ヘルセプチン)を1mg/mlにて溶解させる。pH8.0のリン酸緩衝液5ml中に2−イミノチオレート(5.7mg)を溶解させる。この2−イミノチオレート溶液(8.04マイクロL)をトラスツズマブ溶液1mlと20Cで6時間混合する。この結果得られるチオレート化した抗体は、デキストラン脱塩SECカラムを使用し、溶出剤としてリン酸緩衝液を用いて精製し、280nmで検出できる。マイクロ濃縮器Microcon 30000を用いて、この抗体溶液をさらに濃縮する。抗体溶液中のチオール基濃度は、Ellman試薬を用いて定量できる。抗体溶液250μlを、4mg/mlのEllman試薬6.25μl(pH=8.0のリン酸緩衝液中)と室温で15分間混合し、UV分光計により412nmで検出する。L−システイン標準溶液との比較でチオール基の数を計算する。
CA−LA100ナノコンジュゲートの調製には、2つのステップが含まれた。第1のステップは、CAをPLAポリマーとコンジュゲートすることであった。手短に言えば、グローブボックス中で、シクロパミン(4.11mg、0.01mmol)をTHF溶液1.0mL中に溶解させた。(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2(6.0mg、0.01mmol)をCAと5〜15分間混合した。THF溶液1mL中のDL−ラクチド(144mg、1.0mmol)を、CAと(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2との混合物に、激しく撹拌しながら滴加した。FTIRを用いてラクチドの変換率を計算した。反応は一晩で終わり、CA−LA100コンジュゲートされたポリマーを得た。第2のステップは、ポリマー溶液を用いて、ナノ析出法によりNPを直接調製することであった。DMF溶液中のCA−LA100ポリマーを、非溶媒である20倍のナノ純水中に滴加した。その結果得られるNP懸濁液は、限外濾過により精製できる(15分、3000g、Amicon Ultra、10,000NMWLのUltracel膜、Millipore、Billerica、MA)。
CP−LA100ナノコンジュゲートの調製には、2つのステップが含まれた。第1のステップは、CPをPLAポリマーとコンジュゲートすることであった。手短に言えば、グローブボックス中で、シクロスポリン12.02mg(0.01mmol)をTHF溶液1.0mL中に溶解させた。(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2(6.0mg、0.01mmol)をCAと5〜15分間混合した。THF溶液1mL中のDL−ラクチド(144mg、1.0mmol)を、CAと(BDI)MgN(SiMe3)2との混合物に、激しく撹拌しながら滴加した。FTIRを用いてラクチドの変換率を計算した。最終的に反応は一晩で終わり、CA−100ポリマーを得た。第2のステップは、ポリマー溶液を用いて、ナノ析出法によりNPを直接調製することであった。一般には、DMF溶液中のCA−100ポリマーを、非溶媒である20倍のナノ純水中に滴加した。その結果得られるNP懸濁液は、限外濾過により精製できる(15分、3000g、Amicon Ultra、10,000NMWLのUltracel膜、Millipore、Billerica、MA)。
Doxo−LA25ポリマー(DMF中に5mg/mL、100μL)をナノ純水2mLに滴加してDoxo−LA25NCを得た。次に、PLGA−mPEG5k(分子量=18,300g/mol、DMF中に5mg/mL、100μL)又はmPEG5k(DMF中に5mg/mL、100μL)を、Doxo−25NPに滴加した。その結果得られたNCは、コアがDoxo−LA25でありシェルがPLGA−mPEG5k又はmPEG5kであるコア−シェルNCである。
PC−3細胞を96−ウエルプレート中で24時間平板培養した(ウエル当り10,000細胞)。実験日に、予め温めておいたPBSで細胞を洗浄してから、新しく調製した異なる濃度のNC(1倍のPBS中で調製)を加えた。培地を用いて対照細胞をインキュベートした。5%CO2雰囲気のインキュベーター中で合計24時間、細胞をインキュベートした。その後、培地を除去し、3時間のさらなるインキュベーションのためにMTT溶液及びOptiMEM培地を用いて再構成した。その結果得られた結晶を溶解させ、マイクロプレートリーダーによる655nmでの比色定量で、最終的な細胞生存率を評価した。特定の細胞毒性試験の結果を図7の(A)〜(D)に示すが、これは、図に示すように、Ptxl、Dtxl、CPT及びDoxoを用い、M/I比率を変化させて形成したNCを、遊離薬物と比較したものである。
Gli依存性のホタルルシフェラーゼ及び構成的なウミシイタケルシフェラーゼレポーターを安定に組み込んだShh−LIGHT2細胞を96ウエルプレート中でコンフルエントになるまで培養してから、(1)0.5%仔ウシ血清を含有するDMEM中の、PLA−シクロパミンNC中に担持させた多様な濃度のシクロパミン(例えば、CA−LA10NC又はCA−LA25NC)で、(2)PLA−プルモルファミンNEを併用し又は併用せずに、処理した。図11の(A)は、シクロパミン濃度(マイクロM)の関数としての、ウミシイタケルシフェラーゼの相対活性のグラフである。次に、処理した細胞を標準条件下で36時間培養し、2種類のルシフェラーゼのキット(Promega)を用いて、メーカーのプロトコールに従ってホタル及びウミシイタケのルシフェラーゼ活性を定量した。
実施例1において上述のように、薬物又は他の化学種が、触媒と共に重合開始のために機能できる2つ以上の官能基を有する場合、触媒の構造又は性質は、当該官能基のうちどれが重合に関与するか、及び、成長するポリマーは、薬物(又は他の化学種)中のどの部位(1つ又は複数)に結合するかに影響することがある。図12は、異なる触媒の使用が、本明細書に記載の方法により作製した薬物−ポリマーコンジュゲートの分子量及び多分散度(PDI)に及ぼす効果を示すものである。特定の事例では、図は、LA/Ptxl/触媒(モル比200/1/1)を用いて予想分子量が29,653のPxtl−LA200を調製する、パクリタキセルとのコンジュゲート形成の際に、異なる触媒を使用した結果を示している。Ptxlは、LAの重合を開始できると考えられる3つのOH基(2’−OH、1−OH及び7−OH)を形式上は有する。しかし、上述のように、立体構造的な理由から、1−OHは、開始(OH基との金属酸化物形成が含まれると考えられる)に関与する可能性が低いとみなされる。Pxtl−LAコンジュゲートの形成における多分散の原因は、分子中の2つの部位で結合した、ポリマーとのコンジュゲートの何らかの部分が形成されることであると考えられる。図に示すように、標準的なゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定したPxtl−LA200コンジュゲートの実際の分子量及びPDIは、使用する触媒の関数として変動する。かさ高いリガンドを有するZn触媒(触媒4及び5、図12より)を使用すると、多分散度が低めのコンジュゲートがもたらされる。低めの多分散度は、1つの部位(おそらく、Ptxlにおける2’−OH部位)へのポリマー結合の選択性増加と関連があると考えられる。
薬物をLAの重合のための開始剤として(触媒の存在下で)用いて、これまでの実施例に記載の要領で薬物−ポリマーコンジュゲートを調製した。ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーの周知の方法を用いて、実際の分子量及びPDIを測定した。
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Claims (24)
- 薬物のin vivo送達用の粒子を調製する方法であって、
(a)薬物を供給するステップであり、前記薬物の構造が1つ又は複数のヒドロキシル基を含むステップと、
(b)水混和性の無水溶媒中の、ラクチドから選択される1つ又は複数の環状モノマーの開環重合を、重合開始剤としての前記薬物と重合触媒との存在下で実施して、共有結合性の、薬物−オリゴマー又は薬物−ポリマーのコンジュゲートを形成するステップと、
(c)サイズが2nmから300nmの範囲である前記薬物−オリゴマー又は薬物−ポリマーのコンジュゲートを含む粒子を、当該コンジュゲートの溶液を当該コンジュゲートが溶解しない溶液に加えるナノ析出により形成するステップと
を含む方法。 - 前記粒子の表面を修飾するステップをさらに含み、前記粒子の表面が、ポリマーのコーティング層を施すことにより修飾され、前記ポリマーは前記コンジュゲートのポリマーと異なっている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記粒子の表面が、PEG鎖長がPEG400からPEG40,000の範囲の表面ペグ化により修飾される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記表面ペグ化が、共有結合的な粒子−PEG連結を形成することによりもたらされる、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記表面ペグ化が、疎水性のポリマー−b−PEGを用いた非共有結合的な相互作用によりもたらされる、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記粒子の表面を修飾するステップをさらに含み、形成された前記粒子の前記表面が、親水性又は疎水性の表面修飾剤で修飾される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記粒子の表面を修飾するステップをさらに含み、形成された前記粒子の前記表面が、両親媒性ポリマーで修飾される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記両親媒性ポリマーがPEGを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 形成された前記粒子の前記表面が、ペプチド、タンパク質、糖類、炭水化物、核酸のうち1つ若しくは複数、又はその組合せへの共有結合又は非共有結合により修飾される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマー又はオリゴマーの末端基が、ヒドロキシル基、チオール基、アミン基、アジド基、アルキン基、アルケン基、ケトン基、フェノール基、ハロゲン化物基、イミダゾール基、グアニジウム基、カルボキシレート基又はホスフェート基から成る群から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 形成された前記粒子の表面が、1つ又は複数の標的化リガンドのコーティング又はコンジュゲーションにより修飾される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記薬物が、ダルナビル(TMC−114)、チプラナビル(TPV)、サキナビル(SQV)、リトナビル(RTV)、インジナビル、ネルフィナビル(NFV)、アンプレナビル(APV)、ロピナビル(ABT−378)、アタザナビル(ATV)、酒石酸ビノレルビン、フルベストラント、サルコジクチイン、カンプトテシン、ビンブラスチン、ブリオスタチン1、(+)−シリンドリシン、(+)−ラクタシスチン、アエルギノシン298−A、(+)−ホストリエシン、ガルスベリンA/ヒペルホリン、(S)−オキシブチニン、エポチロンA、ジドブジン(AZT)、ラミブジン(3TC)、ジダノシン(ddl)、アバカビル(ABC)、エムトリシタビン(FTC)、バメタン、エタミバン、ヘキサクロロフェン、サリチルアニリド、ピロカテキン、チモール、ペンタゾシン、フロログルシノール、オイゲノール、ニクロサミド、テルブタリン、ドーパミン、メチルドーパ、ノルエピネフリン、α−ナフトール、多塩基性フェノール、アドレナリン、フェニレフリン、メタラミノール、フェノテロール、ビチオノール、α−トコフェロール、イソプレナリン、サルブタモール、クロロゲン酸/エステル、カプトプリル、アモキシシリン、ベタキソロール、マソプロコール、ゲニステイン、ダイゼイン、ダイジン、アセチルグリシチン、エクオール、グリシテイン、ヨードレシニフェラトキシン、SB202190又はチルホスチンSU1498から選択される薬物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記触媒が、開環重合反応の有機金属触媒又は有機触媒である、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記重合反応が、THF、アセトン、塩化メチレン、クロロホルム、ジメチルホルムアミド、DMSO、アセトニトリル、又はその混合物から選択される溶媒中で実施される、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ナノ粒子が、水混和性の溶媒中の前記共有結合性の薬物−ポリマーコンジュゲート又は前記薬物−オリゴマーコンジュゲートの溶液を過剰な水と合わせることにより形成される、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 環状モノマー対薬物開始剤のモル比が、5000/1から2/1の範囲である、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記薬物が、ヒドロキシルを有する有機小分子である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記薬物が高分子である、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記薬物が、ペプチド、糖類又は核酸である、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ラクチドから選択される1つ又は複数の環状モノマーを、1つ又は複数のヒドロキシル基を含む治療用薬物と開環重合触媒との存在下で重合することにより調製される共有結合性の薬物−オリゴマー又は薬物−ポリマーのコンジュゲートであって、前記1つ又は複数のヒドロキシル基を含む前記薬物が前記重合反応の開始剤であり、粒子の形態を有する、コンジュゲート。
- 前記オリゴマーが、5000以下の、開環モノマーの繰り返し単位を含む、請求項20に記載の共有結合性の薬物−ポリマーコンジュゲート。
- 請求項1〜19のいずれか一項に記載の方法により作製された粒子を含む医薬組成物。
- 請求項20又は21に記載の共有結合性の薬物−オリゴマー又は薬物−ポリマーのコンジュゲートから作製された粒子を含む医薬組成物。
- コア/シェル構造又は多層構造を備えるナノ粒子であって、前記コア又はシェルの少なくとも一方、又は、前記層のうち1層が薬物−ポリマー又は薬物−オリゴマーのコンジュゲートから形成され、前記コンジュゲートが、水混和性の無水溶媒中の、ラクチドから選択される1つ又は複数の環状モノマーの、1つ又は複数のヒドロキシル基を含む重合開始剤としての前記薬物と重合触媒との存在下での開環重合を実施して、前記薬物−オリゴマー又は薬物−ポリマーのコンジュゲートを形成し、サイズが2nmから300nmの範囲である前記薬物−オリゴマー又は薬物−ポリマーのコンジュゲートを含む粒子を、当該コンジュゲートの溶液を当該コンジュゲートが溶解しない溶液に加えるナノ析出により形成することにより調製されるナノ粒子。
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| KR102801536B1 (ko) * | 2022-06-22 | 2025-05-02 | 대웅바이오(주) | 벤조아민 유도체의 제조방법 |
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| US6753006B1 (en) * | 1993-02-22 | 2004-06-22 | American Bioscience, Inc. | Paclitaxel-containing formulations |
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| JPH09504308A (ja) * | 1993-07-23 | 1997-04-28 | マサチューセッツ インスティチュート オブ テクノロジー | 非直鎖状の親水性−疎水性マルチブロックコポリマーのナノ粒子およびマイクロ粒子 |
| US6007845A (en) * | 1994-07-22 | 1999-12-28 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Nanoparticles and microparticles of non-linear hydrophilic-hydrophobic multiblock copolymers |
| US6245349B1 (en) * | 1996-02-23 | 2001-06-12 | éLAN CORPORATION PLC | Drug delivery compositions suitable for intravenous injection |
| US5981743A (en) * | 1997-03-28 | 1999-11-09 | University Of Massachusetts | Cyclic ester ring-opened oligomers and methods of preparation |
| KR19990085365A (ko) * | 1998-05-16 | 1999-12-06 | 허영섭 | 지속적으로 약물 조절방출이 가능한 생분해성 고분자 미립구 및그 제조방법 |
| DE19856432A1 (de) * | 1998-12-08 | 2000-06-15 | Basf Ag | Nanopartikuläre Kern-Schale Systeme sowie deren Verwendung in pharmazeutischen und kosmetischen Zubereitungen |
| US6365173B1 (en) * | 1999-01-14 | 2002-04-02 | Efrat Biopolymers Ltd. | Stereocomplex polymeric carriers for drug delivery |
| US6316590B1 (en) * | 1999-11-10 | 2001-11-13 | Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. | Synthesis of stereospecific and atactic poly(lactic acid)s |
| ATE478656T1 (de) * | 2001-06-22 | 2010-09-15 | Univ Johns Hopkins Med | Biologisch abbaubare polymerzusammensetzungen, zusammensetzungen und damit in beziehung stehende verwendungen |
| AU2002326494A1 (en) * | 2001-08-01 | 2003-02-17 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Products and drug delivery vehicles |
| US7462366B2 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2008-12-09 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Drug delivery particle |
| CA2498777C (en) * | 2002-09-13 | 2015-01-13 | Replicor, Inc. | Non-sequence complementary antiviral oligonucleotides |
| JP2006506397A (ja) * | 2002-10-31 | 2006-02-23 | ファイザー・プロダクツ・インク | 固体及び半固体高分子イオン・コンジュゲート |
| WO2005044224A2 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2005-05-19 | Case Western Reserve University | Drug delivery system based on polymer nanoshells |
| US7135338B2 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2006-11-14 | Dobeel Corporation | Methods for overexpression of high molecular weight form of mannose binding lectin (MBL) and a specific formulation for active treatment for systemic infection with microorganism |
| US20060182778A1 (en) * | 2003-10-06 | 2006-08-17 | Nilesh Balar | Suture and graft delivery systems |
| JP2007529554A (ja) * | 2004-03-19 | 2007-10-25 | プロ−ファーマシューティカルズ,インク. | 多価リガンド結合糖質ポリマーを用いた組成物、および該組成物による転移腫瘍の標的療法 |
| WO2005120578A2 (en) * | 2004-06-07 | 2005-12-22 | California Institute Of Technology | Biodegradable drug-polymer delivery system |
| US7348026B2 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2008-03-25 | Hsing-Wen Sung | Nanoparticles for targeting hepatoma cells |
| KR20070110084A (ko) * | 2005-02-14 | 2007-11-15 | 오스트레일리언뉴클리어사이언스앤드테크놀로지오거나이제이션 | 층상 나노입자 |
| US20070071790A1 (en) * | 2005-09-28 | 2007-03-29 | Northwestern University | Biodegradable nanocomposites with enhance mechanical properties for soft tissue |
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- 2008-03-02 WO PCT/US2008/055590 patent/WO2008109483A1/en not_active Ceased
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- 2008-03-02 EP EP08743635.8A patent/EP2132133A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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| EP2132133A4 (en) | 2013-04-17 |
| WO2008109483A1 (en) | 2008-09-12 |
| US20080248126A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
| CN101679021A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
| EP2132133A1 (en) | 2009-12-16 |
| CN101679021B (zh) | 2014-04-30 |
| US9789195B2 (en) | 2017-10-17 |
| JP2010520227A (ja) | 2010-06-10 |
| US20150314006A1 (en) | 2015-11-05 |
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