JP5036989B2 - ポリグリセリンおよびその製造方法 - Google Patents
ポリグリセリンおよびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5036989B2 JP5036989B2 JP2005253311A JP2005253311A JP5036989B2 JP 5036989 B2 JP5036989 B2 JP 5036989B2 JP 2005253311 A JP2005253311 A JP 2005253311A JP 2005253311 A JP2005253311 A JP 2005253311A JP 5036989 B2 JP5036989 B2 JP 5036989B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- polyglycerin
- activated carbon
- polyglycerol
- atom
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- HJJZFSVYWJHHFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosanoic acid;propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CO.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O HJJZFSVYWJHHFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LLRANSBEYQZKFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid;propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CO.CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O LLRANSBEYQZKFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-MDZDMXLPSA-N elaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-MDZDMXLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002795 fluorescence method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- JZGXQKWQIKFIBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid;propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CO.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O JZGXQKWQIKFIBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000622 liquid--liquid extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940127554 medical product Drugs 0.000 description 1
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl undecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001333 moisturizer Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000199 molecular distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monoelaidin Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940049964 oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CHKVPAROMQMJNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bisulfate Chemical compound [K+].OS([O-])(=O)=O CHKVPAROMQMJNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000343 potassium bisulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003918 potentiometric titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007420 reactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012260 resinous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007151 ring opening polymerisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940083466 soybean lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JYKSTGLAIMQDRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglycerol Chemical compound OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO JYKSTGLAIMQDRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C41/00—Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups
- C07C41/01—Preparation of ethers
- C07C41/02—Preparation of ethers from oxiranes
- C07C41/03—Preparation of ethers from oxiranes by reaction of oxirane rings with hydroxy groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C43/00—Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
- C07C43/02—Ethers
- C07C43/03—Ethers having all ether-oxygen atoms bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C43/04—Saturated ethers
- C07C43/13—Saturated ethers containing hydroxy or O-metal groups
- C07C43/135—Saturated ethers containing hydroxy or O-metal groups having more than one ether bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Polyethers (AREA)
Description
グリセリンおよび/またはポリグリセリンとグリシドールとを、活性炭触媒の存在下に反応させることを特徴とするポリグリセリンの製造方法を提供する。
ジグリセリン、トリグリセリン、テトラグリセリンをそれぞれ5重量%以上含有し、ジグリセリンとトリグリセリンとテトラグリセリンの含有量の合計が75重量%以上であり、且つ、重合度が7以上の多重合ポリグリセリン成分の含有量が10重量%以下であり、且つ、実質的に塩素原子を含有しないことを特徴とするポリグリセリン、についても説明する。
以下に、本願で用いられる評価方法について例示する。
自動滴定装置(平沼産業(株)製「COM−1600ST」)を用いて、JIS K 7243−3:2005に準拠し、電位差滴定により測定した。なお、検出下限は0.1ppmである。
高周波プラズマ発生分析装置(島津製作所(株)製「ICPS8100」)を用いて、金属、リン等の下記元素の同定および含有量の測定を行った。試料は、濃硫酸を添加して灰化した後、硫酸水素カリウムで融解し、希硝酸に溶解して測定に用いた。なお、検出下限は0.1ppmである。
分析元素 : Al、As、Ba、Ca、Cd、Ce、Co、Cu、Cr、Ga、Ge、
Fe、Hf、La、Li、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、
Sb、Se、Si、Sn、Sr、Ti、V、Zn、Zr)
なお、硫黄は、JIS K 2541−6:2003に準拠して、酸化分解−紫外蛍光法を用いて分析した。
JIS K 1557:1970に準拠して測定した。色相が100未満の場合には着色なし(○)と判断し、100以上の場合には着色あり(×)と判断した。
JIS K 1557:1970に準拠して測定した。
E型粘度計を用いて、26℃で測定した。
ガスクロマトグラフィーを用いて、下記の測定条件により分析を行った。なお、試料は、試料0.03gに、ピリジン0.5ml、N−O−ビストリメチルシリルアセトアミド0.5mlおよびクロロトリメチルシラン数滴を混合して、50度で30分保持する前処理を施した後、測定に用いた。
装置 : Hewlett−Packard製、「HP−6890」
カラム : HP−5(内径:0.53mm、膜厚:1.5μm、長さ:30m)
カラム温度 : 60℃で1分保持した後、昇温速度10℃/分で昇温し、300℃で35分保持した。
注入口温度 : 330℃
注入方法 : スプリット比=40:1
注入量 : 1μL
窒素導入管、攪拌機、冷却管、温度調節器、滴下シリンダーを備えた1リットルの4ツ口フラスコにグリセリン10.0mol(920.9g)と活性炭触媒(日本エンバイロケミカルズ社製、商品名「白鷺A」;粉末活性炭)8.16g(グリシドール100重量部に対して、1.1重量部)を加え、120℃に加熱した。次いで、反応温度を120℃に保ちながらグリシドール10.0mol(740.8g)を6時間かけて滴下し、系中のオキシラン濃度が反応溶液全体に対して0.1重量%未満になるまで反応を続けた。なお、オキシラン濃度は経時で反応溶液を一部抜き出して評価した。その後、温度を約200℃に上げ、真空ポンプにより徐々に真空度を上げ、残留しているグリセリンの含有率が1重量%以下に低下するまで除去した。冷却後反応系より活性炭を濾過により取り除き、反応物を約1650g得た。
得られたポリグリセリンの組成は、表1に示すとおり、本発明に規定する範囲を満たしており、物性も着色が無く優れたものであった。なお、塩素含有量、金属成分量はともに検出下限(0.1ppm)未満であった。
窒素導入管、攪拌機、冷却管、温度調節器、滴下シリンダーを備えた2リットルの4ツ口フラスコにジグリセリン(坂本薬品(株)製)10.0mol(1666.2g)と活性炭(日本エンバイロケミカルズ社製、商品名「白鷺A」;粉末活性炭)12.016g(グリシドール100重量部に対して、1.3重量部)を加え、120℃に加熱した。次いで、反応温度を120℃に保ちながらグリシドール10.0mol(926.0g)を6時間かけて滴下し、系中のオキシラン濃度が0.1重量%未満になるまで反応を続けた。冷却後反応系より活性炭を濾過により取り除き、反応物を約2500g得た。
得られたポリグリセリンの組成は、表1に示すとおり、本発明に規定する範囲を満たしており、物性も着色が無く優れたものであった。なお、塩素含有量、金属成分量はともに検出下限(0.1ppm)未満であった。
グリセリン−α−モノクロロヒドリン12mol(1326g)とSnCl4の2mlとを2リットルの2層式反応器(加熱用液体:油;不活性ガス雰囲気:窒素)中に加え、約60℃に加熱した。次いで、反応温度を70℃に保ちながら、エピクロロヒドリン12mol(1110g)を2時間かけて滴下し、さらに1時間経過後に反応を継続し、粗製クロルヒドリンエーテル混合液を得た。
90度に加熱した16%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(3.3リットル)に、攪拌下、粗製クロルヒドリンエーテル混合物を2時間で添加した。90℃でさらに1時間攪拌を続けた後、加熱を停止し且つ反応バッチを6N塩酸(200ml)の添加により中性にした。中性反応溶液を真空中で濃縮し、析出した塩を濾別し、且つ濾液を水で稀釈後、カチオン交換樹脂とアニオン交換樹脂の混合物を介して脱塩した。その後、温度を約200℃に上げ、真空ポンプにより徐々に真空度を上げ、残留しているグリセリンの含有率が1重量%以下に低下するまで除去し、反応物を約1000g得た。
得られたポリグリセリンは塩素を含んでおり、食品添加物として利用するには安全面で劣る品質であった。
活性炭触媒を用いない以外は、実施例1と全く同様にして、合成を行ったが、反応が進行せず、生成物は得られなかった。
Claims (6)
- グリセリンおよび/またはポリグリセリンとグリシドールとを、活性炭触媒の存在下に反応させることを特徴とするポリグリセリンの製造方法。
- ジグリセリン、トリグリセリン、テトラグリセリンをそれぞれ5重量%以上含有し、ジグリセリンとトリグリセリンとテトラグリセリンの含有量の合計が75重量%以上であり、且つ、重合度が7以上の多重合ポリグリセリン成分の含有量が10重量%以下であり、且つ、実質的に塩素原子を含有しないポリグリセリンを得る、請求項1に記載のポリグリセリンの製造方法。
- 環状ポリグリセリンの含有量が10重量%以下であるポリグリセリンを得る、請求項2に記載のポリグリセリンの製造方法。
- 錫原子、チタン原子、亜鉛原子、アルミニウム原子、銅原子、マグネシウム原子、リン原子、硫黄原子の含有量が、それぞれ1ppm未満であるポリグリセリンを得る、請求項2又は3に記載のポリグリセリンの製造方法。
- グリセリンとグリシドールとを、活性炭触媒の存在下に反応させた後、得られたポリグリセリンから未反応のグリセリンを除去する、請求項1〜4のいずれかの項に記載のポリグリセリンの製造方法。
- ジグリセリンとグリシドールとを、活性炭触媒の存在下に反応させる請求項1〜4のいずれかの項に記載のポリグリセリンの製造方法。
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005253311A JP5036989B2 (ja) | 2005-09-01 | 2005-09-01 | ポリグリセリンおよびその製造方法 |
| EP06017181A EP1760062B1 (en) | 2005-09-01 | 2006-08-17 | Process for the production of Polyglycerols |
| US11/510,594 US7335801B2 (en) | 2005-09-01 | 2006-08-28 | Polyglycerols and production thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005253311A JP5036989B2 (ja) | 2005-09-01 | 2005-09-01 | ポリグリセリンおよびその製造方法 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2007063210A JP2007063210A (ja) | 2007-03-15 |
| JP5036989B2 true JP5036989B2 (ja) | 2012-09-26 |
Family
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| JP2005253311A Expired - Fee Related JP5036989B2 (ja) | 2005-09-01 | 2005-09-01 | ポリグリセリンおよびその製造方法 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7335801B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1760062B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5036989B2 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20180128621A (ko) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-12-04 | 제우스유화공업(주) | 디글리세롤 제조를 위한 장치 |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006060386A1 (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2006-06-08 | Biomerieux, Inc. | Method for diagnosing critically ill patients |
| EP1857485B1 (en) * | 2005-02-10 | 2011-04-13 | Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Ring-opening polymerization method using activated carbon as catalyst |
| JP2007269730A (ja) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-18 | Kao Corp | (ポリ)グリセリルエーテルの製造方法 |
| JP4805201B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-22 | 2011-11-02 | 月島環境エンジニアリング株式会社 | 膜分離を用いた目的物質の分離方法と装置 |
| JP5683115B2 (ja) | 2009-01-29 | 2015-03-11 | 花王株式会社 | ポリグリセリルエーテル誘導体の製造方法 |
| US20110172361A1 (en) * | 2009-07-22 | 2011-07-14 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Methods for synthesizing polytrimethylene ether glycol and copolymers thereof |
| IT1401318B1 (it) * | 2010-08-06 | 2013-07-18 | Novamont Spa | Composizioni biodegradabili polifasiche contenenti almeno un polimero di origine naturale |
| WO2012123777A1 (en) | 2011-03-17 | 2012-09-20 | University Of Ottawa | Methods for making polyglycerol |
| GB201111029D0 (en) * | 2011-06-29 | 2011-08-10 | Danisco | Composition |
| JP2014019685A (ja) * | 2012-07-23 | 2014-02-03 | Daicel Corp | 皮膚外用組成物 |
| BR112016018561A2 (pt) * | 2014-02-13 | 2017-08-08 | Clariant Int Ltd | Preparação de poligliceróis |
| WO2017200737A1 (en) | 2016-05-20 | 2017-11-23 | Stepan Company | Polyetheramine compositions for laundry detergents |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3968169A (en) * | 1973-11-30 | 1976-07-06 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for preparing polyblycerol |
| JPS58198429A (ja) * | 1982-05-14 | 1983-11-18 | Nippon Oil & Fats Co Ltd | ポリグリセリンの製造法 |
| JPS61140534A (ja) | 1984-12-14 | 1986-06-27 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | ポリグリセリンの製造方法 |
| DE3811826A1 (de) * | 1987-06-25 | 1989-10-19 | Solvay Werke Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von polyglycerinen |
| DE3900059A1 (de) * | 1989-01-03 | 1990-07-05 | Solvay Werke Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von polyglycerinen |
| EP0451461B1 (de) * | 1990-02-23 | 1994-04-27 | BASF Aktiengesellschaft | Verwendung von Mischungen aus Polyglycerinfettsäureestern als Emulgatoren in kosmetischen und pharmazeutischen Zubereitungen |
| DE4132171A1 (de) * | 1991-09-27 | 1993-04-01 | Solvay Werke Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von diglycerin und/oder polyglycerin |
| JPH10236999A (ja) * | 1996-12-27 | 1998-09-08 | Lion Corp | ポリグリセリンの製造方法 |
| FR2810563B1 (fr) * | 2000-06-23 | 2002-12-27 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procedes d'etherification du glycerol, et catalyseurs pour la mise en oeuvre de ces procedes |
| CA2427854A1 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-05-10 | Lonza Inc. | Processes for preparing linear polyglycerols and polyglycerol esters |
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2006
- 2006-08-17 EP EP06017181A patent/EP1760062B1/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-08-28 US US11/510,594 patent/US7335801B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20180128621A (ko) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-12-04 | 제우스유화공업(주) | 디글리세롤 제조를 위한 장치 |
| KR101970339B1 (ko) | 2017-05-24 | 2019-04-18 | 제우스유화공업(주) | 디글리세롤 제조를 위한 장치 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2007063210A (ja) | 2007-03-15 |
| US20070049775A1 (en) | 2007-03-01 |
| US7335801B2 (en) | 2008-02-26 |
| EP1760062B1 (en) | 2011-07-20 |
| EP1760062A1 (en) | 2007-03-07 |
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