JP5097885B2 - 高い乾物(dm)含量を有するバイオマスの酵素加水分解 - Google Patents
高い乾物(dm)含量を有するバイオマスの酵素加水分解 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5097885B2 JP5097885B2 JP2007542141A JP2007542141A JP5097885B2 JP 5097885 B2 JP5097885 B2 JP 5097885B2 JP 2007542141 A JP2007542141 A JP 2007542141A JP 2007542141 A JP2007542141 A JP 2007542141A JP 5097885 B2 JP5097885 B2 JP 5097885B2
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- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明は、バイオマスを含有し、比較的高い、好ましくはバイオマスの少なくとも20%(w/w)が26−70mmに入るファイバーおよび粒子サイズの分布を有する、好ましくは比較的大きなファイバーおよび粒子からなる、および、好ましくは20%を超える比較的高い乾物含量を有する、多糖類を含有するバイオマスの液化および糖化の方法に関する。さらに、当該方法は、特に、主としてデンプン、精製デンプン、セルロース、ヘミセルロースおよびリグニンからなる多糖類を含有するバイオマス、例えば、穀類またはコムギわらの液化および糖化に好適である。リグノセルロース系バイオマスの場合は、それを好ましくは、セルロースが酵素に利用可能となり、同時に前処理したバイオマス中に制限された含量の発酵インヒビターしか存在しないことが保証される様式で、110−250℃の温度に1−60分間付すことによって前処理する。本発明は、炭水化物加水分解酵素および酸化酵素を含む加水分解酵素と、機械力、主として剪断力および引裂力(tear force)がバイオマスに加わることを保証する重力原理に頼るタイプの混合との組合せに基づいて酵素加水分解を結合する。混合の好ましいタイプは、例えば、ドラムミキサー、タンブルミキサーまたは同様の混合デバイスのような自由落下ミキサーである。
濃縮糖溶液の製造は、改善された容積生産性および下流の加工処理の低いコストに起因して、つづく発酵または他の微生物加工処理との関係で有利である。バイオエタノール製造の場合において、発酵ブロスが4%を超えるエタノールを含む場合は、蒸留のエネルギー要求性は顕著に低下する(GalbeおよびZacchi, 2002)。これは8%を超える糖濃度を必要とし、これは、大部分のタイプのリグノセルロース系バイオマスでは、20%を超える初期乾物含量に対応する。換言すると、好ましくは20%を超える、高い乾物含量を有する多糖類を含有するバイオマスを、エタノールの蒸留に好適なバイオエタノール含有発酵ブロスをつづいて製造することができるために、酵素加水分解に付すことが望ましい。
・熱水抽出
・阻害物質が形成される前に溶解した材料を取り出す多段階の希酸加水分解
・比較的低い過酷条件での希酸加水分解
・アルカリ湿潤酸化
・蒸気爆発
・つづく無毒化をともなう大部分のいずれかの前処理
・デンプン、例えば穀物および精製デンプンを含有するデンプン
・かいば
・バガス
・例えばイネ、コムギ、ライムギ、エンバク、オオムギ、ライムギ、セイヨウアブラナ、ソルガムからのわら
・例えば、ピナス・シルベストリス(Pinus sylvestris)、ピナス・ラディアータ(Pinus radiata)のような軟木
・ヤナギ属(Salix spp.)、ユーカリノキ属(Eucalyptus spp.)のような硬木
・例えば、ビート、ジャガイモの塊茎
・例えば、イネ、コムギ、ライムギ、エンバク、オオムギ、ライムギ、セイヨウアブラナ、ソルガムおよびトウモロコシからの穀物
・同様の乾物含量を有する、廃棄紙、バイオガス加工処理からのファイバー画分、肥料、ギネアアブラヤシ加工処理からの残渣、自治体固形廃棄物など
のような農業的作物由来のバイオマスが含まれ得る。
第1に、大部分の場合において多糖類を含有するバイオマスは不溶性または非常にわずかに溶解性であろうため、使用する酵素と多糖類を含有するバイオマス(基質)との間の緊密な接触が保証される。
・乾物含量:20−80%、好ましくは25−70%、より好ましくは25−60%、なおより好ましくは25−50%または25−40%、および最も好ましくは25−35%
・リグノセルロース系バイオマスのファイバーおよび粒子サイズの分布:0−150mm、好ましくは5−125mm、より好ましくは10−100mm、なおより好ましくは15−90mmまたは20−80mm、および最も好ましくは26−70mm。ファイバーおよび粒子サイズの好ましい分布は、好ましい間隔内の範囲のリグノセルロース系バイオマスの少なくとも20%(w/w)と規定する。
・前処理温度:110−250℃、好ましくは120−240℃、より好ましくは130−230℃、より好ましくは140−220℃、より好ましくは150−210℃、より好ましくは160−200℃、なおより好ましくは170−200℃または最も好ましくは180−200℃。
・前処理時間:1−60分、好ましくは2−55分、より好ましくは3−50分、より好ましくは4−45分、より好ましくは5−40分、より好ましくは5−35分、より好ましくは5−30分、より好ましくは5−25分、より好ましくは5−20分、および最も好ましくは5−15分。
・少なくとも20w/w%の前処理後の乾物含量。
バイオマスを持ち上げる水平設置したスターラーシャフトを有するリアクターの形態で自由落下混合概念に基づく容器または同様の混合デバイスを用いる場合、以下の技術データが好ましい:
・回転速度:0-30 rpm、好ましくは0-20 rpm、より好ましくは0-15rpm、なおより好ましくは0-10 rpmおよび最も好ましくは0-5 rpm
・定期的に変化する回転方向を有する回転
・所定の間隔の回転
−セロビアーゼ(例えば、Novozym 188)
−セルラーゼ(例えば、Celluclast 1.5FG L)
・Filter Paper Unit(FPU)/g DMの酵素負荷
1FPUは、当業者によく知られた特定の条件下で、Whatmann#1濾紙上で1μmol/分のグルコシド結合を加水分解するのに必要な酵素の量に等しい。しかしながら、酵素活性は、望ましい酵素活性を生じる微生物の添加を介することを含むいずれかの考え得る形態で原則として供給し得る:0.001−15FPU/g乾物、好ましくは0.01−10FPU/g乾物、より好ましくは0.1−8FPU/g乾物、より好ましくは1−7FPU/g乾物および最も好ましくは6FPU/g乾物未満に対応する。
・デンプンを含有するバイオマスの酵素:
−デンプンの加工処理における酵素:α−アミラーゼおよびグルコアミラーゼ
・酵素加水分解の処理時間:0−72時間、好ましくは1−60時間、より好ましくは2−48時間、およびより好ましくは4−24時間のような、6−24時間のような、8−24時間のような、10−24時間のような、12−24時間のような、18−24時間または22時間のような3−24時間。
・酵素加水分解の温度。適用した酵素活性の至適温度に参照して調節:0−105℃、好ましくは10−100℃、より好ましくは15−90℃、より好ましくは20−80℃、より好ましくは25−70℃および最も好ましくは40−45℃または室温のような30−70℃。
・バイオマスのpH。適応した酵素活性の至適pHに参照して調節:5−10のような、6−9、7−8のような3−12、および好ましくは4−11
・酵素処理は、バッチ、フェッド−バッチまたは連続加工処理として行い得る。
25g乾物重量(=67.0gの前処理したわら)に相当する、平均サイズがほぼ40mm(180−200℃にて5−10分間の向流水抽出、5:1の水および乾物の流動比)を有する圧縮した前処理コムギわらをプラスチックバッグに入れた。0.75mLのNovozym 188、3.75mLのCelluclast 1.5FG Lおよび11.9mLの50mMクエン酸ナトリウム緩衝液、pH5.0を混合し、わらの上に噴霧した。これは、30%の最終乾物含量となった。酵素負荷は、10Filter Paper Unit(FPU)/g DMに相当した。
7kg DW(=20kgの前処理したわら)に相当する、平均サイズがほぼ40mm(180−200℃にて5−10分間の向流水抽出、5:1の水および乾物の流動比によって前処理)を有する圧縮した前処理コムギわらを、約10°傾斜した水平軸を有する従来の回転式セメントミキサーに入れた。該ミキサーは長軸に沿った2の内部リブを有し、材料の混合を保証する。開口部に蓋を載せてミキサーからの蒸発を回避した。ミキサードラムは、29rpmのスピードで水平軸に沿って回転させた。
加水分解リアクターは、20%DMを超える液化および加水分解の固形物濃度で実験を行うために設計した(図1)。リアクターは、各々20cm幅および60cm径の5の別々のチャンバーに分割された水平に設置されたドラムからなる。各チャンバー中に3のパドルとマウントされた水平回転シャフトを、混合/振盪に使用した。1.1kWモーターを運転に使用し、回転速度は2.5ないし16.5rpmの範囲内で調節可能であった。回転の向きは、時計回りおよび反時計回りの間で毎分2回シフトするようにプログラムした。外部の水を満たした加熱ジャケットは、80℃までの温度の制御を可能にした。
リグノセルロース系およびデンプンを含有するバイオマスは、重力混合とセルラーゼ、ヘミセルラーゼおよびアミラーゼの混合物を用いて同時に加工処理し得る。リグノセルロース系バイオマスは、例えば、かいば、例えばイネ、コムギ、ライムギ、エンバク、オオムギ、ライムギ、セイヨウアブラナおよびソルガムからのわら、塊茎、例えばビート、ジャガイモ、例えばイネ、コムギ、ライムギ、エンバク、オオムギ、ライムギ、セイヨウアブラナ、ソルガムからの穀物からなる農業的作物、例えば、ピナス・シルベストリス、ピナス・ラディアータのような軟木、例えば、ヤナギ属(Salix spp.)、ユーカリノキ属(Eucalyptus spp.)のような硬木からなる木本、自治体の固形廃棄物、廃棄紙、同様のバイオガスから由来し得る。
本発明に係る方法は、精製デンプンまたはデンプンを含有する材料(例えば、ビート、ジャガイモ、例えばイネ、コムギ、ライムギ、エンバク、オオムギ、ライムギ、ソルガムからの穀物)の低温加工処理にも適用し得る。実施例4に従って、穀物の高温前処理はデンプンの液化および加水分解に必要でない。他方、乾燥ミルは、一般的にデンプン含有穀物の前処理に使用される。20−60%の乾物含量を有する乾燥ミル穀物を重力ミキサーに負荷する。冷マッシュ酵素NS50033(Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark)またはアルファ−アミラーゼおよびグルコアミラーゼを同時に添加する。その場合、デンプンの完全な液化および糖化が1−ポット加工処理で可能である。酵素加水分解加工処理の間の温度およびpH範囲は酵素によって決まり、各々、25−60℃、好ましくは40−55℃およびpH3−12、好ましくは3−8の範囲であろう。
加工処理はSSFと組合せ得る。
Galbe, M., Zacchi, G. (2002). A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59:618-628.
Giovannozzi-Sermanni, G., D'Annibale, A., Perani, C., Porri, A., Falesiedi, G. (2002). Solid-state bioreactors for the sustainability.
http://www.unitus.it/dipartimenti/dabac/progetti/ssbioreactors/solidstatebioreactor.htm
Gregg, D., Saddler, J.N. (1995). Bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues to ethanol: Process flow-sheet development. Biomass Bioenerg. 9:287-302.
Mais, U., Esteghalalian, A.R., Saddler, J.N. (2002). Influence of mixing regime on enzymatic saccharification of steam-exploded softwood chips. Appl.
Biochem. Biotechnol. 98-100:463-472.
米国特許第4409329号
米国特許出願2002117167A
米国特許出願2004005674A
Claims (20)
- 20%ないし40%の乾物含量を有し、リグノセルロース系バイオマスを含む、多糖類を含有するバイオマスの液化方法であって、該バイオマスを:
a)少なくとも1のセルラーゼ酵素を用いる酵素加水分解に付し、ついで
b)加水分解の間にバイオマスの機械的分解を提供する、ドラムミキサーまたはバイオマスを持ち上げる回転軸を有するミキサーにより混合することを含み、
ここに、当該方法において、該バイオマスがさらなる加工処理の前に液体に変化することを特徴とする該方法。 - 20%ないし40%の乾物含量を有し、主としてリグノセルロース系バイオマスを含む、多糖類を含有するバイオマスの液化方法であって、該バイオマスを:
a)少なくとも1のセルラーゼ酵素を用いる酵素加水分解に付し、ついで
b)加水分解の間にバイオマスの機械的分解を提供する、ドラムミキサーまたはバイオマスを持ち上げる回転軸を有するミキサーにより混合することを含み、
ここに、当該方法において、該バイオマスがさらなる加工処理の前に液体に変化することを特徴とする該方法。 - リグノセルロース系バイオマスが粒子サイズの分布を有し、少なくとも20%(w/w)が前処理の前に26−70mmのサイズである請求項2記載の方法。
- リグノセルロース系バイオマスを含む、多糖類を含有するバイオマスが、さらにデンプンを含有する穀物または精製デンプンおよび農業的作物由来のリグノセルロース系バイオマスの混合物を主として含むことによって特徴付けられる請求項1記載の方法。
- 多糖類を含有するバイオマスが、かいば、バガス、イネのわら、コムギのわら、ライムギのわら、エンバクのわら、オオムギのわら、ライムギのわら、セイヨウアブラナのわら、ソルガムのわら、軟木、硬木、自治体の固形廃棄物または廃棄紙に由来するリグノセルロース系バイオマスを主として含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 多糖類を含有するバイオマスが、110−250℃の加熱前処理に付されているリグノセルロース系バイオマスを含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- バイオマスのさらなる機械的分解を、混合の間にバイオマスと衝突する金属ボールまたは同様の材料によって提供する請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 該バイオマスが、3ないし24時間以内のさらなる加工処理の前により高いまたはより低い粘性の液体に変化する請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 多糖類を含有するバイオマスが、160−200℃の加熱前処理に付されているリグノセルロース系バイオマスを主として含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 多糖類を含有するバイオマスが、1−60分間の加熱前処理に付されているリグノセルロース系バイオマスを主として含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 多糖類を含有するバイオマスが、5−30分間の加熱前処理に付されているリグノセルロース系バイオマスを主として含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 混合をドラムミキサーで行う請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 混合を、定期的に変化する回転方向を有する回転を有するドラムミキサーで行う請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 混合を所定の間隔の回転を有するドラムミキサーで行う請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 混合を、バイオマスを持ち上げる水平設置したスターラーシャフトを有するミキサーで行う請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 混合を、バイオマスを持ち上げる水平設置したスターラーシャフトを有し、定期的に変化する回転方向を有する回転を有するミキサーで行う請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 混合を、バイオマスを持ち上げる水平設置したスターラーシャフトを有し、所定の間隔の回転を有するミキサーで行う請求項1または2記載の方法。
- リグノセルロース系バイオマスのファイバーおよび粒子サイズの分布が0−150mmである請求項2記載の方法。
- リグノセルロース系バイオマスの酵素加水分解の程度が30−50%である請求項2記載の方法。
- さらなる加工処理が、ガス化、水素添加、有機合成、またはバイオガスもしくは飼料の生産を含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
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| PCT/IB2005/003308 WO2006056838A1 (en) | 2004-11-29 | 2005-11-07 | Enzymatic hydrolysis of biomasses having a high dry matter (dm) content |
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