JP4659732B2 - 半導体層を形成する方法 - Google Patents
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Description
本出願は、2003年1月27日付けの米国仮出願第60/442,784号の利益を主張するものであり、その内容全体は、参照により本出願に組み込まれている。
本発明は、一般には半導体基板に関し、詳細には歪み半導体層を備えている基板に関する。
歪みSiを製造するのに適した一技術は、以下のステップを含む。
1.シリコン基板を準備し、
2.前記シリコン基板上に、緩和傾斜SiGe緩衝層を、所定の最終Ge組成までエピタキシャル堆積させ、
3.前記SiGe緩衝層上に、一定組成の緩和SiGeキャップ層をエピタキシャル堆積させ、
4.前記ステップ2および3の途中またはステップ2および3の後のある時点で、前記層を、層の成長温度よりも高い温度でアニールして、歪みを緩和させるかまたは層の形態を変化させ、
5.前記SiGeキャップ層の表面を、例えば化学機械研磨(CMP)により平坦化し、それにより得られた平坦化された表面を洗浄し、
6.前記平坦化された表面上に、一定組成の緩和SiGe再成長層をエピタキシャル堆積させ、
7.前記SiGe再成長層上に、歪みSi層をエピタキシャル堆積させ、さらに
8.レーザー走査技術を用いて前記歪みSi層の表面品質を測定する。
x=2×(Dt)0.5 (式1)
[式中、xは特性拡散距離であり、Dは少なくとも2種の元素のうち一方の中でのもう一方の元素の特性拡散係数であり、tは拡散時間である]により計算することができる。
D=D0exp(−E/kT) (式2)
[式中、D0は指数前因子であり、Eは活性化エネルギーであり、kはボルツマン定数であり、Tはアニール温度(ケルビン単位)]により得られる。
システム:ASM International B. V. (Bilthoven、オランダ)製造のASM EPSILON(登録商標)2000エピタキシャル反応装置
温度:1273〜1373K(1000〜1100℃)
圧力:2666Pa〜101325Pa(大気圧)(20Torr〜760Torr)
水流量:20〜80標準リットル/分(slm)
ジクロロシラン流量:50〜250標準立方センチメートル/分(sccm)
四塩化ゲルマニウム流量:0〜0.5グラム/分
成長速度:380〜980nm/分
システム:ASM EPSILON(登録商標)2000エピタキシャル反応装置
温度:1373K(1100℃)
圧力:10666Pa(80Torr)
水流量:40slm
ジクロロシラン流量:250sccm
四塩化ゲルマニウム流量:0〜0.5グラム/分(20%Geまで)
成長速度:850〜980nm/分
温度:973〜1123K(700〜850℃)
圧力:2666〜10666Pa(20〜80Torr)
H2流量:20〜80slm
ジクロロシラン流量:20〜60sccm
ゲルマン(GeH4)流量:25%GeH4を8〜34sccm
成長速度:20〜200nm/分
温度:1023〜1073K(750〜800℃)
圧力:10666Pa(80Torr)
H2流量:40〜80slm
ジクロロシラン流量:50sccm
ゲルマン流量:25%GeH4を17〜34sccm
成長速度:90〜100nm/分
以下の2つのSiGe緩和緩衝層の試料を、アニールを行った場合および行わなかった場合について分析した。
1.試料A:アニールしていない試験ウェハ。X線回折(XRD)測定を行った。Ge組成は29.5±0.3%、緩和は95.51%であった。
2.試料B:Ge含有量がアニールによってより均一になったウェハ。このウェハを、堆積後、同じ堆積チャンバ内で1323K(1050℃)で5分間アニールした。
第2の実験では、1123K(850℃)より高い温度で成長させたSiGe傾斜緩衝層に、1323K(1050℃)で5分間、大気圧の水素中でアニールを施した。アニールの前および後に、異なる走査寸法(1×1μm、10×10μmおよび50×50μm)でAFMによって、ウェハの中心、半径中央部および端部で表面粗さを測定した。さらに、レーザー欠陥スキャナ(KLA-Tencorより販売されているSURFSCAN 6220)を用いて測定したヘイズを、同等の緩衝層であるが、アニールされたものとされていないものとで比較した。表2を参照すると、1μm×1μmで得られた短空間波長の表面粗さは、アニール後、平均して約50%減少している。ウェハの端部におけるAFM像(50μm×50μm、10μm×10μmおよび1μm×1μm)も、アニールの前後で比較した。クロスハッチ粗さの周期の数は、アニール後に減少している。
表面粗さは、レーザー粒子走査、例えばTencor SURFSCAN 6220によって測定されるレーザー緩衝層の特徴に著しく大きな影響を与える。より度合いの大きい粗さは、高いヘイズレベルとして観察されるので、小さな粒子の検出が困難となる。そのため、プロセスの効果を示す重要な測定の1つは、ウェハ上のヘイズレベルの測定である。
垂直方向の超格子、つまりSiGeの組成の垂直方向の変動が、SiGe緩衝層内で観察されている。
Claims (43)
- 半導体層を形成する方法であって、
基板を準備し、
前記基板の最上表面上に半導体層を形成し、該半導体層が少なくとも2種の元素を含んでおり、該元素が、当該半導体層内での初期の組成変動を規定するように分布し、
前記初期の組成変動を減少させるために前記半導体層をアニールし、
前記半導体層の最上表面を平坦化し、
前記半導体層の最上表面を平坦化することに続いて、前記半導体層の最上表面をウェハに接合し、
前記基板の少なくとも一部を除去することを含む方法。 - 半導体層を形成する方法であって、
基板を準備し、
前記基板の最上表面上に半導体層を形成し、該半導体層が少なくとも2種の元素を含んでおり、該元素が、当該半導体層内での初期の組成変動を規定するように分布し、
前記初期の組成変動を減少させるために前記半導体層をアニールし、
前記半導体層の最上表面を平坦化し、
前記半導体層の最上表面を平坦化することに続いて、前記半導体層上に第2の層を形成し、
前記第2の層の最上表面をウェハに接合し、
前記基板の少なくとも一部を除去することを含む方法。 - 前記基板が第1の格子定数を有しており、前記半導体層が第2の格子定数を有しており、第1の格子定数が第2の格子定数とは異なる、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 第1の元素が第1の濃度を有しており、第2の元素が第2の濃度を有しており、該第1および第2の濃度のそれぞれが、少なくとも5%である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記初期の組成変動が、前記半導体層内で、半導体層の堆積方向に対して垂直な方向に周期的に変化している、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記組成変動が、半導体層内のカラムを規定しており、該カラムが幅および周期を有している、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記カラムの周期が、2000ナノメートル未満である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記カラムの周期が、1000ナノメートル未満である、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層を、前記2種の元素の少なくとも1つが、少なくともカラム周期の4分の1に等しい拡散距離にわたり拡散するのに十分なアニール温度でアニールする、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層を、前記2種の元素の少なくとも1つが、カラム周期の4分の1に等しい拡散距離にわたり拡散するのに十分な時間でアニールする、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記初期の組成変動が、半導体層の堆積方向に対して平行な方向で変化しており、周期性をもつ超格子を規定する、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記超格子の周期が、100ナノメートル未満である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記超格子の周期が、50ナノメートル未満である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記超格子の周期が、10ナノメートル未満である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層を、前記2種の元素の少なくとも1つが、前記超格子の4分の1に少なくとも等しい拡散距離にわたり拡散するのに十分なアニール温度でアニールする、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層を、前記2種の元素の少なくとも1つが、前記超格子の4分の1に少なくとも等しい拡散距離にわたり拡散するのに十分な時間でアニールする、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層を、堆積温度より高いアニール温度でアニールする、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記アニール温度が1073K(800℃)より高い、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記アニール温度が1273K(1000℃)より高い、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層を、当該半導体層の融点より低いアニール温度でアニールする、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記アニール温度が、1543K(1270℃)より低い、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも2種の元素の1つがシリコンからなる、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも2種の元素の1つがゲルマニウムからなる、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層の最上表面を、当該半導体層のアニール前に平坦化する、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層の最上表面を、当該半導体層のアニール中に平坦化する、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層の最上表面を、当該半導体層のアニール後に平坦化する、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 平坦化が、化学機械研磨、プラズマ平坦化、湿式化学エッチング、ガス相化学エッチング、酸化後のストリッピングおよびクラスターイオンビーム平坦化のうち少なくとも1つを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記化学機械研磨が、第1および第2のステップを含み、該第1および第2の化学機械研磨ステップ間に前記半導体層をアニールする、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記化学機械研磨が、第1および第2のステップを含み、当該第1の化学機械研磨ステップの前に前記半導体層をアニールする、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 平坦化が高温のステップを含み、当該高温の平坦化ステップ中に前記半導体層をアニールする、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記基板の一部を除去した後、前記半導体層の少なくとも一部がウェハに接合したままとなる、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の層が、前記半導体層の格子定数に実質的に等しい格子定数を有する材料からなる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の層が、前記半導体層の格子定数とは実質的に異なる格子定数を有する材料からなる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の層の最上表面にウェハを接合させ、
前記基板の少なくとも一部を除去することをさらに含み、
前記基板の一部を除去した後、前記第2の層の少なくとも一部がウェハに接合したままとなる、請求項2に記載の方法。 - 前記半導体層が、(i)超格子を有する下部分と、(ii)該下部分の上に設けられた上部分とを含んでおり、該上部分が実質的に超格子を有していない、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体層が、起伏のある表面を有している、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記起伏のある表面が、前記半導体層の堆積中に形成される、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記基板が、起伏のある基板表面を有しており、該起伏のある基板表面が、前記半導体層の起伏のある表面の形成を生じさせている、請求項37に記載の方法。
- 前記起伏のある表面が振幅を有しており、前記初期の組成変動が、周期を有する超格子を規定していて、該超格子の周期が、当該起伏のある表面の振幅より小さい、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 前記基板上に緩和傾斜層を形成することをさらに含み、
前記緩和傾斜層上に前記半導体層が形成される、請求項1または2に記載の方法。 - 前記半導体層をアニールする前に、前記半導体層上に保護層を形成することをさらに含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記保護層が、前記半導体層に対して実質的に不活性である材料からなる、請求項41に記載の方法。
- 前記保護層が、二酸化シリコン、窒化シリコンおよびこれらの組合せからなる群から選択される、請求項42にに記載の方法。
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-
2004
- 2004-01-27 EP EP04705694.0A patent/EP1588406B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-01-27 WO PCT/US2004/002282 patent/WO2004068556A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-01-27 JP JP2006503082A patent/JP4659732B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-01-27 EP EP11161669.4A patent/EP2337062A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-01-27 US US10/765,372 patent/US7332417B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2007
- 2007-12-21 US US11/963,120 patent/US20080135830A1/en not_active Abandoned
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|---|---|
| US20040214407A1 (en) | 2004-10-28 |
| EP2337062A2 (en) | 2011-06-22 |
| EP2337062A3 (en) | 2016-05-04 |
| WO2004068556A2 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
| US7332417B2 (en) | 2008-02-19 |
| EP1588406B1 (en) | 2019-07-10 |
| JP2006520096A (ja) | 2006-08-31 |
| EP1588406A2 (en) | 2005-10-26 |
| WO2004068556A3 (en) | 2005-03-03 |
| US20080135830A1 (en) | 2008-06-12 |
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