JP4490369B2 - マレアミド酸ポリマー誘導体及びこれらの生物学的複合体 - Google Patents
マレアミド酸ポリマー誘導体及びこれらの生物学的複合体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4490369B2 JP4490369B2 JP2005508648A JP2005508648A JP4490369B2 JP 4490369 B2 JP4490369 B2 JP 4490369B2 JP 2005508648 A JP2005508648 A JP 2005508648A JP 2005508648 A JP2005508648 A JP 2005508648A JP 4490369 B2 JP4490369 B2 JP 4490369B2
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- polymer
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- maleimide
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 237
- FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N maleamic acid Chemical compound NC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 title description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 64
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- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical group O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleimide Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C=C1 PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 99
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 80
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 69
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 66
- -1 methoxy, ethoxy Chemical group 0.000 claims description 63
- 125000005439 maleimidyl group Chemical group C1(C=CC(N1*)=O)=O 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000007142 ring opening reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 42
- JDVPQXZIJDEHAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinamic acid Chemical compound NC(=O)CCC(O)=O JDVPQXZIJDEHAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000000269 nucleophilic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 13
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- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
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- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical group C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N divinyl sulfone Chemical compound C=CS(=O)(=O)C=C AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
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- 125000006575 electron-withdrawing group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000002415 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003302 alkenyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005133 alkynyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
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- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- PGLTVOMIXTUURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodoacetamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CI PGLTVOMIXTUURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CYWHLOXWVAWMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-sulfanyl-1h-pyridine-2-thione Chemical compound SC1=CC=CN=C1S CYWHLOXWVAWMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Diethyl Acetal Natural products CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007944 thiolates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000051 benzyloxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims description 2
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- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XHTWKNPMPDIELI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylmethoxysilane Chemical compound [SiH3]OCC1=CC=CC=C1 XHTWKNPMPDIELI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005415 substituted alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims 3
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims 2
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical class [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000151 cysteine group Chemical group N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)* 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 29
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 66
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 55
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 37
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 29
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 11
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- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 230000000975 bioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
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- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 9
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N insulin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CN)C(C)CC)CSSCC(C(NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2NC=NC=2)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)CNC2=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)N3C(CCC3)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C)C(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(O)=O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)CC)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C1CSSCC2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(C)C)CC1=CN=CN1 NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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Description
本発明は、総体的にはポリマー化学分野に関し、そしてより具体的には、マレイミド又はマレアミド酸官能化型水溶性ポリマー、例えばポリエチレングリコールから製造された化学的に安定な活性剤複合体、及びこのようなポリマー試薬及び複合体の合成、特徴付け及び使用方法に関する。
バイオテクノロジーの最近の進歩により、治療用タンパク質及びその他の生体分子、例えば抗体及び抗体断片を今や大規模に調製することができ、このような生体分子はより広範囲に利用可能になっている。残念ながら、潜在的な治療用生体分子の臨床上の有用性は、これらの急速なタンパク質分解、低い生体利用効率、製造、貯蔵又は投与時の不安定性、又はこれらの免疫原性によってしばしば阻まれる。タンパク質及びその他の生体分子を治療用に投与することに対する継続した関心により、これらの欠陥を克服しようとする種々のアプローチが探求されている。
これらの問題を回避するための1つの方法は、アミン以外の官能基を標的とする部位選択的なポリマー試薬を採用することである。1つの特に魅力的な標的はチオール基である。チオール基はタンパク質において、アミノ酸システイン中に存在する。システインはタンパク質中にリジンほど豊富には存在しないのが典型的であり、従って、これらのチオール含有アミノ酸との複合時におけるタンパク質失活の確率を低減する。さらに、システイン部位との複合は、しばしば明確に定義された様式で行うことができ、単独種ポリマー−複合体の形成をもたらす。
本発明は、(i)貯蔵中及びカップリング中に安定であり、(ii)加水分解に対して抵抗性を有し、そして(iii)脱ペグ化に対する高められた抵抗を示し、これにより、下記により詳細に説明する、実質的に化学的に安定であり且つ明確に定義された薬物複合体組成物の形成を可能にする、チオール選択的試薬及びこれらの複合体を提供する。
(a)マレイミド基を含む水溶性ポリマーを準備し、そして
(b)このポリマーを、求核基を有する活性剤と、マイケル型付加反応を介して該活性剤を該水溶性ポリマーにカップリングするのに効果的な条件下で反応させることにより、ポリマー−スクシンイミド結合型活性剤複合体を形成するステップ
を含む。この複合体を、次いでステップ(c)において、スクシンイミド環を強制的に開環するのに効果的な条件下で処理することにより、ポリマー−スクシンアミド酸−複合体を形成する。
で表される組成物が本明細書中に提供される。好ましい求核基はチオール、チオレート、及びアミノを含む。
本発明を詳細に説明する前に、本発明が特定のポリマー、合成技術、活性剤などに限定されることはなく、そのようなものとして変化しうるということは理解されるべきである。また、本明細書中で使用される専門用語は、特定の実施態様を記載する目的であり、そして制限することを意図しないということも理解されるべきである。
本発明を説明し特許請求する上で、下記定義に従って以下の専門用語が使用される。
本明細書中に使用される下記用語は、指示された意味を有する。
本明細書及び添付の特許請求の範囲において使用される単数形は、文脈上明確に断らない限りは、複数形の指示対象を含む。
本明細書中に使用される「PEG」又は「ポリ(エチレングリコール)」は、任意の水溶性ポリ(エチレンオキシド)を包含するものとする。典型的には、本発明において使用するためのPEGは、例えば合成転換中に、末端酸素が置換されているか否かに応じて、以下の2つの構造:「−(CH2CH2O)n−」又は「(CH2CH2O)n-1CH2CH2−」のうちの一方を含むことになる。変数(n)は3〜3000の範囲であり、そして末端基及びPEG全体の構造は変化してもよい。PEGがさらにリンカー部分(さらに詳細に以下に説明する)を含む場合、リンカーを含む原子は、PEGセグメントに共有結合される場合には、結果として(i)酸素−酸素結合(−O−O−、過酸化結合)、又は(ii)窒素−酸素結合(N−O、O−N)を形成することはない。「PEG」は、大部分すなわち50%超の、−CH2CH2O−であるサブユニットを含有するポリマーを意味する。本発明において使用するためのPEGは、種々の分子量、構造又は幾何構造(geometry)(例えば分枝状、線状、フォーク状PEG、樹状など)を有するPEGを含み、これらは下記に詳細に説明する。
反応混合物中の分子上に存在する官能基との関連において使用される「容易に反応しない」又は「不活性」は、該基が、反応混合液中において、所望の反応を行うために有効な条件下で大部分がそのままであることを指す。
本発明の目的における、また具体的には本発明のポリマーに関連する「加水分解に対し安定な」結合又はリンカーは、通常の生理条件下で加水分解に対し安定性である原子又は原子群を意味する。すなわち、加水分解に対し安定な結合は、長時間にわたって適切な程度まで、生理条件下で加水分解をうけることがない。加水分解に対し安定な結合の例としては、非限定的に、炭素−炭素結合(例えば脂肪鎖内)、エーテル、アミド、ウレタン、及びアミンなどが挙げられる。代表的な化学結合の加水分解速度は、標準的な化学の参考書の多くに見いだすことができる。
「デンドリマー」は球形の、サイズが単分散のポリマーであり、該ポリマーにおいて、規則的な分枝パターンを伴って、また、それぞれが分枝点となる繰り返し単位を伴って、全ての結合が中央収束点又はコアから径方向に延びている。デンドリマーは、或る特定の樹状状態特性、例えばコアカプセル化を示し、デンドリマーを他のタイプのポリマーとは異なるものにしている。
「アルキル」又は「アルキレン」基は、分子内のその位置、及びこの基と水素以外の原子との結合点の数に応じて、典型的には原子数約1〜20の長さの炭化水素鎖又は炭化水素部分を意味する。このような炭化水素鎖は飽和型であることが好ましいが、そのような指示がない限り必ずしも必要というわけではない。そしてこのような炭化水素鎖は、分枝鎖又は直鎖であってよいが、典型的には直鎖が好ましい。アルキル基の例は、メチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチル、ペンチル、1−メチルブチル、1−エチルプロピル、及び3−メチルペンチルなどを含む。
「シクロアルキル」又は「シクロアルキレン」は、分子内のその位置、及び水素以外の原子との結合点の数に応じて、飽和型又は不飽和型環状炭化水素鎖を意味する。この炭化水素鎖は、多環、例えば好ましくは3〜約12、より好ましくは3〜約8個の炭素原子から作られる架橋型、融合型又はスピロ環状化合物を含む。
「脂環式」は、炭素原子環を含有する任意の脂環式化合物を意味する。脂環式基は、上記に定義された「シクロアルキル」又は「シクロアルキレン」基であって、1以上のアルキル又はアルキレで置換されたものである。
本明細書に使用されるとき、「アルケニル」は、少なくとも1の二重結合を含有する、原子数1〜15の長さの分枝状又は非分枝状炭化水素基を意味し、例えば、エテニル、n−プロペニル、イソプロペニル、n−ブテニル、イソブテニル、オクテニル、デセニル、及びテトラデセニルなどを含む。
「複素環」又は「複素環式」とは、不飽和又は芳香族特性を有するか又は有さない5〜12、好ましくは5〜7個の原子から構成される1以上の環であって、炭素ではない少なくとも1の環原子を有する環を意味する。好ましいヘテロ原子は硫黄、酸素、及び窒素を含む。
「置換型複素環」は、非干渉性置換基から形成された1以上の側鎖を有する複素環である。
「求電子基」とは、イオン、イオン性でありうる原子又は原子群であって、求電子中心、すなわち電子を求引する中心を有し、求核基と反応することができるものを指す。
「医薬有効量」、「生理的に有効な量」、及び「治療有効量」は、相互に置き換え可能に使用されて、血流中又は標的組織において、所望レベルの活性剤及び/又は複合体を提供することが必要とされる、医薬調製品中に存在するPEG活性剤複合体の量を意味する。正確な量は、多数のファクター、例えば医薬調製品の特定の活性剤、成分、及び物理的特性、意図される患者個体群、患者に対する配慮事項などに左右され、そして、本明細書中に提供された情報及び関連文献において入手可能な情報に基づいて、当業者によって容易に決定することができる。
本明細書に記載された塩基性又は酸性試薬は、中性試薬、荷電試薬、及びこれらの任意の対応する塩形態を含む。
「ポリオレフィン系アルコール」は、オレフィンポリマー骨格、例えばポリエチレンを含むポリマーであって、ポリマー骨格にぶら下がって結合された複数のヒドロキシル基を有するポリマーを指す。ポリオレフィン系アルコールの例は、ポリビニルアルコールである。
「任意の」又は「場合により」は、続いて記載された状況が発生してもよいししなくてもよいので、該記述が、状況が発生する場合と、状況が発生しない場合とを含むことを意味する。
通例では、ポリマー上に位置するマレイミド基を使用して、活性剤、例えば生体分子、特に1以上の反応性チオール基を含有する生体分子にポリマーを共有結合又は複合体形成させる。このようなチオール基は、天然の基であってよく、或いは、マレイミドとのカップリングに適したチオールを含むように、生体分子を改変又は遺伝子操作されうる。或る特定のより厳密な反応条件下、例えばより高いpHレベルでは、生体分子上の活性アミノ基は、ポリマー誘導体上のマレイミド基に加えられて、対応する複合体を形成することもできる。一連の試験を通して出願人は、或る特定のポリマー−マレイミド誘導体が、それらの構造に応じて、活性剤との複合体形成前又は複合体形成後に加水分解されて、ポリマーの開環マレアミド酸形態を形成しやすいことを認識した。加水分解反応は、ポリマー誘導体の構造全体にだけではなく、pHにも依存する。一般に、加水分解速度は、pHの増大につれて高まる。加えて、結果として生じた組成物の含水量及びpHに応じて、乾燥ポリマー複合体組成物、例えば活性剤が非タンパク質薬物である組成物の貯蔵時に、ポリマー複合体の開環形が形成されるおそれがある。開環が生じる場合、結果として生じる組成物は、実際には、開環複合体と閉環複合体との複雑な混合物であることがある。一般には、このような加水分解は、特に長期安定性及び薬物ロットの一貫性という特徴が高く望まれる商業的な製薬組成物にとっては、問題をはらむおそれがある。
ポリマーマレイミド
一般に、ここで提供される方法は、ポリマーマレイミドで始まる。ポリマーマレイミドは、商業的な供給元、例えばNektar, Huntsville, Alabamaから入手することができる。例えば、mPEG(MAL)2、mPEG2(MAL)2、mPEG2−MAL、及びmPEG−MALのようなポリマーマレイミドが、広範囲の分子量でNektarから市販されている。これらのポリマーに対応するマレイミドは、「Polyethylene Glycol and Derivatives for Biomedical Applications」と題されたNektarカタログ 2001第8頁に見いだされ、これらは本明細書中に援用される。
当該技術分野に周知である適切な反応条件を使用して、ポリマーマレイミドを生体活性分子又は活性剤にカップリングする。正確な条件が、特定の活性剤、マレイミド基に対するマイケル型付加を施されることになる正確な求核基、及びポリマー試薬自体などに応じて当然変化する。
一般に、僅かにモル過剰の、例えば1.5〜15倍のモル過剰、好ましくは2倍〜10倍のモル過剰のポリマーマレイミドを採用する。生体活性分子に対する前駆ポリマーのモル比は1.0〜50、好ましくは1.0〜8.0、より好ましくは1.04〜1.5であってよい。ポリマー試薬と活性剤との比の例は、モル比約1:1(ポリマー試薬:活性剤)、1.5:1、2:1、3:1、4:1、5:1、6:1、8:1、又は10:1を含む。複合反応は、更なる複合が実質的に発生しなくなるまで、進行させておかれる。更なる複合が実質的に発生しなくなるのは、一般に、時間に対して反応の進行をモニタリングすることによって決定されうる。種々の時点で反応混合物からアリコートを回収し、そしてSDS−PAGE又はMALDI−TOF質量分析、又は任意のその他の適切な分析法によって反応混合物を分析することによって、反応の進行をモニタリングすることができる。形成された複合体の量、又は残った未複合ポリマーの量に関してプラトに達したら、反応は完了したと想定される。
特定の反応条件及び方法は、活性分子が少なくとも部分的な活性を維持するように形成されるべきである。
こうして製造された複合体は、分析法、例えばMALDI、キャピラリー電気泳動法、ゲル電気泳動法、及び/又はクロマトグラフィーを用いて、さらに特徴付けすることができる。ポリマレイミドに対する活性剤のマイケル型付加から生じたポリマー複合体を、ここでは、ポリマースクシンイミド複合体又は複合型ポリマースクシンイミド(例えば構造III)と呼ぶ。
ポリマーマレイミド又は複合型ポリマースクシンイミド(それぞれ構造I及びIIIに対応)を手に入れたら、次いでポリマー種を加水分解によりその開環形にする。ポリマーマレイミドで始める場合、対応する開環形をここでは、構造IIに対応するポリマーマレアミド酸と呼ぶ。複合型ポリマースクシンイミド(III)から誘導される場合、対応する開環形をここでは、構造IV又は構造Vに対応する複合型ポリマースクシンアミド酸と呼ぶ。構造IV及びVは構造異性体であり、活性剤の求核基の結合点だけが異なっている。マレイミドに対するマイケル型付加反応を施される入来求核基が、C1と称される開環型の最終カルボキシル炭素に対して、C2位に、又はC3位に加わる。
本発明において有用な前駆マレイミドポリマー誘導体は、一般には、水溶性ポリマー・セグメントにカップリングされた少なくとも1のマレイミド置換基を含む。マレイミド置換基(単数又は複数)は、水溶性ポリマー・セグメントに直接共有結合することができ、或いはリンク基(linking group)Lを介してポリマー・セグメントに結合することもできる。一般化構造を以下のIに示す。この式において、任意のリンカーはLと称され、L0はリンカーのが存在しないことを示し、L1はリンカーが存在することを示す。
上記構造例に示すように、本発明のポリマー試薬及び複合体は、水溶性ポリマーセグメントを含む。代表的なPOLYは、ポリ(アルキレングリコール)、例えばポリ(エチレングリコール)、ポリ(プロピレングリコール)(PPG)、エチレン・グリコールとポリプロピレン・グリコールとのコポリマー、ポリ(オレフィン系アルコール)、ポリ(ビニルピロリドン)、ポリ(ヒドロキシアルキルメタクリルアミド)、ポリ(ヒドロキシアルキルメタクリレート)、多糖、ポリ(α−ヒドロキシ酸)、ポリ(ビニルアルコール)、ポリホスファゼン、ポリオキサゾリン、及びポリ(N−アクリロイルモルホリン)を含む。POLYは、上記のうちのいずれかのホモポリマー、交互コポリマー、ランダム・コポリマー、ブロック・コポリマー、交互トリポリマー、ランダム・トリポリマー、又はブロック・トリポリマーを含む。水溶性ポリマー・セグメントは、好ましくはポリエチレングリコール、「PEG」又はその誘導体であるが、必ずしもそうである必要はない。
「Z−(CH2CH2O)n−」又は「Z−(CH2CH2O)n−CH2CH2−」
[式中、nは約3〜約4000、又は約10〜約4000であり、そしてZは官能基であるか又は官能基を含み、該官能基は、反応気又は末端キャップ基であってよい]
に相当するか又はこれを含んでもよい。Zの例は、ヒドロキシ、アミノ、エステル、カーボネート、アルデヒド、アセタール、アルデヒド水和物、ケトン、ケタール、ケトン水和物、アルケニル、アクリレート、メタクリレート、アクリルアミド、スルホン、チオール、カルボン酸、イソシアネート、イソチオシアネート、ヒドラジド、尿素、マレイミド、ビニルスルホン、ジチオピリジン、ビニルピリジン、ヨードアセトアミド、アルコキシ、ベンジルオキシ、シラン、脂質、リン脂質、ビオチン、及びフルオレセインを含み、そして妥当な場合にはこれらの活性化形態及び保護形態を含む。好ましいのは、N−ヒドロキシスクシンイミジル・エステル、ベンゾトリアゾリル・カーボネート、アミン、ビニルスルホン、マレイミド、N−スクシンイミジル・カーボネート、ヒドラジド、スクシンイミジル・プロピオネート、スクシンイミジル・ブタノエート、スクシンイミジル・スクシネート、スクシンイミジル・エステル、グリシジル・エーテル、オキシカルボニルイミダゾール、p−ニトロフェニル・カーボネート、アルデヒド、オルトピリジル−ジスルフィド、及びアクリロールである。
で表される構造に対応する。好ましい実施態様では、分枝状PEGポリマー・セグメントは、メトキシ・ポリ(エチレン・グリコール)二置換型リジンであり、そして以下の:
本発明のポリマー・マレイミドを製造する際に使用するための分枝状PEGは、加えて、式R(PEG)nによってより一般的に表されるPEGを含む。この式中、Rは、そこから2以上のPEGアームが延びる中央又はコア分子である。変数nはPEGアームの数を表し、ポリマーアームのそれぞれは独立して末端キャップすることができ、或いは、その末端に反応性官能基、例えばマレイミド又はその他の反応性官能基を有する。複数のアームを有する本発明のこのような実施態様の場合、各PEGアームは典型的にはその末端にマレイミド基を有している。分枝状PEG、例えば上記式R(PEG)dによって総体的に表されるPEGは、2〜約300個のポリマーアーム(すなわちnは2〜約300)を有している。これらのような分枝状PEGは好ましくは、2〜約25個、より好ましくは2〜約20個、そしてさらにより好ましくは2〜約15個以下のポリマーアームを有している。最も好ましいのは、3、4、5、6、7、又は8個のアームを有する多アーム状ポリマーである。
PEGは、−(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2−であり、
Mは以下の:
mは3、4、5、6、7、及び8からなる群から選ばれる]
に相当し、ここで、分子のリンカーで結合されたマレイミド部分の詳細は、本明細書の別の箇所に記載される。
出表される構造に相当する。A、F及びF´に相当するリンカー基及びスペーサ基の例は、国際出願PCT/US99/05333号に記載されており、そして本発明における使用のためにこのタイプのポリマー・セグメントを形成する際に有用である。F及びF´は、同じであっても異なっていてもよいスペーサ基である。上の1の特定の実施態様では、PEGはmPEGであり、Aは−C(O)−NH−に相当し、F及びF´は両方ともメチレン又は−CH2−である。このタイプのポリマー・セグメントは、2個の活性剤との反応にとって有用である。ここで2個の活性剤は、F及びF´の選択に応じて、正確な又は所定の間隔を置いて位置決めされる。
分枝状、フォーク状PEGの例は、以下の:
ここでリンカー部分に目を向けると、本発明のリンカー部分又は単に「リンカー」は、変項Lによって総体的に表される。本発明のリンカーLは、存在するならば、典型的には約1〜約40個の原子を含有する。リンカーは、ポリマーのマレイミド又はマレアミド酸又はスクシンアミド酸部分をポリマー・セグメントと結合する、ポリマー全体の部分である。本発明のリンカーは、単一の原子、例えば酸素又は硫黄、2つの原子、又は多数の原子であってよい。しかしリンカーは典型的には必ずしも本質的に線状でなくてもよい。リンカーの全長は、典型的には1〜約40個の原子の範囲である。この場合、長さは単鎖内の原子数を意味し、置換基はカウントしない。例えば、−CH2−は、リンカー全長に対して1原子とカウントされ、−CH2CH2O−は、3原子長とカウントされる。好ましくは、リンカーは約1〜約20原子、又は約2〜約15原子、又は約1〜約6原子の長さを有し、加水分解に対して安定性である。
例えば、本発明のポリマー又は複合体のポリマーマレイミド前駆体は、以下の:
上記実施態様のでは、Lは同じ又は異なるものであってよい。1の特定の実施態様では、ポリマー試薬はホモ二官能性であり、すなわちLは両方とも同じである。
本発明の複合体の一般化された特徴は、上の詳細な様式で説明されている。ポリマー・スクシンアミド酸に共有結合された活性剤は、以下から明らかになるように、数多くのタイプの分子、実体、及び表面などのいずれかを包含する。
本発明のポリマーマレイミド(開環及び閉環の双方)は、数多くの実体に共有結合又は非共有結合することができる。これらの実体は、フィルム、化学分離及び精製表面、固体支持体、金属/金属酸化物表面、例えば金、チタン、タンタル、ニオビウム、アルミニウム、スチール、及びこれらの酸化物、酸化ケイ素、マクロ分子、及び小分子を含む。加えて、本発明のポリマー及び方法は、生化学センサー、生体電子スイッチ、及びゲートにおいて使用することもできる。本発明のポリマー及び方法は、ペプチド合成のための担体の製造、ポリマー・コーティングされた表面及びポリマー・グラフトの製造、アフィニティ分配のためのポリマー−リガンド複合体の製造、架橋型又は非架橋型ヒドロゲルの製造、及びバイオリアクターのためのポリマー−補因子付加物の製造のために用いることもできる。
本明細書中に記載された複合体及び方法は、ヒドロゲル製剤にまで拡大適用されうる。
本発明はまた、製薬賦形剤との組み合わせで本明細書中に提供された複合体を含む医薬組成物を含む。一般に、複合体自体は固体形態(例えば沈澱物)又は溶液の形態を成すことになる。これらの形態は、固形又は液体の形態中に存在できる適切な医薬賦形剤と混合されうる。
本発明はまた、複合体による治療に応答する病気を患う患者に、本明細書中に提供された複合体を投与する方法を提供する。この方法は、治療有効量の複合体(好ましくは医薬調製品の一部として提供される)を注射を介して全身に投与することを含む。この投与方法を用いることにより、特定の複合体の投与によって治療又は予防できる病気のいずれかを治療することができる。どの状態を特定複合物が効果的に治療できるかは、当業者に明らかである。投与されるべき実際の投与量は、患者の年齢、体重及び全身状態、並びに治療を受けている病気の重症度、医師の判断、及び投与される複合体に応じて変化することになる。治療有効量は当業者に知られており、且つ/又は、適切な参考テキスト及び参考文献に記載されている。一般に治療有効量は、約0.001mg〜100mgの範囲であり、好ましくは0.01 mg/日〜75 mg/日の投与量、より好ましくは約0.10 mg/日〜50 mg/日の投与量となる。
DCM:ジクロロメタン
NMR:核磁気共鳴
DI:脱イオン化
r.t.:室温
anh.:無水
Da:ダルトン
GPC:ゲル透過クロマトグラフィー
添付の実施例で言及される全ての化学試薬は、特に断りのない限り、商業的に入手可能である。
添付の実施例で言及される全てのPEG試薬は、Nektar (Huntsville, AL)から入手可能である。全ての1HNMRデータは、Brukerによって製造された300又は400MHz・NMR分光計によって生成された。
実施例1
リンカーを有するPEGマレイミド例の加水分解速度
平均分子量5000ダルトンの一連の代表的メトキシ−PEGマレイミドを合成し、そして研究した。pH約7.5の50mM リン酸緩衝液中5mg/mLの濃度の各mPEGマレイミドの溶液の、297nmにおけるUV吸収を測定することにより、各構造に対応するマレイミド環の加水分解反応動態を測定した。
リンカーを有する分枝状ポリマー・マレイミド、mPEG2−MAL−40Kの加水分解
次いでそのデータを用いて、加水分解反応の半減期を測定した。この半減期は、試験条件下で約34日であることが計算された。従って、これらの条件下では、この特定のマレイミドは開環に対して抵抗性を有している。しかし、やはり25℃で、より高いpHの無緩衝水中では、mPEG2−MAL−40Kの加水分解は同じように測定して、約2.1日の半減期を有すると測定された。
ポリマー・スクシンイミド複合体の加水分解速度の研究
代表的なタンパク質及び小分子モデルの複合体の加水分解速度を調査して、これらの複合体の開環傾向に対する、ポリマーを末端基とするマレイミド自体の開環傾向の相関関係を試験した。
モデルPEG−スクシンイミド複合体の開環特性
モデル化合物、2−メルカプトエタノールに結合された或る特定のポリマー・マレイミドの例の加水分解速度を測定して、複合体が開環に向かう傾向を評価し、そして本明細書中に提供された開環アプローチについての適合性を評価する。
リンカーがないmPEG−マレイミドに対する種々のPh値における加水分解
モデル化合物2−メルカプトエタノールと、mPEG−5K−マレイミドとの反応によって形成された複合体の加水分解実験を、前述のように実施した。種々のPh値における複合体の加水分解反応の動態の概要を、下記表4に示す。
アセトニトリル(60ml)中のmPEG(5000 Da)−マレイミド(3.0g、 0.0006モル、Nektar, Huntsville, Alabama)の溶液に、2−メルカプトエタノール(0.15g, 0.0190mol)を添加し、そして混合物をアルゴン雰囲気下で一晩にわたって室温で撹拌した。次いで溶剤を減圧下で蒸留して取り除いた。残渣をジクロロメタン(7.5ml)中に溶解し、次いでイソプロピル・アルコールを添加した。沈澱された生成物を濾過して取り除き、そして減圧下で乾燥させた。収量:2.80 g.NMR (d6-DMSO):2.78 ppm (bm, -S-CH 2 CH2OH, 2H)、3.24 ppm (s, -OCH3, 3H)、3.51 ppm(s, PEGセグメント)、4.03 ppm (m, -CH-S, 1H)、4.85 ppm(7, -OH, 1H).
4 mLの蒸留水中に、mPEG−MAL−ME(0.2 g)を溶解させ、そして得られた溶液を4mlの0.1M リン酸緩衝液(pH = 9.3)に添加した。0.01M NaOHを添加することにより、pHをただちに9.0に調節した。0.25mlの溶液試料を1時間のインターバルをおいて回収し、HPLCによって分析した。測定中、0.01M・NaOHを定期的に添加することにより、溶液のpHを8.95−9.05の範囲内に維持した。
上に記載される加水分解反応を行い、pH9及びpH12で行われた反応から、生成物を分離した。それぞれの事例において、生成物は同じであった。2個の加水分解生成物、すなわち、対応する2−位付加物及び3−位付加物が形成された。スペクトル・シミュレーションに基づいて、生成物を特定した。NMR分析は、2−位付加物と3−位付加物とのモル比が71:29であることを明らかにした。
Claims (54)
- PEG複合体の製造方法であって、以下のステップ:
(a)マレイミド基を含む100ダルトン〜100,000ダルトンの公称平均分子量を有するPEGを準備し、
(b) 上記PEGを、求核基を含む活性剤と、マイケル型付加反応を介して該PEGに該活性剤をカップリングするために有効な条件下で反応させて、PEG−スクシンイミドが結合された活性剤複合体を形成し、そして
(c) (b)から得た複合体を、上記スクシンイミド環を強制的に開環するために有効な条件下で処理して、それによりPEG・スクシンアミド酸複合体を含むPEG−複合体組成物を形成する
を含み、ここで上記活性剤が、タンパク質又はペプチドのいずれかである、前記方法。 - 前記処理ステップが加水分解を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が水性溶剤又は有機溶剤中で行われる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記処理ステップが塩基の存在下において行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記塩基が、金属又は非金属水酸化物、水酸化第4級アンモニウム、ナトリウム、及びカリウムからなる群から選ばれる、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記塩基が、固体支持体上又は溶液中に存在する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記処理ステップが、6〜12の範囲のpHで行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記処理ステップが、7.5〜11の範囲のpHで行われる、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記処理ステップが緩衝液中で行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が、化学的に安定な組成物を提供するために有効な条件下で行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物中における前記スクシンイミド環の開環の程度を測定するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が、少なくとも15%の前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体が形成されるまで行われる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が、少なくとも35%の前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体が形成されるまで行われる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が、少なくとも80%の前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体が形成されるまで行われる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が、少なくとも95%の前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体が形成されるまで行われる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記処理が、少なくとも98%の前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体が形成されるまで行われる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記求核基が、スルフヒドリル(チオール)基又はアミノ基である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物から、前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体を回収することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記回収ステップは、前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体を沈澱することを含む、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記回収ステップは、前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体を精製することをさらに含む、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記精製ステップが、前記PEG−スクシンアミド酸−複合体を、クロマトグラフィーによって精製することを含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記クロマトグラフィーは、SDS−PAGE、ゲル透過クロマトグラフィー、及びイオン交換クロマトグラフィーからなる群から選ばれる、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記PEGが、末端キャップ部分を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記末端キャップ部分が、アルコキシ、置換アルコキシ、アルケニルオキシ、置換アルケニルオキシ、アルキニルオキシ、置換アルキニルオキシ、アリールオキシ、及び置換アリールオキシからなる群から選ばれる、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記末端キャップ部分が、メトキシ、エトキシ、及びベンジルオキシからなる群から選ばれる、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記PEGが、1000ダルトン〜80,000ダルトンの公称平均分子量を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記PEGが、2000ダルトン〜50,000ダルトンの公称平均分子量を有する、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 前記PEGが、線状、分枝状、フォーク状、及び多アーム状構造からなる群から選ばれる構造を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記PEGが、以下の:
Z−(CH2CH2O)n−CH2CH2−
[式中、nは10〜4000であり、そしてZは、ヒドロキシ、アミノ、エステル、カーボネート、アルデヒド、アルデヒド水和物、アセタール、ケトン、ケトン水和物、ケタール、アルケニル、アクリレート、メタクリレート、アクリルアミド、スルホン、チオール、カルボン酸、イソシアネート、イソチオシアネート、ヒドラジド、尿素、マレイミド、ビニルスルホン、ジチオピリジン、ビニルピリジン、ヨードアセトアミド、アルコキシ、ベンジルオキシ、シラン、脂質、リン脂質、ビオチン、及びフルオレセインからなる群から選ばれる部分を含む]
で表される構造を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記PEGが、該PEGと前記マレイミド基との間に挿入されたリンカーLを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記リンカーが、pH 9.0のリン酸緩衝液中で室温にて測定されるとき、12時間以下の前記PEGの開環加水分解半減期もたらすために有効である、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記PEGが、前記マレイミド基の窒素原子に直接結合される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法に従って製造される、100ダルトン〜100,000ダルトンの公称平均分子量を有するPEG複合体組成物。
- 前記Nuがチオール又はチオレートである、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- 前記Nuが、システイン中に含まれるチオール又はチオレートである、請求項35に記載の組成物。
- Nuがアミノである、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- Nuがリジン中に含まれるアミノ基であるか、又は末端アミンである、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- 粉末形態である、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- 溶液形態である、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- POLYを含む成分を基準にして、少なくとも15重量%の混合された構造V及びIVを含む、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- POLYを含む成分を基準にして、少なくとも35重量%の混合された構造V及びIVを含む、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- POLYを含む成分を基準にして、少なくとも80重量%の混合された構造V及びIVを含む、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- POLYを含む成分を基準にして、少なくとも95重量%の混合された構造V及びIVを含む、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- POLYを含む成分を基準にして、少なくとも98重量%の混合された構造V及びIVを含む、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- Lは、カップリングされていないPEGマレイミド前駆体のマレイミド基の、V又はIVへの開環加水分解速度を、リンカーが存在しない同じPEGマレイミド前駆体の加水分解速度と比較して高くするのに有効なリンカーである、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- Lは、pH9のリン酸緩衝液中で室温にて測定したとき、カップリングされていないPEG・マレイミド前駆体のV又はIVへの開環加水分解半減期が12時間以下となるために有効なリンカーである、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- 構造V及びIVにはリンカーが存在しない、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- POLYが線状ポリエチレン・グリコールである、請求項48に記載の組成物。
- 前記リンカーが、前記スクシンアミド酸の窒素原子から6個の原子以内に電子吸引基(EWG)を含む、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- 前記リンカーが、前記スクシンアミド酸の窒素原子から3個の原子以内に電子吸引基(EWG)を含む、請求項50に記載の組成物。
- 前記活性剤が生物学的活性剤である、請求項34に記載の組成物。
- 請求項52に記載される組成物を含む、単位投与形態。
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| PCT/US2003/041705 WO2004060966A2 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2003-12-31 | Maleamic acid polymer derivatives and their bioconjugates |
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2003
- 2003-12-31 AU AU2003300139A patent/AU2003300139B2/en not_active Expired
- 2003-12-31 WO PCT/US2003/041705 patent/WO2004060966A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-12-31 AT AT03800397T patent/ATE399185T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-12-31 US US10/750,996 patent/US7329721B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-31 EP EP03800397.6A patent/EP1578841B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-31 MX MXPA05007163A patent/MXPA05007163A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-12-31 CA CA2509260A patent/CA2509260C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-31 KR KR1020057012473A patent/KR101031206B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-31 DE DE60321825T patent/DE60321825D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-31 JP JP2005508648A patent/JP4490369B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-31 ES ES03800397.6T patent/ES2308032T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1578841A2 (en) | 2005-09-28 |
| WO2004060966A3 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
| US7659361B2 (en) | 2010-02-09 |
| KR101031206B1 (ko) | 2011-04-27 |
| MXPA05007163A (es) | 2005-09-21 |
| AU2003300139B2 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
| EP1578841B2 (en) | 2016-10-12 |
| JP2006522167A (ja) | 2006-09-28 |
| EP1578841B1 (en) | 2008-06-25 |
| WO2004060966A2 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
| AU2003300139A1 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
| US20080146771A1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
| US20040167287A1 (en) | 2004-08-26 |
| CA2509260C (en) | 2012-10-02 |
| US8304511B2 (en) | 2012-11-06 |
| US20110262379A1 (en) | 2011-10-27 |
| US7329721B2 (en) | 2008-02-12 |
| US7994272B2 (en) | 2011-08-09 |
| CA2509260A1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
| US20100113329A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
| KR20050096116A (ko) | 2005-10-05 |
| ES2308032T5 (es) | 2017-04-24 |
| ES2308032T3 (es) | 2008-12-01 |
| DE60321825D1 (de) | 2008-08-07 |
| ATE399185T1 (de) | 2008-07-15 |
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