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JP4335681B2 - 外科処置用マイクロリスト・システム - Google Patents

外科処置用マイクロリスト・システム Download PDF

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JP4335681B2
JP4335681B2 JP2003550649A JP2003550649A JP4335681B2 JP 4335681 B2 JP4335681 B2 JP 4335681B2 JP 2003550649 A JP2003550649 A JP 2003550649A JP 2003550649 A JP2003550649 A JP 2003550649A JP 4335681 B2 JP4335681 B2 JP 4335681B2
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ウエッカー,ダリン
スヴァニゼ,オレグ
ライト,ジェイムズ
ワン,ユルン
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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Description

本発明は、医療用ロボット・システム用ハンドル・アセンブリに関する。
従来、外科手術では、患者に大きな切開を施して、外科手術部位にアクセスしていた。外科医が患者への小さな切開部を通して処置を行うことができるようにする機器が開発されてきた。この機器は、外科医がその小切開部を通して患者の臓器を見ることができるようにするカメラを有する内視鏡を備えている。こうした処置は、従来の外科処置よりも患者への外傷が小さく、回復に要する時間が短縮される。内視鏡機器を使用して、最小侵襲性の心臓外科手術を行うこともできる。冠動脈の閉塞は、生命を維持するために必要な血液と酸素を心臓から奪うものである。この閉塞は、薬物投与または血管形成術によって取り除くことができる。重度の閉塞には、冠動脈バイパス移植(CABG)を行って、動脈の閉塞領域をバイパスさせる。通常、CABG処置は、胸骨を縦に切断し、胸腔を引いて開けて、心臓にアクセスすることによって行われる。閉塞領域に隣接する動脈に切開部を作る。次いで、内乳動脈を切断し、切開部分で動脈に付着させる。内乳動脈は、動脈の閉塞領域をバイパスして、心臓への完全な血液流を再び供給する。胸骨を縦に切断し、胸腔を開けることは、患者に多大な外傷を作ることになる。さらに、胸骨に亀裂が入るため、患者の回復時間が長引く。
Computer Motion of Goleta、Californiaは、商標ZEUSに基づくシステムを提供しており、このシステムは、外科医がCABG処置を含む最小侵襲性の外科手術を行うことができるようにするものである。この処置は、患者の胸の小切開部を通して挿入される機器を用いて行われる。この機器は、ロボット・アームによって制御される。ロボット・アームの動きと機器エンド・エフェクタの作動は、電子制御装置に結合された一対のハンドルとフット・ペダルを介して、外科医によって制御される。あるいは、外科医は、患者の臓器を見るために使用する内視鏡の動作を音声コマンドによって制御することができる。
切開部は、医療機器のピボット点になる。このピボット点は、患者の体内での機器の動きを4自由度、すなわち機器の軸の、並進運動、パン(pan)、傾斜、回転に制約するものである。さらに、ピボット点は機器の逆の動きを生じさせることもある。たとえば、システムの入力ハンドルの左への移動が、実際は機器を右へ移動させることがある。外科医は、こうした制約に対して補正しなければならず、そのため、このシステムを使用する医療処置の施行がさらに難しくなっている。
ユーザに機器の先端部を制御する感覚を与えるロボット・ハンドルを提供することが望ましい。医療用ロボット・マスタ・ハンドルに関する人間工学の全般的な改善を図ることも望ましい。
外科機器に対して6自由度をもたらす医療用ロボット・システムが開発されている。6自由度では比較的複雑な機構が必要とされ、それによってシステムのサイズとコストが増大する。5の自由度を必要とする有効な医療用ロボット・システムを提供することが望ましい。
5の自由度を有するマスタ・ロボット・ハンドル・アセンブリ。このマスタ・ハンドル・アセンブリを使用して、ロボット工学的に制御された外科機器を移動させる。
医療機器を制御するために使用するハンドル・アセンブリを備えた医療用ロボット・システムを開示する。このハンドル・アセンブリと医療機器は5自由度を有する。5自由度によって、自由度が4以下の従来技術の医療用ロボット・システムよりも優れた器用性が提供される。5自由度によって、機器と全体のロボット・システムのサイズや複雑性が低減される。
参照番号により図面をより詳細に参照すると、図1はロボット・システム10を示す。このシステム10は、台14に隣接して配置された複数のロボット・アーム12を備えている。2つのロボット・アーム12が対応する医療機器(図示せず)の動作を制御する。第3のロボット・アーム12は、内視鏡(図示せず)の動作を制御する。ロボット工学的に制御された機器と内視鏡を使用して、台14上に横たわる患者に最小侵襲性の医療処置を行うことができる。
ロボット・アーム12と付随する機器は、商標AESOPおよびZEUSとしてComputer Motionから販売されているロボット製品と同じ、または同様のものでもよい。3つのロボット・アーム12を図で示し、説明してあるが、理解されるように、システム10は異なる数のアーム12を有することができる。
ロボット・アーム12は、「外科医」の領域16から制御される。外科医の領域16を台14に隣接して配置することができる。あるいは、外科医の領域16を電気通信リンクを介してロボット・アーム12に結合して、外科医がシステム10に遠隔入力できるようにすることができる。
図2は、外科医の領域16を示す。外科医の領域16は、外科医の椅子20に隣接して配置された一対のハンドル・アセンブリ18を備える。ハンドル・アセンブリ18は制御装置22に結合され、制御装置22はロボット・アーム12や医療機器にも結合されている。制御装置22は、1つまたは複数のマイクロプロセッサ、メモリ・デバイス、駆動装置などを備え、それらは、ハンドル・アセンブリ18からの入力情報を出力制御信号に変換し、それによってロボット・アームを移動させ、かつ/または医療機器を作動させる。
外科医の椅子20とハンドル・アセンブリ18は、ビデオ・コンソール24の前に置くことができる。ビデオ・コンソール24を内視鏡にリンクさせて、患者のビデオ画像を提供することができる。外科医の領域16は、制御装置22に結合されたコンピュータ・スクリーン26を備えることもできる。スクリーン26は、外科医がシステム10の様々な機能とパラメータを制御することができるようにする複数のグラフィカル・ユーザ・インターフェース(GUI)を表示することができる。
ハンドル・アセンブリ18は、ハンドル/リスト・アセンブリ30を備えている。ハンドル/リスト・アセンブリ30は、リスト部34に結合されたハンドル32を有する。リスト部34は、スライドバー38に沿って摺動する前腕部リンク機構36に連結される。スライドバー38は、肘部継ぎ手40にピボット可能に連結される。肘部継ぎ手40は、制御装置22に取り付けられた肩部継ぎ手42にピボット可能に連結される。
図3は、医療機器50に重ね合わせたハンドル・アセンブリ18を示す。機器50は、機器の軸54に取り付けたエンド・エフェクタ52を備える。軸54は、患者の切開部58を通って挿入されたカニューレ56を通して延びる。切開部は、医療機器50のピボット点Pとなる。
肩部継ぎ手42は、肩部の軸線60の周りのハンドルの移動に関するフィードバックを提供するセンサ(図示せず)を備える。このセンサは、肩部の軸線60の周りのハンドル32の位置に対応する出力信号を提供する、機械的エンコーダ、光エンコーダなど、または他のデバイスでもよい。肩部センサの出力は制御装置22に提供される。制御装置22は、一連の計算を実行して、医療機器50の対応する動きを決定する。計算は、1つまたは複数の並進運動や運動学の方程式を含む。制御装置22は、対応するロボット・アーム12に出力信号を与え、機器50を矢印62で示したように点Pの周りで移動させる。
肘部継ぎ手40は、アセンブリの肘部の軸線64の周りの位置に関する位置フィードバックを提供するセンサ(図示せず)を備える。制御装置22は、位置のフィードバックを使用して、ロボット・アームを作動させ、機器を矢印66で示した方向に移動させる。
前腕部リンク機構36とスライドバー38は、リンク機構36を並進機構の軸線70に沿って直線的に移動させる並進機構68を形成している。並進機構の軸線70は、軸線60、64と交差する。並進機構68は、ロボット・アームを駆動させ、機器50を矢印72で示した方向に移動させるために使用するフィードバック情報を提供するセンサ(図示せず)を有する。
ハンドル32の動きを機器50の動きに変換する場合、制御装置22は、軸線60、64、70の交点を機器のピボット点Pに対応させることができる。軸線60、64、70の交点をピボット点Pに対応させることによって、運動学的関係がもたらされ、外科医が、それらが実際に機器50を移動させているように「感じる」ことになる。さらに、前腕部リンク機構の長さとハンドルの位置は、外科医に、それらが機器の遠位端を保持し移動させている感覚を提供するようにされている。こうした関係も、ハンドル・アセンブリの人間工学を改善し、ロボット・システム全体を使用しやすくする。並進運動と運動学的方程式は、外科医の背後にある肘部の軸線64を考慮した逆の信号(+/−)を持つ製品AESOPおよびZEUSで使用される方程式と同様でもよい。
ハンドル・アセンブリ18は、ハンドル回転、リスト、並進機構、肘部、肩部の5自由度しか有していない。自由度がちょうど5であるため、システム10の複雑性が低減される。したがって、医療機器50は、リストに1自由度しか必要ではなく、そのため機器の複雑性、サイズ、対応するコストが低減される。このハンドル・アセンブリの構成によって、外科医が、ちょうど5の自由度で機器の任意の移動を行うことができる。
図4、5は、リストとハンドルのアセンブリ30を示す。リスト部34は、ロール軸受け76によって前腕部リンク機構36に結合された継ぎ手の軸74を備える。ロール軸受け76によって、ハンドル32がロール軸線78の周りを回転することができる。ロール軸線78はさらに、制御装置22に位置のフィードバックを提供するセンサ80を備える。ハンドル32のロール軸線78の周りの移動によって、図3の矢印110で示した方向で、機器エンド・エフェクタ52の対応する回転が生じる。
ハンドル32は、ハンドル・ハウジング86に結合された把持部84を備える。ハウジング86と把持部84は、楕円形に形状付けることが好ましく、それによってユーザが自分の手でハンドル32をさらに簡単に把持することができるようになる。ハウジング86は、ユーザの親指を受ける親指用の溝88を有する。把持部84は、それぞれユーザの人差し指と中指を受けるための一対の溝90、92を有する。
ハンドル32は、リスト部の軸線94の周りを回転することができる。ハンドル32は、従来技術の医療用ロボット・システムでは見られない5自由度を提供する。ハンドル32は、制御装置22に位置のフィードバックを提供するセンサ104を備えている。リストとハンドルのアセンブリ30を運動学的に改善するには、リスト部の軸線94が、ユーザの親指98と人差し指100と中指102の間に位置する中心96でロール軸線78と交差することが好ましい。こうした構成により、ハンドル32とハンドル・アセンブリ30の動きのより運動学的に正確な感覚がもたらされることが判明した。
センサ104は、位置のフィードバック情報を制御装置22に提供し、その情報は、医療機器50を図3の矢印82で示したように回転させるために使用される。
ユーザは、把持部84を押すことができる。把持部84は、制御装置22にフィードバック情報を提供するセンサ112に結合される。制御装置22はフィードバック情報を使用して、図3で示したように、エンド・エフェクタ52を作動させる。例によれば、把持部84を押すことによってエンド・エフェクタ52を閉じることができる。把持部84は、スイッチ114を備えることができ、スイッチ114は、ユーザが、把持部84と対応する医療機器のエンド・エフェクタ52の位置をロックすることができる。ロッキング・スイッチ114をラチェット(図示せず)に結合して、把持部84と対応するエンド・エフェクタ52をいくつかの異なる位置でロックすることができる。
ハンドル32は、ユーザが押すことができる複数のボタン116、118、120を有している。例によれば、ボタン116を使用して、焼灼用エンド・エフェクタを切断モードで作動させることができる。ボタン118を使用して、凝固用医療機器を作動させることができる。ボタン120を使用して、システムの様々な機能を変更することができる。
いくつかの例示の実施形態を記載し、添付の図面で示したが、こうした実施形態は、広範な本発明を単に例示するものであって限定するものではなく、当業者には様々な他の変更を思いつくことができるであろうが、本発明は、図で示し記載した特定の構造および構成に限定されるものではないことを理解されたい。
ロボット・システムを示す上面図である。 ロボット・システムの外科医の制御領域を示す斜視図である。 医療機器を制御するために使用するロボット・システムのハンドル・アセンブリを示す斜視図である。 ユーザの手によって制御されるロボット・システムのリスト・アセンブリを示す拡大斜視図である。 ハンドル/リスト・アセンブリを示す断面斜視図である。

Claims (7)

  1. エンド・エフェクタ、および1の自由度で前記エンド・エフェクタを動かすように構成されたリスト部を有する機器と、
    4の自由度で前記機器を動かすように構成されたロボット・アームであって、その自由度は長子方向軸線に沿って前記機器を動かすこと、前記機器を前記長子方向軸線の周りで回転させること、前記長子方向軸線上のピボット点の周りで第1および第2の直交方向に前記機器を旋回させることを含む前記ロボット・アームと、
    5の自由度でユーザが動かせるように構成されたハンドルを有するハンドル・アセンブリであって、この5の自由度は、並進機構の軸線に沿って前記ハンドルを動かすこと、前記ハンドルをロール軸線の周りで回転させること、肘部軸線および肩部軸線のそれぞれの周りで第3および第4方向に前記ハンドルを動かすことを含むハンドル・アセンブリと、
    リスト部軸線の周りの前記ハンドルの動きに応答して1の自由度で前記エンド・エフェクタを動かすように前記機器のリストにコマンドし、前記並進機構の軸線に沿った前記ハンドルの動きに応答して前記長子方向軸線に沿って前記機器を動かすようにコマンドし、前記ロール軸線の周りの前記ハンドルの回転に応答して前記機器を前記長子方向軸線の周りで回転させるように前記ロボット・アームにコマンドし、前記肘部軸線および前記肩部軸線の周りをそれぞれ前記ハンドルが前記第3および第4方向へのそれぞれ動くことに応答して、前記ピボット点の周りを前記機器が前記第1および第2の直交方向に動くように前記ロボット・アームにコマンドするように構成されたコントローラと、
    を備え、
    前記並進機構の軸線、前記肘部軸線、前記肩部軸線はある軸線交点で交差することを特徴とするロボット・システム。
  2. 前記ハンドル・アセンブリのロール軸線は前記ハンドルの中心で前記ハンドル・アセンブリのリスト部軸線と交差することを特徴とする請求項1記載のロボット・システム。
  3. 前記ハンドルは、前記ハンドルの中心が親指、人差し指、中指間に位置するようにユーザが手で握れるようになっていることを特徴とする請求項2記載のロボット・システム。
  4. 前記コントローラは、前記ハンドルの動きに応答して、前記ロボット・アームに動作コマンドを出す際に、前記ハンドル・アセンブリの前記軸線交差ポイントが前記機器のピボット点と一致することを特徴とする請求項1記載のロボット・システム。
  5. 前記ハンドルは前記エンド・エフェクタを作動するための伸圧可能な把持部を有することを特徴とする請求項1記載のロボット・システム。
  6. 前記ハンドルは前記把持部をロックするためのスイッチを有することを特徴とする請求項5記載のロボット・システム。
  7. 前記ハンドルは前記エンド・エフェクタに関連づけられた機能を作動するための少なくとも1つのボタンを有することを特徴とする請求項5記載のロボット・システム。
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