JP4279558B2 - 生物学的ペースメーカー - Google Patents
生物学的ペースメーカー Download PDFInfo
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- JP4279558B2 JP4279558B2 JP2002584777A JP2002584777A JP4279558B2 JP 4279558 B2 JP4279558 B2 JP 4279558B2 JP 2002584777 A JP2002584777 A JP 2002584777A JP 2002584777 A JP2002584777 A JP 2002584777A JP 4279558 B2 JP4279558 B2 JP 4279558B2
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Description
(米国連邦政府の後援による研究の陳述)
本発明に対する財政的支援の一部が、国立衛生研究所による助成金No.NIHP50HL52307で米国政府によって提供された。それ故、米国政府は、本明細書に特許請求する発明において、及び発明に対して、一定の権利を有する。
E.Marbanによる以下の文献も参照されたい。J. Gen. Physiol., 2001, Aug;118(2):171-82; Circ. Res., 2001, Jul 20;89(2):160-7; Circ. Res. 2001, Jul 20;89(2):101; Circ. Res., 2001, Jul 6;89(1):33-8; Circ. Res., 2001, Jun 22;88(12):1267-75; J. Biol. Chem., 2001, Aug 10;276(32):30423-8; Circulation., 2001, May 22;103(20):2447-52; Circulation, 2001, May 15;103(19):2361-4; Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2001, Jun;280(6):H2623-30; Biochemistry, 2001, May 22;40(20):6002-8; J. Physiol., 2001, May 15;533(Pt. 1):127-33; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, Apr 24;98(9):5335-40; Circ. Res., 2001, Mar 30;88(6):570-7; Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2001, Apr;280(4):H1882-8; and J. Mol. Cell Cardiol., 2000, Nov;32(11):1923-30.
また、好ましいものとしては、ペースメーカー活性を変調させる補助戦略として阻害性Gタンパク質サブユニット(「Gαi2」)又はその機能性フラグメントが挙げられる。
1)哺乳類の心臓を用意し(インビボ又はエクスビボで);
2)該心臓を、少なくとも一つの好適なポリヌクレオチドと、好ましくは適切な心筋核酸送達システムと組合せて、又は心筋細胞に分化した幹細胞のような本明細書に開示された変性細胞と組合わせて接触させ;
3)コードされたアミノ酸配列の発現を可能にする条件下で、ポリヌクレオチド又は変性細胞を該心臓に搬入し;
4)投与された(例えば、形質転換された)心臓の少なくとも一つの電気的性質、例えば、伝導、心室反応度、発射数及び/又は脈拍数の少なくとも一つ、好ましくは発射数又は脈拍数のベースライン値に対する変調(増加又は減少)を検出する。理解されるように、ベースライン値は、選択された特定のポリヌクレオチドに関して、しばしば変化する。発現のベースライン値又はタンパク質の定量方法は、ウエスタンブロット、定量PCR、又は阻害Gタンパク質に対するアデニル酸シクラーゼアッセー、イオンチャンネル電流に対するパッチクランプ法のような機能的アッセーを包含する。電気生理学的(EP)効果は、インビボでEPカテーテルを使用して、心拍数、伝導速度又は不応期を測定することにより定量することができる。好ましい調整の程度は、ベースライン値から、少なくとも1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9又は10パーセントの差異である。より大きなベースライン値からの増加又は減少、例えば、ベースライン値に対して、少なくとも約12、15、20又は25パーセントの心拍数又はその他の測定された性質の増加又は減少も、また、達成可能である。
[材料及び方法]
<優性ネガティブ効果>
IK1発現に対するKir2.1AAAの優性ネガティブ効果は、Herskowitzのアプローチを使用して達成された。(例えば、Herskowitz, Nature 329, 219-22; (1987)を参照)GYGモチーフ、選択性及び孔機能に重要な役割を演じているカリウムチャンネルのH5領域における3つのアミノ酸を、Kir2.1において3つのアラニンに置換した。
増強した緑色蛍光タンパク質(EGFP、Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, USA)及びKir2.1AAAの両者をコードした、2シストロンアデノウイルスベクターを、前記のようにして、アデノウイルスシャトルベクターpAdEGI(D. C. Johns, H. B. Nuss, E. Marban, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 31598-603, (1997))及びpAdC−DBEcR(U. C. Hoppe, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1077-84 (2000))を用いて創製した。ヒトKir2.1の全長コード配列(G. F. Tomaselli, Johns Hopkins Univ.から供給された)を、pAdEGIの複数のクローニング部位にクローニングしてpAdEGI−Kir2.1を生成した。優性ネガティブ変異GYG→AAAを部位特異的突然変異誘発によりKir2.1に導入し、ベクターpAdEGI−Kir2.1AAAを創製した。アデノウイルスベクターは、記載されているようにして、精製5ウイルスDNA及びシャトルベクターDNAのCre−lox組換えにより創製した(D. C. Johns et al., J. Neurosci. 19, 1691-7 (1999))。組換え産物は、プラーク精製し、拡張し、CsCl勾配で精製し、1ml当たり1010プラーク形成単位(PFU)のオーダーに濃縮した。
心臓内注射は、外側開胸後、大人のモルモット(250〜300g)の左心室腔に注射によって達成された。大動脈及び肺動脈を先ず交差クランプし、30ゲージ針を頂端に挿入し、アデノウイルス溶液の左心室洞への注射を可能とした。アデノウイルス混合物総容積220μl[3x1010PFUのAdC−DBEcR及び2x1010PFUのAdEGI(対照群)又は3x1010PFUのAdC−DBEcR及び3x1010PFUのAdEGI−Kir2.1AAA(ノックアウト群)を含む]を注射した。クランプ前40〜60秒間閉塞した大動脈及び肺動脈を解除した。この手順で、閉鎖系に対して心臓がポンピングしている間、ウイルスが冠状動脈中を循環することを可能にし、導入した細胞の広範な分布をもたらした。閉胸後、動物に非ステロイドエクジソン作用薬、GS−E([N−メトキシ−2−エチルベンゾイル)−N’−(3,5−ジメチルベンゾイル)−N’−terブチルヒドラジン];Rohm and Haas Co., Spring House, Pennsylvania, USAより供与された)40mgをDMSO90μl及びゴマ油360μに溶解して、腹腔内注射した。
形質導入効果は、AdCMV−βgal(160μl、2x1010pfu/ml)をLV腔に注射後48時間の、顕微鏡切片の組織学的評価によって評価した。動物を殺処分した後、心臓を切除し、PBSで完全にリンスし、横断面で切断した。切片は、記載されているようにして、2%ホルムアルデヒド/0.2%グルタルアルデヒドで固定し、1.0mg/mlの5−ブロモ−4−クロロ−3−インドリル− −D−ガラクトシド(X−gal)を含有するPBS中で染色した(J. K. Donahue et al., Nat. Med. 6, 1395-8 (2000))。切片はパラフィンに包埋し、5μm厚に切り出し、形質導入効果の目視評価のためにX−gal溶液で染色した(J. K. Donahue et al., Nat. Med. 6, 1395-8 (2000))。この遺伝子送達法により、およそ20%の心室筋細胞がLV壁を通過して形質導入が達成された。
表面ECGは、手術後直ぐ、及び既報のように心筋内注射の72時間後に記録された(U. C. Hoppe et al., J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1077-84 (2000); U. C. Hoppe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5335-40 (2001))。モルモットを、イソフルランで鎮静し、針電極を皮下に設置した。電極の位置は、最大増幅記録を得るため至適化され、正確なQT間隔が得られた。ECGは、標準リード11、及び改良リードI及びIIIで同時に記録された。針電極の位置を、記録後モルモットの皮膚上にマークし、72時間後の位置を正確に同じにした。速度補正QT間隔(QTc)を計算した(E. Hayes et al., J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 32, 201-7 (1994))。
アラニンによるKir2.1の孔領域における3つの臨界残基の置換(GYG144−146→AAA、又はKir2.1AAA)は、野生型Kir2.1と共発現するとき、電流束を抑制する優性ネガティブ構築体を創製する。卵母細胞において、Kir2.1AAARNA単独の注射は電流を生じないが、野生型Kir2.1RNAと一緒に注射すると、IK1の抑制を生じる。4量体Kirチャンネル内への単一変異体サブユニットの取り込みは、ノックアウト機能には充分である。Kv1.2電流はKir2.1AAARNAと一緒に注射することによって減少しないので、優性ネガティブ効果は、カリウムチャンネルのKirファミリーに特異的である。Kir2.1AAAが、Kir2.1を安定的に発現している哺乳動物細胞株(HEK)に、一過性に発現したとき、優性ネガティブ構築体はIK1を約70%減少した。
対照の心室筋細胞は自発活動を示さなかったが、脱分極外部刺激を与えると単一活動電位を発射した(図3A)。対照的に、Kir2.1AAA筋細胞は二つの表現型:即ち、外部刺激によって持続活動電位が惹起される安定静止電位(図3C、「長QT表現型」)、又は自発活動(図3E)のいずれかを示した。活動電位の持続は、心電図でのQT間隔を長くすることが期待される(長QT表現型)が、これに対し、自発活動は真性のペースメーカー細胞のそれに似ている;最大拡張期電位は、段階的「フェーズ4」脱分極及びゆるやかなとり込みによって開始される、反復する、通常のそして絶え間ない電気活動と共に、相対的に脱分極される(表1)。異なる表現型は、IK1密度の3つの別個の範囲に対応する(図2B、D、F、G)。それ故、Kir2.1AAA形質導入筋細胞は、特定の細胞にどれくらいのIK1抑制が起こったかに依存して、長QT表現型又はペースメーカー表現型のいずれかを示す。IK1が0.4pA/pF以下(−50mVで)に抑制された筋細胞は、全て自発APを表し、IK1が0.4pA/pFIK1以上の筋細胞は、安定した休止膜電位及び持続的活動電位を有した。
優性ネガティブの結果は、本明細書において使用された方法の永続性及び特異性を明らかにしている。これらの結果は、Kir2チャンネルの特異的抑制が、心室筋細胞におけるペースメーカー活動を解放するのに充分であることを明らかにしている。これらの結果は、また、ペーシングに対する重要な因子は、特定の遺伝子の存在よりも、むしろ、単に強く分極したIK1の不存在であることを明らかにしている(そのような遺伝子は、真性のペースメーカー細胞における重要な変調的役割を演じているのであろうが)。
<分子生物学及び異種性発現>
mHCN1及びmHCN2をpGH発現ベクターにサブクローニングした。(B. Santoro, et al., Cell, 93:717-29 (1998))。重複した突然変異プライマーにより、部位特異的突然変異誘発をPCRを用いて実施した。全ての構築について、所望の突然変異が存在することを確かめるために配列決定を行った。cRNAを、HCN1及びHCN2チャンネルのそれぞれに対してT7RNAポリメラーゼ(Promega, Madison, WI)を用いて、Nhel−及びSphl−直線化DNAから転写した。チャンネル構築物は異種性に発現し、そしてツメガエルの卵母細胞で試験した。簡潔に記載すると、IV期からVI期の卵母細胞を1%トリカイン(即ち3−アミノ安息香酸エチルエステル)中に液浸することにより麻酔した雌カエルから外科的に分離し、次いで、88mM NaCl、2mM KCl、1mM MgCl2、及び5mM HEPES(NaOHでpH7.6に調整)を含有するOR−2中で、2mg/mlコラゲナーゼで、30〜60分消化した。単離した卵母細胞は、示したように、cRNA(1ng/nl)を注射し、96mM NaCl、2mM KCl、1.8mM CaCl2、1mM MgCl2、及び5mM HEPES(pH7.6に調整)、50μg/mlゲンタマイシン、5mM ピルビン酸及び0.5mM テオフィリンを補足、を含むND96溶液中に実験前1〜4日貯蔵した。10〜25ng/細胞が発現される電流の幅に直線的に比例する範囲に相当するのであるが、1細胞当たり50〜100ngの総cRNAの注射で、最大発現を達成するためには充分であることが見出された。
2電極の電圧固定法の記録を室温(23〜25℃)で、WarnerOC−725C増幅器(Hamden, CT)を用いて実施した。寒天を詰めた電極(TW120F−6;World Precision Instruments)を、SutterP−87水平引き手で引き、3MのKClを充填し、最終先端抵抗2〜4Maを有していた。記録槽溶液は、96mM KCl、2mM NaCl、10mM HEPES、及び2mM MgCl2、(KOHでpH7.5に調整)を含んでいた。電流は10kHzでディジタル化し、1〜2kHzで低域フィルターした(−3dB)。電流記録の入手及び解析は、特注のソフトウエアを用いて行った。
定常状態の電流・電圧(I−V)の関係は、保持電位−30mVから10mVずつの増分で、−150から0mVの範囲に亘る3秒パルスの最後に測定したHCN1電流をプロットすることによって定量された。HCNチャンネル活性化の電圧依存性は、記録された最大末尾電流(tail current)に標準化した先行する3秒テストパルスの関数として、−140mVにパルス化した後、直ちに測定した末尾電流をプロットすることによって評価した。データは、非線形最小二乗法でMarquardt−Levenbergアルゴリズムを用いて、Bolzman関数に当てはめた:
m = 1/{1+exp[(Vt−V1/2)/k]}
ここで、Vtは試験電位、V1/2は関係の中点、及びk=RT/zFは傾斜係数である。
前の研究では、正常及び欠失サブユニットを多重結合の複合体を形成するように共組み立てするとき、優性ネガティブ様式でチャンネル活性を無能化することができる多くのイオンチャンネル変異体を同定した。R. Li et al., J. Physiol, 533:127-33 (2001); J. Seharaseyon, J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 32:1923-30 (2000); MT Perez-Garcia, J. Neurosci., 20: 5689-95 (2000); J. Seharseyon et al., J. Biol. Chem., 75: 17561-5 (2000); UC Hoppe et al., J. Clin. Invest. 105: 1077-84 (2000); MJ Lalli et al., Pflugers Arch. 436: 957-61 (1998); DC John et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272: 31598-603 (1997). HCN1−AAAは、WTHCN1サブユニットと結合するとき、優性ネガティブ効果を発揮することが予期された。図9は、50nlWTHCN1及び50nlHCN1−AAAcRNA(濃度=1ng/nl)と共注射された卵母細胞は、同じインキュベーション時間の後−149mVで測定すると、WTHCN1cRNAのみ50nl注射した細胞よりも電流が85.2±1.9%(n=8)少なく発現されることを示している(p<0.01;図9B)。そのような定量的相異は、それらの対応する定常状態電流−電圧関係により示されたように、HCN1チャンネルの殆どの活動範囲を通して存在していた(図9C)。これらの観察は、HCN1−AAAが、同じ数の機能性サブユニットの存在にも拘わらず、優性ネガティブ様式でWTHCN1チャンネルの正常活動を抑制することができることを明らかにしている(以前のK+チャンネルの研究において普通であったのと等しいRNA安定性と翻訳効率を仮定した場合、Hille B. Ion channels of Excitable Membranes, 3rd Ed., Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2001; R. MacKinnon Nature, 1991; 350:232-5)。対照的に、50nlWTHCN1cRNAと等量のdH2Oの共注射は、50nlWTHCN1単独の注射と差がない大きさの電流が得られた(p>0.05)。このことは、HCN1−AAAで観察された優性ネガティブ抑制効果は、機械感受性効果のような非特異的機構によるものではないことを示唆している。本発明者等は、また、注射される総cRNAを一定に保ちつつ(25ngを発現の飽和を防止するために使用した)WTHCN1:HCN1−AAA及びWTHCN2:HCN1−AAAの比率を変化した効果を研究した。優性ネガティブ機構から予測されたように、電流抑制はHCN1−AAAの増加に比例して増加した(WTHCN1:HCN1−AAAがそれぞれ、4:1、3:1、2:1、1:1及び1:2の比率に対して、55.2±3.2、68.3±4.3、78.7±1.6、91.7±0.8、97.9±0.2%の電流減少が見られた;図10)。
電流振幅に対する優性ネガティブ抑制効果に加えて、通門及び透過性に対するHCN1−AAAとWTHCN1の共発現の効果を調べた。図11Aは、WTHCN1単独の定常状態活動曲線から誘導された中点及び傾斜係数(V1/2=−76.7±0.8mV;k=13.3±0.6mV;n=15)及び、HCN1−AAAで抑制後(比率=1:1、V1/2=−77.0±1.7mV;k=12.3±1.0mV;n=12)のそれらの両者は同じである(p>0.05)ことを示している。末尾電流−電圧関係も、また、全細胞電流はHCN1−AAAによって抑制されるが、反転電位は変化しない(WTHCN1単独=−4.5±1.4mV、n=8;WT+AAA=−5.25±0.8mV、n=5;p>0.05;図11B、C)ことを示唆している。同様に、電流活性化(τact)及び不活化(τdeact)時定数(その分布は、対応する定常状態活性化曲線から誘導されたのと比較して中点を有するベル型であった)も、また、研究した電圧範囲全体に亘ってHCN1−AAA抑制後不変であった(p>0.05;図11D)。本発明者等の観察では、非抑制電流は正常通門及び透過性の表現型を表したことを示唆している。
もし異なったHCNイソフォームがヘテロメリックチャンネル複合体(heteromeric channel complexes)を形成するように共組み立てすることができれば、HCN1−AAAも、また、本発明者等のWTHCN1での観察に類似した優性ネガティブ様式において、WTHCN2の活性を抑制する筈である。図12は、これがその場合であることを示している。50nlWTHCN2及び50nlHCN1−AAAcRNAを共注射した卵母細胞から記録した電流は、50nlWTHCN2単独又は50nlWTHCN2+50nldH2Oを、同じインキュベーション時間の後に注射した卵母細胞において発現された電流より有意に小さかった(図12A−C)。事実、HCN1−AAAによる抑制の程度は、研究した全ての他の比率について、WTHCN1及びHCN2の両者に対して類似していた(図10;注射した総cRNA=25ng)。これらを併せて考えると、これらの結果は、二つのアイソマーが、等しい効率で共組立てすることができたことを示唆している。HCN1に類似して、非抑制HCN2電流の定常状態活性化パラメーター、反転電位、及び通門動態は、HCN1−AAA共発現によって変化しなかった(p>0.05;図12D−F)。
タンパク質工学によってHCNチャンネル通門性質の変調を行った。図13A及びBは、荷電中和置換したE235Aは、定常状態チャンネル活性化において有意な脱分極移動(V1/2=−59.2±1.5mV;n=7;p<0.05)及び傾斜係数における有意でない変化(k=12.3±0.9mV、n=7;p>0.05)を生じた。残基235の静電的役割と整合して、荷電復帰突然変異(charge- reversed mutation)E235Rは、より陽性側に定常状態活動曲線を移動した(56.4±0.5mV、n=3;p<0.05)。傾斜係数(7.9±0.8mV、n=3;p>0.05)もP0,min(17.0%±1.9%、n=3;p>0.05)もE235R(p>0.05;図13A及びC)により影響されなかった。本発明者等は、次に、位置253におけるS4セリン変異体が、複数の置換によってHCN1チャンネルの特色ある活性化プロフィールの基礎になっているのかどうかを調べた(図8)。S253をアラニン(即ちS253A)で置換すると、活性化及び不活性化の両者を遅くするが、定常状態活性化関係及び通門動態の電圧依存性において、平行した過分極移動を生じた(図13D)。しかしながら、S253Aは、P0,minを変えなかった。S253K及びS253Eの反対の荷電にも拘わらず、両置換体は、定常状態I−V関係を同じ過分極方向に移動させた。これらを総合すると、このことは、HCNチャンネル活性の活性化閾値(図13)及び内因的に発現された電流幅(図8〜12)が、変調し得ることを示している。
Claims (10)
- 野生型Kir2.1分子と比較して、144位〜146位のアミノ酸の位置に3つのアラニン分子を有するKir2.1ドミナントネガティブポリペプチド(Kir2.1AAA)をコードするポリヌクレオチドを有効成分として含み、かつ投与後にドミナントネガティブポリペプチドの有効量が発現可能な状態で含まれることを特徴とする、心臓収縮機能又は心臓電気活動を調節するための医薬組成物。
- 投与後のドミナントネガティブポリペプチドの発現が、静止状態の心筋細胞又は幹細胞に自発的な反復電気信号を発生させることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 投与後のドミナントネガティブポリペプチドの発現が、細胞の電気信号出力の頻度において少なくとも10パーセントまで増加させる、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 投与後のドミナントネガティブポリペプチドの発現が、誘導し得るプロモーターによって制御される、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチドが形質転換細胞の状態で含まれる、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記形質転換細胞が幹細胞又は幹細胞から分化した心筋細胞である請求項5に記載の医薬組成物。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物を含み、当該医薬組成物の有効量を投与するための埋め込み型電子ペースメーカー。
- Kir2.1AAAをコードするポリヌクレオチドを有効成分とし、当該医薬組成物を投与後に当該ポリヌクレオチドの有効量が発現可能な発現ベクターを含む医薬組成物の製造方法であって、当該ポリヌクレオチドを発現ベクターに挿入する工程を含むことを特徴とする、心臓収縮機能又は心臓電気活動を調節するための医薬組成物の製造方法。
- Kir2.1AAAをコードするポリヌクレオチドを有効成分とし、当該医薬組成物を投与後に当該ポリヌクレオチドの有効量が発現可能な幹細胞又は幹細胞から分化した心筋細胞を含む医薬組成物の製造方法であって、当該ポリヌクレオチドを用いて幹細胞又は幹細胞から分化した心筋細胞をin vitroで形質転換する工程を含むことを特徴とする、心臓収縮機能又は心臓電気活動を調節するための医薬組成物の製造方法。
- 幹細胞又は幹細胞から分化した心筋細胞が静止状態の細胞であり、前記ポリヌクレオチドの発現後に自発的な反復電気信号を発生させることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の方法。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012171830A1 (de) | 2011-06-17 | 2012-12-20 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von 3-cyano-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanon |
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| JP5616016B2 (ja) | 2014-10-29 |
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| US20040254134A1 (en) | 2004-12-16 |
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| US20120328584A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
| WO2002087419A2 (en) | 2002-11-07 |
| AU2002338529A1 (en) | 2002-11-11 |
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