JP4084667B2 - Nitriding method of metal material - Google Patents
Nitriding method of metal material Download PDFInfo
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- JP4084667B2 JP4084667B2 JP2003003847A JP2003003847A JP4084667B2 JP 4084667 B2 JP4084667 B2 JP 4084667B2 JP 2003003847 A JP2003003847 A JP 2003003847A JP 2003003847 A JP2003003847 A JP 2003003847A JP 4084667 B2 JP4084667 B2 JP 4084667B2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/24—Nitriding
- C23C8/26—Nitriding of ferrous surfaces
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、あらゆる金属材料、特に自動車部材、建築部材、電気機器部品、容器等として用いられる鋼板や建築構造材、レール、鋼管などすべての鋼材の製造工程において、強度、疲労特性、耐磨耗特性、靭性などに関して好ましい特性を付与する目的で材料をガス窒化する方法に関するもので、特に窒化雰囲気の取扱いに起因した窒化炉の変質を抑制しつつ効率的に窒化する方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
さまざまな方面で用いられる鋼製品においては、構造部材としての強度や部材を形成するための加工性、他の部材との接合時および接合部の強度としての溶接性、使用中の靭性、長期間の使用中に他部材と接触する部位での耐磨耗性、各種環境における耐食性、電気機器部材としての磁気特性さらには耐食性や意匠性を付与するための塗装またはめっきを行う場合の表面処理などさまざまな特性が求められる。
本発明は従来では考えられないほど多量のNを含有した高N鋼について強度、加工性や靭性、耐磨耗性、磁気特性や耐食性等の向上を考慮した材質制御を行い、従来のCに代わってNを濃縮させることで組織制御した鋼や、鋼中の窒化物形態を制御した電磁鋼板などを開発し、これらは特開2002−020834号公報、特開2002−012948号公報に開示されている。また、さらに、これらに関して特願2002−41314号、特願2002−83664号等の出願を行っている。これらの鋼の大きな特徴はCr,Niの多量の含有を必須とせず、従来の溶鋼において成分調整がなされる製造法では到達できないほどの多量のNを含有させることである。このためには固体状態の鋼を用いた成分調整法が必要となり、そのための一手法としてガス雰囲気中での窒化の適用が有効と思われるが、N含有量が0.1%を超える程の多量のNを含有させるには従来の手法では生産効率が低く実用化の障害となるため、本発明者は非常に効率的なガス窒化方法を特願2002−90647号にて提案している。
【0003】
また、0.1%まで多量でなくとも0.01%程度の窒化により製造工程の下工程で成分を変化させられれば、同一の材料を用いて様々な材質を持つ材料を造り分けることができ、半製品の在庫削減等、鉄鋼製造プロセスの大幅な効率化も期待される。このような場合でも効率的な窒化が可能であれば、窒化時間の短縮、窒化設備の簡略化が可能となり、窒化プロセスの実用化が促進されるものと思われる。
しかし、本発明者が出願した特願2002−90647号に記載された技術においてさえも、窒化においていくつかの問題点が残されており、さらなる窒化効率の向上も望まれている。
【0004】
この技術における問題点の一つは鋼材を窒化するためには鋼材を高温のガス雰囲気中で保持する必要があるが、その際に窒化雰囲気が存在している窒化炉自体も窒化されて変質してしまうことである。特に窒化効率の高い高温、高濃度アンモニア雰囲気での長時間の使用において、鋼材を炉中通過させるために設置されているガイドロールや炉体さらにはバーナー等が窒化されて脆くなり破損してしまう場合がある。窒化は高温の金属表面で起きるため、これらの部材を金属以外の素材で覆う、または、金属以外の素材で作製する、または、通水したチューブ等で炉部材を冷却することが解決策になるが、炉の製造コストを考えると実用的とは言えない。
また、炉自体が窒化しているということは窒化のために炉内に導入したガス成分が鋼材の窒化に効率的に消費されていないことを意味している。
また、別の問題点は、窒化効率を上げるため窒化温度をより高温にすると、炉部材の窒化も促進されてしまうばかりでなく、ガスそのものが分解し窒化能が落ちてしまうため窒化効率が期待したように向上しないことである。
以上のような従来技術の問題点のため高N材の効率的な生産が阻害されており、窒化方法の改善が強く求められていた。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特開2002−020834号公報
【特許文献2】
特開2002−012948号公報
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、前述のような従来技術の問題点を解決し、鋼の材質の造り分けや高機能鋼材の製造に関して生産性の観点から有利な窒化法を適用する際に、高窒化効率で窒化を行う方法を」提供するものであり、これにより、効率的な高N材の製造を可能にすることを課題とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、前述の課題を解決するために、ガス窒化条件および窒化を行う設備の構造について鋭意検討を行い、以下の知見を得た。
即ち、窒化雰囲気自体は比較的低温であっても、その低温雰囲気を高温の金属材料に接触させることによって金属材料を窒化できることである。これにより雰囲気を保持する炉および炉部材の温度はそれ程上昇しないため、炉自体の窒化を抑制することが可能となり、より高濃度の窒化雰囲気の使用が可能となる。
【0008】
また、窒化雰囲気自体は低温であり、それ自身で分解してしまうことがないため、窒化温度すなわち金属材料温度を従来以上に高く設定することが可能となる。
これにより、金属材料表面での窒化雰囲気の分解が促進され窒化効率が上昇するばかりでなく、金属材料表面から侵入したN原子の金属材料の中心に向かっての拡散速度も上昇するため成分的に均質な鋼材を得ることが容易になるとともに、低温での窒化で問題となる場合のある特に、金属材料表面でのFe窒化物の膜の形成も抑制でき、さらに、窒化ガスの分解温度を高くできるためアンモニアガス以外の、熱的により安定な様々な種類のガスの使用が可能となる。
本発明は、以上の知見をもとに、現状における通常の金属材料の製造工程および設備能力を念頭に、最適な窒化条件と窒化設備とを検討してなされたものであり、その要旨とすることころは、下記の通りである。
▲1▼金属材料の主たる加熱を窒化雰囲気からの熱伝導以外の手段とする。
▲2▼窒化雰囲気の温度を金属材料の温度より低く設定する。
▲3▼前記のような状態で最高の窒化効率が得られるように窒化雰囲気を制御する。
具体的には、本発明の要旨は、特許請求の範囲に記載した通りの下記内容である。
【0009】
(1)体積率で水素ガスを1.0%以上、窒素ガスを10%以上、窒素ガス量/(窒素ガス量+水素ガス量)を0.60以上含有し、残部が0.5%以上のアンモニアガス、露点にして−10℃以上の水蒸気および不可避的混入ガスから成る雰囲気中で、金属材料にNを含有させるに際し、該金属材料の温度を600℃以上、前記雰囲気の温度を800℃以下とし、かつその温度域の少なくとも一時期に前記金属材料の温度を前記雰囲気の温度より20℃以上高くすることを特徴とする金属材料の窒化方法。
(2)前記金属材料の加熱を窒化雰囲気とは別の加熱設備で行い、続けて、該金属材料を窒化雰囲気中に挿入し、該窒化雰囲気中での金属材料の温度降下が50℃以上となる間、前記雰囲気ガス中で保持することを特徴とする(1)に記載の金属材料の窒化方法。
(3)前記窒化雰囲気中で金属材料を雰囲気からの熱伝導とは異なる手段で加熱することを特徴とする(1)または(2)のいずれかに記載の金属材料の窒化方法。
(4)前記金属材料の加熱方法として通電加熱または誘導加熱を用いることを特徴とする(1)乃至(3)のいずれか一項に記載の金属材料の窒化方法。
【0010】
(5)前記金属材料のN含有量を質量%で0.0002%以上増加させることを特徴とする(1)乃至(4)のいずれか一項に記載の金属材料の窒化方法。
(6)窒化する前記金属材料が鋼材であることを特徴とする(1)乃至(5)のいずれか一項に記載の金属材料の窒化方法。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明を詳細に説明する。
本発明は、あらゆる成分を有する金属材料への適用が可能であるが、以下、主として鋼材への適用を念頭に説明を行う。
まず、本発明における雰囲気成分の限定理由を以下に詳細に説明する。
雰囲気中にガス分子の構成元素の一つがNであるガスが存在することが本発明の必須の条件である。このガスは、例えば、アンモニアガス、二酸化窒素ガス等が挙げられる。以下、本明細書中ではこれらのガスを「窒化ガス」と記述する。本発明における窒化は、高温の金属表面での窒化ガスの分解に伴い生成する原子状Nが鋼に侵入することが主たる機構であり、この分解および鋼表面との反応を制御するものだからである。ただし、本発明において窒素ガスは窒化ガスには含まれないものとする。これは、窒素ガスは比較的安定で分解し難いため窒化効率を高めるという本発明の趣旨にそぐわないからである。
【0012】
窒化ガスとしては、窒化効率、すなわち高温金属表面での分解反応速度や作業環境における使用の簡便さ等からアンモニアガスとすることが好ましい。もちろん多種の窒化ガスを混合して使用しても本発明の効果を何ら損なうものではない。窒化が行われる雰囲気を以下、本明細書中では「窒化雰囲気」と記述する。窒化雰囲気中の窒化ガスの濃度は窒化効率に大きな影響を及ぼす。窒化ガスがわずかでも存在すれば、少なからず鋼材の窒化が起きる可能性があるが、工業的に効率的な窒化を起こすための濃度を体積率で0.5%以上とする。この濃度の上限は必要でなく、完全な窒化ガス雰囲気、100%とすることも可能である。
【0013】
窒化ガス以外の窒化雰囲気については特に限定されるものではない。アルゴン等の不活性ガスでも通常の鋼材の熱処理で使われる水素ガスや、本発明で窒化ガスとして分類していない窒素ガスを用いることが可能である。
窒化効率を高めるには、これら窒化ガス以外のガス成分の濃度や不可避的に含まれる水分の量、すなわち雰囲気露点の制御も有効な場合もある。特に、水素を1%以上、または露点を−10℃以上とすることで高い窒化効率が得られる場合がある。その理由は明確ではないが、鋼板表面での水蒸気の分解や酸素の状態が鋼材表面での窒化ガスの分解、およびその分解により生じたNの鋼への侵入に影響を及ぼしている可能性がある。また、水蒸気の分解により水素が供給されることも何らかの原因になっている可能性があるが、水素の供給源は他にも外部からの水素ガスの導入、アンモニアガス等の窒化ガスの分解などが重畳しており、現象は非常に複雑であると考えられる。
窒化雰囲気がアンモニアガスと窒素と水素を含む場合の、これらの濃度について以下に示す。この場合、鋼材の窒化は、主としてアンモニアガスの分解によって起きるが、これに伴い窒化ガスおよび水素ガスが生成するため窒化雰囲気中の窒素ガスと水素ガスの存在比も少なからず変化する。この場合は体積率で窒素ガス10%以上、水素ガス1%以上、かつ窒素ガス流量/(窒素ガス流量+水素ガス流量)を0.60以上とすると非常に高効率の窒化が可能となる。
窒化雰囲気の濃度は、マクロには窒化炉中の場所や、ミクロな意味ではまさに窒化反応が起きている鋼材の表面近傍や炉部材の表面近傍など、またはガスの分解や合成が起きる場合や連続的に窒化が進行している場合など、実操業においては空間的および時間的に全く一定ということはあり得ないが、鋼材の窒化効率を制御する指針として妥当と思われる窒化雰囲気の平均的な濃度の決定が困難な場合は、窒化炉への導入ガスの流量を基準に決定することも可能である。
【0014】
窒化時の温度条件は、本発明の最も重要な要因である。本発明の特徴は、鋼材の温度を窒化雰囲気の温度より高くすることである。従来の窒化法では、窒化雰囲気を窒化温度まで加熱しておき、その中で鋼材を保持することで鋼材の加熱、保温と同時に窒化するものであった。このため、窒化炉自体の窒化や、窒化雰囲気の分解により窒化温度の上限はせいぜい800℃であった。
【0015】
本発明では、鋼材を窒化雰囲気からの熱伝導によらず加熱し、窒化雰囲気そのものは比較的低い温度とするため、このような問題を回避することができる。
効率的な窒化が起きるには鋼材の温度を600℃以上とする必要がある。好ましくは700℃以上、さらに好ましくは800℃以上、900℃以上であれば非常に迅速な窒化が可能となる。同時に、鋼材表面から鋼中に侵入したNの鋼中での拡散も速やかに起こるため、鋼中N濃度の均一化や表面に生成し特性を阻害する場合のあるFe窒化物の形成を抑制することが可能となる。ただし、例えば、冷延工程で鋼材の集合組織等を制御した材料では、あまりに高温となると変態により、制御された集合組織が失われる場合もあるので注意が必要である。特に窒化の効率のみを考えれば1000℃以上への加熱も可能である。
一方、窒化雰囲気の温度は800℃を上限とする。これは、前述のように、高温の窒化雰囲気を熱処理炉中に保持すると炉自体を窒化することにより窒化ガスの分解が起きて窒化効率が低下するばかりでなく、炉自体の窒化を完全に抑制できたとしても高温となった窒化ガスが不安定になり単独で分解してしまうからである。窒化雰囲気の温度は、好ましくは750℃以下、さらに好ましくは650℃以下で、550℃以下とすれば炉自体の窒化はほとんど起きなくなる。もちろん何ら加熱せず室温程度としても本発明の効果を何ら損なうものではない。
【0016】
窒化時の少なくとも一時期に鋼材の温度を窒化雰囲気の温度より20℃以上高くすることが本発明の重要な特徴であるが、この温度差は窒化工程の全体にわたっている必要はない。すなわち、例えば窒化雰囲気中に、この雰囲気より20℃以上温度が高い鋼材を挿入し窒化を進行させると、後述のような窒化雰囲気中での鋼材の加熱手段を講じない場合には窒化とともに鋼材の温度は低下し、やがて雰囲気温度に近くなる。このような場合も窒化前段での高効率な窒化のメリットを得ることができるので本発明に含まれるものとする。前記、一時期は、好ましくは1秒以上、さらに好ましくは3秒以上である。この場合は温度差があまり小さいと本発明のメリットも小さくなるので、温度差、すなわち窒化に伴う鋼材の温度低下を50℃以上とすることが好ましい。ただし、窒化雰囲気が550℃以下と低い場合には、窒化効率は非常に小さくなり、限りなく0に近くなってしまうし、本発明の効果をより多く得るにはできるだけ長時間かつできるだけ温度差を保ったまま、鋼材の温度を窒化雰囲気よりも高い温度に保持することが好ましいのは言うまでもない。このためには窒化雰囲気中で鋼材を加熱できるような設備を適用することが好ましい。鋼材の加熱手段として雰囲気からの熱伝導を利用することは本発明の趣旨を損ねるため、この手段としては通電加熱や誘導加熱などの手段を用いることが好ましい。
【0017】
このような手段を用いることで、窒化雰囲気および炉体等、温度上昇が不要なものの温度上昇を回避したまま鋼材のみの昇温が可能となる。これにより、例えば室温程度の窒化雰囲気の中で900℃以上の鋼材を長時間保持することも可能となる。この場合には、加熱された鋼材により窒化雰囲気の温度が上昇したり炉体の温度が上昇したりして好ましからざる場所での窒化または窒化雰囲気の分解が起きることも考えられるため、不要な温度上昇を回避するため、鋼材に接触する窒化雰囲気の流量等を考慮することが好ましい。すなわち、高速のガスを、加熱している鋼材の表面に多量に吹き付けることで、効率的な窒化を起こさせるとともに、熱量を炉から取り除くような制御が好ましい。また、鋼材の加熱方法としては、レーザー照射や赤外線照射等も考えられるが、これらの高エネルギー線は鋼材に到達する前に窒化雰囲気中の窒化ガス分子と衝突し、ガス分子を分解させてしまうこともあるので、これによる窒化効率の低下を考慮する必要がある。
【0018】
様々な分野での材料中、特に表層にNを高濃度に含有させ表面硬化等により高機能化する技術が適用されている。窒化量が非常に小さい場合は発明の効果も小さくなるため、窒化によるN含有量の上昇が質量%で0.0002%以上の場合に適用されるのが好ましい。特に、表面のみの窒化に適用した場合は窒化部位での窒素含有量の上昇は相当に大きくなっている場合も考慮しており、前記0.0002%は窒化した材料の平均での値である。
本発明は、特に多量のN添加が必要な場合に有効であり、窒化によるN含有量の上昇量は、好ましくは0.01%以上、さらに好ましくは0.1%以上、さらに好ましくは0.3%以上である。鋼材の場合は、Cr,Ni等を多量に含有したいわゆるステンレス鋼でもない限り、通常の製法である溶鋼による成分調整で得られるNの上限はせいぜい0.03%程度である。特に、本発明者が出願した特開2002−020834号公報、特開2002−012948号公報に開示された技術や、特願2002−41314号、特願2002−83664号等に記載した高機能鋼材の製造に適用すれば工業的な効果は絶大である。
【0019】
また窒化に際しての窒化雰囲気中での保持時間は、目的とする特性、N量との兼ね合いで決定され、特に限定されるものではない。わずか数秒の保持で目的が達せられる場合もあるし、板厚が厚い鋼板や大きな鋼材の中心部まで高濃度のNを含有させる必要がある場合には、長時間の保持が必要になる。連続焼鈍の場合にはせいぜい30分が限度であるが、箱焼鈍などを用いることで数時間以上、数日の処理も可能となる。操業性や生産性を考慮すると2秒〜20日が実用的な範囲である。
窒化のタイミングは鋳片〜製品のどこでも可能であるが、窒化では表面から鋼材内部へのNの拡散を利用しているため、材料の厚さ、大きさは、薄くて小さいほど高濃度の窒化が容易となる。通常は、最終製品に近い形状に加工された後に窒化することが有利となる。
【0020】
鋼板の場合は熱間仕上げ圧延以降の工程で行うことが好ましく、通常の冷延鋼板の製造においては再結晶焼鈍工程中で焼鈍炉の一部または全部を本発明雰囲気にすることで窒化をおこなうことが生産上は都合がよい。
本発明は、鋼材の製造工程の前半で高濃度のNを含有させ、その後の高温処理または適当な温度での保定により材質制御や組織制御を行い、さらには窒化層の拡散に都合のよい熱履歴を付与する工程も可能であるし、焼鈍工程の最高温度への到達により、再結晶および適当な特性を付与した後に窒化を行うような工程も可能である。
本発明の用途は、その形状などにより何ら限定されるものではなく、素材としての金属材料、鋼材への適用だけでなく、自動車、容器、建築物などに使用されている加工後の部材へも適用可能である。
【0021】
【実施例】
図1〜図5に模式図を示す実験設備を用いて窒化効率の評価を行った。用いた素材は市中で入手が可能な通常の鋼板およびレール鋼である。
図1は冷延鋼板のコイルの通板中において、誘導加熱で鋼板を加熱後、直ちに窒化炉中で窒化ガスを含むガスを吹き付けて窒化を行った。
図2はロールを電極として電極ロール間の鋼板を通電加熱し、同時に通電ロール間は窒化雰囲気が充満した窒化炉中を通板するようにした。
図3は、レール鋼をバッチ式窒化炉中に置き、通電加熱でレールを加熱した。
図4は、通常のバッチ式加熱炉である。
図5は、通常の鋼板の連続焼鈍ラインにおいて炉内雰囲気と雰囲気温度を制御した。なお、図示していないが、窒化設備が不要な位置での鋼板の表面酸化等を防ぎ、通常の鉄鋼製造で得られる材料と同等の表面性状とするため、通常の製法と同様に窒化炉以外の部分も適当な雰囲気に制御されたものとすることは極めて好ましい。
【0022】
【表1】
表1に窒化炉の条件および窒化効率の評価結果を示す。
窒化雰囲気はアンモニアガス、窒素ガス、水素ガスの混合ガスとし、組成体積%で表1に示す。なお、窒化法Dにおける加熱炉の雰囲気は窒素80%、水素ガス20%の混合ガスである。
窒化効率は、窒化前後の化学分析によるN含有量で評価した。
本発明の条件に合致する発明例では、鋼中N増量が0.3〜0.6%と高い値を示し本発明の窒化効率が高いことを示しており、炉材窒化は「なし」または「微」となっている。
一方、本発明の条件を満足していない比較例では、鋼中N増量が0.2%以下と低い値を示し窒化効率が低いことを示しており、さらに、鋼材温度を雰囲気温度より20℃以上高くする本発明の条件から外れているので炉材窒化が「大」となっている。
【0023】
【発明の効果】
以上のように本発明によれば、鋼板もしくは鋼材を含む金属材料の製造工程において、強度、疲労特性、耐磨耗特性、靭性などに関して好ましい特性を付与する目的で金属材料を窒化することができ、すなわち、金属材料の材質の造り分けにおいて生産性の観点から有利な窒化法を適用して、高い窒化効率で窒化を行うことができ、より生産性の高い材質の造り分けが可能となり、産業上有用な著しい効果を奏する。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の窒化法Aを示す図である。
【図2】 本発明の窒化法Bを示す図である。
【図3】 本発明の窒化法Cを示す図である。
【図4】 本発明の窒化法Dを示す図である。
【図5】 本発明の窒化法Eを示す図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides strength, fatigue characteristics, and wear resistance in the manufacturing process of all steel materials such as steel plates, building structural materials, rails, and steel pipes used as all metal materials, especially automobile members, building members, electrical equipment parts, containers, etc. The present invention relates to a method of gas nitriding a material for the purpose of imparting preferable characteristics with respect to characteristics, toughness, etc., and particularly relates to a method of efficiently nitriding while suppressing deterioration of a nitriding furnace due to handling of a nitriding atmosphere.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In steel products used in various directions, strength as a structural member, workability to form the member, weldability as the strength of joints and joints with other members, toughness during use, long term Abrasion resistance at parts that come into contact with other members during use, corrosion resistance in various environments, magnetic properties as electrical equipment members, and surface treatment when coating or plating to provide corrosion resistance and design properties, etc. Various characteristics are required.
The present invention performs material control in consideration of improvements in strength, workability, toughness, wear resistance, magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, etc. for high N steel containing a large amount of N that is unthinkable in the past. Instead, steel whose structure has been controlled by concentrating N and electromagnetic steel sheets in which the nitride form in the steel is controlled have been developed. These are disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2002-020834 and 2002-012948. ing. In addition, Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2002-41314 and 2002-83664 have been filed for these. A major feature of these steels is that they do not necessarily contain a large amount of Cr and Ni, but contain such a large amount of N that cannot be achieved by a production method in which components are adjusted in conventional molten steel. For this purpose, a component adjustment method using steel in a solid state is necessary, and it seems that nitriding in a gas atmosphere is effective as one of the methods, but the N content exceeds 0.1%. In order to contain a large amount of N, the conventional method has a low production efficiency and hinders practical use. Therefore, the present inventor has proposed a very efficient gas nitriding method in Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-90647.
[0003]
Moreover, if the components can be changed in the lower process of the manufacturing process by nitridation of about 0.01% even if not as much as 0.1%, materials with various materials can be made separately using the same material. It is also expected that the steel manufacturing process will be significantly more efficient, such as reducing inventory of semi-finished products. Even in such a case, if efficient nitridation is possible, it will be possible to shorten the nitriding time and simplify the nitriding equipment, and promote the practical application of the nitriding process.
However, even in the technique described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-90647 filed by the present inventor, some problems remain in nitriding, and further improvement in nitriding efficiency is desired.
[0004]
One of the problems with this technology is that it is necessary to keep the steel in a high-temperature gas atmosphere in order to nitride the steel, but the nitriding furnace itself in which the nitriding atmosphere exists is also nitrided and altered. It is to end up. Especially when used for a long time in a high-temperature, high-concentration ammonia atmosphere with high nitriding efficiency, guide rolls, furnace bodies, and burners installed to pass steel materials through the furnace are nitrided and become brittle and damaged. There is a case. Since nitriding occurs on high-temperature metal surfaces, it is a solution to cover these members with materials other than metal, to make them with materials other than metal, or to cool the furnace members with water-flowed tubes etc. However, considering the manufacturing cost of the furnace, it is not practical.
In addition, the fact that the furnace itself is nitrided means that the gas component introduced into the furnace for nitriding is not efficiently consumed for nitriding the steel material.
Another problem is that if the nitriding temperature is raised to increase the nitriding efficiency, not only the nitriding of the furnace member is promoted but also the gas itself decomposes and the nitriding ability is lowered, so that the nitriding efficiency is expected. It is not improved.
Due to the above problems of the prior art, efficient production of high N materials has been hindered, and improvement of the nitriding method has been strongly demanded.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
JP 2002-020834 A [Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-012948
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention solves the problems of the prior art as described above, and nitriding with high nitriding efficiency when applying a nitriding method advantageous from the viewpoint of productivity with respect to the production of steel materials and the production of high-functional steel materials. It is an object of the present invention to provide an efficient production of a high N material.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors diligently studied gas nitriding conditions and the structure of equipment for nitriding, and obtained the following knowledge.
In other words, even if the nitriding atmosphere itself is at a relatively low temperature, the metal material can be nitrided by bringing the low temperature atmosphere into contact with the high temperature metal material. As a result, the temperature of the furnace and the furnace member for maintaining the atmosphere does not increase so much, so that nitriding of the furnace itself can be suppressed, and a higher concentration nitriding atmosphere can be used.
[0008]
Further, since the nitriding atmosphere itself is a low temperature and does not decompose by itself, the nitriding temperature, that is, the metal material temperature can be set higher than before.
This not only promotes the decomposition of the nitriding atmosphere on the surface of the metal material and increases the nitriding efficiency, but also increases the diffusion rate of N atoms entering from the surface of the metal material toward the center of the metal material. It is easy to obtain a homogeneous steel material, which can be a problem in nitriding at low temperatures. In particular, the formation of an Fe nitride film on the surface of the metal material can be suppressed, and the decomposition temperature of the nitriding gas is increased. This makes it possible to use various kinds of thermally stable gases other than ammonia gas.
Based on the above knowledge, the present invention has been made by examining optimum nitriding conditions and nitriding equipment in consideration of the current production process and equipment capacity of normal metal materials. This is as follows.
(1) The main heating of the metal material is a means other than heat conduction from the nitriding atmosphere.
(2) The temperature of the nitriding atmosphere is set lower than the temperature of the metal material.
(3) The nitriding atmosphere is controlled so that the highest nitriding efficiency can be obtained in the state as described above.
Specifically, the gist of the present invention is the following contents as described in the claims.
[0009]
(1) By volume ratio, hydrogen gas is 1.0% or more, nitrogen gas is 10% or more, nitrogen gas amount / (nitrogen gas amount + hydrogen gas amount) is 0.60 or more, and the balance is 0.5% or more. In an atmosphere composed of ammonia gas having a dew point of −10 ° C. or more and water vapor and inevitable mixed gas, when the metal material contains N, the temperature of the metal material is 600 ° C. or more, and the temperature of the atmosphere is 800 ° C. The method for nitriding a metal material is characterized in that the temperature of the metal material is set to 20 ° C. or more higher than the temperature of the atmosphere at least at one time in the temperature range.
(2) The metal material is heated by a heating facility different from the nitriding atmosphere, and then the metal material is inserted into the nitriding atmosphere, and the temperature drop of the metal material in the nitriding atmosphere is 50 ° C. or more. The method for nitriding a metal material according to (1) , wherein the metal material is held in the atmospheric gas.
(3) The method for nitriding a metal material according to any one of (1) and (2) , wherein the metal material is heated in the nitriding atmosphere by means different from heat conduction from the atmosphere.
(4) The method for nitriding a metal material according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein current heating or induction heating is used as the method for heating the metal material.
[0010]
(5) The method for nitriding a metal material according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the N content of the metal material is increased by 0.0002% or more by mass%.
(6) The method for nitriding a metal material according to any one of ( 1) to (5), wherein the metal material to be nitrided is a steel material.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is described in detail below.
Although the present invention can be applied to metal materials having all components, the following description will be made mainly with application to steel materials in mind.
First, the reasons for limiting the atmosphere components in the present invention will be described in detail below.
It is an essential condition of the present invention that a gas in which one of the constituent elements of the gas molecule is N exists in the atmosphere. Examples of this gas include ammonia gas and nitrogen dioxide gas. Hereinafter, these gases are referred to as “nitriding gas” in the present specification. This is because nitriding in the present invention is mainly a mechanism in which atomic N generated along with decomposition of a nitriding gas on a high-temperature metal surface enters the steel, and controls this decomposition and reaction with the steel surface. . However, in the present invention, nitrogen gas is not included in nitriding gas. This is because nitrogen gas is relatively stable and difficult to decompose, so that it does not meet the gist of the present invention to increase the nitriding efficiency.
[0012]
The nitriding gas is preferably ammonia gas from the standpoint of nitriding efficiency, that is, the decomposition reaction rate on the surface of the high-temperature metal, ease of use in the working environment, and the like. Needless to say, the effects of the present invention are not impaired even when various types of nitriding gases are mixed and used. The atmosphere in which nitriding is performed is hereinafter referred to as “nitriding atmosphere” in this specification. The concentration of the nitriding gas in the nitriding atmosphere greatly affects the nitriding efficiency. If even a small amount of nitriding gas is present, there is a possibility that nitriding of the steel material will occur, but the concentration for causing industrially efficient nitriding is set to 0.5% or more by volume. The upper limit of this concentration is not necessary, and it is possible to make it a complete nitriding gas atmosphere and 100%.
[0013]
The nitriding atmosphere other than the nitriding gas is not particularly limited. Even an inert gas such as argon can be used a hydrogen gas used in heat treatment of a normal steel material, or a nitrogen gas not classified as a nitriding gas in the present invention.
In order to increase the nitriding efficiency, it is sometimes effective to control the concentration of gas components other than these nitriding gases and the amount of water inevitably contained, that is, the atmospheric dew point. In particular, high nitriding efficiency may be obtained by setting hydrogen to 1% or more or setting the dew point to −10 ° C. or more. The reason for this is not clear, but the decomposition of water vapor and the state of oxygen on the surface of the steel sheet may affect the decomposition of the nitriding gas on the surface of the steel material and the penetration of N caused by the decomposition into the steel. is there. In addition, hydrogen may be supplied due to decomposition of water vapor, which may be caused by some reason, but other hydrogen supply sources include introduction of hydrogen gas from the outside, decomposition of nitriding gas such as ammonia gas, etc. The phenomenon is considered to be very complicated.
These concentrations when the nitriding atmosphere contains ammonia gas, nitrogen, and hydrogen are shown below. In this case, the nitriding of the steel material mainly occurs due to the decomposition of the ammonia gas. Along with this, the nitriding gas and the hydrogen gas are generated, and therefore the abundance ratio of the nitrogen gas and the hydrogen gas in the nitriding atmosphere changes considerably. In this case, if the volume ratio of nitrogen gas is 10% or more, hydrogen gas is 1% or more, and the nitrogen gas flow rate / (nitrogen gas flow rate + hydrogen gas flow rate) is 0.60 or more, very efficient nitridation is possible.
The concentration of the nitriding atmosphere is the macro location in the nitriding furnace, in the micro sense, near the surface of the steel material where the nitriding reaction is taking place, near the surface of the furnace member, or when the decomposition or synthesis of gas occurs or continuously In actual operation, such as when nitridation is in progress, the spatial and temporal may not be constant at all, but the average of the nitriding atmosphere that seems to be appropriate as a guideline for controlling the nitriding efficiency of steel materials When it is difficult to determine the concentration, it is possible to determine the concentration based on the flow rate of the gas introduced into the nitriding furnace.
[0014]
The temperature condition during nitriding is the most important factor of the present invention. The feature of the present invention is to make the temperature of the steel material higher than the temperature of the nitriding atmosphere. In the conventional nitriding method, the nitriding atmosphere is heated to the nitriding temperature, and the steel material is held in the nitriding atmosphere, so that the nitriding is performed simultaneously with the heating and holding of the steel material. For this reason, the upper limit of the nitriding temperature was at most 800 ° C. due to nitriding of the nitriding furnace itself and decomposition of the nitriding atmosphere.
[0015]
In the present invention, the steel material is heated regardless of the heat conduction from the nitriding atmosphere, and the nitriding atmosphere itself has a relatively low temperature, so that such a problem can be avoided.
In order for efficient nitriding to occur, the temperature of the steel material needs to be 600 ° C. or higher. If it is preferably 700 ° C. or higher, more preferably 800 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or higher, very rapid nitridation is possible. At the same time, the diffusion of N in the steel from the steel surface into the steel also occurs rapidly, so that the N concentration in the steel is made uniform and the formation of Fe nitrides that may inhibit the properties generated on the surface is suppressed. It becomes possible. However, for example, in a material in which the texture of the steel material is controlled in the cold rolling process, the controlled texture may be lost due to transformation when the temperature becomes too high, so care must be taken. In particular, considering only the efficiency of nitriding, heating to 1000 ° C. or higher is also possible.
On the other hand, the upper limit of the temperature of the nitriding atmosphere is 800 ° C. This is because, as described above, if a high-temperature nitriding atmosphere is maintained in the heat treatment furnace, the nitriding of the furnace itself causes the decomposition of the nitriding gas, thereby reducing the nitriding efficiency and completely suppressing the nitriding of the furnace itself. This is because even if it can be done, the high temperature nitriding gas becomes unstable and decomposes alone. If the temperature of the nitriding atmosphere is preferably 750 ° C. or lower, more preferably 650 ° C. or lower and 550 ° C. or lower, nitriding of the furnace itself hardly occurs. Of course, the effect of the present invention is not impaired at all even if the temperature is about room temperature without heating.
[0016]
Although it is an important feature of the present invention that the temperature of the steel material is 20 ° C. or more higher than the temperature of the nitriding atmosphere at least at the time of nitriding, this temperature difference does not have to be throughout the nitriding step. That is, for example, when a steel material having a temperature of 20 ° C. or higher than this atmosphere is inserted into a nitriding atmosphere and nitriding proceeds, if the heating means of the steel material in the nitriding atmosphere as described below is not taken, the nitriding and the steel material The temperature drops and eventually approaches the ambient temperature. Such a case is also included in the present invention because the advantages of highly efficient nitriding in the pre-nitriding stage can be obtained. The time period is preferably 1 second or longer, more preferably 3 seconds or longer. In this case, if the temperature difference is too small, the merit of the present invention is also reduced. Therefore, the temperature difference, that is, the temperature drop of the steel material accompanying nitriding is preferably 50 ° C. or more. However, when the nitriding atmosphere is as low as 550 ° C. or lower, the nitriding efficiency becomes very small, and it becomes as close to 0 as possible. To obtain more effects of the present invention, the temperature difference should be as long as possible and as long as possible. Needless to say, it is preferable to keep the temperature of the steel material at a temperature higher than that of the nitriding atmosphere while keeping it. For this purpose, it is preferable to apply equipment capable of heating the steel material in a nitriding atmosphere. Since utilizing the heat conduction from the atmosphere as the heating means for the steel material detracts from the spirit of the present invention, it is preferable to use means such as energization heating or induction heating as this means.
[0017]
By using such means, it is possible to raise the temperature of only the steel material while avoiding the temperature rise of the nitriding atmosphere and the furnace body that do not require a temperature rise. Thereby, for example, it becomes possible to hold a steel material of 900 ° C. or higher for a long time in a nitriding atmosphere at about room temperature. In this case, the temperature of the nitriding atmosphere is increased by the heated steel material, or the temperature of the furnace body is increased. In order to avoid the rise, it is preferable to consider the flow rate of the nitriding atmosphere in contact with the steel material. In other words, it is preferable to control such that high-speed gas is blown in a large amount onto the surface of the steel material being heated, thereby causing efficient nitriding and removing the amount of heat from the furnace. In addition, as a method for heating a steel material, laser irradiation, infrared irradiation, or the like can be considered, but these high energy rays collide with nitriding gas molecules in the nitriding atmosphere before reaching the steel material, and decompose gas molecules. In some cases, it is necessary to consider a decrease in nitriding efficiency due to this.
[0018]
Among materials in various fields, in particular, a technique is applied in which N is contained in a high concentration in the surface layer and the functionality is enhanced by surface hardening or the like. When the amount of nitriding is very small, the effect of the invention is also small. Therefore, it is preferably applied when the increase in N content by nitriding is 0.0002% or more by mass%. In particular, when applied to nitridation only on the surface, it is considered that the increase in nitrogen content at the nitriding site is considerably large, and 0.0002% is the average value of the nitrided material. .
The present invention is effective particularly when a large amount of N is required. The amount of increase in N content due to nitriding is preferably 0.01% or more, more preferably 0.1% or more, and still more preferably 0.8. 3% or more. In the case of a steel material, unless it is so-called stainless steel containing a large amount of Cr, Ni or the like, the upper limit of N obtained by component adjustment by molten steel, which is a normal manufacturing method, is at most about 0.03%. In particular, the technology disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2002-020835 and 2002-012948 filed by the present inventor, and high-performance steel materials described in Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2002-41314 and 2002-83664, etc. If applied to the manufacture of, the industrial effect is enormous.
[0019]
Further, the holding time in the nitriding atmosphere at the time of nitriding is determined in view of target characteristics and N amount, and is not particularly limited. In some cases, the purpose can be achieved by holding for only a few seconds, and when it is necessary to contain a high concentration of N up to the center of a thick steel plate or a large steel material, it is necessary to hold for a long time. In the case of continuous annealing, the maximum is 30 minutes. However, by using box annealing or the like, processing for several hours or more and several days is possible. Considering operability and productivity, 2 seconds to 20 days is a practical range.
The timing of nitriding can be anywhere from the slab to the product, but since nitriding uses diffusion of N from the surface to the inside of the steel material, the thinner and smaller the material thickness and size, the higher the concentration of nitriding Becomes easy. Usually, it is advantageous to perform nitriding after processing into a shape close to the final product.
[0020]
In the case of a steel sheet, it is preferable to carry out the process after hot finish rolling, and in the production of a normal cold-rolled steel sheet, nitriding is performed by setting a part or all of the annealing furnace to the atmosphere of the present invention during the recrystallization annealing process. This is convenient for production.
The present invention contains a high concentration of N in the first half of the manufacturing process of the steel material, performs material control and structure control by subsequent high-temperature treatment or holding at an appropriate temperature, and heat that is convenient for diffusion of the nitride layer. A process of imparting a history is also possible, and a process of nitriding after imparting recrystallization and appropriate characteristics by reaching the maximum temperature in the annealing process is also possible.
The use of the present invention is not limited by its shape and the like, and is not only applied to metal materials and steel materials, but also to processed members used in automobiles, containers, buildings, etc. Applicable.
[0021]
【Example】
The nitriding efficiency was evaluated using experimental equipment whose schematic diagrams are shown in FIGS. The materials used are ordinary steel plates and rail steels available in the city.
In FIG. 1, nitriding was performed by blowing a gas containing a nitriding gas in a nitriding furnace immediately after heating the steel sheet by induction heating in the passage of the coil of the cold rolled steel sheet.
In FIG. 2, the steel plates between the electrode rolls are energized and heated using the rolls as electrodes, and at the same time, the energized rolls are passed through a nitriding furnace filled with a nitriding atmosphere.
In FIG. 3, rail steel was placed in a batch type nitriding furnace, and the rail was heated by electric heating.
FIG. 4 shows a normal batch-type heating furnace.
In FIG. 5, the furnace atmosphere and the atmosphere temperature were controlled in a normal steel sheet continuous annealing line. Although not shown in the figure, in order to prevent surface oxidation of the steel sheet at a position where nitriding equipment is not required and to achieve the same surface properties as materials obtained by normal steel manufacturing, other than the nitriding furnace as in the normal manufacturing method It is extremely preferable that the portion of the above is also controlled to an appropriate atmosphere.
[0022]
[Table 1]
Table 1 shows the nitriding furnace conditions and the evaluation results of the nitriding efficiency.
The nitriding atmosphere is a mixed gas of ammonia gas, nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas, and the composition volume% is shown in Table 1. The atmosphere of the heating furnace in the nitriding method D is a mixed gas of 80% nitrogen and 20% hydrogen gas.
Nitriding efficiency was evaluated by N content by chemical analysis before and after nitriding.
In the inventive examples that meet the conditions of the present invention, the N increase in steel is as high as 0.3 to 0.6%, indicating that the nitriding efficiency of the present invention is high, and the furnace material nitriding is “none” or “Fine”.
On the other hand, in the comparative example not satisfying the conditions of the present invention, the N increase in the steel shows a low value of 0.2% or less, indicating that the nitriding efficiency is low, and the steel material temperature is 20 ° C. below the ambient temperature. Since the condition of the present invention to be increased is not satisfied, the furnace material nitriding is “large”.
[0023]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to nitride a metal material for the purpose of imparting desirable characteristics with respect to strength, fatigue characteristics, wear resistance characteristics, toughness, etc., in a manufacturing process of a metal material including a steel plate or steel material. In other words, it is possible to perform nitriding with high nitriding efficiency by applying a nitriding method that is advantageous from the viewpoint of productivity in the production of metal materials, making it possible to produce materials with higher productivity. There are significant effects that are useful.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a nitriding method A of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a nitriding method B of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a nitriding method C of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a nitriding method D of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a nitriding method E of the present invention.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2003003847A JP4084667B2 (en) | 2003-01-10 | 2003-01-10 | Nitriding method of metal material |
| KR20030066736A KR100561995B1 (en) | 2003-01-10 | 2003-09-26 | Nitrification method of metal material |
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| JP2003003847A JP4084667B2 (en) | 2003-01-10 | 2003-01-10 | Nitriding method of metal material |
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| JP4084667B2 true JP4084667B2 (en) | 2008-04-30 |
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| JP2007238969A (en) * | 2006-03-06 | 2007-09-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | Nitriding method |
| WO2012083975A1 (en) * | 2010-12-20 | 2012-06-28 | Robert Bosch G.M.B.H. | Heat treatment process for a manufacturing process of a drive belt metal ring component |
| DE102014106135A1 (en) * | 2014-04-30 | 2015-11-05 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Nozzle device and method for treating a flat steel product |
| JP6477532B2 (en) * | 2016-02-05 | 2019-03-06 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Nitrogen treatment method |
| JP6477609B2 (en) | 2016-06-20 | 2019-03-06 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Surface treatment method and surface treatment apparatus |
| CN110499487A (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2019-11-26 | 武汉尚瑞科技有限公司 | A kind of ammonia nozzle structure for high magnetic induction grain-oriented silicon steel Nitrizing Treatment |
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