JP4075451B2 - Lithium secondary battery - Google Patents
Lithium secondary battery Download PDFInfo
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- JP4075451B2 JP4075451B2 JP2002139900A JP2002139900A JP4075451B2 JP 4075451 B2 JP4075451 B2 JP 4075451B2 JP 2002139900 A JP2002139900 A JP 2002139900A JP 2002139900 A JP2002139900 A JP 2002139900A JP 4075451 B2 JP4075451 B2 JP 4075451B2
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- lithium
- secondary battery
- transition metal
- positive electrode
- composite oxide
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 120
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 58
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 71
- -1 lithium transition metal Chemical class 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 17
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 10
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QSNQXZYQEIKDPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Fe] Chemical compound [Li].[Fe] QSNQXZYQEIKDPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 101100513612 Microdochium nivale MnCO gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910012820 LiCoO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010710 LiFePO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEVQZPWSVWZAOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(bromomethyl)-1-iodo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=C(I)C(CBr)=C1 YEVQZPWSVWZAOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013292 LiNiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- GKTNLYAAZKKMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[bis(dimethylamino)phosphinimyl]-n-methylmethanamine Chemical class CN(C)P(=N)(N(C)C)N(C)C GKTNLYAAZKKMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、リチウムの吸蔵・脱離現象を利用した二次電池であるリチウム二次電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
パソコン、ビデオカメラ、携帯電話等の小型化に伴い、情報関連機器、通信機器の分野では、これらの機器に用いる電源として、高エネルギー密度であるという理由から、リチウム二次電池が実用化され広く普及するに至っている。また一方で、自動車の分野においても、環境問題、資源問題から電気自動車の開発が急がれており、この電気自動車用の電源としても、リチウム二次電池が検討されている。
【0003】
現在、リチウム二次電池の正極活物質には、4V級の二次電池を構成できるものとして、層状岩塩構造のLiCoO2、LiNiO2、スピネル構造のLiMn2O4等のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物が好んで用いられている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、上記層状岩塩構造のLiCoO2、LiNiO2やスピネル構造のLiMn2O4等を正極活物質に用いた二次電池は、その充電状態(SOC)によって、入力密度および出力密度が変化するという問題があった。ここで、「充電状態(SOC)」とは、可逆的に充放電可能な電池電圧の範囲において、その上限となる電池電圧が得られる充電状態を100%、つまり満充電状態とし、下限となる電池電圧が得られる充電状態を0%、つまり空充電状態としたときの充電状態(SOC:State of Charge)を意味する。
【0005】
上記問題は、活物質であるLiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4等の充電電位や放電電位が、充放電の際のリチウムイオンの脱離・吸蔵にともなって変化することが原因の一つと考えられる。つまり、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4等は、SOCが高い場合には、電位が高くなり、反対に、SOCが低い場合には、電位は低くなる。したがって、高SOCでは、充電電位が電池の使用可能な上限電位に近くなるため、入力密度は小さいものとなる。同様に、低SOCでは、放電電位が電池の使用可能な下限電位に近くなるため、出力密度は小さくなる。このように、SOCによって電位が変化してしまうため、これらを正極活物質に用いたリチウム二次電池は、入力密度や出力密度がSOCに依存するものとなる。
【0006】
本発明は、上記問題を解決するためになされたものであり、入力密度や出力密度がSOCに依存しない、いわゆる入出力特性に優れたリチウム二次電池を提供することを課題とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明のリチウム二次電池は、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いた正極と、負極と、リチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解した非水電解液とを備えてなるリチウム二次電池であって、SOC50%における出力密度および入力密度がそれぞれ1500W/kg以上であり、かつ、SOCが25%以上80%以下の範囲における最大出力密度と最低出力密度の差である出力密度の変化率と、SOCが25%以上80%以下の範囲における最大入力密度と最低入力密度の差である入力密度の変化率がそれぞれ20%以下であり、
前記非水電解液の重量が、正極活物質の重量の60%以上であることを特徴とする。
【0008】
すなわち、本発明のリチウム二次電池は、入力密度や出力密度が大きく、かつ、SOCによって入力密度や出力密度があまり変化しないリチウム二次電池である。本発明のリチウム二次電池は、入出力特性に優れるため、特に電気自動車用の電源として好適である。
【0009】
また、もう一つの本発明のリチウム二次電池は、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いた正極と、負極と、リチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解した非水電解液とを備えてなるリチウム二次電池であって、前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、組成式LiMePO4(Meは2価の遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種)で表され、その結晶構造はオリビン構造を有するものであり、かつ、前記非水電解液は、正極活物質を100wt%とした場合の60wt%以上の割合で前記正極および前記負極に含浸することを特徴とする。すなわち、本発明のリチウム二次電池は、正極活物質として組成式LiMePO4で表されるオリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を用い、非水電解液の量を適正化して充分に電極に含浸させたものである。
【0010】
本発明者は、上記問題を解決すべく種々の実験、検討を行った結果、組成式LiMePO4で表されるオリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、充放電電位が充放電の際にも略一定であり、リチウムイオンの脱離・吸蔵によってほとんど変化しないとの知見を得た。組成式LiMePO4で表されるオリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、Liの吸蔵・脱離時にLiMePO4とMePO4との2相共存状態となり、略一定の電位をとると考えられる。したがって、オリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いることで、SOCによる入力密度や出力密度の変化が少ない、言い換えれば、入力密度や出力密度がSOCに依存しないリチウム二次電池を構成できる。
【0011】
一方、オリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、リチウムイオンの拡散がリン酸イオンにより阻害されるため、高電流密度で充放電を行う二次電池の正極活物質としては不向きであると考えられる。しかし、本発明者は、電極、すなわち正極活物質への非水電解液の含浸量を充分なものとすることで、リチウムイオンの拡散を促進し、高電流密度で充放電した場合であって大きな容量を得ることができるという知見を得た。
【0012】
したがって、本発明のリチウム二次電池は、組成式LiMePO4で表されるオリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質として用い、電極に非水電解液を充分含浸させることで、入力密度や出力密度が高く、かつ、それらがSOCに依存しない、いわゆる入出力特性に優れたリチウム二次電池となる。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に、本発明のリチウム二次電池の実施の形態について、正極活物質として用いるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物、非水電解液、リチウム二次電池の全体構成の項目に分け、詳しく説明する。
【0014】
〈正極活物質として用いるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物〉
本発明のリチウム二次電池の正極活物質として用いるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、特に限定されるものではない。入力密度や出力密度が高く、それらがSOCに依存しない二次電池を構成し得るものを採用すればよい。例えば、組成式LiMePO4で表され、その結晶構造はオリビン構造を有するものを用いることが好適である。
【0015】
この場合、組成式LiMePO4において、Meは2価の遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種であり、例えば、Fe、Mn、Ni、Co、Mg等が挙げられる。なかでも、資源的に豊富で安価であり、環境負荷も小さいという理由から、MeをFeとすることが望ましい。また、Meとして、2価の遷移金属の1種を単独で用いてもよいし、それらの2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。例えば、Meを主としてFeとし、Feの一部のサイトを他の元素で置換した態様が考えられる。ここで、Mn、Ni、Co、Mgは、Feと略同等のイオン半径を有し、かつFeとは異なる電位で酸化還元するものである。そのため、Feサイトの一部をこれらの元素の1種以上で置換することにより、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の結晶構造の安定化を図ることができる。したがって、LiFePO4において、Feサイトの一部を他の元素で置換した態様を採用することがより望ましい。特に、資源的にも豊富で安価であるという理由から、置換元素はMnとすることが望ましい。なお、「組成式LiMePO4で表され」とは、その化学量論組成のものだけでなく、一部の元素が欠損等した非化学量論組成のものをも含むことを意味する。
【0016】
上記組成式LiMePO4で表されるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、その結晶構造が斜方晶系のオリビン構造となるものであり、その空間群はPmnbで表される。つまり、オリビン構造とは酸素の六方最密充填を基本とし、その四面体サイトにリンが、八面体サイトにリチウムおよび遷移金属がともに位置する構造となる。
【0017】
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、その粒子の平均粒子径が特に限定されるものではないが、平均粒子径は5μm以下とすることが望ましい。平均粒径を5μm以下とすることで、リチウムイオンの拡散距離を短くし、かつ、リチウムイオンの吸蔵・脱離の反応に関与する表面積をより大きすることができる。その結果、反応が活性化され、リチウムイオンの吸蔵・脱離をよりスムーズに行うことができると考えられる。そのため、実用的な充放電密度で充放電した場合に、より大きな容量を得ることができ、高電流密度での充放電にもより適応できることとなる。特に、入出力特性が良好であるという点を考慮すれば、平均粒子径を1μm以下とすることが望ましい。また、電極の作製を容易に行うということを考慮すれば、平均粒子径を0.2μm以上とすることが望ましい。
【0018】
なお、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子の平均粒子径は、それぞれの粒子の粒子径の平均値であり、それぞれの粒子径は、例えば、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を利用して測定することができる。具体的には、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を利用してリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物粒子の最長径と最短径を測定し、それら2つの値の平均値をその1つの粒子の粒子径として採用すればよい。
【0019】
また、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、その粒子に炭素物質微粒子が複合化してなる態様とすることもできる。本態様では、ベースとなるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子に炭素物質微粒子をとりこむことで、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物と炭素物質微粒子とが複合化する。複合化とは、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子の中に炭素物質微粒子が分散している状態であり、ナノメートルオーダーの炭素物質微粒子がリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子に分散していることから、いわゆるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物と炭素物質微粒子とのナノコンポジット化が実現される。このように、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子に炭素物質微粒子が複合化しているため、より多くの導電パスが形成され、内部抵抗は小さくなる。
【0020】
また、後に説明するが、炭素物質微粒子を複合化する場合は、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の合成の際に、原料混合物に炭素物質微粒子を添加する。炭素物質微粒子の添加により、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の合成の際の還元雰囲気が保持されることとなり、Fe2+からFe3+への酸化が抑制され、また、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒成長や焼結も抑制される。
【0021】
例えば、組成式LiFePO4で表されるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いた場合には、充電の際にFe2+からFe3+への酸化が必須となる。したがって、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の合成の際にFe2+の酸化が抑制されることは、二次電池の容量の増加につながる。また、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒成長や焼結が抑制され、合成されるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物粒子の粒子径は比較的小さいものとなる。その結果、リチウムイオンの拡散距離は短くなり、リチウムイオンの吸蔵・脱離の反応が活性化するため、二次電池の容量は大きくなる。
【0022】
したがって、本態様を採用する場合には、本発明のリチウム二次電池は、入出力特性に優れることに加え、活物質容量が大きく、かつ、充放電を繰り返してもその容量を維持できるといういわゆるサイクル特性の良好なリチウム二次電池となる。
【0023】
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物に複合化する炭素物質微粒子は、その炭素物質の種類を特に制限するものではない。例えば、天然黒鉛、球状あるいは繊維状の人造黒鉛等の黒鉛質材料や、コークス等の易黒鉛化性炭素、フェノール樹脂焼成体等の難黒鉛化性炭素等の炭素質材料を挙げることができる。これらの微粒子を単独であるいは2種以上を混合して用いることができる。
【0024】
なかでも、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物中における分散性や、導電性向上の効果を考慮する場合には、カーボンブラックを用いることが望ましい。この場合は、炭化水素系のガスを燃焼して微粒子化すればよい。
【0025】
炭素物質微粒子の平均粒子径は、特に限定されるものではないが、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子に複合化するという観点から、5nm以上100nm以下であることが望ましい。平均粒子径が5nm未満の場合には、上記範囲内のものと比較してリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を合成する際の反応性が低下するからであり、また、100nmを超えると、上記範囲内のものと比較して分散性が低く、導電性向上の効果が小さいからである。
【0026】
また、炭素物質微粒子の炭素原子と、リチウム原子とのモル比、すなわち、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物に含まれる炭素原子と、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物に含まれるリチウム原子とのモル比は、0.02〜0.2であることが望ましい。0.02未満の場合には、炭素原子の量が少ないため、上記範囲内のものと比較して、炭素物質微粒子の複合化による上述した効果が小さいからであり、0.2を超えると、上記範囲内のものと比較して、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を合成する際の反応性が低下し、また、活物質放電容量が小さくなるからである。
【0027】
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、その製造方法を特に限定するものではない。以下に、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の好適な製造方法として、原料を混合して混合物を得る原料混合工程と、該混合物を所定の温度で焼成する焼成工程とを含んでなる製造方法の実施形態を説明する。
【0028】
(1)原料混合工程
本工程は、リチウム化合物と、遷移金属化合物と、リン含有アンモニウム塩と、必要に応じて添加される炭素物質とを混合して混合物を得る工程である。
【0029】
リチウム源となるリチウム化合物としては、Li2CO3、Li(OH)、Li(OH)・H2O、LiNO3等を用いることができる。特に、吸湿性が低いという理由からLi2CO3を用いることが望ましい。
【0030】
遷移金属源となる遷移金属化合物としては、遷移金属の価数が2価である化合物として、例えば、FeC2O4・2H2O、FeCl2、MnCO3、MnCl2・4H2O、NiO、Ni(OH)2、CoO、CoCl2、MgO、Mg(OH)2等を用いることができる。特に、資源的に豊富で安価である等の理由からFeを主構成元素とすることが望ましく、その場合には、焼成時に発生するガスの腐食性が低いという理由から、FeC2O4・2H2Oを用いることが望ましい。また、結晶構造の安定化を図るべく、Feサイトの一部を他元素で置換する場合には、上述したように、Mnを用いることが望ましい。その場合には、比較的低温(約350℃)で分解するという理由から、MnCO3を用いることが望ましい。
【0031】
リン源となるリン含有アンモニウム塩としては、NH4H2PO4、(NH4)2HPO4等を用いることができる。特に、比較的吸湿性が低く、腐食性ガスの発生量が少ないという理由からNH4H2PO4を用いることが望ましい。
【0032】
なお、アンモニアを発生しないという理由から、アンモニア塩を含まない化合物を用いて、リチウム源およびリン源とすることもできる。その場合には、リチウム化合物およびリン含有アンモニウム塩の代わりに、Li:Pが1:1で含まれるような、LiH2PO4等の化合物を用いればよい。
【0033】
炭素物質微粒子を複合化したリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を合成する場合には、炭素物質微粒子を上記化合物と混合すればよい。炭素物質微粒子としては、上述した炭素物質を用いればよく、特に、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物中における分散性や、導電性向上の効果を考慮する場合には、カーボンブラックを用いることが望ましい。
【0034】
上記の原料は、いずれも粉末状のものを用いればよく、それらの混合は、通常の粉体の混合に用いられている方法で行えばよい。具体的には、例えば、ボールミル、ミキサー、乳鉢等を用いて混合すればよい。なお、それぞれの原料の混合割合は、製造しようとするリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の組成に応じた割合とすればよい。
【0035】
(2)焼成工程
焼成工程は、原料混合工程で得られた混合物を600℃以上750℃以下の温度で焼成する工程である。焼成は、2価の遷移金属が3価に酸化されるのを防ぐため、不活性雰囲気下、または還元雰囲気下、具体的には、例えば、アルゴン気流中あるいは窒素気流中等にて行えばよい。
【0036】
焼成温度は、600℃以上750℃以下とする。焼成温度が600℃未満であると、反応が充分に進行せず、目的とする斜方晶のもの以外の副相が生成し、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の結晶性が悪くなるからである。反対に、750℃を超えると、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子が成長し、その粒子径が大きくなるからである。特に、入出力特性の向上、高容量の確保という点を考慮すれば、620℃以上700℃以下とすることが望ましい。なお、焼成時間は焼成が完了するのに充分な時間であればよく、通常、6時間程度行えばよい。
【0037】
〈非水電解液〉
非水電解液は、支持塩としてのリチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解させたものである。また、ラジカル補足剤、界面活性剤や難燃剤等を含んでいてもよい。リチウム塩は有機溶媒に溶解することによって解離し、リチウムイオンとなって電解液中に存在する。使用できるリチウム塩としては、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiAsF6、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2等、およびそれらの複合塩が挙げられる。特に、電離度が大きく、溶解性も良好であるという理由からLiPF6を用いることが望ましい。これらのリチウム塩は、それぞれ単独で用いてもよく、また、これらのもののうち2種以上のものを併用することもできる。なお、非水電解液中のリチウム塩の濃度は、イオン伝導度が良好であるという理由から、0.8M以上1.5M以下とすることが望ましい。リチウム塩の濃度が0.8M未満の場合には、充分な容量を得ることができず、また、1.5Mを超えると電解液の粘性が高くなるためにイオン伝導度が小さくなるからである。
【0038】
リチウム塩を溶解させる有機溶媒には、非プロトン性の有機溶媒を用いる。例えば、環状カーボネート、鎖状カーボネート、環状エステル、環状エーテル、鎖状エーテル、ホスファゼン化合物、あるいはリン酸化合物等の1種または2種以上からなる混合溶媒を用いることができる。環状カーボネートの例示としてはエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート等が、鎖状カーボネートの例示としてはジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート等が、環状エステルの例示としてはガンマブチロラクトン、ガンマバレロラクトン等が、環状エーテルの例示としてはテトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン等が、鎖状エーテルの例示としてはジメトキシエタン、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル等が、ホスファゼン化合物の例示としてはヘキサエトキシトリシクロホスファゼン、トリプロポキシホスファゾホスホニルジプロポキシド等が、リン酸化合物の例としてはリン酸トリオクチル、リン酸トリブチル等がそれぞれ挙げられる。これらのもののうちいずれか1種を単独で用いることも、また2種以上を混合させて用いることもできる。
【0039】
なお、電解液は、支持塩であるリチウム塩の解離を助長するために高誘電率であって、かつ、リチウムイオンの移動を妨げないために低粘度であることが要求される。プロピレンカーボネートはその両方の性質を備えていることから、溶媒として好適であるが、炭素材料との反応性が高く、単独で用いることは困難である。したがって、プロピレンカーボネートを用いる場合には、他の有機溶媒、例えば、ジメチルカーボネート、ヘキサエトキシトリシクロホスファゼン等と混合して用いることが望ましい。また、その他の態様としては、例えば、高誘電率溶媒としてエチレンカーボネート等を、低粘度溶媒としてジエチルカーボネート等をそれぞれ混合して用いることが望ましい。
【0040】
非水電解液の重量は、非水電解液中の上記リチウム塩の濃度や、有機溶媒の比重等により異なるものとなるが、非水電解液は、正極活物質を100wt%とした場合の60wt%以上の割合で正極および負極に含浸することが望ましい。非水電解液の割合が正極活物質の60wt%未満の場合には、正極活物質に非水電解液が充分浸潤し難く、活物質表面における反応に関与する面積が小さくなり、また、リチウムイオンも拡散し難くなるため、内部抵抗が大きくなるからである。すなわち、正極活物質の60wt%未満の割合で非水電解液を備えた二次電池は、活物質容量が小さく、入出力特性も充分なものとはなり難い。
【0041】
なお、通常、電池ケースの大きさは、正極および負極からなる電極体の大きさと略同じものとなる。したがって、電池ケースに注入した非水電解液は、ほとんど電極体に含浸すると考えてよい。そのため、非水電解液の電極体への含浸量は、非水電解液の注入量で制御すればよい。
【0042】
〈リチウム二次電池の全体構成〉
本発明のリチウム二次電池は、上記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いた正極と、負極と、リチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解した上記非水電解液とを備えており、上記正極活物質および非水電解液を除き、他の構成要素は特に限定されるものではなく、既に存在する通常のリチウム二次電池に従えばよい。以下にその一例を示す。
【0043】
正極は、正極活物質に導電材および結着剤を混合し、必要に応じ適当な溶媒を加えて、ペースト状の正極合材としたものを、アルミニウム等の金属箔製の集電体表面に塗布、乾燥し、その後プレスによって活物質密度を高めることによって形成する。
【0044】
本実施形態では、正極活物質として上記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を用いる。なお、本リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、その組成、粒子径、炭素物質微粒子の有無等により種々のものが存在する。したがって、それらの1種を正極活物質として用いるものであってもよく、また、2種以上を混合して用いるものであってもよい。
【0045】
正極に用いる導電材は、正極活物質層の電気伝導性を確保するためのものであり、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、黒鉛等の炭素物質粉状体の1種又は2種以上を混合したものを用いることができる。結着剤は、活物質粒子を繋ぎ止める役割を果たすもので、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、フッ素ゴム等の含フッ素樹脂、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等の熱可塑性樹脂を用いることができる。これら活物質、導電材、結着剤を分散させる溶剤としては、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン等の有機溶剤を用いることができる。
【0046】
正極に対向させる負極は、金属リチウム、リチウム合金等を、シート状にして、あるいはシート状にしたものをニッケル、ステンレス等の集電体網に圧着して形成することができる。しかし、デンドライトの析出等を考慮し、安全性に優れたリチウム二次電池とするために、リチウムを吸蔵・脱離できる炭素物質を活物質とする負極を用いることが望ましい。使用できる炭素物質としては、天然あるいは人造の黒鉛、フェノール樹脂等の有機化合物焼成体、コークス等の粉状体が挙げられる。この場合は、負極活物質に結着剤を混合し、適当な溶媒を加えてペースト状にした負極合材を、銅等の金属箔集電体の表面に塗布乾燥して形成する。なお、炭素物質を負極活物質とした場合、正極同様、負極結着剤としてはポリフッ化ビニリデン等の含フッ素樹脂等を、溶剤としてはN−メチル−2−ピロリドン等の有機溶剤を用いることができる。
【0047】
正極と負極との間にはセパレータを挟装する。セパレータは、正極と負極とを隔離しつつ電解液を保持してイオンを通過させるものであり、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等の薄い微多孔膜を用いることができる。
【0048】
以上のものから構成されるリチウム二次電池であるが、その形状はコイン型、積層型、円筒型等の種々のものとすることができる。いずれの形状を採る場合であっても、正極および負極にセパレータを挟装させ電極体とし、正極および負極から外部に通ずる正極端子および負極端子までの間をそれぞれ導通させるようにする。そして、その電極体を電池ケースに挿設し、非水電解液を注入した後、電池ケースを密閉して電池を完成させることができる。
【0049】
〈他の実施形態の許容〉
以上、本発明のリチウム二次電の実施形態について説明したが、上述した実施形態は一実施形態にすぎず、本発明のリチウム二次電池は、上記実施形態を始めとして、当業者の知識に基づいて種々の変更、改良を施した種々の形態で実施することができる。
【0050】
【実施例】
上記実施形態に基づいて、オリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を製造し、製造したリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質としてリチウム二次電池を作製した。そして、種々のSOCにおける二次電池の出力密度および入力密度の値から、入出力特性を評価した。以下、詳しく説明する。
【0051】
〈リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の製造〉
遷移金属に主としてFeを用い、その一部をMnで置換したリチウム鉄複合酸化物であって、さらに炭素物質微粒子を複合化したリチウム鉄複合酸化物(LiFe0.85Mn0.15PO4:C0.2)を製造した。
【0052】
リチウム源およびリン源としてLiH2PO4を、鉄源としてFeC2O4・2H2Oを、置換元素源としてMnCO3を、炭素物質微粒子としてアセチレンブラックをそれぞれ用いた。なお、アセチレンブラックは平均粒子径が24nmのものを用いた。まず、FeC2O4・2H2OとMnCO3とを、それぞれFe:Mnがモル比で、0.85:0.15の割合となるように混合した(Mnによる置換割合は0.15)。このFeC2O4・2H2OとMnCO3との混合物に、LiH2PO4と、アセチレンブラックとを、Li:(Fe+Mn):Cがモル比で1:1:0.2となるようにそれぞれ混合した。なお、混合には自動乳鉢を用いた。これらの各混合物を、アルゴン気流中、650℃で6時間焼成した。そして、得られたリチウム鉄複合酸化物を解砕して、正極活物質となる粉末状のリチウム鉄複合酸化物とした。リチウム鉄複合酸化物の平均粒子径は、1μmであった。
【0053】
〈リチウム二次電池の作製〉
上記リチウム鉄複合酸化物を正極活物質に用いて、電極に含浸させる非水電解液量の異なるリチウム二次電池を3種類作製した。正極は、まず、正極活物質となるそれぞれのリチウム鉄複合酸化物77重量部に、導電材としてのカーボンブラックを15重量部、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデンを8重量部混合し、溶剤として適量のN−メチル−2−ピロリドンを添加して、ペースト状の正極合材を調製した。使用した正極活物質は3.51gであった。次いで、このペースト状の正極合材を厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔集電体の両面に塗布し、乾燥させ、その後ロールプレスにて圧縮し、シート状の正極を作製した。このシート状の正極を54mm×450mmの大きさに裁断して用いた。
【0054】
対向させる負極は、黒鉛化メソカーボンマイクロビーズ(黒鉛化MCMB)を活物質として用いた。まず、活物質となる黒鉛化MCMBの92重量部に、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデンを8重量部混合し、溶剤として適量のN−メチル−2−ピロリドンを添加し、ペースト状の負極合材を調製し、次いで、このペースト状の負極合材を厚さ10μmの銅箔集電体の両面に塗布し、乾燥させ、その後ロールプレスにて圧縮し、シート状の負極を作製した。このシート状の負極を56mm×500mmの大きさに裁断して用いた。
【0055】
上記それぞれ正極および負極を、それらの間に厚さ25μm、幅58mmのポリエチレン製セパレータを挟んで捲回し、ロール状の電極体を形成した。そして、その電極体を18650型円筒形電池ケース(外径18mmφ、長さ65mm)に挿設し、非水電解液をそれぞれ1.79g、2.39g、2.81gずつ注入し、その電池ケースを密閉して円筒型リチウム二次電池を3種類作製した。なお、非水電解液は、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートとを体積比で3:7に混合した混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1.5Mの濃度で溶解したものを用いた。作製した二次電池における非水電解液の割合は、それぞれ、正極活物質を100wt%とした場合の51wt%、68wt%、80wt%であった。作製したこれらの二次電池を、非水電解液の割合が小さい方から順に#1、#2、#3の二次電池とした。
【0056】
〈入出力特性の評価〉
最初に、作製した#1〜#3のリチウム二次電池における活物質放電容量を測定した。20℃の温度条件下で、電流密度1.0mA/cm2の定電流で充電上限電圧4.1Vまで充電を行い、次いで、電流密度1.0mA/cm2の定電流で放電下限電圧2.6Vまで放電を行って、各二次電池の放電容量を測定した。その放電容量の値から、炭素物質微粒子を除いた正極活物質1gあたりの放電容量、すなわち活物質放電容量を求めた。次に、各二次電池の内部抵抗を評価するために、各二次電池のインピーダンスを測定した。測定方法は、1kHzの交流抵抗を電池の端子間で測定した。各二次電池の活物質放電容量およびインピーダンスの値を表1に示す。
【0057】
【表1】
【0058】
表1より、二次電池における非水電解液の含浸割合が大きくなるにつれ、活物質放電容量は増加し、インピーダンス、すなわち内部抵抗は減少している。つまり、#3の二次電池は、非水電解液の割合が80wt%と大きいため、#1の二次電池と比較して、活物質放電容量は約1.5倍に、また抵抗値は3/4となっている。したがって、正極活物質を100wt%とした場合の60wt%以上の割合で非水電解液を含む本発明のリチウム二次電池は、活物質放電容量が大きいことに加え、内部抵抗が小さく、出力特性に優れていることが確認できた。
【0059】
次に、二次電池の充電状態(SOC)を変えて、#1、#3の二次電池の出力密度および入力密度を測定した。各二次電池について所定のSOCで、雰囲気温度を20℃とし、0.1Cで10秒間放電させ、10秒目の電圧を測定した。次いで0.3Cで10秒間、1Cで10秒間、3Cで10秒間、10Cで10秒間放電させ、各10秒目の電圧を測定した。同様の手順で充電も行い、各10秒目の電圧を測定した。そして、放電側の電流−電圧直線と下限電圧(2.6V)とで囲まれる3角形の面積を、そのSOCにおける出力(W)と、充電側の電流−電圧直線と上限電圧(4.1V)とで囲まれる3角形の面積を、そのSOCにおける入力(W)とした。なお、各リチウム二次電池の基準容量を1時間で放電するために必要な電流を1時間率(1C)とした。そして、種々のSOCにおける出力および入力値を求め、それらの値から出力密度(W/kg)、および入力密度(W/kg)を算出した。図1に、#1、#3の二次電池の出力密度のSOC依存性をグラフで示し、同様に、図2に、#1、#3の二次電池の入力密度のSOC依存性をグラフで示す。
【0060】
図1から明らかなように、#3の二次電池は、#1の二次電池と比較して、出力密度はSOCに依存することなく略一定の値であり、その値も約1500(W/kg)と大きいものであった。また、図2より、#3の二次電池の入力密度は、高SOCで若干の低下がみられるが、SOCによる入力密度の変化率は20%以下と小さいものであることがわかった。そして、その入力密度は、SOCが25%〜50%の範囲では3000(W/kg)と大きな値であった。一方、#1の二次電池は、#3の二次電池と比較して、入力密度の値も小さく、高SOCでは入力密度がさらに低下した。このように、非水電解液の量を適正化した本発明の二次電池は、出力密度、入力密度がともに高く、かつSOCによる入出力密度の変化の少ない二次電池であることが確認できた。より具体的には、SOC50%における出力密度および入力密度がそれぞれ1500W/kg以上であり、かつ、SOCが25%以上80%以下の範囲における出力密度の変化率および入力密度の変化率がそれぞれ20%以下であることが確認できた。
【0061】
さらに、正極活物質による電池の入出力特性の違いを調べるため、上記#3の二次電池において正極活物質のみを変えて3種類の二次電池を作製した。正極活物質として、オリビン構造のLiFe0.85Mn0.15PO4、層状岩塩構造のLiNiO2、スピネル構造のLiMn2O4をそれぞれ用い、上記同様に二次電池を作製した。ここで、LiFe0.85Mn0.15PO4は、炭素物質微粒子を複合化しない点以外はすべて上記リチウム鉄複合酸化物と同様に製造した。作製した二次電池のうち、LiFe0.85Mn0.15PO4を正極活物質としたものを#4の二次電池、LiNiO2を正極活物質としたものを#5の二次電池、LiMn2O4を正極活物質としたものを#6の二次電池とした。なお、#4〜#6の二次電池における非水電解液の割合は、上記#3の二次電池と同様、正極活物質を100wt%とした場合の80wt%とした。そして、上記同様にそれらの電池の出力密度および入力密度を測定し、SOCの依存性を調べた。結果を上記#3の二次電池のものと併せて図3、図4に示す。
【0062】
図3より明らかなように、#5および#6の二次電池は、#3の二次電池と比較して、SOCによって出力密度が大幅に変化した。特に、#5の二次電池は、出力密度の変化が大きく、SOCが20%程度では出力密度が1000(W/kg)以下と小さいものであった。一方、#4の二次電池は、#3の二次電池と同様、出力密度はSOCに依存することなく略一定の値であった。
【0063】
また、図4より明らかなように、#5および#6の二次電池は、#3の二次電池と比較して、SOCによって入力密度が大幅に変化した。そして#5および#6の二次電池の入力密度の値は、全SOCにおいて#3の二次電池より小さいものであった。一方、#4の二次電池は、#3の二次電池と同様、入力密度が大きく、SOCによる入力密度の変化率も小さかった。
【0064】
このように、オリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いた本発明の二次電池は、出力密度、入力密度がともに高く、かつSOCによる入出力密度の変化の少ない二次電池であることが確認できた。
【0065】
以上より、本発明の二次電池は、正極活物質としてオリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を用い、かつ、電極に含浸する非水電解液の割合を、正極活物質を100wt%とした場合の60wt%としたことで、出力密度、入力密度がともに高く、かつそれらがSOCに依存しない二次電池となることが確認できた。
【0066】
【発明の効果】
本発明のリチウム二次電池は、SOC50%における出力密度および入力密度がそれぞれ1500W/kg以上と大きく、SOCが25%以上80%以下の範囲における出力密度の変化率および入力密度の変化率がそれぞれ20%以下と小さい。また、本発明のリチウム二次電池は、組成式LiMePO4で表されるオリビン構造のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を正極活物質として用い、かつ非水電解液の含浸量を適正なものとすることで、出力密度、入力密度がともに高く、かつそれらがSOCに依存しないリチウム二次電池となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 非水電解液の含浸割合の異なる#1、#3の二次電池の出力密度のSOC依存性を示す。
【図2】 非水電解液の含浸割合の異なる#1、#3の二次電池の入力密度のSOC依存性を示す。
【図3】 正極活物質の異なる#3〜#6の二次電池の出力密度のSOC依存性を示す。
【図4】 正極活物質の異なる#3〜#6の二次電池の入力密度のSOC依存性を示す。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery, which is a secondary battery that utilizes a lithium insertion / extraction phenomenon.
[0002]
[Prior art]
With the miniaturization of personal computers, video cameras, mobile phones, etc., in the fields of information-related equipment and communication equipment, lithium secondary batteries have been put into practical use because of their high energy density as the power source used for these equipment. It has become widespread. On the other hand, in the field of automobiles, the development of electric vehicles has been urgently caused by environmental problems and resource problems, and lithium secondary batteries have been studied as power sources for the electric vehicles.
[0003]
At present, the positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery is a layered rock salt structure LiCoO that can be used to constitute a 4V class secondary battery. 2 , LiNiO 2 Spinel structure LiMn 2 O Four Lithium transition metal composite oxides such as these are preferably used.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, LiCoO with the above layered rock salt structure 2 , LiNiO 2 LiMn with spinel structure 2 O Four Secondary batteries using the above as the positive electrode active material have a problem that input density and output density vary depending on the state of charge (SOC). Here, the “charged state (SOC)” is the lower limit with the state of charge at which the upper limit battery voltage is obtained being 100%, that is, the fully charged state, in the range of reversibly chargeable / dischargeable battery voltage. It means the state of charge (SOC) when the state of charge at which the battery voltage is obtained is 0%, that is, the state of charge is empty.
[0005]
The above problem is that LiCoO which is an active material 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O Four It is considered that one of the causes is that the charging potential and discharging potential such as change as the lithium ions are desorbed and occluded during charging and discharging. That is, LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O Four Etc., when the SOC is high, the potential is high, and conversely, when the SOC is low, the potential is low. Therefore, at a high SOC, the charge potential is close to the upper limit potential that can be used by the battery, and the input density is small. Similarly, at a low SOC, the discharge potential is close to the lower limit potential that can be used for the battery, so the output density is small. As described above, since the potential changes depending on the SOC, the lithium secondary battery using these as the positive electrode active material depends on the SOC in terms of input density and output density.
[0006]
The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery excellent in so-called input / output characteristics in which input density and output density do not depend on SOC.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The lithium secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode using a lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in an organic solvent. And the output density and the input density at 50% SOC are 1500 W / kg or more respectively, and The rate of change of the output density, which is the difference between the maximum output density and the minimum output density when the SOC is 25% or more and 80% or less, and the difference between the maximum input density and the minimum input density when the SOC is 25% or more and 80% or less. The rate of change of a certain input density Each is less than 20%
The weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte is 60% or more of the weight of the positive electrode active material. It is characterized by that.
[0008]
That is, the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium secondary battery that has a high input density and an output density, and the input density and the output density do not change much depending on the SOC. Since the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is excellent in input / output characteristics, it is particularly suitable as a power source for electric vehicles.
[0009]
Another lithium secondary battery of the present invention comprises a positive electrode using a lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved in an organic solvent. A lithium secondary battery, wherein the lithium transition metal composite oxide has a composition formula of LiMePO Four (Me is at least one selected from divalent transition metals), the crystal structure thereof has an olivine structure, and the non-aqueous electrolyte contains 100 wt% of the positive electrode active material. The positive electrode and the negative electrode are impregnated at a rate of 60 wt% or more. That is, the lithium secondary battery of the present invention has a composition formula LiMePO as a positive electrode active material. Four The lithium transition metal composite oxide having an olivine structure represented by the formula (1) is used, and the electrode is sufficiently impregnated by optimizing the amount of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
[0010]
As a result of various experiments and studies to solve the above problems, the present inventor has found that the composition formula LiMePO Four The lithium transition metal composite oxide having an olivine structure represented by the formula has the knowledge that the charge / discharge potential is substantially constant during charge / discharge, and hardly changes due to desorption / occlusion of lithium ions. Composition formula LiMePO Four The lithium transition metal composite oxide having an olivine structure represented by the formula Four And MePO Four It is considered that the two-phase coexistence state and take a substantially constant potential. Therefore, by using a lithium transition metal composite oxide having an olivine structure as a positive electrode active material, changes in input density and output density due to SOC are small, in other words, a lithium secondary battery in which input density and output density do not depend on SOC. Can be configured.
[0011]
On the other hand, lithium transition metal composite oxides with an olivine structure are considered unsuitable as positive electrode active materials for secondary batteries that charge and discharge at a high current density because diffusion of lithium ions is inhibited by phosphate ions. . However, the inventor of the present invention is a case where the electrode, that is, the positive electrode active material is sufficiently impregnated with the non-aqueous electrolyte to promote the diffusion of lithium ions and charge and discharge at a high current density. The knowledge that a large capacity can be obtained was obtained.
[0012]
Therefore, the lithium secondary battery of the present invention has the composition formula LiMePO Four Using a lithium transition metal composite oxide having an olivine structure represented by the above as a positive electrode active material, the electrode is sufficiently impregnated with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, so that the input density and the output density are high, and they do not depend on the SOC. The lithium secondary battery is excellent in so-called input / output characteristics.
[0013]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention will be described in detail by dividing into the items of the overall configuration of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the lithium secondary battery used as the positive electrode active material.
[0014]
<Lithium transition metal composite oxide used as positive electrode active material>
The lithium transition metal composite oxide used as the positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited. What is necessary is just to employ | adopt what can comprise the secondary battery whose input density and output density are high and which do not depend on SOC. For example, the composition formula LiMePO Four It is preferable to use a crystal structure having an olivine structure.
[0015]
In this case, the composition formula LiMePO Four In the above, Me is at least one selected from divalent transition metals, and examples thereof include Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, and Mg. Among these, Me is preferably Fe because it is abundant and inexpensive in terms of resources and has a low environmental load. Further, as Me, one kind of divalent transition metal may be used alone, or two or more kinds thereof may be mixed and used. For example, an embodiment in which Me is mainly Fe and some sites of Fe are replaced with other elements is conceivable. Here, Mn, Ni, Co, and Mg have an ionic radius substantially the same as that of Fe, and are oxidized and reduced at a potential different from that of Fe. Therefore, the crystal structure of the lithium transition metal composite oxide can be stabilized by substituting a part of the Fe site with one or more of these elements. Therefore, LiFePO Four In this case, it is more desirable to adopt an embodiment in which a part of the Fe site is replaced with another element. In particular, it is desirable that the substitution element is Mn because it is abundant in terms of resources and is inexpensive. In addition, “Composition formula LiMePO” Four "Represented by" means not only that of the stoichiometric composition but also that of non-stoichiometric composition in which some elements are deficient.
[0016]
The above composition formula LiMePO Four The lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by the formula has an orthorhombic olivine structure in its crystal structure, and its space group is represented by Pmnb. In other words, the olivine structure is based on the hexagonal close-packed filling of oxygen, and has a structure in which phosphorus is located at the tetrahedral site and lithium and transition metal are located at the octahedral site.
[0017]
The average particle diameter of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is not particularly limited, but the average particle diameter is preferably 5 μm or less. By setting the average particle size to 5 μm or less, the diffusion distance of lithium ions can be shortened, and the surface area involved in the lithium ion occlusion / desorption reaction can be further increased. As a result, it is considered that the reaction is activated and lithium ions can be absorbed and desorbed more smoothly. Therefore, when charging / discharging at a practical charging / discharging density, a larger capacity can be obtained, and the charging / discharging at a high current density can be more adapted. In particular, considering that the input / output characteristics are good, it is desirable that the average particle size is 1 μm or less. Further, considering that the electrode is easily manufactured, it is desirable that the average particle diameter is 0.2 μm or more.
[0018]
In addition, the average particle diameter of the lithium transition metal composite oxide particles is an average value of the particle diameters of the respective particles, and the respective particle diameters are measured using, for example, a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Can do. Specifically, the longest and shortest diameters of lithium transition metal composite oxide particles are measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the average of these two values is adopted as the particle diameter of the single particle. do it.
[0019]
In addition, the lithium transition metal composite oxide may have a form in which carbon material fine particles are complexed with the particles. In this embodiment, the lithium transition metal composite oxide and the carbon material fine particles are combined by incorporating the carbon material fine particles into the base lithium transition metal composite oxide particles. Compounding is a state in which carbon material fine particles are dispersed in lithium transition metal composite oxide particles, and nanometer-order carbon material fine particles are dispersed in lithium transition metal composite oxide particles. Therefore, a nanocomposite of a so-called lithium transition metal composite oxide and carbon material fine particles is realized. Thus, since the carbon substance fine particles are combined with the lithium transition metal composite oxide particles, more conductive paths are formed and the internal resistance is reduced.
[0020]
As will be described later, when the carbon material fine particles are combined, the carbon material fine particles are added to the raw material mixture when the lithium transition metal composite oxide is synthesized. By adding the carbon fine particles, the reducing atmosphere during the synthesis of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is maintained, and Fe 2+ To Fe 3+ Oxidation is suppressed, and grain growth and sintering of the lithium transition metal composite oxide are also suppressed.
[0021]
For example, the composition formula LiFePO Four When the lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by 2+ To Fe 3+ Oxidation to is essential. Therefore, during the synthesis of lithium transition metal composite oxide, Fe 2+ Suppression of the oxidation of the secondary battery leads to an increase in the capacity of the secondary battery. Further, grain growth and sintering of the lithium transition metal composite oxide are suppressed, and the synthesized lithium transition metal composite oxide particles have a relatively small particle size. As a result, the lithium ion diffusion distance is shortened, and the lithium ion storage / desorption reaction is activated, thereby increasing the capacity of the secondary battery.
[0022]
Therefore, in the case of adopting this aspect, the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is so-called that, in addition to excellent input / output characteristics, the active material capacity is large and the capacity can be maintained even after repeated charge and discharge. The lithium secondary battery has good cycle characteristics.
[0023]
The carbon material fine particles to be compounded with the lithium transition metal composite oxide do not particularly limit the type of the carbon material. Examples thereof include carbonaceous materials such as natural graphite, spherical or fibrous artificial graphite and the like, graphitizable carbon such as coke, and non-graphitizable carbon such as a phenol resin fired body. These fine particles can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
[0024]
In particular, it is desirable to use carbon black when considering the dispersibility in the lithium transition metal composite oxide and the effect of improving the conductivity. In this case, hydrocarbon gas may be burned to form fine particles.
[0025]
The average particle diameter of the carbon material fine particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 nm or more and 100 nm or less from the viewpoint of being compounded with lithium transition metal composite oxide particles. This is because when the average particle size is less than 5 nm, the reactivity in synthesizing the lithium transition metal composite oxide is lower than that in the above range. This is because the dispersibility is low as compared with the above and the effect of improving the conductivity is small.
[0026]
Further, the molar ratio between the carbon atom and the lithium atom in the carbon fine particles, that is, the molar ratio between the carbon atom contained in the lithium transition metal composite oxide and the lithium atom contained in the lithium transition metal composite oxide is 0. It is desirable that it is 0.02-0.2. When the amount is less than 0.02, the amount of carbon atoms is small, and therefore the above-described effect of the composite of the carbon fine particles is small as compared with those within the above range. This is because the reactivity when synthesizing the lithium transition metal composite oxide is reduced and the active material discharge capacity is reduced as compared with the above range.
[0027]
The method for producing the lithium transition metal composite oxide is not particularly limited. Hereinafter, as a preferred method for producing a lithium transition metal composite oxide, an embodiment of a production method comprising a raw material mixing step of mixing raw materials to obtain a mixture, and a firing step of firing the mixture at a predetermined temperature Will be explained.
[0028]
(1) Raw material mixing process
This step is a step of obtaining a mixture by mixing a lithium compound, a transition metal compound, a phosphorus-containing ammonium salt, and a carbon substance added as necessary.
[0029]
Lithium compounds that serve as lithium sources include Li 2 CO Three , Li (OH), Li (OH) · H 2 O, LiNO Three Etc. can be used. In particular, Li has low hygroscopicity. 2 CO Three It is desirable to use
[0030]
Examples of the transition metal compound serving as the transition metal source include compounds in which the valence of the transition metal is divalent, such as FeC. 2 O Four ・ 2H 2 O, FeCl 2 , MnCO Three , MnCl 2 ・ 4H 2 O, NiO, Ni (OH) 2 , CoO, CoCl 2 , MgO, Mg (OH) 2 Etc. can be used. In particular, it is desirable to use Fe as a main constituent element because it is abundant and inexpensive in resources, and in that case, FeC is low in corrosiveness of the gas generated during firing. 2 O Four ・ 2H 2 It is desirable to use O. In addition, when part of the Fe site is replaced with another element in order to stabilize the crystal structure, it is desirable to use Mn as described above. In that case, because of decomposition at a relatively low temperature (about 350 ° C.), MnCO Three It is desirable to use
[0031]
Examples of phosphorus-containing ammonium salts that serve as phosphorus sources include NH. Four H 2 PO Four , (NH Four ) 2 HPO Four Etc. can be used. In particular, NH is relatively low in hygroscopicity and has a low generation amount of corrosive gas. Four H 2 PO Four It is desirable to use
[0032]
In addition, since it does not generate | occur | produce ammonia, it can also be set as a lithium source and a phosphorus source using the compound which does not contain an ammonia salt. In that case, LiH such that Li: P is contained 1: 1 instead of lithium compound and phosphorus-containing ammonium salt. 2 PO Four Or the like.
[0033]
When synthesizing a lithium transition metal composite oxide in which carbon material fine particles are combined, the carbon material fine particles may be mixed with the above compound. As the carbon material fine particles, the above-mentioned carbon material may be used. In particular, when considering the dispersibility in the lithium transition metal composite oxide and the effect of improving the conductivity, it is desirable to use carbon black.
[0034]
Any of the above-mentioned raw materials may be used in the form of powder, and mixing thereof may be performed by a method used for normal powder mixing. Specifically, it may be mixed using, for example, a ball mill, a mixer, a mortar or the like. In addition, what is necessary is just to let the mixing ratio of each raw material be a ratio according to the composition of the lithium transition metal complex oxide to be manufactured.
[0035]
(2) Firing process
The firing step is a step of firing the mixture obtained in the raw material mixing step at a temperature of 600 ° C. or higher and 750 ° C. or lower. In order to prevent the divalent transition metal from being oxidized to trivalent, the firing may be performed in an inert atmosphere or a reducing atmosphere, specifically, for example, in an argon stream or a nitrogen stream.
[0036]
The firing temperature is 600 ° C. or higher and 750 ° C. or lower. When the firing temperature is less than 600 ° C., the reaction does not proceed sufficiently, a subphase other than the intended orthorhombic crystal is generated, and the crystallinity of the lithium transition metal composite oxide deteriorates. On the other hand, if the temperature exceeds 750 ° C., the lithium transition metal composite oxide particles grow and the particle diameter increases. In particular, in view of improving input / output characteristics and securing a high capacity, it is desirable that the temperature be 620 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower. Note that the firing time may be a time sufficient to complete the firing, and is usually performed for about 6 hours.
[0037]
<Non-aqueous electrolyte>
The nonaqueous electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting salt in an organic solvent. Further, it may contain a radical scavenger, a surfactant, a flame retardant and the like. The lithium salt is dissociated by dissolving in an organic solvent, and becomes lithium ions and exists in the electrolytic solution. LiPF that can be used is LiPF 6 , LiBF Four LiClO Four , LiCF Three SO Three , LiAsF 6 , LiN (CF Three SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F Five SO 2 ) 2 And complex salts thereof. In particular, LiPF because of its high degree of ionization and good solubility. 6 It is desirable to use These lithium salts may be used alone, or two or more of these may be used in combination. Note that the concentration of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.8 M or more and 1.5 M or less because the ionic conductivity is good. This is because when the lithium salt concentration is less than 0.8M, a sufficient capacity cannot be obtained, and when it exceeds 1.5M, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution increases, so that the ionic conductivity decreases. .
[0038]
As the organic solvent for dissolving the lithium salt, an aprotic organic solvent is used. For example, a mixed solvent composed of one or more of cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, cyclic ester, cyclic ether, chain ether, phosphazene compound, phosphoric acid compound and the like can be used. Examples of cyclic carbonates are ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, etc., examples of chain carbonates are dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, etc., examples of cyclic esters are gamma butyrolactone, gamma valero. Examples of cyclic ethers include tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, examples of chain ethers include dimethoxyethane and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and examples of phosphazene compounds include hexaethoxytricyclophosphazene and tripropoxyphosphine. Examples of phosphoric acid compounds include trioctyl phosphate and tributyl phosphate. It is. Any one of these can be used alone, or two or more can be mixed and used.
[0039]
The electrolytic solution is required to have a high dielectric constant in order to promote dissociation of the lithium salt that is the supporting salt, and to have a low viscosity in order not to prevent the movement of lithium ions. Propylene carbonate is suitable as a solvent because it has both properties, but it is highly reactive with the carbon material and is difficult to use alone. Therefore, when using propylene carbonate, it is desirable to use it mixed with other organic solvents such as dimethyl carbonate, hexaethoxytricyclophosphazene and the like. As other embodiments, for example, it is desirable to use a mixture of ethylene carbonate or the like as the high dielectric constant solvent and diethyl carbonate or the like as the low viscosity solvent.
[0040]
The weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte varies depending on the concentration of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte, the specific gravity of the organic solvent, etc., but the non-aqueous electrolyte is 60 wt.% When the positive electrode active material is 100 wt%. It is desirable to impregnate the positive electrode and the negative electrode at a ratio of at least%. When the proportion of the non-aqueous electrolyte is less than 60 wt% of the positive electrode active material, the non-aqueous electrolyte does not sufficiently infiltrate into the positive electrode active material, the area involved in the reaction on the active material surface becomes small, and lithium ions This is because the internal resistance increases because it becomes difficult to diffuse. That is, the secondary battery including the non-aqueous electrolyte at a ratio of less than 60 wt% of the positive electrode active material has a small active material capacity and is unlikely to have sufficient input / output characteristics.
[0041]
In general, the size of the battery case is substantially the same as the size of the electrode body composed of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Therefore, it can be considered that the non-aqueous electrolyte injected into the battery case is almost impregnated in the electrode body. Therefore, the amount of impregnation of the non-aqueous electrolyte into the electrode body may be controlled by the amount of non-aqueous electrolyte injected.
[0042]
<Overall configuration of lithium secondary battery>
The lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode using the lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and the non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent. Except for the active material and the non-aqueous electrolyte, the other components are not particularly limited, and may be a conventional lithium secondary battery that already exists. An example is shown below.
[0043]
The positive electrode is prepared by mixing a positive electrode active material with a conductive material and a binder and adding a suitable solvent as necessary to form a paste-like positive electrode mixture on the surface of a current collector made of metal foil such as aluminum. It is formed by coating, drying, and then increasing the active material density by pressing.
[0044]
In this embodiment, the lithium transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material. Various lithium transition metal composite oxides exist depending on the composition, particle diameter, presence / absence of fine carbon material particles, and the like. Therefore, one of them may be used as the positive electrode active material, or a mixture of two or more may be used.
[0045]
The conductive material used for the positive electrode is for ensuring the electrical conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer, and is a mixture of one or more carbon material powders such as carbon black, acetylene black, and graphite. Can be used. The binder plays a role of anchoring the active material particles, and a fluorine-containing resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and fluororubber, and a thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene and polyethylene can be used. An organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be used as a solvent for dispersing these active material, conductive material, and binder.
[0046]
The negative electrode opposed to the positive electrode can be formed by pressing metal lithium, a lithium alloy, or the like into a sheet shape or a sheet-like shape to a current collector network such as nickel or stainless steel. However, in consideration of the precipitation of dendrites and the like, in order to obtain a lithium secondary battery excellent in safety, it is desirable to use a negative electrode using a carbon material capable of inserting and extracting lithium as an active material. Examples of the carbon material that can be used include natural or artificial graphite, a fired organic compound such as a phenol resin, and a powdery material such as coke. In this case, a binder is mixed with the negative electrode active material, and a negative electrode mixture made into a paste by adding an appropriate solvent is applied to the surface of a metal foil current collector such as copper and dried. When the carbon material is a negative electrode active material, as with the positive electrode, a fluorine-containing resin such as polyvinylidene fluoride is used as the negative electrode binder, and an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as the solvent. it can.
[0047]
A separator is sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator retains the electrolyte while separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode and allows ions to pass through. A thin microporous film such as polyethylene or polypropylene can be used.
[0048]
Although it is a lithium secondary battery comprised from the above, the shape can be made into various things, such as a coin type, a laminated type, and a cylindrical type. In any case, the separator is sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode body, and the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal communicating from the positive electrode and the negative electrode to the outside are electrically connected. And after inserting the electrode body in a battery case and injecting a nonaqueous electrolyte, the battery case can be sealed to complete the battery.
[0049]
<Acceptance of other embodiments>
The embodiment of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention has been described above. However, the above-described embodiment is only one embodiment, and the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is based on the knowledge of those skilled in the art including the above embodiment. The present invention can be implemented in various forms based on various changes and improvements.
[0050]
【Example】
Based on the above embodiment, a lithium transition metal composite oxide having an olivine structure was manufactured, and a lithium secondary battery was manufactured using the manufactured lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material. The input / output characteristics were evaluated from the values of the output density and input density of the secondary battery in various SOCs. This will be described in detail below.
[0051]
<Production of lithium transition metal composite oxide>
Lithium iron composite oxide in which Fe is mainly used as a transition metal and a part thereof is substituted with Mn, and further, lithium iron composite oxide (LiFe 0.85 Mn 0.15 PO Four : C 0.2 ) Was manufactured.
[0052]
LiH as a lithium and phosphorus source 2 PO Four As an iron source 2 O Four ・ 2H 2 O as a substitution element source MnCO Three Acetylene black was used as carbon material fine particles. Acetylene black having an average particle size of 24 nm was used. First, FeC 2 O Four ・ 2H 2 O and MnCO Three Were mixed such that the molar ratio of Fe: Mn was 0.85: 0.15 (substitution ratio with Mn was 0.15). This FeC 2 O Four ・ 2H 2 O and MnCO Three LiH 2 PO Four And acetylene black were mixed so that the molar ratio of Li: (Fe + Mn): C was 1: 1: 0.2. An automatic mortar was used for mixing. Each of these mixtures was fired at 650 ° C. for 6 hours in an argon stream. And the obtained lithium iron complex oxide was crushed and it was set as the powdery lithium iron complex oxide used as a positive electrode active material. The average particle size of the lithium iron composite oxide was 1 μm.
[0053]
<Production of lithium secondary battery>
Using the lithium iron composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, three types of lithium secondary batteries having different amounts of non-aqueous electrolyte to be impregnated into the electrode were produced. In the positive electrode, first, 77 parts by weight of each lithium iron composite oxide serving as a positive electrode active material is mixed with 15 parts by weight of carbon black as a conductive material and 8 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder, An appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was added to prepare a paste-like positive electrode mixture. The positive electrode active material used was 3.51 g. Subsequently, this paste-like positive electrode mixture was applied to both surfaces of an aluminum foil current collector having a thickness of 20 μm, dried, and then compressed by a roll press to produce a sheet-like positive electrode. This sheet-like positive electrode was cut into a size of 54 mm × 450 mm and used.
[0054]
As the negative electrode to be opposed, graphitized mesocarbon microbeads (graphitized MCMB) were used as an active material. First, 92 parts by weight of graphitized MCMB as an active material was mixed with 8 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder, an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was added as a solvent, and a paste-like negative electrode composite was added. Then, the paste-like negative electrode mixture was applied to both sides of a 10 μm thick copper foil current collector, dried, and then compressed by a roll press to prepare a sheet-like negative electrode. This sheet-like negative electrode was cut into a size of 56 mm × 500 mm and used.
[0055]
Each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode was wound with a polyethylene separator having a thickness of 25 μm and a width of 58 mm interposed therebetween to form a roll-shaped electrode body. Then, the electrode body was inserted into a 18650 type cylindrical battery case (outer diameter: 18 mmφ, length: 65 mm), and 1.79 g, 2.39 g, and 2.81 g of non-aqueous electrolyte were respectively injected into the battery case. Was sealed to prepare three types of cylindrical lithium secondary batteries. The non-aqueous electrolyte is LiPF in a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate are mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 7. 6 Was dissolved at a concentration of 1.5M. The ratio of the non-aqueous electrolyte in the produced secondary battery was 51 wt%, 68 wt%, and 80 wt%, respectively, when the positive electrode active material was 100 wt%. These produced secondary batteries were used as
[0056]
<I / O characteristics evaluation>
First, the active material discharge capacity in the fabricated lithium secondary batteries of # 1 to # 3 was measured. Under a temperature condition of 20 ° C., a current density of 1.0 mA / cm 2 Is charged to a charging upper limit voltage of 4.1 V with a constant current of 1.0 mA / cm 2 The secondary battery was discharged at a constant current of up to a discharge lower limit voltage of 2.6 V, and the discharge capacity of each secondary battery was measured. From the value of the discharge capacity, the discharge capacity per 1 g of the positive electrode active material excluding the carbon material fine particles, that is, the active material discharge capacity was determined. Next, in order to evaluate the internal resistance of each secondary battery, the impedance of each secondary battery was measured. As a measuring method, an AC resistance of 1 kHz was measured between battery terminals. Table 1 shows values of the active material discharge capacity and impedance of each secondary battery.
[0057]
[Table 1]
[0058]
From Table 1, as the impregnation ratio of the non-aqueous electrolyte in the secondary battery increases, the active material discharge capacity increases and the impedance, that is, the internal resistance decreases. That is, the secondary battery of # 3 has a large non-aqueous electrolyte ratio of 80 wt%, so that the active material discharge capacity is about 1.5 times that of the secondary battery of # 1, and the resistance value is It is 3/4. Therefore, the lithium secondary battery of the present invention containing a non-aqueous electrolyte at a rate of 60 wt% or more when the positive electrode active material is 100 wt% has a large internal discharge capacity, a small internal resistance, and an output characteristic. It was confirmed that it was excellent.
[0059]
Next, the output density and input density of the secondary batteries of # 1 and # 3 were measured by changing the state of charge (SOC) of the secondary batteries. Each secondary battery was discharged at a predetermined SOC at an ambient temperature of 20 ° C. and discharged at 0.1 C for 10 seconds, and the voltage at 10 seconds was measured. Next, the battery was discharged at 0.3 C for 10 seconds, 1 C for 10 seconds, 3 C for 10 seconds, and 10 C for 10 seconds, and the voltage at each 10 second was measured. Charging was performed in the same procedure, and the voltage at the 10th second was measured. Then, the area of the triangle surrounded by the current-voltage straight line on the discharge side and the lower limit voltage (2.6 V) is defined as the output (W) in the SOC, the current-voltage straight line on the charge side, and the upper limit voltage (4.1 V). ) Is defined as the input (W) in the SOC. In addition, the current required for discharging the reference capacity of each lithium secondary battery in 1 hour was set to 1 hour rate (1C). And the output and input value in various SOC were calculated | required, and the output density (W / kg) and the input density (W / kg) were computed from those values. FIG. 1 is a graph showing the SOC dependency of the output density of the # 1, # 3 secondary batteries. Similarly, FIG. 2 is a graph showing the SOC dependency of the input density of the # 1, # 3 secondary batteries. It shows with.
[0060]
As apparent from FIG. 1, the
[0061]
Furthermore, in order to investigate the difference in the input / output characteristics of the battery depending on the positive electrode active material, only the positive electrode active material was changed in the secondary battery of # 3 to produce three types of secondary batteries. LiFe with an olivine structure as a positive electrode active material 0.85 Mn 0.15 PO Four LiNiO with layered rock salt structure 2 Spinel structure LiMn 2 O Four A secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as described above. Where LiFe 0.85 Mn 0.15 PO Four Were produced in the same manner as the lithium iron composite oxide except that the carbon material fine particles were not complexed. Of the fabricated secondary batteries, LiFe 0.85 Mn 0.15 PO Four Is a secondary battery of # 4, LiNiO 2 # 5 secondary battery, LiMn, with a positive electrode active material 2 O Four A positive electrode active material was used as a # 6 secondary battery. The ratio of the non-aqueous electrolyte in the secondary batteries of # 4 to # 6 was 80 wt% when the positive electrode active material was 100 wt%, as in the secondary battery of # 3. And the output density and input density of those batteries were measured in the same manner as described above, and the dependency of SOC was examined. The results are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 together with those of the
[0062]
As is clear from FIG. 3, the output density of the secondary batteries of # 5 and # 6 was greatly changed by the SOC as compared with the secondary battery of # 3. In particular, the # 5 secondary battery had a large change in output density, and when the SOC was about 20%, the output density was as small as 1000 (W / kg) or less. On the other hand, the power density of the secondary battery of # 4 was substantially constant without depending on the SOC, like the secondary battery of # 3.
[0063]
As is clear from FIG. 4, the input densities of the secondary batteries of # 5 and # 6 were significantly changed by the SOC as compared with the secondary battery of # 3. The input density values of the # 5 and # 6 secondary batteries were smaller than those of the # 3 secondary battery in all SOCs. On the other hand, the secondary battery of # 4, like the secondary battery of # 3, had a large input density and a small change rate of the input density due to the SOC.
[0064]
As described above, the secondary battery of the present invention using the olivine-structured lithium transition metal composite oxide as the positive electrode active material has a high output density and a high input density, and a small change in input / output density due to the SOC. It was confirmed that.
[0065]
From the above, when the secondary battery of the present invention uses a lithium transition metal composite oxide having an olivine structure as the positive electrode active material and the ratio of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution impregnated in the electrode is 100 wt% of the positive electrode active material It was confirmed that the output density and the input density are both high and that they are secondary batteries independent of SOC.
[0066]
【The invention's effect】
In the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, the output density and the input density at 50% SOC are as large as 1500 W / kg or more, respectively, and the change rate of the output density and the change rate of the input density in the range of SOC of 25% or more and 80% or less are respectively Less than 20%. In addition, the lithium secondary battery of the present invention has a composition formula LiMePO Four By using a lithium transition metal composite oxide having an olivine structure represented by the following formula as the positive electrode active material and making the amount of impregnation of the non-aqueous electrolyte appropriate, both the output density and the input density are high, and they are SOC Lithium secondary battery that does not depend on
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows SOC dependency of output density of secondary batteries of # 1 and # 3 having different impregnation ratios of nonaqueous electrolyte solutions.
FIG. 2 shows the SOC dependency of the input density of the # 1 and # 3 secondary batteries with different impregnation ratios of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
FIG. 3 shows the SOC dependency of the output density of # 3 to # 6 secondary batteries having different positive electrode active materials.
FIG. 4 shows SOC dependency of input density of secondary batteries of # 3 to # 6 having different positive electrode active materials.
Claims (8)
SOC50%における出力密度および入力密度がそれぞれ1500W/kg以上であり、かつ、SOCが25%以上80%以下の範囲における最大出力密度と最低出力密度の差である出力密度の変化率と、SOCが25%以上80%以下の範囲における最大入力密度と最低入力密度の差である入力密度の変化率がそれぞれ20%以下であり、
前記非水電解液の重量が、正極活物質の重量の60%以上であることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池。A lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode using a lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent,
The output density and the input density at an SOC of 50% are 1500 W / kg or more, respectively, and the change rate of the output density that is the difference between the maximum output density and the minimum output density when the SOC is in the range of 25% to 80%, and the SOC The change rate of the input density, which is the difference between the maximum input density and the minimum input density in the range of 25% or more and 80% or less, is 20% or less,
The lithium secondary battery, wherein the weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte is 60% or more of the weight of the positive electrode active material .
前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、組成式LiMePO4(Meは2価の遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種)で表され、その結晶構造はオリビン構造を有するものであり、かつ、
前記非水電解液の重量が、正極活物質の重量の60%以上であることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池。A lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode using a lithium transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent,
The lithium transition metal composite oxide is represented by a composition formula LiMePO 4 (Me is at least one selected from divalent transition metals), and its crystal structure has an olivine structure, and
The lithium secondary battery, wherein the weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte is 60% or more of the weight of the positive electrode active material .
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