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JP3841127B2 - Gel electrolyte - Google Patents

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Publication number
JP3841127B2
JP3841127B2 JP25016197A JP25016197A JP3841127B2 JP 3841127 B2 JP3841127 B2 JP 3841127B2 JP 25016197 A JP25016197 A JP 25016197A JP 25016197 A JP25016197 A JP 25016197A JP 3841127 B2 JP3841127 B2 JP 3841127B2
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Prior art keywords
gel electrolyte
electrolyte
present
polyvinylidene fluoride
gel
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Expired - Fee Related
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JP25016197A
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Japanese (ja)
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JPH1186630A (en
Inventor
雄一 相原
盛勝 新井
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GS Yuasa Corp
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GS Yuasa Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、蓄電技術に用いられる電解質の改良に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、エレクトロニクス分野の発展に伴い電子機器の小型化がめざましい。特に携帯電話やPHSなどの携帯機器類や小型パーソナルコンピュータの需要拡大は著しく、これらの機器類の軽薄短小化に伴い電源となる電池においても高機能化に加えて小型化・薄形化が求められている。このような背景において小型で高容量が期待できるリチウム電池が注目されている。最近では携帯電話などの電源にリチウムイオン二次電池が使用されており、情報時代の注目技術としてリチウム電池の研究が盛んに行われている。
【0003】
リチウム電池に関しては安全性が重要とされており、安全弁やPTC素子をはじめ、セパレータに関しても高温で電流を遮断するような設計がとられている。また、他方では溶媒の不燃化などが最近の研究対象となっている。中でも高分子固体電解質を用いたリチウム電池は、引火性の低いポリマーを電解質に用いることから次世代のリチウム電池として注目されている。しかしながら小型電子機器に関しては常温作動が必須とされることから、常温で比較的高いイオン伝導性を有すると共に形状が固体であるゲル電解質が有望とされている。現状においてはポリエチレンオキサイドを用いたゲル電解質では、常温において 1.5×10-3Scm -1のイオン伝導性を示すことがAiharaらにより J. Power Sources 65 (1997) 143-147 に報告されている。これまでの研究で平衡膨潤度以下のポリエチレンオキサイドのゲル電解質は液体の電解質とは全く挙動が異なり、伝導度はアレニウスの式に従わずVTFなどの関係式で説明される。詳細に関しては検討中であるが、ゲル電解質の構造的な相互作用に加えてポリマーとイオンとのアフィニティーを考慮する必要があると思われる。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ゲル電解質全体のイオン伝導度を向上させようとした場合、ゲル電解質はポリマーの分子骨格構造としてドナー性のエーテル酸素はむしろ必要なく、溶媒分子や溶質分子との相互作用の少ない骨格が好ましいといえる。その観点から現在ではフルオロポリマーが見直されている。ポリフッ化ビニリデンに関しては、TsuchidaらがElectrochem. Acta, 28 (1983)でその検討を報告している。しかしながら、ポリフッ化ビニリデンは熱可逆性であり、高温では溶液状態になってしまうことから、それ自体単独での使用は困難であった。
【0005】
本発明は上記問題点に鑑みなされたものであり、イオン伝導性に優れ、且つ、熱安定性のよいゲル電解質を提供することを目的とする。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上述の課題を解決するため、本発明においてはイオン伝導性の優れたポリフッ化ビニリデンを粒子サイズで非水電解液に分散させてゲル電解質を形成する。ポリフッ化ビニリデンはN-メチル2-ピロリドンなどの一部の溶媒には可溶であることは知られているが、常温においてはリチウム電池に用いられる一般的な溶媒には不溶又は極微量含まれている低分子が溶解するのみである。そのような溶媒あるいは電解液に分散させた場合にはポリフッ化ビニリデン粒子は膨潤する。この膨潤した状態を本発明においては単純にポリマー粒子の膨潤したゲル電解質とする。このゲル電解質は通常の物理ゲルと同様であるので加熱により溶融する。しかし、このゲル電解質を架橋性ポリマーのマトリクスで覆うことで膜全体としては溶融を免れることが可能となる。即ち、イオン移動の速いポリフッ化ビニリデンのゲル電解質を化学架橋されたポリマーで保持することにより、膜としての物理的安定性を保持できると同時に速いイオン移動が可能となる。
【0007】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明では、架橋したポリマーに、非水電解液で膨潤したポリフッ化ビニリデン又はそのコポリマーを保持させて固体状に形成したことを特徴とするゲル電解質である。また、前記架橋したポリマーが、2官能以上のアクリロイル基を有する放射線重合性のモノマーを重合させて形成されたゲル電解質であり、前記架橋したポリマーが、ポリエーテル主鎖を有する多官能アクリレートを架橋して形成されたゲル電解質である。
【0008】
【実施例】
以下、本発明の詳細について実施例により説明するが、本発明はこれに限定されるものではない。
【0009】
(本発明1)
ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末0.5gを1mol のリチウムテトラフルオロボレートのγブチロラクトン電解液4.0gに分散させた。これに分子量11000 の2官能アクリル酸エステルを0.5g溶解させた。この液をバーコーターで金属箔上に塗布し、電子線照射によりラジカル重合を行った。形成した膜を金属箔より剥がして所定の形状にポンチを用いて打抜いた。
【0010】
(比較例1)
分子量約11000 のポリエチレングリコールジアクリレート1.0gを1mol のリチウムテトラフルオロボレートのγブチロラクトン電解液4.0gに溶解させ、この液をバーコーターで金属箔上に塗布し、電子線照射によりラジカル重合を行った。形成した膜を金属箔より剥がして所定の形状にポンチを用いて打抜いた。
【0011】
(比較例2)
本発明1に用いたポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末1.0gを1mol のリチウムテトラフルオロボレートのγブチロラクトン電解液4.0gに分散させたものを液体伝導度測定用セルにいれ90℃で加熱し、30分後一様に透明になったことを確認して室温まで徐冷してセル中でゲル化させた。
【0012】
本発明1、比較例1、2の電解質をイオン伝導度を測定する所定のセルに固定した。各々、室温〜−20℃までイオン伝導度を測定した。測定はソーラートロン社のインピーダンスアナライザーとしてモデル1286のインターフェースとモデル1255を使用し、交流測定で1000000Hz 〜10Hzを測定した。また、熱に伴う形状変形を調べるため各々の膜を100 ℃のホットプレート上において加熱を行った。
イオン伝導度を測定した結果をアレニウスプロットしたものを図1に示す。比較例2が最も高いイオン伝導を示し、本発明1は比較例1よりも高いイオン伝導を示すことが分かった。比較例2は溶媒および溶質との相互作用の強い化学架橋ポリマーが存在しないことがその高いイオン伝導の原因と考えられる。本発明においては従来のポリエーテル系ゲルと比較してポリフッ化ビニリデンの高いイオン伝導移送部、即ち伝導パスを有するため比較例1よりもイオン伝導が高かったと考えられる。
【0013】
つぎに各々の膜を100 ℃のホットプレート上において加熱による形状変化を確認し、その結果を表1に示す。
【0014】
【表1】

Figure 0003841127
【0015】
比較例2に関してはホットプレート上で直に液状化してしまった。本発明1に関しては膜の色が薄い乳白色から透明になったものの膜の形状は維持された。比較例1は何の変化も認められなかった。以上のことから、ゲル電解質膜単独での使用を考えた場合、比較例2は不向きであると考えられる。熱的に安定な本発明1と比較例1を比較すると、イオン伝導において本発明1は優ることから、本発明は熱的に安定であり、かつ、高いイオン伝導を発現可能であることが確認できる。
【0016】
【発明の効果】
本発明ゲル電解質は熱的に安定であり、高いイオン伝導を有し、その工業的価値は大である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明及び比較例1、2の電解質のイオン伝導度を測定した結果を示した図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an improvement in an electrolyte used in power storage technology.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, with the development of the electronics field, downsizing of electronic devices is remarkable. In particular, the demand for mobile devices such as mobile phones and PHS and small personal computers is growing rapidly, and as these devices become lighter, thinner and smaller, batteries that serve as power sources need to be smaller and thinner in addition to higher functionality. It has been. In such a background, lithium batteries that are small and can be expected to have a high capacity are attracting attention. Recently, lithium ion secondary batteries have been used as power sources for mobile phones and the like, and lithium batteries have been actively studied as a technology of interest in the information age.
[0003]
Safety is important for lithium batteries, and safety valves, PTC elements, and separators are designed to cut off current at high temperatures. On the other hand, solvent non-combustion has become a recent research subject. Among them, lithium batteries using a polymer solid electrolyte are attracting attention as next-generation lithium batteries because a polymer with low flammability is used as the electrolyte. However, since small-sized electronic devices are required to operate at room temperature, a gel electrolyte having a relatively high ionic conductivity at room temperature and a solid shape is promising. At present, it has been reported by Aihara et al., J. Power Sources 65 (1997) 143-147 that gel electrolytes using polyethylene oxide exhibit an ionic conductivity of 1.5 × 10 −3 Scm −1 at room temperature. In previous studies, the gel electrolyte of polyethylene oxide having an equilibrium swell degree or less behaves completely differently from the liquid electrolyte, and the conductivity is explained by a relational expression such as VTF without following the Arrhenius equation. Although details are under study, it is considered necessary to consider the affinity between the polymer and ions in addition to the structural interaction of the gel electrolyte.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
When trying to improve the ionic conductivity of the gel electrolyte as a whole, the gel electrolyte does not need donor ether oxygen as the molecular skeleton structure of the polymer, and a skeleton with less interaction with solvent molecules and solute molecules is preferable. . From that point of view, fluoropolymers are now being reviewed. Regarding polyvinylidene fluoride, Tsuchida et al. Reported its investigation in Electrochem. Acta, 28 (1983). However, polyvinylidene fluoride is thermoreversible and is in a solution state at high temperatures, so that it is difficult to use it alone.
[0005]
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a gel electrolyte that has excellent ion conductivity and good thermal stability.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, in the present invention, a gel electrolyte is formed by dispersing polyvinylidene fluoride having excellent ion conductivity in a non-aqueous electrolyte with a particle size. Polyvinylidene fluoride is known to be soluble in some solvents such as N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone, but is insoluble or contained in trace amounts in common solvents used in lithium batteries at room temperature. Only small molecules that are dissolved. When dispersed in such a solvent or electrolyte, the polyvinylidene fluoride particles swell. In the present invention, this swollen state is simply referred to as a swollen gel electrolyte of polymer particles. Since this gel electrolyte is the same as a normal physical gel, it melts by heating. However, by covering this gel electrolyte with a matrix of a crosslinkable polymer, the entire film can be prevented from melting. That is, by holding the gel electrolyte of polyvinylidene fluoride having a fast ion migration with a chemically cross-linked polymer, the physical stability as a film can be maintained, and at the same time, a fast ion migration can be achieved.
[0007]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, the gel electrolyte is characterized in that the cross-linked polymer is held in a solid state by holding polyvinylidene fluoride swollen with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution or a copolymer thereof. The crosslinked polymer is a gel electrolyte formed by polymerizing a radiation-polymerizable monomer having a bifunctional or higher acryloyl group, and the crosslinked polymer crosslinks a polyfunctional acrylate having a polyether main chain. It is a gel electrolyte formed.
[0008]
【Example】
Hereinafter, although an example explains the details of the present invention, the present invention is not limited to this.
[0009]
(Invention 1)
0.5 g of polyvinylidene fluoride powder was dispersed in 4.0 g of γ-butyrolactone electrolyte solution of 1 mol of lithium tetrafluoroborate. 0.5 g of a bifunctional acrylic ester having a molecular weight of 11000 was dissolved in this. This solution was applied onto a metal foil with a bar coater, and radical polymerization was performed by electron beam irradiation. The formed film was peeled off from the metal foil and punched into a predetermined shape using a punch.
[0010]
(Comparative Example 1)
1.0 g of polyethylene glycol diacrylate with a molecular weight of about 11000 was dissolved in 4.0 g of 1 mol of lithium tetrafluoroborate γ-butyrolactone electrolyte, and this solution was applied onto a metal foil with a bar coater and radical polymerization was performed by electron beam irradiation. . The formed film was peeled off from the metal foil and punched into a predetermined shape using a punch.
[0011]
(Comparative Example 2)
A dispersion of 1.0 g of polyvinylidene fluoride powder used in the present invention 1 in 4.0 g of 1 mol of lithium tetrafluoroborate γ-butyrolactone electrolyte was placed in a liquid conductivity measuring cell and heated at 90 ° C. After confirming that it became transparent like this, it was gradually cooled to room temperature and gelled in the cell.
[0012]
The electrolytes of the present invention 1 and comparative examples 1 and 2 were fixed to a predetermined cell for measuring ionic conductivity. Ion conductivity was measured from room temperature to −20 ° C., respectively. The measurement was performed using an interface of model 1286 and model 1255 as an impedance analyzer of Solartron, and 1000000Hz to 10Hz was measured by AC measurement. In addition, each film was heated on a hot plate at 100 ° C. in order to investigate shape deformation caused by heat.
FIG. 1 shows an Arrhenius plot of the result of measuring ionic conductivity. Comparative Example 2 showed the highest ionic conduction, and it was found that Invention 1 showed higher ionic conduction than Comparative Example 1. In Comparative Example 2, it is considered that the high ionic conduction is caused by the absence of a chemically crosslinked polymer having a strong interaction with a solvent and a solute. In the present invention, it is considered that the ionic conductivity was higher than that of Comparative Example 1 because it has an ionic conduction transfer portion having a higher polyvinylidene fluoride, that is, a conduction path, as compared with the conventional polyether gel.
[0013]
Next, the shape of each film was confirmed by heating on a hot plate at 100 ° C., and the results are shown in Table 1.
[0014]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003841127
[0015]
As for Comparative Example 2, it was liquefied directly on the hot plate. In the case of the present invention 1, the shape of the film was maintained although the color of the film was changed from light milky white to transparent. In Comparative Example 1, no change was observed. From the above, it is considered that Comparative Example 2 is unsuitable when considering the use of the gel electrolyte membrane alone. Comparing the thermally stable Invention 1 and Comparative Example 1, it is confirmed that the invention 1 is superior in ion conduction, and the invention is thermally stable and can exhibit high ion conduction. it can.
[0016]
【The invention's effect】
The gel electrolyte of the present invention is thermally stable, has high ionic conductivity, and has a great industrial value.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of measuring the ionic conductivity of electrolytes of the present invention and Comparative Examples 1 and 2;

Claims (3)

架橋したポリマーに、非水電解液で膨潤したポリフッ化ビニリデン又はそのコポリマーの粒子が分散して保持されているゲル電解質。 A gel electrolyte in which polyvinylidene fluoride or a copolymer thereof swelled with a non-aqueous electrolyte is dispersed and held in a crosslinked polymer. 前記架橋したポリマーが、2官能以上のアクリロイル基を有する放射線重合性のモノマーを重合させて形成された請求項1記載のゲル電解質。  The gel electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the crosslinked polymer is formed by polymerizing a radiation-polymerizable monomer having a bifunctional or higher acryloyl group. 前記架橋したポリマーが、ポリエーテル主鎖を有する多官能アクリレートを架橋して形成された請求項1記載のゲル電解質。  The gel electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the crosslinked polymer is formed by crosslinking a polyfunctional acrylate having a polyether main chain.
JP25016197A 1997-09-16 1997-09-16 Gel electrolyte Expired - Fee Related JP3841127B2 (en)

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