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JP2009034529A - 心筋横断シャント - Google Patents

心筋横断シャント Download PDF

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JP2009034529A
JP2009034529A JP2008256708A JP2008256708A JP2009034529A JP 2009034529 A JP2009034529 A JP 2009034529A JP 2008256708 A JP2008256708 A JP 2008256708A JP 2008256708 A JP2008256708 A JP 2008256708A JP 2009034529 A JP2009034529 A JP 2009034529A
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conduit
prosthesis
heart
blood vessel
valve
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JP5341455B2 (ja
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Scott J Wolf
ジェイ. ウォルフ,スコット
Peter J Wilk
ジェイ. ウィルク,ピーター
David Y Phelps
ワイ. フェルプス,デビット
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Jenavalve Technology Inc
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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Abstract

【課題】冠状動脈の閉塞部又は狭窄部の周りにバイパスとなる導管を提供する。
【解決手段】導管12は心臓壁に配置されるようになっているチューブであり閉塞部BL又は狭窄部から離れた部位に心臓室LVと冠状動脈CAとの間に血液を流す通路を提供する。導管は、好ましくは内部に位置する少なくとも1つ自然に発生する一方向弁を含む、内腔に取付けられた血管の一部分を有している。この弁は血液が冠状動脈から心臓室に逆流するのを防止する。
【選択図】図3

Description

本発明は流体を患者の身体の一部分から他の部分に流通させる導管に関し、さらに詳細には心臓室から血管にもしくはその逆に、及び/又は血管から血管へと流通させる血液流導管に関する。さらにまた詳細には、本発明は、導管に組込まれ導管を通る血液の流れを制御する血管移植片を有し閉鎖され又は狭窄された冠状動脈のバイパスを達成する左心室導管と関連導管との構造に関する。
冠状動脈の疾患は米国においてまた世界全体にわたって大きな問題となっている。冠状動脈は他の血管とともに、少なくとも心臓の筋肉(心筋)への血液及び酸素の流れを減少し心臓のポンプ作用の効率を低下し心臓発作(心筋梗塞)と死に至ることのある丸く盛り上がった斑点(でき物)で詰まるようになることが多い。ある場合には、これらの冠状動脈は風船血管形成のような組織を冒さない技術を介して障害物を取去ることができる。さらに困難な場合には、閉塞された血管の外科的バイパスが必要となる。
冠状バイパス手術において、1つ又は複数の静脈の一部分が大動脈と冠状動脈との間に挿入され、又はこれに代え内部の乳腺動脈の末端が冠状動脈に狭窄部又は閉塞部から離れた部位で吻合される。この挿入された静脈の一部分又は移植組織は冠状動脈の閉塞部分のバイパスとして作用しそれにより心臓への血液の自由の又はじゃまされない流れが提供されるようにする。50万件以上のバイパス手術が米国において毎年行われている。
しかし、このような冠状動脈バイパス移植外科は高価で時間を要し患者に対し創傷性の、非常に強制的な方法である。この手術は患者の胸骨の切開(胸部切開)を必要としまた患者が心肺バイパスポンプ上に置かれそれにより心臓が鼓動していない間は作動できるようにする。伏在静脈移植片が患者の脚からもう1つの高度に健康組織を冒す方法で採取され、また繊細な外科手術がバイパス移植片を冠状動脈に継ぎ合わせるのに必要となる。外科手術後の病院の滞在と健康回復期間とが長くなる。さらにまた、多くの患者は他の付随する病気のため外科手術を志望することが少ない。
上記のように、他の普通の処置は経皮横断内腔冠状血管形成術(PTCA)又は他の型の血管形成術である。しかし、このような血管処置は閉塞又は狭窄の型又は位置に因り又は塞栓の危険のため何時も行われるとは限らない。
したがって、患者に対して創傷性の少ない改良された冠状バイパス装置が必要となる。
本発明は冠状バイパス外科に関連する胸骨切開と他の強制的手段を回避する冠状バイパス装置を提供することにより上記の技術の必要性を満たすことを目的とするものである。また本発明により外科医は現在の方法において必要とされるような多くの吻合を行うことから解放される。
本発明は血液を心臓の左心室のような心臓室から閉塞部又は狭窄部から離れた冠状動脈へと直接方向転換させる導管を提供し、それにより血管の閉塞された部分をバイパスするようにする。この導管は心臓の壁に位置するようにされかつ導管の内部に取付けられた血管の一部分を有するチューブからなり、身体固有の血管と同様な血液の流れの通路を提供する。
この導管装置は冠状動脈を通って閉塞部又は狭窄部から離れた位置に分配される。この位置で、冠状動脈と心筋を含む左心室の壁とが突き通され冠状動脈から心臓の左心室へと完全に貫通する開口又は通路が得られるようにする。導管はそれからこの開口に配置され心臓の左心室と閉塞部又は狭窄部から離れた冠状動脈との間を血液が流れるための恒久的な通路が得られるようにする。
導管は一方の開口端部が冠状動脈の内部に位置し他方の開口端部が左心室の中に位置するような大きさにする。導管の移植の前に、静脈又は他の血管の一部分が患者、他の人間のドナー(提供者)又は人間以外の動物から得られる。この静脈又は他の血管は導管の内側に嵌まるような大きさとされる。血管移植片が挿入された導管の中空の内腔は血液の流れのための通路を提供する。
所望ならば、導管に挿入された血管の部分は1つ又はそれより多い自然に生じる一方向弁を含むことができる。この弁は血液が心筋から左心室に逆流するのを防止する。例えば、内部に弁を有する静脈の一部分を用いることができる。これに代え、胎児の豚又は子豚のような人間以外の動物から得られた肺動脈弁又は大動脈弁を用い導管を通る血液の流れのための一方向通路を得ることができる。
良く知られているように、冠状動脈は大動脈から分岐しまた心臓壁の外表面に沿って位置している。肺から心臓に戻った酸素で処理された血液が心臓から大動脈へと流れる。大動脈中のある血液が冠状動脈の中に流れ、また大動脈の中の残りの血液が身体の残りの部分に流れる。冠状動脈は心臓の筋肉への主なる血液供給源でありしたがって生命にとって重大である。ある人々においては、アテローム硬化斑、塊状の血小板、及び/又は血栓が冠状動脈の内部に堆積し、血液の自由の流れを阻止し軽いアンギナ(狭心症)から心臓発作や死に及ぶ合併症を生じる。また“変動性狭心症”又は“プリンズ型狭心症”として知られている冠状血管けいれんの存在は多くの患者にとってこの問題を複合する。
ここに用いられるように“心臓室”なる用語は主として左側もしくは右側の心室又は左側もしくは右側の心房の内部又は内腔の形態を云うものである。ここでの“導管”、“ステント”及び“チューブ”なる用語は2つの又はそれ以上の室又は血管の間に配置され血液を1つの室又は血管から他の室又は血管に流すことのできる好ましくは主として人造の物理的構造を云う。“シャント”(迂回路)は心臓の室又は血管のような自然の通路の間の任意の自然の又は人工の通路である。好適な構造の導管はニチノール又はプラスチックのような種々の金属を含む様々な材料で作ることができる。
ここで用いられるように、“心臓壁”なる用語は哺乳動物の心臓の以下の部分又は層の任意の1つ又は複数、すなわち心外膜、心筋層、心内膜、心膜、心房間の隔膜、及び心室間の隔膜のうちの任意の1つ又はそれ以上を含んでいる。
本発明の原理は左心室導管に限定されず、哺乳動物を含む患者の内部の任意の空間から患者の内部の他の空間に身体の流体を流通させる導管を含んでいる。さらにまた導管を通るこのような流体の流通は任意の特定方向の流れに限定されず流体の正常の流れに関して前進又は後退とすることができる。さらに、導管は身体の空間と血管との間を又は1つの血管から他の血管へと(動脈から静脈へ又はその逆のような)連通することができる。さらにまた導管は単一の身体空間に位置し流体をこの空間の1つの部分から他の部分へと流通させるようにすることができる。例えば、これら導管は単一の血管の内部のバイパスを達成するのに用いられ、例えば血液を塞がれた冠状動脈の基端部から同じ冠状動脈のさらに末端の部分に流通させることができる。
さらに、導管と関連の方法とは好ましくは種々の中間の目標を通過することができ任意の特定の流れの順序に限定されない。例えば本発明の1つの好ましい実施態様では、導管は左心室から他の心室又は冠状血管へ、心筋を通って心膜空間の中に、そこから冠状動脈の中へと連通する。しかし、他の好ましい実施態様が開示され、左心室から心筋層を通り冠状動脈の中への直接の心筋層横断の連通を含んでいる。したがって、上記強調したように、“心筋層導通”なる用語は好ましい流体連通導管に関しては狭く解釈されるべきではなく、他の心筋以外の流体の流通また心臓以外の流体の流通にも同様に及ぶものである。心臓の壁(またさらに詳細には“心臓壁”なる用語)に関し、好ましい導管と関連する方法とは限定なしで、心膜、心外膜、心筋層、心内膜隔壁等を含む全てのこのような壁を通して流体を流通させることができる。
一定の好ましい実施態様と関連の方法により達成されるバイパスは身体の流体の流れの完全なバイパスに限定されず、正常な身体の血液の流れを有利に補充する部分的なバイパスをも含むことができる。さらにバイパスされる閉塞部は部分的な又は完全な自然物とすることができ、またそのため“バイパス”又は“閉塞”なる術語は完全なバイパス又は完全な閉塞に限定されて解釈されるべきでなく前記のように部分的なバイパスと部分的な閉塞とを含むことができる。
ここに開示された好ましい導管と関連の方法とは身体の組織を通る完全の又は部分的の通路を提供することができる。この点に関し、導管はステント、シャントその他を含むことができ、またそのため血液のような身体の流体のための通路又は開口を提供する。さらにまた、導管は必らずしもステントにより保持され又は器具と整列される必要はなく患者の組織に形成された単なるトンネル又は開口とすることができる。
本発明の導管は好ましくは一体の又は一部材の導管と相互に接合され1つの連続した導管を形成する複数の部分とを含んでいる。本発明の導管は血管による分配又は外科的な分配を含む健全な医療業務と矛盾しない種々の方法で配備され、最低限の強制的な技術を含んでいる。例えば、分配桿と関連する方法との種々の好ましい実施態様が開示される。1つの実施態様では、分配桿は中実で套管針状である。これは剛性又は半剛性で患者の組織を突通することができまたそれにより流体の伝達のため導管の全部又は一部を形成する。他の好ましい実施態様では、分配桿は中空とし導管自体を形成するようにし(例えば導管は好ましくは自己移植性又は自己挿入性である)又はこれに取付けられた導管を有することもできる(例えば分配桿は好ましくは引出され取付けられた導管を残すようにする)。したがって好ましい導管装置と取付ける方法は好ましくは健康医療業務にしたがう適当な患者治療の指針によって決定される。
冠状動脈を通って酸素で処理された血液の流れを回復させるために、好ましい構造は血液を直接心臓から閉塞部又は狭窄部から離れている冠状動脈の1つの部位に迂回させることができる。
本明細書は主として左心室を参照する導管を以下に記載するが、好ましい構造は、左の主冠状動脈、右の冠状動脈、左の腹側下行動脈、左の回旋動脈、背側の下行動脈、鈍角の周辺分枝又は対角線分枝に含む任意の4つの心臓室に関してまた任意の冠状動脈に関して用いることができる。
トンネル又は開口が冠状動脈の壁と心筋とを通って冠状動脈の下側に又はその深い所にある心臓の左心室の中に形成される。導管がこの開口の中に配置され開口を開いたままとする。
導管は大腿部動脈を通って大動脈に入りそこから左心室に入り必要ならば左心房に入るよう通されたカテーテル、又は大腿部静脈を通され下行大静脈に入りそこから右心房と右心室とに入るカテーテルを含む種々の手段で心筋層の中へと導入される。これに代え、導管は胸郭壁の外科切開(胸部造ろう)又は胸骨の外科切開(胸骨切開)を介して導入することもできる。
導管と導管分配装置とに関するさらなる詳細は米国特許第5,429,144号と第5,662,124号とに記載されている。
心臓壁(心内膜、心筋層、及び心外膜を含む)と冠状動脈とを貫通する開口はナイフ又はメス、電気焼灼器、冷凍切断、高周波切断、超音波切断、その他を含む種々の方法で形成することができる。他の方法は当業者にとって明らかである。
導管にはその内腔の内部に位置する静脈又は他の血管の一部分が設けられる。この静脈又は他の血管の一部分は患者、ドナー、又は動物から得られる。導管の移植に先だって、導管の内腔に嵌まる大きさとされた血管の一部分が導管に挿入される。内部に移植片を有する導管は人間の自然の血管と同様な血液を流す通路を提供する。導管の内部に嵌まるよう採取された静脈又は他の血管の一部分は人間の身体の中で自然に生じる1つ又は複数の弁を含むことができる。これらの弁は血液の逆流を防止する作用をする。導管では、これらの自然に生じる静脈弁は血液が冠状動脈から心臓の左心室の中に逆に流れるのを阻止する。静脈のこの部分は好ましくは、導管を当業者にとって公知の任意の種々の外科技術又はカテーテルで案内される技術によって人間の身体の中に配備する前に、導管の中に挿入される。
ここで図1Aと図1Bとを参照すると、冠状動脈バイパスが導管に(図1B)を患者の心臓PH(図1A)の心臓壁又は心筋MYOに配置することによて達成される。導管12は好ましくは心臓PHの左心室LVから下流側の閉塞部BLで詰まっている冠状動脈CAまで延び貫通する通路8をつくり出す。導管12は好ましくはステンレス鋼又はニチノールのような生物適合性材料で作られるが、Ti,Ti合金、Ni合金、Co合金、及び生物適合性重合体のような他の材料も用いることができる。1つの実施態様では、導管12は一方向弁6を有し血液が左心室LVから冠状動脈CAに流れるようにする。導管12は収縮中心臓筋肉の収縮圧力のもとで弾性変形することができるが、ステントが開いた状態を維持し血液が患者の左心室LVから冠状動脈CAの中へと通過できるようにする。心臓の弛緩中、通路8を通って冠状動脈の中に送られた血液は一方向弁6により阻止された左心室LVに戻らないようにされる。
図2に示されるように、好ましい実施態様は患者から採取された静脈移植片10の使用を含んでいる。導管12を患者の中に配置するため用意する前に、静脈10の一部が患者から(すなわち自己組織移植片、又は自家移植片から)得られる。勿論、他の人間のドナー(すなわち異質遺伝子型移植又は同種移植)又は人間以外の動物種(すなわち異形移植又は異種移植)から取られた血管を用いることもできる。静脈10は好ましくは患者の脚の伏在静脈から採取される。この他に、ドナーの静脈が用いられ、又は胎児豚もしくは子豚が得られ肺動脈弁を内部に有する肺動脈の一部又は大動弁を内部に有する大動脈もしくは自然発生弁装置を有する同様の静脈の一部を取出すよう切開される。他の実施態様では、静脈及び/又は弁の内皮層は、ドナーの細胞系のクローン生物形成又は当業にとって公知の他の一般的な工業技術(又は“組織工学”)を用いて1つ又は複数の組織培養から成長することができる。したがって、ここに用いられているように、“血管の一部”は次のような、1つ又は複数の弁を有し又は有しない血管の外科的に切除された部分、試験管内又は生体内の標本から取られた血管の内皮層、及び試験管内又は生体内の標本から取られた1つ又は複数の静脈弁のうちの1つ又は複数を含むことができる。
上記のように、静脈10又は採取された他の血管の一部は好ましくは静脈の中に自然に発生する1つ又は複数の弁14を含んでいる。この静脈の一部10は弁を有していなくてもよい。静脈部分10は導管12と同じ長さの寸法に形成される。静脈部分10は導管12の内腔の中に置かれ縫合又は他の取付け方法によって導管12の内側に取付けられる。自然の静脈移植片10は生物適合性でありまたそのため導管12の拒絶反応と導管の周り又は中の凝固に関する問題を減少する。さらに、静脈10はすでに人間の身体全身にわたって用いられ血液の逆流を防止する天然の弁装置14を提供する。異種移植の場合は、グルタルアルデヒドのような薬品による移植片の処理がなされ抗原材料を含む生きた細胞を移植片の結合組織構造から取除き凝血性と抗原性とを減少させるようにする。
図3を参照すると、内部に静脈10の部分を有する自己拡張導管12が心筋MYOの壁の中に次のように導入される。末端に取付けられた圧縮導管12を有する導管分配カテーテル(図示しない)が穴あけ機構を越えて前進され冠状動脈CAの閉塞部又は狭窄部BLから離れた部位で心筋MYOの壁の中に入る。導管12が心筋の壁MYOに正しく位置した時、その残りのさや部分が引出され、導管12が拡張され心臓の左心室LVから冠状動脈CAまでの通路を開き又はこの通路の開放性が保持されるようにする。これは酸素で処理された血液が図3に矢印で示されるように冠状動脈CAの閉塞された部分BLをバイパスして、心臓の左心室LVから導管12を通って冠状動脈CAに直接流れるようにする。
導管12はフック、かかり、大きなカラーに限定されない取付け機構及び/又は他の方法を含みシールが冠状動脈CAと心臓壁MYOとの間に形成され出血を防止しまた導管の移動の兆し又は実際の移動をなくすようにする。導管12の位置決めと固定とが完了した時、残りのカテーテル組立体は取出され、内部に静脈移植片を有する導管12を身体の所定位置に残す。
内部に血管移植片が結合された本発明の血管の導管は冠状動脈の閉塞部又は狭窄部の現在の処置に著しい改善をもたらす。本発明は特定の図面に関してその好ましい実施態様で記載されてきたが、この記載は上記の説明によって何ら限定されないことが意図されるものである。
左心室と冠状動脈との間のバイパスを形成するための心臓の心筋の中の導管を示す人間の心臓の概略断面図である。 図1Aのバイパス導管の拡大図である。 好ましい構造による心臓導管の中に組込まれた静脈移植片の分解図である。 閉塞部又は狭窄部をバイパスするように配置された好適な構造の導管を示す、冠状動脈の閉塞部又は狭窄部の拡大断面図である。

Claims (20)

  1. 拡張式導管と静脈弁ではない組織の弁とを具備する埋め込み式の人工器官であって、
    前記拡張式導管は内側と外側とを有しており、前記導管は、前記導管の少なくとも一部分が血管の中へ又は心臓の中へ延伸するように、前記血管と前記心臓との間に位置決めされるべく形成されていて、
    前記静脈弁ではない組織の弁は前記導管の内側に位置決めされていて、そして前記心臓から前記血管への流体流れを可能にするべく形成され、かつ前記血管から前記心臓への流体流れを抑制するべく形成されている、
    埋め込み式の人工器官。
  2. 前記血管が動脈である、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  3. 前記心臓が左心室である、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  4. 前記導管が、第一の収縮状態から第二の拡張状態へ自己拡張可能である、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  5. 前記導管は、前記心臓の中へ延伸するべく形成された遠位端部を含んでいる、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  6. 前記導管は、前記血管の中へ延伸するべく形成された近位端部を含んでいる、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  7. 前記導管が、左心室の中へ延伸するべく形成された遠位端部と、動脈血管の中へ延伸するべく形成された近位端部とを含んでいる、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  8. 前記導管が中空である、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  9. 前記導管が管状である、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  10. 前記導管がステンレス鋼及びニテノールからなるグループから選択された材料で作られている、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  11. 前記組織の弁が少なくとも一つの尖頭を有している、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  12. 前記尖頭が、人間、人間以外の動物種、胎児豚及び子豚からなるグループに自然に発生した弁である、請求項11に記載の人工器官。
  13. 前記組織の弁が、肺動脈弁及び大動脈弁の一つである、請求項11に記載の人工器官。
  14. 前記組織の弁は、収縮期における心臓から血管への前記導管を通過する流体流れを可能にするようになっている、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  15. 前記組織の弁は、拡張期における血管から心臓への前記導管を通過する流体流れを抑制するようになっている、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  16. さらに、前記人工器官が周囲の組織に対して移動することを防止するために前記導管を固定する手段を含んでいる請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  17. さらに、前記導管に取り付けられ、そして前記導管を周囲の組織に固定するために形成されたフックを含んでいる、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  18. さらに、前記導管に取り付けられ、そして前記導管を周囲の組織に固定するために形成されたかかりを含んでいる、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  19. 前記組織の弁が縫合により前記導管の内側に取り付けられている、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
  20. 前記組織の弁が自然に生じたものである、請求項1に記載の人工器官。
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