ITFI20070110A1 - PROCESS FOR THE PARTIAL OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS IN WATER BY CELLS OF FUEL TO DIRECT ALCOHOL. - Google Patents
PROCESS FOR THE PARTIAL OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS IN WATER BY CELLS OF FUEL TO DIRECT ALCOHOL. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ITFI20070110A1 ITFI20070110A1 IT000110A ITFI20070110A ITFI20070110A1 IT FI20070110 A1 ITFI20070110 A1 IT FI20070110A1 IT 000110 A IT000110 A IT 000110A IT FI20070110 A ITFI20070110 A IT FI20070110A IT FI20070110 A1 ITFI20070110 A1 IT FI20070110A1
- Authority
- IT
- Italy
- Prior art keywords
- process according
- alkaline
- reagent
- alkaline earth
- anode
- Prior art date
Links
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 33
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 27
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 26
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title claims description 24
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 30
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 40
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001261 hydroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004715 keto acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 alkaline earth metal salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N monopropylene glycol Natural products CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013772 propylene glycol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims 8
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 6
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 claims 2
- RBNPOMFGQQGHHO-UWTATZPHSA-N D-glyceric acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RBNPOMFGQQGHHO-UWTATZPHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Glycolate Chemical compound OCC([O-])=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229930194542 Keto Natural products 0.000 claims 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- ROBFUDYVXSDBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxymalonate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C(O)C([O-])=O ROBFUDYVXSDBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 32
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 23
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021638 Iridium(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910002094 inorganic tetrachloropalladate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- RRIWRJBSCGCBID-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RRIWRJBSCGCBID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- DANYXEHCMQHDNX-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichloroiridium Chemical compound Cl[Ir](Cl)Cl DANYXEHCMQHDNX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- RZLVQBNCHSJZPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RZLVQBNCHSJZPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940116202 nickel sulfate hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 3
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017852 NH2NH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- IRXRGVFLQOSHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;oxalate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O IRXRGVFLQOSHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940078487 nickel acetate tetrahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- OINIXPNQKAZCRL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);diacetate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Ni+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OINIXPNQKAZCRL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- ACUGTEHQOFWBES-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hypophosphite monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[O-]P=O ACUGTEHQOFWBES-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004135 Bone phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020630 Co Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002440 Co–Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018879 Pt—Pd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOKIPOOTKLLKDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;iron Chemical compound [Fe].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O GOKIPOOTKLLKDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004808 allyl alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010349 cathodic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZBYYWKJVSFHYJL-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);diacetate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O ZBYYWKJVSFHYJL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- RXKJFZQQPQGTFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxyacetone Chemical compound OCC(=O)CO RXKJFZQQPQGTFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZKFQTQPFOLZVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;2-hydroxypropanedioate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C([O-])=O ZKFQTQPFOLZVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002638 heterogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010814 metallic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cyclopentane Natural products CC1CCCC1 GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002816 nickel compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002940 palladium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SYGDCNJESIQXKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;2,3-dihydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [K+].OCC(O)C([O-])=O SYGDCNJESIQXKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FIJPWGLOBMXXSF-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;2-hydroxyacetate Chemical compound [K+].OCC([O-])=O FIJPWGLOBMXXSF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229960000999 sodium citrate dihydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WZWGGYFEOBVNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na] WZWGGYFEOBVNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/23—Oxidation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B5/00—Electrogenerative processes, i.e. processes for producing compounds in which electricity is generated simultaneously
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
- H01M8/1011—Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
- H01M8/1011—Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]
- H01M8/1013—Other direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
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Description
Domanda di brevetto per Invenzione Industriale dal titolo : Patent application for Industrial Invention entitled:
Processo per l'ossidazione parziale di alcoli in acqua mediante celle a combustibile ad alcool diretto Process for the partial oxidation of alcohols in water using direct alcohol fuel cells
CAMPO DELL'INVENZIONE FIELD OF THE INVENTION
La presente invenzione si riferisce al campo della produzione sostenibile di acidi carbossilici, chetoni, chetoacidi e idrossiacidi ed altri composti ossigenati mediante l’ossidazione di alcoli e polialcoli in dispositivi elettrochimici (celle a combustibile) capaci di generare contemporaneamente energia elettrica. The present invention refers to the field of sustainable production of carboxylic acids, ketones, keto acids and hydroxy acids and other oxygenated compounds through the oxidation of alcohols and polyalcohols in electrochemical devices (fuel cells) capable of simultaneously generating electricity.
Stato deH’arte State of the art
L’ossidazione sostenibile di alcoli a composti carbonilici e/o carbossilici (equazioni 1 e 2) è un obiettivo di primaria ed attuale importanza per l’industria chimica. I sistemi tradizionali per l’ossidazione della funzione alcolica fanno infatti uso di grandi quantità di metalli pesanti nocivi come cromo e manganese, generando di conseguenza enormi quantità di scorie metalliche ( Platinum Metal Rev. 2003, 47, 27; R. A. Sheldon et al. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 774). The sustainable oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl and / or carboxylic compounds (equations 1 and 2) is an objective of primary and current importance for the chemical industry. Traditional systems for the oxidation of the alcoholic function make use of large quantities of harmful heavy metals such as chromium and manganese, consequently generating enormous quantities of metal waste (Platinum Metal Rev. 2003, 47, 27; R. A. Sheldon et al. Acc . Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 774).
Migliori risultati, in termini di impatto ambientale e di selettività, possono essere ottenuti mediante ossidazione aerobica con catalizzatori eterogenei micro- o nanostrutturati a base di metalli nobili come Ru, Pd, Pt, Ag o Au supportati su ossidi metallici porosi o su zeoliti (K. Yamaguchi, N. Mizuno Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 2002, 41, 4538; R. Un et al. Catal. Leti. 2004, 93, 139; J. Shen et al. Chem. Commuti. Better results, in terms of environmental impact and selectivity, can be obtained by aerobic oxidation with heterogeneous micro- or nanostructured catalysts based on noble metals such as Ru, Pd, Pt, Ag or Au supported on porous metal oxides or on zeolites (K Yamaguchi, N. Mizuno Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 2002, 41, 4538; R. Un et al. Catal. Leti. 2004, 93, 139; J. Shen et al. Chem. Commuti.
2004, 2880; S. Campestrini et al. Chem Soc. Rev. 2005, 347, 825; G. J. Hutchings Science 2006, 311, 362). In molti casi la reattività è limitata alla ossidazione di alcoli benzilici e allilici come avviene generalmente nei processi condotti in fase omogenea dove vengono impiegati prevalentemente catalizzatori a base di Pd (T. Privalov et al. Organometallics 2005, 24, 885; B. A. Steinhoff et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 2880; S. Campestrini et al. Chem Soc. Rev. 2005, 347, 825; G. J. Hutchings Science 2006, 311, 362). In many cases, reactivity is limited to the oxidation of benzyl and allyl alcohols as generally occurs in homogeneous phase processes where mainly Pd-based catalysts are used (T. Privalov et al. Organometallics 2005, 24, 885; B. A. Steinhoff et al. . J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2004, 126, 11268). 2004, 126, 11268).
Mentre gli alcoli primari come etanolo possono essere selettivamente ossidati ad acido carbossilico con catalizzatori eterogenei a base di ossidi metallici supportati o di nanoparticelle di Au (C. H. Christensen et al. Angew. Chem Int. Ed. Engl. 2006, 45, 4648), la selettività (chemo-, regio-) di trasformazione dei polialcoli, come glicole etilenico, glicerolo e 1,2-propandiolo, è generalmente bassa a causa dei molti gruppi funzionali e della possibilità di rottura di legami carbonio-carbonio. I sistemi catalitici selettivi per l’ossidazione dei polialcoli con ossigeno sono prevalentemente a base di metalli nobili come Au, Pd, Pt, spesso in leghe binarie tra loro o con altri metalli. Alcuni esempi di ossidazione selettiva di glicerolo e glicole etilenico sono descritti in G. J. Hutchings et al. Chem Commun. 2002, 696; C. L. Bianchi et al. Catal. Today 2005, 102-103, 203; N. Dimitratos et al. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical 2006, 256, 21 ; H. Rimura et al. Appi. Catal. A: General 1993, 96, 217; J. Shen et al. Chem. Commun. 2004, 2880). While primary alcohols such as ethanol can be selectively oxidized to carboxylic acid with heterogeneous catalysts based on supported metal oxides or Au nanoparticles (C. H. Christensen et al. Angew. Chem Int. Ed. Engl. 2006, 45, 4648), the selectivity (chemo-, regio-) of the transformation of polyalcohols, such as ethylene glycol, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, is generally low due to the many functional groups and the possibility of breaking carbon-carbon bonds. The selective catalytic systems for the oxidation of polyalcohols with oxygen are mainly based on noble metals such as Au, Pd, Pt, often in binary alloys with each other or with other metals. Some examples of selective oxidation of glycerol and ethylene glycol are described in G. J. Hutchings et al. Chem Commun. 2002, 696; C. L. Bianchi et al. Catal. Today 2005, 102-103, 203; N. Dimitratos et al. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical 2006, 256, 21; H. Rimura et al. Appi. Catal. A: General 1993, 96, 217; J. Shen et al. Chem. Commun. 2004, 2880).
L’ossidazione selettiva di alcoli e polialcoli può anche essere realizzata con tecniche elettrochimiche come descritto in G. Palmisano et al. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2006, 348, 2033 dove una serie di alcoli primari e secondari sono selettivamente ossidati rispettivamente ad aldeidi e chetoni, oppure in R. Ciriminna et al. Tetrahedron Leti. 2006, 47, 6993, dove glicerolo è ossidato a 1,3-diidrossi acetone in presenza di un mediatore radicalico come TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidina-1-iloxi). Esempi di ossidazione elettrochimica di glicerolo, glicole etilenico e 1,2-propandiolo su elettrocatalizzatori a base di metalli nobili come Pd e Pt sono descritti in K. Matsuoka et al. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 51, 1085; L. Demarconnay et al. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2007, 601, 169; P. K. Shen et al. Electrochem. Commun. 2006, 184; P. Ocon et al. Electrochim. Acta 1987, 32, 387; M. J. Gonzalez et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1998, 102, L’ossidazione elettrochimica di alcoli e polilacoli può essere anche realizzata in celle a combustibile ad alcol diretto dove, tuttavia, l’obiettivo non è la conversione dell’alcol in un prodotto di ossidazione, ma piuttosto la massima produzione di energia elettrica che si realizza quando l’alcol viene ossidato completamente a CO2. The selective oxidation of alcohols and sugar alcohols can also be achieved with electrochemical techniques as described in G. Palmisano et al. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2006, 348, 2033 where a series of primary and secondary alcohols are selectively oxidized to aldehydes and ketones respectively, or in R. Ciriminna et al. Tetrahedron Leti. 2006, 47, 6993, where glycerol is oxidized to 1,3-dihydroxy acetone in the presence of a radical mediator such as TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-iloxi). Examples of electrochemical oxidation of glycerol, ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol on noble metal-based electrocatalysts such as Pd and Pt are described in K. Matsuoka et al. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 51, 1085; L. Demarconnay et al. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2007, 601, 169; P. K. Shen et al. Electrochem. Commun. 2006, 184; P. Ocon et al. Electrochim. Acta 1987, 32, 387; M. J. Gonzalez et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1998, 102, The electrochemical oxidation of alcohols and polylacles can also be accomplished in direct alcohol fuel cells where, however, the goal is not the conversion of alcohol into an oxidation product, but rather maximum energy production. which occurs when alcohol is completely oxidized to CO2.
Una moderna cella a combustibile ad alcol diretto (DAFC) è costituita da due elettrodi di materiale poroso e conduttivo separati da un elettrolita costituito da una membrana di materiale polimerico permeabile agli ioni. La membrana può essere sia a scambio protonico sia a scambio anionico. Nella Figura 1 è rappresentato schematicamente lo schema di funzionamento di una DAFC con elettrolita polimerio a scambio anionico. Celle di questo tipo sono impiegate per gli scopi della presente invenzione. Nelle DAFC, sia la reazione anodica che quella catodica avvengono su catalizzatori (denominati elettrocatalizzatori), costituiti generalmente da particelle metalliche altamente disperse e di piccole dimensioni, generalmente da 2 a 50 nanometri (10<~9>m) supportate su materiali porosi e conduttivi, generalmente carboni come Vulcan, Ketjen black o nanotubi di carbonio (Chan et al., J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 505). A modern direct alcohol fuel cell (DAFC) consists of two electrodes of porous and conductive material separated by an electrolyte consisting of a membrane of ion-permeable polymeric material. The membrane can be both proton exchange and anion exchange. Figure 1 schematically represents the operating scheme of a DAFC with anionic exchange polymer electrolyte. Cells of this type are used for the purposes of the present invention. In DAFCs, both the anodic and cathodic reactions take place on catalysts (called electrocatalysts), generally consisting of highly dispersed and small metal particles, generally from 2 to 50 nanometers (10 <~ 9> m) supported on porous and conductive materials , generally carbons such as Vulcan, Ketjen black or carbon nanotubes (Chan et al., J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 505).
La maggior parte dei catalizzatori anodici delle celle di tipo DAFC dello stato dell’arte è costituita da platino o leghe di platino con altri metalli sia nobili che non-nobili, ad esempio rutenio e stagno, dove però la percentuale di platino rimane preponderante (C. Lamy et al. J. Power Sources 2002, 105, 283-296; C. Lamy et al. J. Appi. Electrochem. 2001, 31, 799-809; C. Lamy et al. Topics in Catal. 2006, 40, 111). L’alto costo del platino e la facile disattivazione dei catalizzatori a base di platino da parte del monossido di carbonio (CO), che è un intermedio dell’ossidazione degli alcoli, hanno spinto alla realizzazione di catalizzatori per DAFC non contenenti platino o contenenti piccolissime quantità di questo metallo. Il palladio, per esempio, ha suscitato un notevole interesse poiché è 50 volte più abbondante in natura rispetto al platino ed è capace di promuovere l’ossidazione elettrochimica di metanolo sia in ambiente acido (H. L. Li et al., J. Solid State Chem., 2005, 178 , 1996) che in ambiente alcalino. Catalizzatori derivati da palladio supportato su ossidi di Ce, Ni, Co e Mn, agiscono da elettrocatalizzatori per l’ossidazione di alcoli come metanolo, etanolo, glicole etilenico e glicerolo (P. K. Shen et al., Electrochem. Commuti., 2006, 8, 184; P. K. Shen et al. J. Power Sources 2007, 164, 527; C. Coutanceau et al. J. Power Sources 2005, 156, 14). Most of the anodic catalysts of the DAFC type cells of the state of the art consist of platinum or platinum alloys with other both noble and non-noble metals, for example ruthenium and tin, where however the percentage of platinum remains predominant (C . Lamy et al. J. Power Sources 2002, 105, 283-296; C. Lamy et al. J. Appi. Electrochem. 2001, 31, 799-809; C. Lamy et al. Topics in Catal. 2006, 40 , 111). The high cost of platinum and the easy deactivation of platinum-based catalysts by carbon monoxide (CO), which is an intermediate of the oxidation of alcohols, have led to the creation of catalysts for DAFCs that do not contain platinum or contain very small amount of this metal. Palladium, for example, has aroused considerable interest as it is 50 times more abundant in nature than platinum and is capable of promoting the electrochemical oxidation of methanol both in an acid environment (H. L. Li et al., J. Solid State Chem. , 2005, 178, 1996) and in an alkaline environment. Catalysts derived from palladium supported on oxides of Ce, Ni, Co and Mn, act as electrocatalysts for the oxidation of alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol (P. K. Shen et al., Electrochem. Commuti., 2006, 8, 184; P. K. Shen et al. J. Power Sources 2007, 164, 527; C. Coutanceau et al. J. Power Sources 2005, 156, 14).
Recentemente è stata depositata una domanda di brevetto italiano (Repubblica Italiana Dom. It. FI2007A000078, 2007) nella quale viene rivendica la sintesi di elettrocatalizzatori anodici a base di Ni-Pd ed il loro impiego in celle a combustibile di tipo DAFC alcalino alimentate ad alcoli e polialcoli. I catalizzatori sono ottenuti per deposizione spontanea di Pd su materiali compositi a base di nichel, zinco e fosforo (Ni-Zn-P). An Italian patent application was recently filed (Italian Republic Dom. It. FI2007A000078, 2007) in which the synthesis of anode electrocatalysts based on Ni-Pd and their use in alkaline DAFC fuel cells powered by alcohols is claimed. and sugar alcohols. The catalysts are obtained by spontaneous deposition of Pd on composite materials based on nickel, zinc and phosphorus (Ni-Zn-P).
Come detto precedentemente la ricerca e messa a punto di nuovi catalizzatori mirava a rendere disponibili catalizzatori capaci di facilitare la completa ossidazione del combustibile utilizzato nelle celle a combustibile in modo da ottenere il massimo possibile di energia prodotta dalla cella per cui un’ossidazione parziale del combustibile era indesiderata pertanto nessuna ricerca è stata operata in funzione dello sviluppo di catalizzatori parziali. As previously mentioned, the research and development of new catalysts aimed at making available catalysts capable of facilitating the complete oxidation of the fuel used in the fuel cells in order to obtain the maximum possible energy produced by the cell for which a partial oxidation of the fuel it was undesirable therefore no research was carried out in function of the development of partial catalysts.
La Richiedente non è a conoscenza di brevetti di invenzione o di pubblicazioni scientifiche nelle quali si rivendica l’uso di celle a combustibile come dispositivi per la trasformazione selettiva di alcoli in prodotti contenenti la funzione chetonica, aldeidica e/o carbossilica mediante catalizzatori anodici opportunamente selezionati per ridurre l’efficienza Faradaica. The Applicant is not aware of invention patents or scientific publications which claim the use of fuel cells as devices for the selective transformation of alcohols into products containing the ketone, aldehyde and / or carboxy function by means of suitably selected anodic catalysts. to reduce Faradaic efficiency.
Sommario dell’invenzione Summary of the invention
La presente invenzione si riferisce alla produzione contemporanea di energia elettrica e di prodotti di ossidazione parziale (aldeidi, acidi, chetoacidi, idrossiacidi) di alcoli e polialcoli in celle a combustibile ad alcol diretto (DAFC) con elettrolita costituito da membrane a scambio anionico o da soluzioni di idrossidi alcalini. The present invention relates to the simultaneous production of electricity and partial oxidation products (aldehydes, acids, ketoacids, hydroxyacids) of alcohols and polyalcohols in direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFC) with an electrolyte consisting of anionic exchange membranes or solutions of alkaline hydroxides.
Descrizione delle figure Description of the figures
Figura 1 - Schema semplificato di una cella a combustibile di tipo DAFC impiegata per l’ossidazione parziale di alcoli e la concomitante produzione di energia elettrica. Figure 1 - Simplified diagram of a DAFC-type fuel cell used for the partial oxidation of alcohols and the concomitant production of electricity.
Figura 2 - Curve di polarizzazione e di densità di potenza di una cella alimentata con una soluzione acquosa di etanolo (10% in peso) con le specifiche descritte nell’esempio di cella n° 1. Figure 2 - Polarization and power density curves of a cell fed with an aqueous solution of ethanol (10% by weight) with the specifications described in the example of cell n ° 1.
Figura 3 - Spettro<13>C{<1>H} NMR della soluzione anodica dopo un esperimento galvanostatico realizzato con una cella avente le specifiche descritte nell’esempio n°. 1 per 12 ore ad un potenziale di cella di 0.4 V. Figure 3 - <13> C {<1> H} NMR spectrum of the anodic solution after a galvanostatic experiment carried out with a cell having the specifications described in example no. 1 for 12 hours at a cell potential of 0.4 V.
Figura 4 - Curve di polarizzazione e di densità dì potenza di una cella alimentata con una soluzione acquosa di glicole etilenico (10% in peso) con le specifiche descritte nell’esempio di cella n° 2. Figure 4 - Polarization and power density curves of a cell fed with an aqueous solution of ethylene glycol (10% by weight) with the specifications described in the example of cell n ° 2.
Figura 5 - Spettro<13>C{<1>H} NMR della soluzione anodica dopo un esperimento galvanostatico realizzato con una cella avente le specifiche decritte nell’esempio di cella n°. 2 per 12 ore ad un potenziale di cella dì 0.4 V. Figure 5 - <13> C {<1> H} NMR spectrum of the anode solution after a galvanostatic experiment carried out with a cell having the specifications described in the example of cell no. 2 for 12 hours at a cell potential of 0.4 V.
Figura 6 - Curve di polarizzazione e di densità di potenza di una cella alimentata con una soluzione acquosa di glicerolo (10% in peso) con le specìfiche descritte nell’esempio di cella n° 3. Figure 6 - Polarization and power density curves of a cell fed with an aqueous solution of glycerol (10% by weight) with the specifications described in the example of cell n ° 3.
Figura 7 - Spettro<13>C{<1>H} NMR della soluzione anodica dopo un esperimento galvanostatico realizzato con una cella avente le specifiche descritte nell’esempio di cella n°. 3 per 12 ore ad un potenziale di cella di 0.4 V. Figure 7 - <13> C {<1> H} NMR spectrum of the anode solution after a galvanostatic experiment carried out with a cell having the specifications described in the example of cell no. 3 for 12 hours at a cell potential of 0.4 V.
Figura 8 - Spettro<13>C{<1>H} NMR della soluzione anodica dopo un esperimento galvanostatico realizzato con una cella avente le specifiche descritte nell’esempio di cella n°. 3 per 24 ore ad un potenziale di cella di 0.4 V. Figure 8 - <13> C {<1> H} NMR spectrum of the anode solution after a galvanostatic experiment carried out with a cell having the specifications described in the example of cell no. 3 for 24 hours at a cell potential of 0.4 V.
Figura 9 - Spettro<13>C{<1>H} NMR della soluzione anodica dopo un esperimento galvanostatico realizzato con una cella avente le specifiche descritte nell'esempio di cella n°. 3 per 24 ore ad un potenziale di cella di 0.2 V. Figure 9 - <13> C {<1> H} NMR spectrum of the anodic solution after a galvanostatic experiment carried out with a cell having the specifications described in the example of cell n °. 3 for 24 hours at a cell potential of 0.2 V.
Figura 10 - Curve di polarizzazione e di densità di potenza di una cella alimentata con una soluzione acquosa di alcol etilico (10% in peso) con le specifiche descritte nell’esempio di cella n° 4. Figure 10 - Polarization and power density curves of a cell fed with an aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol (10% by weight) with the specifications described in the example of cell no. 4.
Figura 11 - Spettro<13>C{<1>H} NMR della soluzione anodica dopo un esperimento galvanostatico realizzato con una cella avente le specifiche decritte nell’esempio di cella n°. 4 per 10 ore ad un potenziale di cella di 0.4 V. Figure 11 - <13> C {<1> H} NMR spectrum of the anode solution after a galvanostatic experiment carried out with a cell having the specifications described in the example of cell no. 4 for 10 hours at a cell potential of 0.4 V.
Figura 12 - Curve di polarizzazione e di potenza, registrate alla temperatura di 80 °C, di una cella con MEA costituita da un catodo HYPERMEC™ Fe50-Co50, da una membrana Tokuyama A006 e da un anodo Ni-Zn-P-PdA/ulcan descritto nella domanda di brevetto Italiano FI2006A000180, alimentata con: glicerolo 10% in peso; glicole etilenico 10% in peso; alcol etilico 10% in peso. Figure 12 - Polarization and power curves, recorded at a temperature of 80 ° C, of a cell with MEA consisting of a HYPERMEC ™ Fe50-Co50 cathode, a Tokuyama A006 membrane and a Ni-Zn-P-PdA / anode ulcan described in the Italian patent application FI2006A000180, fed with: glycerol 10% by weight; ethylene glycol 10% by weight; ethyl alcohol 10% by weight.
Descrizione dettagliata della presente invenzione Detailed description of the present invention
La presente invenzione consente di realizzare un processo nel quale, contemporaneamente alla generazione di energia elettrica, alcoli e polialcoli sono selettivamente convertiti in prodotti di ossidazione parziale, come acidi carbossilici, aldeidi, chetoni, chetoacidi e idrossiacidi. Un tale processo avviene in una cella a combustibile del tipo ad alcol diretto (DAFC) preferibilmente equipaggiata con un elettrolita costituito da una membrana a scambio anìonico o da una soluzione di un idrossido alcalino come NaOH e KOH. The present invention allows to carry out a process in which, simultaneously with the generation of electrical energy, alcohols and polyalcohols are selectively converted into partial oxidation products, such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, ketoacids and hydroxy acids. Such a process takes place in a direct alcohol type fuel cell (DAFC) preferably equipped with an electrolyte consisting of an anonic exchange membrane or a solution of an alkaline hydroxide such as NaOH and KOH.
La Richiedente ha infatti sorprendentemente trovato che, a differenza dei catalizzatori a base di Pt e Pt-Pd di arte nota (C. Lamy et al. Topics in Catal. 2006, 40, 111; C. Coutanceau et al. J. Power Sources 2005, 156, 14), i catalizzatori Pd-Ni-Zn-P, hanno scarsa o nessuna tendenza a rompere legami carbonio-carbonio in ambiente alcalino e pertanto, pur dando densità di potenza molto elevate, convertono alcoli primari come etanolo e propanolo selettivamente al corrispondente acido carbossìlico e polialcoli come glicole etilenico e glicerolo a idrossiacidi, chetoacidi e/o diacidi. Comparabile reattività è stata da noi riscontrata, preferibilmente in ambiente alcalino, per mezzo di elettrodi anodici contenenti catalizzatori a base di palladio, platino o altri metalli nobili di arte nota, come ad esempio quelli descritti nel brevetto DE 1254132 e nella domanda di brevetto Italiano FI2006A000180, preparati per deposizione spontanea di un metallo nobile, ad esempio palladio o platino, rispettivamente su nichel ottenuto per trattamento di leghe Ni-AI con idrossìdi alcalini o su catalizzatori nanostrutturati a base di leghe Fe-Co-Ni, descritti nel brevetto Europeo EP 1556916 (A2) 2006 e conosciuti con il marchio FIYPERMEC™ Si sono rivelati efficaci per gli scopi della presente invenzione anche catalizzatori ottenuti per semplice riduzione con glicole etilenico di sali di palladio adsorbiti su carboni conduttivi (L.-J. Chen at al. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 297, 143), o per microwave irradiation (H. T. Zheng et al. J. Power Sources 2006, 163, 371) o con NaBFU (C. Xu et al. J. Power Sources 2007, 164, 527). The Applicant has in fact surprisingly found that, unlike the catalysts based on Pt and Pt-Pd of the known art (C. Lamy et al. Topics in Catal. 2006, 40, 111; C. Coutanceau et al. J. Power Sources 2005, 156, 14), Pd-Ni-Zn-P catalysts have little or no tendency to break carbon-carbon bonds in an alkaline environment and therefore, while giving very high power densities, convert primary alcohols such as ethanol and propanol selectively to the corresponding carboxylic acid and polyalcohols such as ethylene glycol and glycerol to hydroxyacids, ketoacids and / or diacids. Comparable reactivity was found by us, preferably in an alkaline environment, by means of anode electrodes containing catalysts based on palladium, platinum or other noble metals of the known art, such as those described in patent DE 1254132 and in Italian patent application FI2006A000180 , prepared by spontaneous deposition of a noble metal, for example palladium or platinum, respectively on nickel obtained by treating Ni-AI alloys with alkaline hydroxides or on nanostructured catalysts based on Fe-Co-Ni alloys, described in European patent EP 1556916 (A2) 2006 and known under the trademark FIYPERMEC ™ Catalysts obtained by simple reduction with ethylene glycol of palladium salts adsorbed on conductive carbons have also proved effective for the purposes of the present invention (L.-J. Chen at al. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 297, 143), or for microwave irradiation (H. T. Zheng et al. J. Power Sources 2006, 163, 371) or with NaBFU (C. Xu et al. J. Power Sources 2007, 164, 527).
In questo caso, gli acidi carbossilici prodotti sono isolati come carbossilati di metalli alcalini, generalmente di sodio e potassio. Per lo scopo dell’invenzione, possono essere impiegati tutti quei catalizzatori anodici per celle a combustibile, e più in generale per celle elettrochimiche, incluso quelle per processi elettrolitici, purché capaci di promuovere l’ossidazione della funzione alcolica primaria e secondaria a gruppo chetonico, aldeidico o carbossilico. In this case, the carboxylic acids produced are isolated as alkali metal carboxylates, generally sodium and potassium. For the purpose of the invention, all those anodic catalysts for fuel cells, and more generally for electrochemical cells, including those for electrolytic processes, can be used, provided they are capable of promoting the oxidation of the primary and secondary alcoholic function to ketone group, aldehyde or carboxylic.
E’ pertanto oggetto della presente invenzione un processo in cui si utilizzano celle a combustibile ad alcool diretto comprendenti catalizzatori a base di palladio supportato su vari materiali tra cui fasi metalliche Ni-Zn-P, Ni Raney, carboni porosi (Vulcan, Ketjen black) o nanotubi di carbonio, che possono promuovere l’ossidazione parziale di alcoli e polialcoli in ambiente alcalino generando nel contempo, a seconda dell’alcol usato, densità di corrente tra 25 e 90 mW cm<2>a temperatura ambiente in sistemi self-breathing (passivi) e tra 160 e 210 mW cm<2>in sistemi attivi (1 bar 02) a 80 °C. Quest’ultimi valori sono riportati per etanolo, glicole etilenico e glicerolo (Figura 12) in una domanda di brevetto italiano (Repubblica Italiana Dom. It. FI2007A000078, 2007) nella quale sono descritti elettrocatalizzatori anodici a base di Ni-Pd ed il loro impiego in celle a combustibile di tipo DAFC alcalino. I catalizzatori sono ottenuti per deposizione spontanea di Pd su materiali compositi a base di nichel, zinco e fosforo (Ni-Zn-P). I valori di densità di corrente ottenuti con i catalizzatori a base di palladio sopra descritti sono comparabili ed anche superiori a quelle generalmente riportate per catalizzatori anodici a base di platino in celle a metanolo diretto (C. Lamy et al. Topics in Catal. 2006, 40, 111 ; Q. Xin et al. J. Power Sources 2004, 126, 16). Gli specifici dati di densità di potenza registrati durante l’ossidazione parziale di alcuni substrati modello, come etanolo, glicole etilenico e glicerolo, sono riportati nella descrizione delle relative DAFC descritte nelle Figure 2, 4 6, 10 e 12. Il fatto che i catalizzatori anodici impiegati negli esempi descrìtti siano a base di palladio e platino, non esclude che catalizzatori a base di altri metalli, purché capaci di promuovere l’ossidazione parziale di alcoli e polialcoli in celle a combustibile diretto, possano essere impiegati per la realizzazione dei processi e delle celle di tipo DAFC rivendicate in questo brevetto di invenzione. In particolare, risultati simili a quelli ottenibile con catalizzatori a base di palladio, possono essere conseguiti con catalizzatori anodici a base di metalli di transizione dei gruppi 8, 9, 10, 11 e 12 della tavola periodica degli Elementi, purché impiegati in DAFC del tipo descritto in Figura 1. The object of the present invention is therefore a process in which direct alcohol fuel cells are used comprising catalysts based on palladium supported on various materials including metal phases Ni-Zn-P, Ni Raney, porous carbons (Vulcan, Ketjen black) o carbon nanotubes, which can promote the partial oxidation of alcohols and polyalcohols in an alkaline environment while generating, depending on the alcohol used, current density between 25 and 90 mW cm <2> at room temperature in self-breathing systems (passive) and between 160 and 210 mW cm <2> in active systems (1 bar 02) at 80 ° C. The latter values are reported for ethanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol (Figure 12) in an Italian patent application (Italian Republic Dom. It. FI2007A000078, 2007) in which anode electrocatalysts based on Ni-Pd and their use are described in fuel cells of the alkaline DAFC type. The catalysts are obtained by spontaneous deposition of Pd on composite materials based on nickel, zinc and phosphorus (Ni-Zn-P). The current density values obtained with the palladium-based catalysts described above are comparable and even higher than those generally reported for platinum-based anodic catalysts in direct methanol cells (C. Lamy et al. Topics in Catal. 2006, 40, 111; Q. Xin et al. J. Power Sources 2004, 126, 16). The specific power density data recorded during the partial oxidation of some model substrates, such as ethanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol, are reported in the description of the related DAFCs described in Figures 2, 4, 6, 10 and 12. The fact that the catalysts anodic compounds used in the examples described are based on palladium and platinum, it does not exclude that catalysts based on other metals, provided they are capable of promoting the partial oxidation of alcohols and polyalcohols in direct fuel cells, can be used for carrying out the processes and of the cells of the DAFC type claimed in this invention patent. In particular, results similar to those obtainable with palladium-based catalysts, can be achieved with anodic catalysts based on transition metals of groups 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the periodic table of the Elements, provided they are used in DAFCs of the type described in Figure 1.
Esempi dei processi rivendicati sono riportati per le seguenti conversioni: etanolo ad acetato di potassio (3), glicole etilenico a glicolato di potassio e ossalato di potassio (4), glicerolo a glicerato di potassio, tartronato di potassio e ossalato di potassio (5). Examples of the claimed processes are reported for the following conversions: ethanol to potassium acetate (3), ethylene glycol to potassium glycolate and potassium oxalate (4), glycerol to potassium glycerate, potassium tartronate and potassium oxalate (5) .
E' stato trovato dalla Richiedente che, nei caso di substrati alcolici capaci di generare più prodotti di ossidazione (vedi reazioni 4 e 5), la selettività della reazione può essere controllata attraverso il tempo di funzionamento della DAFC, e del voltaggio e temperatura dei processi galvanostatici. It has been found by the Applicant that, in the case of alcoholic substrates capable of generating more oxidation products (see reactions 4 and 5), the selectivity of the reaction can be controlled through the operating time of the DAFC, and the voltage and temperature of the processes. galvanostatic.
Lo schema di funzionamento di una DAFC dell’invenzione è mostrato in Figura 1. Le DAFC usate per dimostrare quanto rivendicato nella presente invenzione sono state realizzate con elettrodi catodici dello stato deH’arte, con membrane a scambio anionico commerciali e con elettrodi anodici preparati secondo metodi noti, alcuni dei quali sono descritti di seguito. The operating diagram of a DAFC of the invention is shown in Figure 1. The DAFCs used to demonstrate what is claimed in the present invention were made with state-of-the-art cathode electrodes, with commercial anion exchange membranes and with anode electrodes prepared according to known methods, some of which are described below.
Metodo 1 Method 1
Deposizione spontanea di un metallo nobile su particelle micro- o nanometriche di metalli non-nobili Spontaneous deposition of a noble metal on micro- or nanometric particles of non-noble metals
Viene preparata una sospensione acquosa, contenente un sale di nichel, preferibilmente nichel solfato esaidrato (NiS04-6H20), un sale zinco, preferibilmente zinco solfato eptaidrato (ZnS04-7H20), sodio citratotribasico diidrato (Na3-citrato-2H20), ammonio cloruro (NH4CI), sodio ipofosfito idrato (NaH2P02H20), un supporto conduttivo poroso a base di carbone grafitico o amorfo, ad es. Vulcan XC-72R o carbone attivo RDBA. Il pH viene portato a 10 mediante l'aggiunta di una soluzione acquosa di KOH e la sospensione viene scaldata a circa 100 °C. per 2 h, mantenendo il pH a 10 mediante l'aggiunta di una soluzione acquosa di KOH. An aqueous suspension is prepared, containing a nickel salt, preferably nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiS04-6H20), a zinc salt, preferably zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnS04-7H20), citratotribase sodium dihydrate (Na3-citrate-2H20), ammonium chloride ( NH4CI), sodium hypophosphite hydrate (NaH2P02H20), a porous conductive support based on graphitic or amorphous carbon, e.g. Vulcan XC-72R or RDBA activated carbon. The pH is brought to 10 by adding an aqueous solution of KOH and the suspension is heated to about 100 ° C. for 2 h, maintaining the pH at 10 by adding an aqueous solution of KOH.
Alla sospensione, lasciata rinvenire a temperatura ambiente, viene aggiunta una soluzione acquosa contenente KOH (30 g) e la temperatura è portata a circa 50 °C per 1 h. Il residuo solido, denominato Ni-Zn-P/C, viene filtrato, lavato abbondantemente con acqua e seccato. An aqueous solution containing KOH (30 g) is added to the suspension, left to reach room temperature, and the temperature is brought to about 50 ° C for 1 h. The solid residue, called Ni-Zn-P / C, is filtered, washed abundantly with water and dried.
Il solido ottenuto viene sospeso in acqua e un sale o composto di un metallo nobile, ad esempio potassio tetracloropalladato (K2PdCI4), acido esacloroplatinico (H2PtCI6), rutenio tricloruro (RuCI3) o iridio tricloruro (lrCI3), viene lentamente aggiunto alla sospensione. Il prodotto risultante viene filtrato, lavato con acqua e conservato ancora umido. Metodo 2 The solid obtained is suspended in water and a salt or compound of a noble metal, for example potassium tetrachloropalladate (K2PdCI4), hexachloroplatinic acid (H2PtCI6), ruthenium trichloride (RuCI3) or iridium trichloride (lrCI3), is slowly added to the suspension. The resulting product is filtered, washed with water and kept still moist. Method 2
Deposizione spontanea di un metallo nobile su particelle micro- o nanometriche di metalli non-nobili. Spontaneous deposition of a noble metal on micro- or nanometric particles of non-noble metals.
Una soluzione in acqua costituita da sale o un composto di nichel, preferibilmente nichel acetato tetraidrato [Ni(CH3C02)2-4H20], da un sale o un composto di cobalto, preferibilmente [Co(CH3C02)2-4H20] e da un sale o composto di ferro, preferibilmente [Fe(CH3C02)2] viene aggiunta ad una sospensione acquosa contenente un polimero templante di arte nota descritto nel brevetto Europeo EP 1556916 (A2) 2006. Il prodotto solido che si forma viene filtrato, lavato con acqua e seccato. Il solido seccato viene aggiunto ad una sospensione in acetone o altro solvente organico di un materiale conduttivo poroso a base di carbone grafitico o amorfo, es. Vulcan XC-72 o carbone attivo RDBA, solo per citarne alcuni. Il prodotto risultante viene trattato con un agente riducente dello stato dell’arte (per esempio: NaBH4o NH2NH2), filtrato, lavato con acqua e seccato oppure ridotto in corrente di idrogeno ad una temperatura compresa tra 300 e 800 °C. A solution in water consisting of a salt or a nickel compound, preferably nickel acetate tetrahydrate [Ni (CH3C02) 2-4H20], a salt or a cobalt compound, preferably [Co (CH3C02) 2-4H20] and a salt or compound of iron, preferably [Fe (CH3C02) 2] is added to an aqueous suspension containing a templating polymer of the known art described in the European patent EP 1556916 (A2) 2006. The solid product that forms is filtered, washed with water and dried out. The dried solid is added to a suspension in acetone or other organic solvent of a porous conductive material based on graphitic or amorphous carbon, e.g. Vulcan XC-72 or RDBA activated carbon, just to name a few. The resulting product is treated with a reducing agent of the state of the art (for example: NaBH4 or NH2NH2), filtered, washed with water and dried or reduced in a stream of hydrogen at a temperature between 300 and 800 ° C.
Il solido ottenuto viene sospeso in acqua e un sale o composto di un metallo nobile, ad esempio palladio dicloruro (PdCI2), acido esacloroplatinico (H2PtCI6) o iridio tricloruro (lrCI3), è aggiunto alla sospensione. Dopo una ora il materiale viene filtrato, lavato con acqua, seccato, sospeso in acqua e ridotto con un agente riducente dello stato dell’arte (per esempio: NaBH4o NH2NH2). Quindi viene filtrato, lavato con acqua e seccato. The solid obtained is suspended in water and a salt or compound of a noble metal, for example palladium dichloride (PdCI2), hexachloroplatinic acid (H2PtCI6) or iridium trichloride (lrCI3), is added to the suspension. After one hour the material is filtered, washed with water, dried, suspended in water and reduced with a state of the art reducing agent (for example: NaBH4 or NH2NH2). Then it is filtered, washed with water and dried.
Metodo 3 Method 3
Riduzione di un sale di un metallo nobile adsorbito su carbone conduttivo Reduction of a salt of a noble metal adsorbed on conductive carbon
Ad una sospensione di Vulcan XC-72R in glicole etilenico (EG), dopo trattamento in bagno ad ultrasuoni per 20 minuti, viene aggiunta lentamente e sotto vigorosa agitazione una soluzione in acqua contenente un sale 0 un composto di un metallo nobile, preferibilmente acido tetracloropalladato (H2PdCI4), acido esacloroplatinico (H2PtCI6) 0 iridio tricloruro (IrCh). To a suspension of Vulcan XC-72R in ethylene glycol (EG), after treatment in an ultrasonic bath for 20 minutes, a solution in water containing a salt or a compound of a noble metal, preferably tetrachloropalladate acid, is slowly added under vigorous stirring. (H2PdCI4), hexachloroplatinic acid (H2PtCI6) or iridium trichloride (IrCh).
Il pH della sospensione viene portato a 13.5 mediante l'aggiunta di una soluzione di NaOH e la temperatura è portata 140 °C per 3 ore. Il prodotto è filtrato e lavato con abbondante H20 e seccato in stufa sotto vuoto fino a peso costante. The pH of the suspension is brought to 13.5 by adding a NaOH solution and the temperature is brought to 140 ° C for 3 hours. The product is filtered and washed with abundant H20 and dried in an oven under vacuum to constant weight.
Di seguito sono descritti alcuni esempi di preparazione di catalizzatori anodici. Some examples of the preparation of anodic catalysts are described below.
Esempio 1 Example 1
PREPARAZIONE DI UN CATALIZZATORE ANODICO A BASE DI NICHEL- ZINCO-FOSFORO-PALLADIO PREPARATION OF A NICKEL-ZINC-PHOSPHORUS-PALLADIUM-BASED ANODIC CATALYST
In 100 mL di acqua vengono sciolti 3.5 g di nichel solfato esaidrato (NiS04-6H20 ), 2 g di zinco solfato eptaidrato (ZnS04-7H20 ), 8.5 g di sodio citrato tribasico diidrato (Na3-citrato 2H20), 5 g di ammonio cloruro (NH4CI) e 3 g di sodio ipofosfito idrato (NaH2P02H20). Il pH della soluzione viene portato a 10 mediante l'aggiunta di 30 ml_ di una soluzione acquosa di KOH al 30% ed alla soluzione di colore verde-blu vengono aggiunti 5 g di Vulcan XC-72R. In 100 mL of water 3.5 g of nickel sulphate hexahydrate (NiS04-6H20), 2 g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnS04-7H20), 8.5 g of tribasic sodium citrate dihydrate (Na3-citrate 2H20), 5 g of ammonium chloride are dissolved (NH4CI) and 3 g of sodium hypophosphite hydrate (NaH2P02H20). The pH of the solution is brought to 10 by adding 30 ml_ of an aqueous solution of KOH at 30% and 5 g of Vulcan XC-72R are added to the blue-green solution.
La risultante sospensione viene scaldata a 100 °C. Dopo qualche minuto si osserva una forte effervescenza dovuta allo sviluppo di gas e la sospensione è lasciata a 90 °C per 2 h mantenendo il pH a 10 mediante l'aggiunta di una soluzione acquosa di KOH al 30%. The resulting suspension is heated to 100 ° C. After a few minutes a strong effervescence is observed due to the development of gas and the suspension is left at 90 ° C for 2 hours, maintaining the pH at 10 by adding an aqueous solution of KOH at 30%.
Alla sospensione, lasciata raffreddare rinvenire a temperatura ambiente, vengono aggiunti 20 g di KOH. La temperatura viene portata a 50 °C per 1 h. Il residuo solido viene filtrato, lavato con acqua fino a pH neutro e seccato in stufa sotto vuoto a 40 °C fino a peso costante. Resa = 6 g (Ni-Zn-P/C). 20 g of KOH are added to the suspension, left to cool down to room temperature. The temperature is brought to 50 ° C for 1 h. The solid residue is filtered, washed with water to neutral pH and dried in an oven under vacuum at 40 ° C until constant weight. Yield = 6 g (Ni-Zn-P / C).
Contenuto di Ni = 10.2% in peso, contenuto di Zn = 0.51% in peso, contenuto P = 0.27 % in peso (analisi ICP-AES, EDS). Ni content = 10.2% by weight, Zn content = 0.51% by weight, P content = 0.27% by weight (ICP-AES, EDS analysis).
Il solido ottenuto precedentemente viene quindi sospeso in 500 mL di acqua e finemente disperso mediante una sonda a ultrasuoni per 30 minuti. A questa sospensione vigorosamente agitata, viene lentamente aggiunta (3 h) a temperatura ambiente una soluzione contenente 0.5 g di potassio tetracloropalladato K2PdCI4sciolti in 250 mL di acqua. Terminata l'aggiunta, la sospensione viene lasciata sotto vigorosa agitazione per altre 2 h ed il residuo solido viene filtrato e lavato diverse volte con acqua (4 x 100 mL) e conservato ancora umido. The solid obtained previously is then suspended in 500 mL of water and finely dispersed by means of an ultrasonic probe for 30 minutes. To this vigorously stirred suspension, a solution containing 0.5 g of potassium tetrachloropalladate K2PdCI4 dissolved in 250 mL of water is slowly added (3 h) at room temperature. At the end of the addition, the suspension is left under vigorous stirring for another 2 h and the solid residue is filtered and washed several times with water (4 x 100 mL) and kept still moist.
Contenuto di Ni = 8.71 % in peso, contenuto di Zn = 0.51% in peso, contenuto P = 0.27 % in peso , contenuto di Pd = 2.79% in peso (analisi ICP-AES, EDS). Ni content = 8.71% by weight, Zn content = 0.51% by weight, P content = 0.27% by weight, Pd content = 2.79% by weight (ICP-AES, EDS analysis).
Esempio 2 Example 2
PREPARAZIONE DI UN CATALIZZATORE ANODICO A BASE DI NICHEL-ZINCO-FOSFORO-PLATINO PREPARATION OF A NICKEL-ZINC-PHOSPHORUS-PLATINUM-BASED ANODIC CATALYST
6 g di Ni-Zn-P/C (ottenuto secondo la procedura descritta nell’esempio 1), vengono sospesi in 500 mL di acqua e finemente dispersi mediante una sonda a ultrasuoni per 30 minuti. A questa sospensione vigorosamente agitata, viene lentamente aggiunta (3 h), a temperatura ambiente, una soluzione contenente 1.04 di potassio tetracloroplatinato (K2PtCI6) sciolti in 200 mL di acqua. Terminata l'aggiunta, la sospensione viene lasciata sotto vigorosa agitazione per altre 2 h ed il residuo solido viene filtrato e lavato diverse volte con acqua (4 x 100 mL) e conservato umido. 6 g of Ni-Zn-P / C (obtained according to the procedure described in example 1), are suspended in 500 mL of water and finely dispersed by means of an ultrasound probe for 30 minutes. To this vigorously stirred suspension, a solution containing 1.04 potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K2PtCI6) dissolved in 200 mL of water is slowly added (3 h) at room temperature. At the end of the addition, the suspension is left under vigorous stirring for another 2 h and the solid residue is filtered and washed several times with water (4 x 100 mL) and kept moist.
Contenuto di Ni = 5.77 % in peso, contenuto di Zn = 0.5 % in peso, contenuto di P = 0.28 % in peso, contenuto di Pt = 5.86 % in peso (analisi ICP-AES, EDS). Ni content = 5.77% by weight, Zn content = 0.5% by weight, Pt content = 0.28% by weight, Pt content = 5.86% by weight (ICP-AES, EDS analysis).
Esempio 3 Example 3
PREPARAZIONE DI UN CATALIZZATORE ANODICO A BASE DI FERRO, COBALTO, NICHEL E PALLADIO PREPARATION OF AN IRON, COBALT, NICKEL AND PALLADIUM-BASED ANODIC CATALYST
Ad una sospensione contenente 7 g del polimero di arte nota (descritto nel brevetto europeo EP 1556916 (A2) 2006) in 440 mL di acqua e 87,5 mL di NaOH 1 M, finemente dispersa mediante una sonda ad ultrasuoni per 30 min. vengono aggiunti 3.18 g di nichel acetato tetraidrato [Ni(CH3C02)2-4H20], 3.18 g di cobalto acetato tetraidrato [CO(CH3C02)24H20] e 2.54 g di ferro acetato [Fe(CH3C02)2] sciolti in 200 mL di acqua e la miscela viene mantenuta sotto vigorosa agitazione a temperatura ambiente per una notte. Successivamente la miscela viene portata a pH 7,5 mediante l'aggiunta di HCI 1 M ed il precipitato rosso mattone che si forma viene filtrato, lavato diverse volte con acqua (4 X 50 mL) e seccato in stufa sotto vuoto a 70°C fino a peso costante. Resa = 8 g. Contenuto di Ni = 6.22 wt.%, contenuto di Co = 6.44 wt.% e contenuto di Fe = 5.99 wt.% (analisi ICP-AES). To a suspension containing 7 g of the polymer of the known art (described in the European patent EP 1556916 (A2) 2006) in 440 mL of water and 87.5 mL of 1 M NaOH, finely dispersed by means of an ultrasound probe for 30 min. 3.18 g of nickel acetate tetrahydrate [Ni (CH3C02) 2-4H20], 3.18 g of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate [CO (CH3C02) 24H20] and 2.54 g of iron acetate [Fe (CH3C02) 2] dissolved in 200 mL of water are added and the mixture is kept under vigorous stirring at room temperature overnight. Subsequently the mixture is brought to pH 7.5 by adding 1 M HCI and the brick red precipitate that forms is filtered, washed several times with water (4 X 50 mL) and dried in an oven under vacuum at 70 ° C up to constant weight. Yield = 8 g. Ni content = 6.22 wt.%, Co content = 6.44 wt.% And Fe content = 5.99 wt.% (ICP-AES analysis).
Ad una sospensione di 1.2 g del composto precedentemente ottenuto in 500 mL di acetone (finemente disperso mediante una sonda ad ultrasuoni per 30 min.) vengono aggiunti 7 g di Vulcan XC-72R. La sospensione viene mantenuta in sonda ad ultrasuoni per 1h ed il solvente eliminato per evaporazione a pressione ridotta. Successivamente la miscela contenente il POLIMERO-Fe,Ni,CoA/ulcan viene introdotta in un forno di quarzo e scaldata in flusso di idrogeno a 365 °C per 2 h. Il residuo solido precedentemente ottenuto viene finemente macinato ed aggiunto ad una soluzione di palladio cloruro (PdCI2) ottenuta sciogliendo 0.12 g di PdCI2in 500 mL di acqua acidificata con 0.5 mL di HCI concentrato e leggermente scaldata a 40 °C. La sospensione viene mantenuta sotto vigorosa agitazione a temperatura ambiente e dopo 1 h il residuo solido viene filtrato e lavato con acqua (300 mL). Successivamente viene sospeso in 500 mL di acqua e, mantenendo la sospensione sotto vigorosa agitazione a temperatura ambiente si aggiungono 2 g di NaBH4sciolti in acqua (50 mL). La sospensione viene mantenuta sotto agitazione a temperatura ambiente in flusso di N2e dopo 2 h il residuo solido viene filtrato, lavato con acqua (500 mL) e seccato in stufa sotto vuoto fino a peso costante. Contenuto di Ni = 1.03 wt.%, contenuto di Co =1.04 wt.%, contenuto di Fe = 0.99 wt.%, contenuto di Pd =1.06 wt.% (analisi ICP-AES). 7 g of Vulcan XC-72R are added to a suspension of 1.2 g of the compound previously obtained in 500 mL of acetone (finely dispersed by means of an ultrasound probe for 30 min.). The suspension is kept in an ultrasonic probe for 1 hour and the solvent is removed by evaporation at reduced pressure. Subsequently, the mixture containing the POLYMER-Fe, Ni, CoA / ulcan is introduced into a quartz oven and heated in a flow of hydrogen at 365 ° C for 2 h. The solid residue previously obtained is finely ground and added to a solution of palladium chloride (PdCI2) obtained by dissolving 0.12 g of PdCI2 in 500 mL of acidified water with 0.5 mL of concentrated HCI and slightly heated to 40 ° C. The suspension is kept under vigorous stirring at room temperature and after 1 h the solid residue is filtered and washed with water (300 mL). Subsequently it is suspended in 500 mL of water and, keeping the suspension under vigorous stirring at room temperature, 2 g of NaBH4 dissolved in water (50 mL) are added. The suspension is kept under stirring at room temperature in a flow of N2 and after 2 h the solid residue is filtered, washed with water (500 mL) and dried in an oven under vacuum to constant weight. Ni content = 1.03 wt.%, Co content = 1.04 wt.%, Fe content = 0.99 wt.%, Pd content = 1.06 wt.% (ICP-AES analysis).
Esempio 4 Example 4
PREPARAZIONE DI UN CATALIZZATORE ANODICO A BASE DI PALLADIO PREPARATION OF A PALLADIUM-BASED ANODIC CATALYST
Ad una sospensione di 3,11 g di Vulcan XC-72R in 100 mi di glicole etilenico, dopo trattamento in bagno ad ultrasuoni per 20 minuti, è aggiunta goccia a goccia e sotto vigorosa agitazione meccanica una soluzione di acido tetracloropalladato (H2PdCI4), ottenuta per dissoluzione a caldo di 155 mg di palladio cloruro (PdCI2) in 6 mL di HCI cono, 50 mi di H20 e 50 mL di glicole etilenico. To a suspension of 3.11 g of Vulcan XC-72R in 100 ml of ethylene glycol, after treatment in an ultrasonic bath for 20 minutes, a solution of tetrachloropalladate acid (H2PdCI4) is added drop by drop and under vigorous mechanical stirring. by hot dissolution of 155 mg of palladium chloride (PdCI2) in 6 mL of cone HCI, 50 mL of H20 and 50 mL of ethylene glycol.
Il pH della sospensione è portato a 13 mediante l'aggiunta di 45 mL di una soluzione acquosa di NaOH 2.5 M e la temperatura è portata a 140 °C per 3 ore, in atmosfera inerte. The pH of the suspension is brought to 13 by adding 45 mL of an aqueous solution of 2.5 M NaOH and the temperature is brought to 140 ° C for 3 hours, in an inert atmosphere.
Il prodotto è filtrato e lavato con abbondante H20 (3 x 100 mL) e successivamente seccato in stufa sotto vuoto a 40 °C fino a peso costante. Resa 3 g. Contenuto di Pd = 4 % in peso (analisi ICP-AES, EDS). The product is filtered and washed with abundant H20 (3 x 100 mL) and subsequently dried in an oven under vacuum at 40 ° C until constant weight. Yield 3 g. Pd content = 4% by weight (ICP-AES, EDS analysis).
Realizzazione dell’anodo Realization of the anode
I catalizzatori supportati su carboni conduttivi, preparati mediante i metodi 1 - 3 vengono sospesi in una miscela acqua/etanolo. Alla sospensione, vigorosamente agitata, viene aggiunto PTFE (politetrafluoroetilene) ed il composto flocculoso ottenuto viene separato e quindi spalmato su appositi supporti conduttivi come carbon paper, retine di acciaio o retine o spugne nichel. L’elettrodo viene scaldato a 350 °C in flusso dì gas inerte (Ar, N2). The catalysts supported on conductive carbons prepared by methods 1 - 3 are suspended in a water / ethanol mixture. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is added to the suspension, vigorously stirred, and the floccular compound obtained is separated and then spread on suitable conductive supports such as carbon paper, steel screens or nickel screens or sponges. The electrode is heated to 350 ° C in an inert gas flow (Ar, N2).
Per meglio comprendere l’invenzione sono riportati di seguito alcuni esempi di preparazione di celle a combustibile. To better understand the invention, some examples of the preparation of fuel cells are shown below.
Esempio di cella n.° 1 Example of cell n. ° 1
1) Catodo HYPERMEC™ Fe50-Co50, carico metallico totale: 60 microgrammi/cm<2>. 1) HYPERMEC ™ Fe50-Co50 cathode, total metal load: 60 micrograms / cm <2>.
2) Membrana Tokuyama A006, immersa in una soluzione di KOH 1 M prima dell’uso 2) Tokuyama A006 membrane, immersed in a 1 M KOH solution before use
3) Anodo Ni-Zn-P-PdA/ulcan XC-72R come descritto nell’esempio 1. Carico di metallo nobile: 0.37 mg/cm<2>, carico metallico totale: 1.6 mg/cm<2>3) Anode Ni-Zn-P-PdA / ulcan XC-72R as described in example 1. Noble metal load: 0.37 mg / cm <2>, total metal load: 1.6 mg / cm <2>
4) Dimensioni deH’assemblato membrana-elettrodi (MEA): 5 cm<2>. 5) Composizione e volume (10 mi) del combustibile: alcol etilico 10% in peso; KOH 10% in peso. 4) Dimensions of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA): 5 cm <2>. 5) Composition and volume (10 ml) of the fuel: ethyl alcohol 10% by weight; KOH 10% by weight.
Esempio di cella n.° 2 Example of cell no.2
In questo esempio di cella DAFC, i punti 1, 2 , 3 e 4 descritti nell’esempio di cella n.° 1 rimangono invariati. Il combustibile invece è costituito da una soluzione acquosa contenente glicole etilenico 10% in peso e KOH 10% in peso. In this example of a DAFC cell, points 1, 2, 3 and 4 described in the example of cell no. 1 remain unchanged. The fuel instead consists of an aqueous solution containing ethylene glycol 10% by weight and KOH 10% by weight.
Esempio di cella n.° 3 Example of cell no.3
1) Catodo HYPERMEC™ Fe50-Co50, carico metallico totale: 60 microgrammi/cm<2>. 1) HYPERMEC ™ Fe50-Co50 cathode, total metal load: 60 micrograms / cm <2>.
2) Membrana Tokuyama A006, immersa in una soluzione di KOH 1 M prima dell’uso 2) Tokuyama A006 membrane, immersed in a 1 M KOH solution before use
3) Anodo PdA/ulcan XC-72R come descritto nell’esempio 4. Carico di metallo nobile: 0.40 mg/cm<2>3) Anode PdA / ulcan XC-72R as described in example 4. Noble metal load: 0.40 mg / cm <2>
4) Dimensioni dell’assemblato membrana-elettrodi (MEA): 5 cm<2>. 5) Composizione e volume (10 mi) del combustibile: glicerolo 10% in peso; KOH 10% in peso. 4) Dimensions of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA): 5 cm <2>. 5) Composition and volume (10 ml) of the fuel: glycerol 10% by weight; KOH 10% by weight.
Esempio di cella n.° 4 Example of cell no. 4
1) Catodo HYPERMEC™ Fe50-Co50, carico metallico totale: 60 microgrammi/cm<2>. 1) HYPERMEC ™ Fe50-Co50 cathode, total metal load: 60 micrograms / cm <2>.
2) Membrana Tokuyama A006, immersa in una soluzione di KOH 1 M prima dell’uso 2) Tokuyama A006 membrane, immersed in a 1 M KOH solution before use
3) Anodo Ni-Zn-P-Pt/Vulcan XC-72R come descritto nell’esempio 2. 3) Anode Ni-Zn-P-Pt / Vulcan XC-72R as described in example 2.
Carico di metallo nobile: 0.77 mg/cm<2>, carico metallico totale: 1.6 mg/cm<2>Noble metal load: 0.77 mg / cm <2>, total metal load: 1.6 mg / cm <2>
4) Dimensioni dell’assemblato membrana-elettrodi (MEA): 5 cm<2>. Composizione e volume (10 mi) del combustibile: alcol etilico 10% in peso; KOH 10% in peso 4) Dimensions of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA): 5 cm <2>. Composition and volume (10 ml) of the fuel: ethyl alcohol 10% by weight; KOH 10% by weight
Claims (15)
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| IT000110A ITFI20070110A1 (en) | 2007-05-09 | 2007-05-09 | PROCESS FOR THE PARTIAL OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS IN WATER BY CELLS OF FUEL TO DIRECT ALCOHOL. |
| PCT/EP2008/055706 WO2008138865A1 (en) | 2007-05-09 | 2008-05-08 | A process for the partial oxidation of alcohols in water by direct alcohol fuel cells |
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| IT000110A ITFI20070110A1 (en) | 2007-05-09 | 2007-05-09 | PROCESS FOR THE PARTIAL OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS IN WATER BY CELLS OF FUEL TO DIRECT ALCOHOL. |
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| JP2016067964A (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2016-05-09 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | Oxidation catalyst composition, and fuel cell obtained by using the same |
| CN108541276A (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2018-09-14 | 罗地亚经营管理公司 | Based on the alcohol of furans via the selective oxidation of electrification technique |
| EP3764445A4 (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2021-12-15 | Japan Science and Technology Agency | ELECTRODE CATALYST |
| CN113130952A (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2021-07-16 | 大连大学 | PdNPs/NiNPs/ITO electrode and method for constructing ethanol fuel cell by electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol solution |
| JP7726469B2 (en) * | 2021-02-26 | 2025-08-20 | Eneos株式会社 | Aldehyde production apparatus and aldehyde production method |
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| US4347109A (en) * | 1980-05-19 | 1982-08-31 | Electrohol Corporation | Method for making acetaldehyde from ethanol |
| US4648948A (en) * | 1985-05-23 | 1987-03-10 | Meshbesher Thomas M | Electrogenerative oxidation of lower alcohols to useful products |
| JP3456714B2 (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 2003-10-14 | 三井化学株式会社 | Method for producing partial oxide of methanol |
| US7211344B2 (en) * | 2003-05-14 | 2007-05-01 | The Gillette Company | Fuel cell systems |
| ITFI20050002A1 (en) * | 2005-01-11 | 2006-07-12 | Acta Spa | ASSEMBLED MAMBRANA-ELECTRODES FOR FUEL CELLS, THEIR MANUFACTURE AND USE AND FUEL CELLS THAT COUNT |
| ITFI20060180A1 (en) * | 2006-07-20 | 2008-01-21 | Acta Spa | ANODIC CATALYSTS CONSISTING OF NOBLE METALS SPONTANEOUSLY DEPOSITED ON NANOSTRUCTURED CATALYSTS BASED ON TRANSITIONAL METALS, THEIR PREPARATION AND USE AND FUEL CELLS THAT CONTAIN THEM. |
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