HK1077987B - A drill bit and method for producing a drill bit - Google Patents

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a drill bit and method for producing a drill bit, and is of particular but by no means exclusive application to drilling bones, cartilage and similar structures during orthopaedic surgery.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of drill bits for orthopaedic surgery is known. However, a problem can occur with existing orthopedic drill bits when drilling through bone and cartilage. Specifically, bone has a covering known as periosteum which has a slippery characteristic. When drilling, particularly in difficult surgical procedures, it has been known for drill bits to slip off the periosteum, potentially causing damage to the periosteum and bone, and to adjacent body parts including muscles, tendons, skin, organs etc.

US 1,859,202 (the preamble of claims 1 and 7 is based on this document) describes an ordinary impact or percussion type drill for drilling brick, stone and concrete. The drill is not for use in surgical procedures. The drill includes a shaft and an end defining a drill point. Two recesses are defined in the shaft for directing away debris. The depth of the recess is constant along the length of the recess from the shaft to a tip so that the cutting ability of the cutting edge is constant.

GB 2,181,076 in contrast relates to a drill-type cranial perforator used to drill holes through the skull during cranial surgery. The cranial perforator comprises a drill head assembly having a pair of drills disposed in concentric relation to one another. The pair of drills is made up of a leading inner drill and a trailing outer drill. A safety construction ensures that forward penetration by the perforator is permitted only so long as the leading tip is encountering hard bone, and halts as soon as the leading tip passes through the hard bone and before it encounters the soft tissue beneath the bone.

US 3,626,645 discloses a method of sharpening a twist drill bit having a point comprising at least two symmetric lips, each being formed with a cutting edge. The drill is characterised in that the twist-drill point is ground to impart a pyramidal configuration thereto with the vertex of the pyramid centred automatically to the twist-drill axis.

US 2,391,396 relates to a drill for drilling holes in sheet metal. The drill described in D11 has a cylindrical body. One end of the drill is adapted to be held in a drill chuck. The opposite end of the body is a conical shape which converges to a point or vertex. The vertex or point of the drill end is configured to be as sharp as possible.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a drill bit according to claim 1.

Preferably, each edge defines a cutting edge and preferably the or each recess is located to further define the cutting edge.

Preferably each edge extends from the shaft to a remote point of the drill tip.

By employing a cutting edge the drill tip can quickly create a securing hole which secures the drill bit in position so as to prevent the drill bit from moving over the surface of the material when starting to drill.

By reducing the cutting ability of the cutting edge adjacent to the point, the drill bit is less likely to break when drilling is commenced. This is because the edge adjacent to the point is less likely to lock with the material into which the drill is entering.

Preferably, the first portion of the or each recess is substantially helical in shape, whilst the second portion of the or each recess is substantially straight.

Preferably, the second portion of the or each recess extends along a respective one of the surfaces.

Preferably, the edge of the drill tip is bevelled so as to enhance the cutting ability of the cutting edge.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a drill bit according to claim 7.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other embodiments which may fall within the scope of the present invention, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

• Figure 1 illustrates a perspective view of a first drill bit according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
• Figure 2 illustrates an end view of the first drill bit shown in Figure 1.
• Figures 3A to 3C respectively show an enlarged end, and side and perspective views of a second drill bit in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
• Figures 4A to 4D respectively show front, end, side and perspective views of the second drill bit of Figure 3, but in outline;
• Figures 5A to 5C respectively show an enlarged end, and side and perspective views of a third drill bit in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
• Figures 6A to 6C respectively show an enlarged end, and side and perspective views of a fourth drill bit in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
• Figures 7A to 7D respectively show an enlarged end, and side, perspective and reverse perspective views of a fifth drill bit in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
• Figures 8A to 8C respectively show an enlarged end, and side and perspective views of a sixth drill bit in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
• Figures 9A to 9C respectively show an enlarged end, and side and perspective views of a seventh drill bit in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
• Figures 10A to 10C respectively show an enlarged end, and side and perspective views of a eighth drill bit in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

Figure 1 shows, a first drill bit 101 according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The drill bit 101 includes a shaft 103 which has a pyramidal shaped end 105 defining a drill tip. The material from which the drill bit 101 is made depends on the intended application of the drill bit 101. However, for orthopaedic surgery, the drill bit 101 is made from surgical quality stainless steel. Whilst not illustrated in the figures, the other end of the drill bit 101 is adapted for mounting in a motorized drill chuck. For example, the other end of the drill bit 101 can be provided with a series of graduations, a cut-away and a circumferential groove in the shaft 103 adjacent the other end so as to facilitate its coupling in the chuck of a drive of a motorised surgical drill. The graduations can be used to indicate depth of insertion of the drill bit into the drive chuck and into the patient.

The drill bit 101 also includes one or more recesses in the form of grooves 107, each of which includes a first portion 109 extending at least partway along the shaft 103 and a second portion 111 which extends along an edge 113 of the drill tip. Typically edge 113 defines a cutting edge. The edge 113 also includes bevelling so as to enhance the cutting ability of the cutting edge. The grooves 107 allow debris which is produced whilst drilling to be channeled away from the hole while being drilled. The first portion 109 of each of the grooves 107 spirals along the shaft 103 so as to form of a helix, whilst the second portion 111 is substantially straight (that is, tending to align with a longitudinal axis of the shaft). Each of the grooves 107 typically has an arcuate semicylindrical shape in cross-section and along its length. However, other suitable profiles such a V-shape or square shape may be employed.

The depth of the second portion 111 of each of the grooves 107 varies along the length of the second portion 111 relative to the surface of the drill tip in which the second portion 111 is located. More specifically, the depth of the second portion 111 of each of the grooves 107 becomes shallower towards the point 115 of the drill bit 101. This provides the cutting edge located nearer the point 115 with a lesser cutting ability than the portion of the cutting edge 119 located nearer the shaft. The advantage of this is that the drill tip is less likely to break as a result of locking with the material into which the drill bit 101 is entering.

The pyramidal shaped end 105 is formed from three elongate surfaces, but more surfaces can be employed if desired. Increasing the number of surfaces to define the pyramidal shaped end 105 results in more edges 113 which can define more cutting edges.

Also, the pyramidal shaped end 105 is relatively longer than the drill tip of existing drills. This provides an extreme point 115 which assists in securely locating the drill bit 101 so as to prevent movement thereof when drilling is started. The assistance is provided as a result of the extreme point 115 piercing the periosteum and puncturing the outer surface of the bone, thereby locating the drill bit 101 in place prior to drilling. Each of the surfaces forming the pyramidal shaped end 105 subtends an angle with the longitudinal axis of the drill bit 101. The angle is typically around 30°, but may be varied depending on the application (for example, hardness of the material to be drilled).

As mentioned previously, the drill bit 101 is made from a material that is suitable for the intended application. For example, where the drill bit 101 is intended to be used in orthopaedic surgery the drill bit 101 is made from surgical quality stainless steel. The drill bit 101 is made from a blank rod of the appropriate material. Using a suitable grinder, one of the ends of the blank rod can be ground down so as to form the pyramidal shaped end 105 and adapt the other end of the drill bit 101 so that the drill bit 101 can be retained by a chuck of a drill.

The grinding machine can also be used to form the grooves 107. When forming the first portion 109 of each of the grooves 107, the grinding wheel of the machine remains fixed so that the first portion 109 has a constant depth. However, when forming the second portion 111 of the grooves 107, the grinding wheel is gradually moved outwardly from the drill tip as it moves towards the point 115. Moving the grinding wheel outwardly results in the second portion 111 having a depth that varies along the length of the drill tip. This characteristic produces a cutting edge which has a lesser cutting ability about the point 115 and which increases in cutting ability towards the shaft 103. Having a lesser cutting ability at the point 115 reduces the likelihood of the point 115 breaking off when drilling is commenced due to the cutting edge locking with the material into which the hole is being drilled.

Referring to figure 3, which shows a second drill bit 310, the drill bit 310 includes a drill shaft 312, the opposite end 313 of which is adapted for mounting in a motorised drill chuck. For example, for orthopaedic procedures, the opposite end of the shaft can be provided with a series of gradations 314, a cut-away 315 and a circumferential groove 316 adjacent to end 313 to facilitate its coupling in the chuck of a drive of a motorised surgical drill. The gradations can be used to indicate depth of insertion of the drill bit in both the drive chuck and into a patient.

A plurality of spiral flutes 317 extend from near the drilling end 318 and part way along the shaft 312. Each flute is typically an arcuate semi-cylindrical groove extending in the shaft, but may be V-shaped, square shaped etc. in cross-section. Each flute provides a passageway for the release of debris cut by the drill bit as it is inserted through a substrate (typically a bone). Usually two or three such spiral flutes are provided in the drill bit to maximise debris release.

A drill point 319 is provided at drilling end 318, the drill point being substantially elongated, tapered and pointed when compared with a conventional drill bit. In effect, the drill point is provided as a trocar-type formation.

Further, one or more, and typically three, bevelled faces 320 are provided and combine to define the drill point 319 at drilling end 316, each face subtending an angle α with a longitudinal axis Aχ through the shaft 312. Typically, the subtended angle α is around 30°, although it may be varied depending on the application (eg. hardness of material to be drilled). The three faces generally provide end 318 with a triangular pyramidal appearance.

Advantageously, the formation of bevelled faces 320 define cutting edges 322 along the side of each bevelled face which facilitate cutting and thus drilling into a bone or similar when the drill bit is rotated.

The formation of an extreme drill point 319 at drilling end 318 also enables the drill to be securingly located at a bone, piercing the periosteum and puncturing the outer surface of the bone to locate the drill bit in place prior to drilling.

In accordance with the present invention, and as best shown in Figure 3A, each flute 317 intersects with a respective face 320 at a location that is offset from a centre line CL through the face 320. The advantage of this offsetting is that it facilitates maximum debris removal during cutting of bone, cartilage and other bodily material.

For example, referring to Figure 3A, and assuming a counter clock-wise rotation of the drill, uppermost face 320' defines a leading edge 322' and a trailing edge 322". It will be see that flute 317' is located adjacent to the trailing edge. Thus, as the drill rotates and leading edge 322' cuts through a material, debris passes across and is accommodated by a maximal face area 320', prior to passing into flute 317'. This maximal face area prevents bunching or blocking of debris at the face and enhances debris release away from the drill point. Therefore, an optimal location for the intersection of each flute with its respective face is adjacent to the trailing edge for that face, as shown in Figure 3A. Advantageously, rapid debris removal also facilitates more rapid drilling.

Referring now to Figures 5A to 5C, where like reference numerals are used to denote similar or like parts, drilling end 518 is now provided with four bevelled faces 520 (which in this embodiment are typically flat faces). The four faces generally provide end 518 with a square pyramidal appearance.

As can be clearly seen from Figure 5A, only two of the faces (in this case two opposing faces) are provided with a flute 517 intersecting therewith. Again, these flutes are offset from a central part of their respective face to enhance debris removal as described above. The unfluted faces also provide an enhanced trocar-like affect to the drilling end 518.

It will also be seen in Figure 5 that the flutes 517 are enlarged compared with the flutes of the drill bit of Figures 3 and 4. This is to ensure that the rate of debris release is maintained with the lesser flute number, and this also enables the flutes to pick up debris that passes across the unfluted faces (ie. as the drill rotates at rapid speeds). Otherwise, the operation of the drill bit is the same as the drill bit of Figures 3 and 4.

Referring now to Figure 6, where like reference numerals are used to denote similar or like parts, a surgical drill bit having three faces at drilling end 618, similar to the drill bit of Figures 3 and 4, is shown. Each face also has a respective flute intersecting therewith, however, in this embodiment the intersection between the flute and its respective face is not abrupt but is gradual as facilitated by a continuous curved region 626. This region provides a kind of scalloping or concavity in each face 620, thus enhancing the definition of the drill point 619, but also providing a more pronounced channelling affect into each flute to guide and enhance the removal of debris cut by the rotating drill bit.

The more pronounced drill point facilitates easier drill bit location at slippery cutting surfaces and easier penetration. The region 626 facilitates more rapid removal of debris and thus even faster drill cutting.

Referring now to Figures 7A to 7D, the drill bit of Figure 6 is further modified in that each face 720 is concaved inwardly with respect to the drill bit, defining an arcuate 3D scalloped surface. This is best seen with reference to Figure 7D.

The effect of this scalloping is that the drill point 719 is even further pointed or sharpened, and the cutting edges become curved along their length and again are further sharpened (ie. because of the more rapid dropping away of each face 720 on either side of the cutting edge).

The drill bit of Figure 7 also employs the continuous curved region 726 at the intersection of flute 717 and face 720 so that debris cut by the drilling end is rapidly conveyed away therefrom in use.

In figure 7, in end view (ie. Figure 7A) the concave face is typically symmetrical about face centre line CL. However, the concave face can be defined asymmetrically about the centre line, for example, so that adjacent to the leading edge 722', the face slopes more steeply away, and slopes more gradually up towards the trailing edge 722". This asymmetric offset of the concavity at each face can sharpen the leading edge relative to the trailing edge and can enhance debris being directed towards flute 717 (ie. by pressure differentials etc.). The operation of the drill bit of Figure 7 is in other respects similar to that previously described.

Referring now to Figure 8, the inwardly concave curved face of Figure 7 is replaced by two flat sub-faces 827 and 828. The sub-faces 827 and 828 in end view (ie. Figure 8A) define face 820 as a type of tapering V-shaped groove (ie. tapering down to drill point 819). Again, the employment of a concave V-shaped face 820 sharpens or pronounces the edges 822, and also assists in directing debris towards flute 817 via curved region 826.

Again, typically the sub-faces 827 and 828 are arranged symmetrically about face centre line CL, but may be asymmetrically offset to eg. more steeply slope away from the leading edge 822' as opposed to the trailing edge 822". Again, this can define a sharper cutting edge and assist with the distribution of debris away from the drilling end 818.

Referring now to Figures 9A to 9C, where like reference numerals are used to denote similar or like parts, a drill bit having either flat faces 920 as shown in Figure 6, or curved faces as shown in Figure 7 is depicted. In any case, in this embodiment a chamfer 930 is provided that slopes away from the leading edge 922 and into its respective face as best shown in Figure 9A. As also best shown in Figure 9A, a small section 931 of chamfer 930 continues on and extends partway up trailing edge 922", so that drill point 919 is defined by the merging of three chamfered faces and thus is unitary and pyramidal in shape (ie. trocar-like).

This chamfering arrangement increases the strength of the drill point and prevents it from breaking away where other point configurations might otherwise fail in extreme situations. Otherwise, the drill bit of Figure 9 is similar in construction to the drill bit of Figures 6 and 7 and operates in a similar manner to the drill bits previously described.

Referring now to Figures 10A to 10C, where like reference numerals are used to denote similar or like parts, a further modified drill bit is shown. In this embodiment, the faces 1020 are typically flat (although may be slightly concave) in a similar manner to Figure 3. Also, in this embodiment no continuous curve region at the intersection of flute 1017 and face 1020 is depicted, although such a region may be provided as appropriate.

Unique to this embodiment is the provision of a V-shaped groove 1032 running along the trailing edge 1022", from the drill point 1019 to the flute 1017. The V-shaped groove 1032 terminates in the flute 1017 and provides a further means for the channelling and directing of debris into the flute. In addition, it sharpens the leading edge 1022' of each face 1020, thus enhancing cutting. It also provides for the release of debris entrained in front of the leading edge as the drill bit rotates. The V-shaped groove 1032 can be symmetric or asymmetric as described above, with the advantages as described above.

Furthermore, in this embodiment at drill point 1019, in effect six cutting edges are provided to further enhance insertion of the drill bit through the periosteum and to promulgate rapid cutting of the drill bit into bone etc.

The operation of the drill bit of Figure 10 is otherwise as described for the previous drill bits.

Typically the flutes, faces and grooves are machined onto the shaft 1012, and typically the shaft 1012 is formed from surgical stainless steel.

The shaft is typically cylindrical and circular in cross-section, although other cross-sectional shapes (eg. hexagonal or octagonal) may be employed.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It should be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications which fall within the scope of the attached claims.

Claims (7)

1. A drill bit comprising:

   a shaft (103) and a pyramidal shaped end (105) defining a drill tip with a plurality of edges (113) defining the pyramidal shape; and at least one recess (107) for directing away debris produced whilst drilling, the at least one recess (107) having a first portion (109) extending along the shaft (103) and a second portion (111) which extends along the drill tip;

   wherein the drill tip includes at least three edges (113) which define the pyramidal shape of the drill tip, the at least three corresponding surfaces extend between the three edges, wherein prior to forming the at least one recess (107) the surfaces are flat or concave with respect to the drill bit;

   characterized in that the second portion (111) of the at least one recess (107) extends along an edge of the drill tip; and

   the depth of the second portion (111) of the at least one recess (107) varies along a length thereof relative to a surface of the drill tip so that the cutting ability of the edge (113) adjacent to the point (115) of the drill bit (101) is less than the cutting ability of the edge adjacent to the shaft (103).
2. A drill bit as claimed in claim 1, wherein each edge (113) defines a cutting edge.
3. A drill bit as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein each edge (113) extends from the shaft to a remote point of the drill tip.
4. A drill bit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first portion (109) of the at least one recess (107) is substantially helical in shape, whilst the second portion (111) of the at least one recess (107) is substantially straight.
5. A drill bit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second portion (111) of the at least one recess (107) extends along a respective one of the surfaces.
6. A drill bit as claimed in claim 5, wherein at least one edge (113) of the drill tip is bevelled so as to enhance the cutting ability of the cutting edge.
7. A method for producing a drill bit, comprising the steps of:

   forming a shaft (103) which has a pyramidal shaped end defining a drill tip with a plurality of edges (113) defining the pyramidal shape; and

   forming at least one or more recesses (107) for directing away debris produced whilst drilling, wherein the drill tip includes at least three edges (113) which define the pyramidal shape of the drill tip, the at least three corresponding surfaces extend between the three edges, wherein prior to forming the at least one recess (107) the surfaces are flat or concave with respect to the drill bit; the at least one recess (107) having a first portion (109) extending along the shaft (103) and a second portion (111) which extends into the drill tip;

   characterized in that the second portion (111) of the at least one recess (107) extends along an edge (113) of the drill tip; and

   the step of forming the at least one recess (107) includes moving a grinding element outwardly from the drill tip as it moves therealong such that the depth of the second portion (111) of the at least one recess (107) varies along a length thereof relative to a surface of the drill tip so that the cutting ability of the edge (113) adjacent to the point of the drill tip is less than the cutting ability of the edge adjacent to the shaft (103).