HK1076805B

HK1076805B - Compounds for the treatment of metabolic disorders

Info

Publication number: HK1076805B
Application number: HK05108684.9A
Authority: HK
Inventors: 沙林．夏尔马; 博斯特尔．里德．W．冯; 柯温．L．霍奇; 迈克尔．K．巴纳特; 史蒂芬．D．沃帕
Original assignee: 维尔斯达医疗公司
Priority date: 2001-06-12
Filing date: 2002-06-12
Publication date: 2008-01-25

Description

Compounds for the treatment of metabolic disorders

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a biologically active agent useful for treating various diseases such as insulin resistance syndrome, diabetes, cachexia, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, obesity, atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, use of the same for preparing a medicament for treating the above diseases, and a method for treating the above diseases using the same, an intermediate of the same, and a method for preparing the same.

Background

Diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to aging complications: renal disease, which often forces dialysis or kidney transplantation; peripheral neuropathy; retinopathy leading to blindness; leg and foot ulcers that result in amputation; fatty liver which sometimes develops into cirrhosis; and vulnerability to coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction.

There are two primary forms of diabetes. The cause of type I or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) is autoimmune impairment of the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of langerhans. The disease often occurs in childhood or adolescence. The treatment is primarily multiple daily injections of insulin combined with frequent testing of blood glucose levels to guide the adjustment of insulin dosage, as excess insulin can lead to hypoglycemia and secondary impairment of brain and other functions.

Type II or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) typically occurs in adulthood. NIDDM is associated with resistance to the action of insulin by glucose-utilizing tissues such as adipose tissue, muscle, and liver. Initially, islet beta cells compensate by secreting excess insulin. The later islets fail, leading to compensatory disturbances and chronic hyperglycemia. Conversely, mid-islet insufficiency may precede or coincide with peripheral insulin resistance. There are several classes of drugs currently used for the treatment of NIDDM: 1) insulin release agents, which directly stimulate insulin release, but carry the risk of hypoglycemia; 2) dietary insulin release agents which enhance glucose-inducing insulin secretion and must be administered prior to a meal; 3) biguanides, which include metformin, can reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis (which rises abnormally in diabetes); 4) insulin sensitizers, such as the thiazolidinedione derivatives rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, which increase peripheral stress on insulin, but such drugs have side effects such as weight gain, edema and temporary hepatotoxicity: 5) insulin injections, which are often necessary in the late stages of NIDDM when the islets of langerhans fail under prolonged strong stimulation.

Insulin resistance can also occur in the absence of significant hyperglycemia, which is commonly associated with atherosclerosis, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and essential hypertension. This group of abnormalities constitutes the "metabolic syndrome" or "insulin resistance syndrome". Insulin resistance is also associated with fatty liver, which can progress to chronic inflammation (NASH; "nonalcoholic steatohepatitis"), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Insulin resistance syndrome, including but not limited to diabetes, has gradually become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in people over the age of 40.

Despite the availability of such drugs, diabetes is still a major and growing public health problem. Late complications of diabetes consume a high proportion of national health care resources. There is a need to develop new therapeutic agents with oral activity that should be effective in the treatment of primary defects of insulin resistance and islet failure, while having fewer or milder side effects than existing agents.

There is currently no safe and effective treatment for fatty liver disease. Therefore, a therapeutic method that can treat the disease safely and effectively would be of no doubt valuable.

Disclosure of Invention

The present invention provides an agent having biological activity, wherein the agent is a compound of formula (I'):

wherein n is 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; q is 0 or 1; t is 0 or 1; r⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; r⁹Is a hydrogen atom, a halogen or an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atomsA group, perfluoromethyl group, alkoxy group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy group; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent; or A is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (I') via a ring carbon atom; x is-CH₂-, Q is-OR¹And R is¹Is an ethyl group; or X is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-or-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, where R¹²And R¹³Each independently is a hydrogen atom OR a methyl group, Q is OR¹，R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or X is-CH₂CH₂-, Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹Wherein R is¹⁰And R¹¹One is hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl group, and the other is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound.

The present invention provides an agent having biological activity, wherein the agent is a compound of formula (II):

wherein n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; m is 0 and r is 1, or m is 1 and r is 0; a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent; or A is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (II) by a ring carbon atom; z is

R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; r⁴Is hydrogen, -NHCOOC (CH)₃)₃、-NHCH₃or-NHCH₂CH₃(ii) a Or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound.

The present invention provides an agent having biological activity, wherein the agent is a compound of formula (III):

wherein

n is 1 or 2; a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as a monosubstitution; or A is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (III) via a ring carbon atom.

The present invention provides an agent having biological activity, wherein the agent is a compound of formula (IV):

wherein R is¹Is hydrogen or an alkane having 1 to 7 carbon atomsA group; or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound.

The present invention provides a biologically active agent, wherein the agent is a compound of formula (V'):

wherein n is 1 or 2; r¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; r¹⁴Is hydroxy or hydrogen; a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent; or A is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (V') via a ring carbon atom.

The present invention provides a biologically active agent, wherein said agent is a compound of formula (XCI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound:

wherein n is 1 or 2; r¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted, or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl are each otherThis independently has a methyl or ethyl group as a single substituent; or a is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (XCI) by a ring carbon atom.

The present invention provides a biologically active agent, wherein the agent is a compound of formula (CXVI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound:

wherein n is 1 or 2; r¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent; or a is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (CXVI) by a ring carbon atom.

The present invention provides a biologically active agent, wherein the agent is a compound of formula (CXVII):

wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; r¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; r¹⁵Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; r⁹Is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a is phenyl which is unsubstituted or has a radical selected from1 or 2 substituents: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent; or a is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (CXVII) by a ring carbon atom.

The agents having biological activity described above are active in one or more of the following biological activity assays established in animal models of human diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome. The medicament will therefore be useful in the treatment of diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome. The activity of all of these exemplary compounds tested has been demonstrated in one or more assays for testing the biological activity of the compound.

The present invention provides the use of a biologically active agent as described above in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of insulin resistance syndrome, diabetes, cachexia, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, obesity, atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis. The invention also provides a method of treatment for treating a mammal suffering from a condition selected from the group consisting of insulin resistance syndrome, diabetes, cachexia, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, obesity, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a biologically active agent of the invention. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a biologically active agent of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention provides certain novel intermediates useful in the production of the biologically active agents of the invention. The invention also provides a method for preparing the medicament with the bioactivity and the intermediate.

Drawings

FIG. 1: serum insulin levels in hypercrophic C57B1/6J mice administered vehicle (negative control), compound BI, compound BL, Wyl4643, or rosiglitazone.

FIG. 2: serum leptin levels in hyper-trophic C57B1/6J mice administered vehicle (negative control), compound BI, compound BL, Wyl4643, or rosiglitazone.

Detailed Description

Definition of

The term "alkyl" as used herein refers to a linear or branched chain alkyl group. An alkyl group having a certain number of carbon atoms has been defined to mean any alkyl group having a certain number of carbon atoms. For example, an alkyl group having three carbon atoms may be a propyl group or an isopropyl group; and the alkyl group having four carbon atoms may be n-butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl or tert-butyl.

The term "halogen" as used herein refers to one or more of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The term "perfluoro", as used herein in perfluoromethyl or perfluoromethoxy, means that the group has fluorine atoms replacing all hydrogen atoms.

As used herein, "Ac" refers to the group CH₃C(O)-。

Examples of the compounds having biological activity of the present invention are listed below. In this context, these compounds are represented by their chemical names or by the two letter codes shown below.

AA 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AB 4- (4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AC 3- [ (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -methylsulfanyl ] propionic acid;

AD 4- (4- (3-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AE 4- (4- (4-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AF 4- (4- ((2-pyridinyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AG 4- (4-benzyloxyphenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AH 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AI 4- (4- (2-chlorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AJ 4- (4- (2- (2-fluorophenyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AK 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyric acid ethyl ester;

AL 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AM 4- [4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AN 4- (3- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AO 4- (3- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

AP 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

AQ 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

AR 4- (4- (2- (2-thienyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AS 4- (2, 6-difluorophenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AT 4- (4- (2, 5-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AU 4- (4- (2, 5-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AV 4- (4- (2, 4-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AW 4- (3- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AX 4- (4- ((cyclopropyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AY 4- (4- (2-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

AZ 3- [ (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -methylthio ] propionic acid;

BA 4- (2- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BB 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

BC 3- (2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl) thio-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole;

BD 5- [ (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -methyl ] -1H-tetrazole;

BE (2RS)2- (N-tert-butoxycarbonyl) -3- [2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl ] thiopropionic acid;

BF 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) but-2-enoic acid ethyl ester;

BG (2RS)2- (N-acetyl) -4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BH 4- (3- ((cyclopropyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BI 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BJ 4- (3- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BK 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

sodium BL 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate;

BM 4- (4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BN potassium 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate;

BO 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BP 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2, 2-dimethylbutyric acid;

BQ 4- (3- (4-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BR 4- (3- ((cyclobutyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BS 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BT 4- [ [4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) -3-methoxy ] phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BU 4- {3- [ ((4-trifluoromethylbenzylamino) -carbonyl) -4-methoxy ] phenyl } -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BV 4- {3- [ ((2, 6-dimethylbenzylamino) -carbonyl) -4-methoxy ] phenyl } -4-oxobutanoic acid;

BW 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanecarbonyl hydroxamic acid;

BX 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanamide;

BY 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2-butenoic acid; and

BZ 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-butenoic acid.

The transitional phrases "comprising" or "including" as used herein are open-ended. A claim employing this transitional phrase may contain elements in addition to those described in the claim.

In one embodiment of the agent of formula (I'), the agent is a compound of formula (I):

wherein n is 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; q is 0 or 1; t is 0 or 1; r⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent; or A is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (I) by a ring carbon atom; x is-CH₂-, and R¹Is an ethyl group; or X is-CH₂CH₂-or-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, and R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound.

In still other embodiments of the agents of formula (I), R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl; q is 0; or X is-CH₂CH₂-。

In another embodiment of the agents of formula (I), a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy, and each of said halosubstituted groups is independently fluorine or chlorine. In a particular embodiment, each halogen substituent on the phenyl ring A is fluorine. In a more specific embodiment, phenyl ring a has 2 fluoro substituents. In a specific embodiment, the alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxy, or perfluoroalkoxy group has 1 carbon atom.

In another embodiment of the agents of formula (I), a is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein the cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or one or two ring carbon atoms of the cycloalkyl independently has methyl or ethyl as a single substituent. In a particular embodiment, said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or one or two ring carbon atoms adjacent to the ring carbon atom to which the remainder of the compound of formula (I) is covalently bonded on the cycloalkyl independently have methyl or ethyl as a monosubstitution. In a more specific embodiment, a is unsubstituted cyclopropyl.

In another embodiment of the agents of formula (I), q is 1, and R is⁵Is methyl.

In another embodiment, the agent is a compound of formula (IA):

wherein n is 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; q is 0 or 1; t is 0 or 1; r²And R³Each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; r⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and X is-CH₂-，R¹Is an ethyl group; or X is-CH₂CH₂-or-CH₂CH(NHAc)-，R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In a more specific embodiment, R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl. Examples of compounds of formula (IA) include compound AM and compound BG.

In a particular embodiment, the agent is a compound of formula (IA 1):

wherein n is 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; p is 1 and R¹Is an ethyl group; or p is 2 and R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; r²And R³Each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In a more specific embodiment, R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl. In a further specific embodiment, R²And R³One is hydrogen or halogen and the other is halogen. Examples of the compound include compound AD, compound AE, and compound AI. In another more specific embodiment, R²Is fluorine, R³Is hydrogen. Examples of the compound include compound AA, compound AJ, compound AK and compound AO. In another more specific embodiment, R²Is fluorine, R³Is fluorine. Examples of the compound include compound AU, compound AV and compound BB.

In a more specific embodiment, the agent is a compound of formula (IA1 a):

wherein n is 1 or 2; m is 0; r¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. Examples of such compounds include compound AH, compound AQ, compound AW and compound BA.In a more specific embodiment, R²And R³One is methyl, methoxy or perfluoromethyl and the other is hydrogen or methyl. In one embodiment, R²Is methyl, methoxy or perfluoromethyl, R³Is hydrogen. Examples of the compound include compound AB, compound AL, compound AN, compound AP and compound AY. In another embodiment, R²Is methyl, R³Is methyl. Examples of the compound include compound AT and compound BI. In another embodiment, R²Is hydrogen, R³Is hydrogen. Examples of such compounds include compound AG.

In another embodiment, the agent is a compound of formula (IB):

wherein R is¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In a particular embodiment, R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl. Examples of the compound include compound AX and compound BH.

In another embodiment, the agent is a compound of formula (IC):

wherein n is 1 or 2; r¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; and Het is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently bound to the remainder of the compound of formula (IC) by a ring carbon atom. In a particular embodiment, R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl. Examples of the compound include compound AF and compound AR.

In one embodiment of the agents of formula (II), a is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein the cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or has methyl or ethyl as a single substituent on one or two ring carbon atoms adjacent to the remainder of the compound of formula (II). In another embodiment of the compounds of formula (II), a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: fluorine, alkyl groups having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy groups.

In another embodiment, the agent is a compound of formula (IIA):

wherein m is 0 or 1; r is 0 or 1; z is

R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; r⁴Is hydrogen, -NHCOOC (CH)₃)₃、-NHCH₃or-NHCH₂CH₃；R³Is hydrogen or halogen; or when R is¹When hydrogen, the agent may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In a particular embodiment, R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl. Examples of the compound include compound AC, compound AZ, compound BC, and compound BE.

In one embodiment of the agent of formula (III), a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy. Examples of the compound include compound BD.

In one embodiment of the agent of formula (IV), R¹Is hydrogen orAnd (4) ethyl. Examples of the compound include compound AS.

In one embodiment of the agent of formula (V'), the agent is a compound of formula (V):

wherein n is 1 or 2; r¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms wherein the cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or one or two ring carbon atoms of the cycloalkyl independently has methyl or ethyl as a monosubstitution; or A is a five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and which heteroaromatic ring is covalently linked to the remainder of the compound of formula (V) by a ring carbon atom.

In one embodiment of the agent of formula (V), the agent is a compound of formula (VA):

wherein n is 1 or 2; r¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; r²And R³Each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy. In one embodiment R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl. Examples of the compound include compound BF.

Use in a method of treatment

The present invention provides a method of treatment for a mammal suffering from a condition selected from the group consisting of insulin resistance syndrome and diabetes (including two primary diabetes, such as type I diabetes or type II diabetes, and secondary non-primary diabetes), comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of the agent having biological activity to treat the condition. According to the method of the present invention, the chance of development of diabetic symptoms or diabetic symptoms, which are various symptoms associated with diabetes such as atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcer and cataract, can be reduced. The invention also provides a method of treating hyperlipidemia comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of the biologically active agent to treat the condition. As shown in the examples, the compounds used reduced serum triglycerides and free fatty acids in hyperlipidemic animals. The invention also provides a method of treating cachexia comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of the biologically active agent to treat cachexia. The invention also provides a method of treating obesity comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of the agent having biological activity to treat the condition. The invention also provides a method of treating a condition selected from atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of the agent having biological activity to treat the condition. The active pharmaceutical agent of the present invention is effective in treating hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, cachexia, obesity, atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis, regardless of whether the patient is suffering from diabetes or insulin resistance syndrome. The agents may be administered by any conventional systemic route of administration. Preferably the medicament is administered orally. Other routes of administration that may be employed in accordance with the present invention include rectal, parenteral, injectable (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal) or nasal administration.

Further embodiments of each of the uses and methods of treatment of the present invention include administration of any of the embodiments of biologically active agents described above. To avoid unwanted redundancy, each of the agents and agent groups described are not repeated but are inserted into the description of the application and method of treatment (which appears to be repeated).

Many of the conditions or disorders to which the compounds of the invention are directed can be classified into two broad categories: insulin resistance syndrome and chronic hyperglycemic results. Dyslipidemias, in particular insulin resistance, can themselves develop in the absence of diabetes (persistent hyperglycemia) and are associated with a variety of symptoms including hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, obesity, essential hypertension, fatty liver disease (NASH; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), in particular in the case of cancer or systemic inflammation, cachexia. Cachexia can also occur in the late stages of type I diabetes or type II diabetes. Animal experiments in the examples have demonstrated that the active agents of the invention can be used to prevent or ameliorate diseases and conditions associated with insulin resistance by improving tissue lipid metabolism. When a group of signs and symptoms associated with insulin resistance co-exist in a single patient at the same time, in many cases only one symptom may be dominant due to individual differences in vulnerability of many physiological systems affected by insulin resistance. Nevertheless, since insulin resistance is a major contributor to many disorders, drugs directed to this cellular and molecular defect can be used to prevent or ameliorate virtually any symptom in any organ system that may be caused or exacerbated by insulin resistance.

Chronic hyperglycemia, defined as the onset of type II diabetes (NIDDM), occurs when insulin resistance and concomitant insufficient amounts of insulin secreted by the islets of langerhans are severe. In addition to the metabolic disorders associated with insulin resistance described above, NIDDM patients also develop signs secondary to hyperglycemia. These include nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, microvascular disease, ulcerations of the extremities, and the consequences of nonenzymatic protein glycosylation, such as damaged collagen and other connective tissues. Reducing hyperglycemia reduces the incidence and severity of the consequences of these diabetics. As demonstrated in the examples, since the active agents and compositions of the present invention contribute to the reduction of hyperglycemia in diabetes, they are useful for the prevention and amelioration of complications of chronic hyperglycemia.

Human and other mammalian patients may be treated according to the treatment methods of the present invention. The optimal dosage of a particular active agent of the invention for a particular patient may be determined at the discretion of the skilled clinician in clinical diagnosis. When oral administration to a human is required for the treatment of disorders associated with insulin resistance and for the treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, cachexia or obesity, the medicament is typically administered in a daily dose of 1mg to 400mg, one or two times daily. For oral administration to humans, the preferred daily dosages of each compound are as follows: compound AH is from 100mg to 400 mg; compound AW is from 30 to 300 mg; compound BI is from 10 to 200 mg. When mice are administered orally, the agent is typically administered in a daily dose of 1 to 300mg agent per kilogram body weight. The active agents of the invention may be used as monotherapy for diabetes or insulin resistance syndrome, or in combination with one or more other drugs that may be used to treat such diseases, such as insulin release agents, dietary insulin release agents, biguanides, or insulin itself. The additional drugs may be administered according to standard clinical practice. In some cases, the agents of the invention may increase the efficacy of other types of drugs, such that a satisfactory therapeutic effect may be achieved by administering a lower dose (and thus less toxic) of the drug to the patient. The known safe and effective dose ranges for representative compounds in humans are as follows: metformin 500 to 2550 mg/day; lowering blood sugar by 1.25-20 mg/day; GLUCOVANCE (a composite preparation of metformin and euglycemia) 1.25 to 20 mg/day euglycemia and 250 to 2000 mg/day metformin; atorvastatin 10 to 80 mg/day; lovastatin 10 to 80 mg/day; pravastatin 10 to 40 mg/day; simvastatin 5 to 80 mg/day; clofibrate 2000 mg/day; gemfibrozil 1200 to 2400 mg/day, rosiglitazone 4 to 8 mg/day; pioglitazone 15 to 45 mg/day; 75-300 mg/day of acarbose; repaglinide (repaglinide)0.5 to 16 mg/day.

Type I diabetes: type I diabetics control the condition primarily by self-administering one or more doses of insulin daily, while frequently monitoring blood glucose to properly regulate the insulin dose and timing of administration. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers, and early mortality; hypoglycemia caused by excessive administration of insulin can lead to cognitive dysfunction or loss of consciousness. In the treatment of type I diabetic patients, the active agents of the invention may be administered in the form of tablets or capsules at doses ranging from 1 to 400 mg/day (e.g. 50 to 400 mg/day of Compound AH), in single or divided doses. Thereby achieving the following expected effects: reducing the dosage and frequency of insulin administration required to maintain blood glucose levels within a satisfactory range, and reducing the incidence and severity of hypoglycemic episodes. Clinical outcome can be monitored by measuring blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (an adequate indicator of cumulative glycemic control over several months) and by reducing the incidence and severity of typical complications of diabetes. The biologically active agents of the present invention may also be administered in conjunction with islet transplantation to assist in maintaining the anti-diabetic efficacy of the islet graft.

Type II diabetes: typical type II diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients control their disease through diet and exercise programs and taking drugs such as metformin, glyburide, regoramide, rosiglitazone or acarbose, all of which improve glycemic control in some patients, but these methods inevitably have side effects or render the final treatment ineffective as the condition progresses. NIDDM patients also develop islet failure, and most patients require insulin injections. It is expected that daily treatment with the active agents of the invention (with or without other kinds of antidiabetic drug therapy) will improve glycemic control, reduce the chance of islet failure, and reduce the incidence and severity of typical symptoms of diabetes. Furthermore, the active agents of the present invention will reduce elevated serum triglycerides and fatty acids and thereby reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease as a major cause of death in diabetic patients. The daily dose of the selected compounds of the invention (whether monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic agents) suitable for treating NIDDM is 50mg to 400mg of compound AH, 15mg to 300mg of compound AW or 5mg to 200mg of compound BI. Although the dosage for all other diabetes therapeutic agents is generally in this range, the optimal dosage for an individual patient is still determined by need, clinical efficacy, and susceptibility to side effects.

Hyperlipidemia: the high triglycerides and free fatty acids in the blood invade a considerable part of the human mouth and are important risk factors for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. The active agents of the present invention are useful for reducing circulating triglycerides and free fatty acids in hyperlipidemic patients. The daily dosage of selected compounds of the invention suitable for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia is in the range of 50mg to 400mg of compound AH, 15mg to 300mg of compound AW or 5mg to 200mg of compound BI. Hyperlipidemic patients often have higher blood cholesterol levels, which also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. For hyperlipidemic patients, in addition to taking the agent of the invention, cholesterol lowering drugs such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ("statins") may be administered, optionally added to the same pharmaceutical composition.

Fatty liver disease: a considerable portion of the mouth is afflicted with fatty liver disease, also known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); NASH is often associated with obesity and diabetes. Hepatic lipidosis, i.e. the presence of droplets of triglycerides with liver cells, predisposes the liver to chronic inflammation (measured in biopsies infiltrated with inflammatory leukocytes), which can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Although it is often desirable to have a definitive diagnosis of fatty liver disease by biopsy, it is often detected by observation of high serum levels of liver specific enzymes such as the transaminases ALT and AST, which serve as indicators of liver cell damage, and by the appearance of symptoms including fatigue and liver pain. As shown in the examples, compounds of the invention such as compound AW reduce serum hepatic transaminase and liver fat content in a recognized animal model of NASH (ob/ob obese mice) and are therefore useful for the treatment of fatty liver disease. The dose range of compound AW suitable for the treatment of fatty liver disease is 15 to 300 mg/day. The expected benefit is a reduction in hepatitis and a reduction in liver fat content, thereby reducing, arresting or reversing the tendency of NASH to progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Pharmaceutical composition

The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the biologically active agent of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprise any of the embodiments of the biologically active agent described above. To avoid unwanted redundancy, each and every group of such agents is not described repeatedly, but rather is inserted into the following description of pharmaceutical compositions (which appear to be repeated).

Preferably, the compositions are suitable for oral administration, e.g., in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragees, hard or soft gelatine capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. Generally, the oral composition may comprise from 1mg to 400mg of the agent. This is to facilitate the patient to swallow 1 or 2 tablets, coated tablets, dragees or gelatin capsules daily. Thus, an oral composition for treating humans comprises 50mg to 400mg of compound AH, 15mg to 300mg of compound AW or 5mg to 200mg of compound BI. However, the compositions may also be formulated for administration in any other conventional systemic manner including rectal administration, for example in the form of suppositories, parenteral administration, for example in the form of injection solutions, or nasal administration.

The biologically active compound can be processed with pharmaceutically inactive, inorganic or organic carriers to produce pharmaceutical compositions. Similar substances such as lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof, talc, stearic acid or its salts and the like can be used as such carriers for tablets, coated tablets, dragees and hard gelatine capsules. Suitable carriers for soft gelatine capsules are, for example, vegetable oils, waxes, fats, semi-solid or liquid polyols and the like. However, it is also possible, as a rule, to add no carriers, other than soft gelatin, to soft gelatin capsules, depending on the nature of the active ingredient. Suitable carriers for the production of solutions or syrups are, for example, water, polyols, glycerol and vegetable oils. Suitable carriers for suppositories are, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, semi-liquid or liquid polyols and the like.

In addition, the pharmaceutical composition may also contain preservatives, solubilizers, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorants, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, buffers, coating agents or antioxidants. The pharmaceutical compositions may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances, in particular antidiabetic or hypoglycemic agents which act by a different mechanism than the compounds of the invention. Agents that may be advantageously combined with the compounds of the present invention in a single formulation include, but are not limited to, biguanides, such as metformin; insulin-releasing agents, such as thioureide-type insulin-releasing agents, preferably glucose-lowering and other thioureide-type insulin-releasing agents; cholesterol lowering agents, for example "statins" HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as atorvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin; PPAR-alpha agonists such as clofibrate and gemfibrozil; PPAR-gamma agonists, such as thiazolidinediones (e.g., rosiglitazone and pioglitazone); alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose (which inhibits starch digestion); and dietary insulin release agents, such as repaglinide. The amounts of these supplemental agents in a single formulation to be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention may be determined in accordance with dosages used in standard clinical practice. The generally accepted safe and effective dosage ranges for certain representative compounds are set forth above.

Reaction type

The biologically active compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the following reaction scheme.

The compounds of formula (I') can be prepared starting from compounds of formula (VI) by reaction of formula 1 with the following characteristics: wherein X of the compound of formula (I') is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-, q and m are 0, t is 0 or 1 and n is 1 or 2, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen OR alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Q is OR¹And it isIn R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

wherein A is as defined above, R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, R¹²And R¹³Each independently hydrogen or methyl.

In reaction formula 1, A, t, n and R⁹As described above. R⁶Is an alkyl radical having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, R¹²And R¹³Each independently hydrogen or methyl, and Y is a leaving group.

The compound of formula (VI) can be converted to the compound of formula (VIII) by reaction step (a), i.e. by Mitsunobu condensation of VI and VII with triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate. Reaction step (a) may be carried out using any of the conventional conditions used in the Mitsunobu reaction.

The compound of formula (VIII) may also be prepared by etherification or alkylation of the compound of formula (VI) with the compound of formula (IX) as shown in reaction step (b). In the compound of formula (IX), Y may be any conventional leaving group such as mesyloxy, tosyloxy or halogen. Reaction step (b) may be carried out using any conventional method for etherifying a hydroxyl group by reaction with a halide or leaving group. If the compound of formula (IX) is readily available, preference is given to using reaction step (b) in relation to reaction step (a).

The compound of formula (VIII) may be converted to the compound of formula (XI) by reaction step (c), i.e. by alkylation of the compound of formula (VIII) with the compound of formula (X). The reaction is carried out using a conventional base which converts acetophenone to a 3-keto ester (e.g., a gamma-keto ester). Any conventional base used for the purpose can be used for the reaction step (c). In carrying out the reaction, an alkali metal salt of hexamethyldisilazane such as lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide is generally preferred as the base. Generally, the reaction is carried out in a reaction mixture of, for example, tetrahydrofuran: 1, 3-dimethyl-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) pyrimidinedione (5: 1). Any conventional conditions in the alkylation reaction may be used to carry out reaction step (c).

The compound of formula (XI) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (XI) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. where R is¹A compound of formula (I') which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of the general formula (VII) can be prepared by reacting A- (CH)₂)_t+n-CO₂H, and a corresponding acid. The reaction is first carried out by reacting formula A- (CH) with methyl iodide₂)_t+n-CO₂The H compound is esterified and then reduced in an inert organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran with a similar conventional base such as lithium aluminum hydride. Any conventional conditions in the reduction reaction may be used to carry out the reaction.

Reaction scheme 1

Compounds of formula (VII) wherein a is 2, 6-dimethylphenyl may be prepared from compounds of formula (XCI) by reaction of formula 2.

In equation 2, the compound of formula (XCI) can be converted to the compound of formula (VII) by reaction step (r "), i.e., by esterification with methyl iodide followed by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. Reaction step (r ") may be carried out using conventional reducing agents. In carrying out this reaction, lithium aluminum hydride is generally preferred as the reducing agent. Any conventional conditions in reduction reactions may be used to carry out the reaction.

Reaction formula 2

The compounds of formula (I) having the following characteristics can be prepared by reaction of formula 3 starting from compounds of formula (XII) wherein m is as follows: wherein X of the compound of formula (I) is-CH₂-, q is 0, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the following formula:

wherein A is as defined above, R¹Is ethyl, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

In equation 3, A is as described above, Y is a leaving group such as halogen, mesyloxy or tosyloxy, Y is¹Is chlorine.

In scheme 3, the compound of formula (XII) can be converted to ethyl ester of formula (XIII) by reaction step (d) with ethanol. Any conventional method that can convert an acid to an ethyl ester can be used to carry out the reaction.

In the same manner as described in connection with reaction step (a) or (b) above, the compound of formula (XIII) may be converted into the compound of formula (XIV).

In step (f), the compound of formula (XIV) is hydrolyzed to yield the compound of formula (XV). Any conventional basic hydrolysis method for hydrolyzing esters may be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (XV) can be converted to the acid chloride of formula (XVI) by reaction step (g), i.e. with thionyl chloride. Any conventional method capable of converting an acid to an acyl halide may be used to carry out the reaction step (g).

The compound of formula (XVII) can be produced by reacting the compound of formula (XVII) with the acid chloride of formula (XVI) through the reaction step (h). Any conventional base can be used to carry out the reaction, but the preferred base is pyridine. Instead of isolating the resulting acylated Meldrum's (Meldrum) acid, it was refluxed in pure ethanol after treatment to give the 2-keto ester. Any conventional conditions that can be used to carry out reaction step (h) may be employed.

The compound of formula (XVIII) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I) which is ethyl.

Reaction formula 3

The compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics can be prepared by reaction of formula 4 starting from compounds of formula (XIX) wherein t and a are as described below: wherein q of the compound of formula (I') is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-, m is 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the following formula:

wherein A is as defined above, R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, R¹²And R¹³Each independently is hydrogen or methyl, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen OR alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

In reaction formula 4, t, n, A, R¹、R⁹、R¹²、R¹³And R⁵As mentioned above, R⁶Is alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, Y¹Is chlorine.

In scheme 4, the compound of formula (XIX) is methanesulfonic acid by reaction step (i) to give the compound of formula (XX). Any conventional conditions that can effect the methanesulfonic acid can be used. The compound of formula (XX) is then heated together with the compound of formula (XXI) to produce the compound of formula (XXII). Any conventional conditions that produce an amino alcohol can be used in reaction step (j).

In the compound of formula (XXII), the alcohol may be replaced with chlorine by treating the compound of formula (XXII) with thionyl chloride in reaction step (k), thereby preparing the compound of formula (XXIII). Any conventional method capable of replacing the alcohol with a halogen may be used to carry out the reaction.

The corresponding compound represented by formula (XXIV) is obtained by reaction step (l) of reacting a compound of formula (XXIII) with a compound of formula (VI) in the presence of a base using dimethylformamide as a solvent. The position of the substituent in the compound of formula (VI) will determine the position of the substituent in the compound of formula (XXIV). Any conventional method that can etherify the hydroxyl group with a halide in the presence of a base (preferably potassium carbonate) can be used to carry out the reaction step (l). The compound of formula (XXIV) can be converted into the compound of formula (XXV) by reaction step (m), i.e., alkylation of the compound of formula (XXIV) with the compound of formula (X) in the presence of an alkali metal silylamide (e.g., lithium hexamethyldisilazane or sodium hexamethyldisilazane) as a base. The reaction is carried out in the same manner as described for reaction step (c) of equation 1.

A compound of the formula (XXV) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compounds of formula (XXV) can be converted into the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

Reaction formula 4

For the compounds of formula (I') which have the following characteristicsThe per-reaction formula 5 is prepared by using a compound of formula (VIII): wherein X of the compound of formula (I') is-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, m is 0, q is 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

wherein A is as defined above, R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen OR alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

In reaction formula 5, t, n, A, R⁹And R¹As mentioned above, R⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (VIII) can be prepared in the same manner as described in step (a) or (b) in reaction formula 1 above.

By reaction step (n), i.e. by using CuBr₂Compounds of formula (VIII) can be converted to compounds of formula (XXVI) by treating them to selectively brominate the methyl ketone moiety. Any selective bromination reaction conditions that are capable of converting methyl ketone to 1-bromoketone can be used to carry out reaction step (n).

The compound of formula (XXVI) can be converted to the compound of formula (XXVIII) by reaction step (o) by treating the compound of formula (XXVI) with the sodium salt of the compound of formula (XXVII) in ethanol. Any conventional conditions for the alkylation reaction may be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of the formula (XXVIII) can be converted into the compound of the formula (XXIX) by reaction step (p), i.e. by deesterification with 4 equivalents of sodium hydroxide. Initial stage of the mono-deesterification reaction and subsequent slow hydrolysis of the remaining ethyl esters was observed. The solvent was removed, and the residue was put in acetic acid to continue hydrolysis, whereby a compound of formula (XXIX) was obtained.

A compound of the formula (XXIX) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (XXIX) can be converted to its R by esterification of a carboxylic acid using N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a dehydration condensing agent and a compound of formula (XXX)⁷A compound of formula (XXXI) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Any conventional conditions for this reaction may be used to carry out reaction step (q).

A compound of formula (XXXI) is wherein R⁷A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

Reaction formula 5

Compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics may be prepared by starting from compounds of formula (LX) according to reaction scheme 6: wherein X of the compound of formula (I') is-CH₂-, q and m are 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the following formula:

wherein t, n and A are as defined above, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R¹Is ethyl.

In reaction formula 6, A, t, R⁹And n is as defined above, Y is a leaving group, Y is¹Is chlorine.

In reaction formula 6, the compound of formula (LX) is converted to the compound of formula (LXI) by the same manner as described in reaction step (a) or (b) in reaction formula 1 above.

In step (q'), the compound of formula (LXI) is hydrolyzed in the same manner as described in reaction step (f) in reaction formula 3 above, thereby producing the compound of formula (LXII).

The compound of formula (LXII) is converted to the compound of formula (LXIII) by the reaction step (r'), i.e., by using the same manner as described in the reaction step (g) in the above reaction formula 3.

The compound of formula (LXV) is prepared by first treating the compound of formula (LXIV) with 2 equivalents of n-butyllithium at low temperature and then adding the compound of formula (LXIII) (Weirenga, W.; Skunnick, H.I., J.O.C.1979, 44 th edition, p. 310-311). The compound of formula (LXV) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I) which is ethyl.

Reaction formula 6

Compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics may be prepared by starting from compounds of formula (LX) by reaction of formula 7: wherein q of the compound of formula (I') is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X is-CH₂-, m is 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the following formula:

wherein A is as defined above, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R¹Is ethyl.

In the reaction formula of reaction formula 7, A, t, R⁹And n is as defined above, Y¹Is chlorine. R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

In reaction formula 7, the compound of formula (LXVI) is prepared by reacting the compound of formula (LX) with the compound of formula (XXIII) (prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 4) through reaction step (t'). This reaction can be carried out in the same manner as described in the reaction step (l) in the above reaction formula 4.

In step (u'), the compound of formula (LXVI) is hydrolyzed in the same manner as described in step (f) in reaction formula 3 above, thereby producing the compound of formula (LXVII).

The compound of formula (LXVII) is converted to the compound of formula (LXVIII) by the reaction step (v'), i.e., by using the same manner as described in step (g) in reaction formula 3 above.

The compound of formula (LXV) is prepared by first treating the compound of formula (LXIV) with 2 equivalents of n-butyllithium at low temperature and then adding the compound of formula (LXIII) (Weirenga, W.; Skunnick, H.I., J.O.C.1979, 44 th edition, p. 310-311).

A compound of formula (LXIX) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having two carbon atoms.

Reaction formula 7

The compounds of formula (I') which have the following characteristics can be prepared by reaction of formula 8 starting from compounds of formula (VI): wherein q of the compound of formula (I') is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl radical having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen OR alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, X is-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, m is 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

wherein t, n, A and R¹As described above.

In reaction formula 8, t, n, A, R⁹And R¹As described above. R⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Y is¹Is chlorine.

The compound of formula (XXIV) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction step (l) in reaction formula 4 above.

By reaction step (x'), i.e. by using CuBr₂Compounds of formula (XXIV) can be converted to compounds of formula (LXX) by treating compounds of formula (XXIV) to selectively brominate the methyl ketone moiety. Any selective bromination reaction conditions that can convert methyl ketone to 1-bromoketone can be used to carry out reaction step (x').

The compound of formula (LXX) can be converted to the compound of formula (LXXI) by reaction step (y'), i.e., treating the compound of formula (LXX) with a sodium salt of the compound of formula (XXVII) in ethanol. Any conventional conditions may be used to carry out the alkylation reaction.

The compound of formula (LXXI) can be converted to the compound of formula (LXXII) by the reaction step (z'), i.e., by deesterification with 4 equivalents of sodium hydroxide. This indicates that slow hydrolysis of the remaining ethyl esters occurred after the initial stage of the mono-deesterification reaction. The solvent is removed and the residue is subjected to hydrolysis in acetic acid to produce the compound of formula (LXXII).

The compound of formula (LXXII) is R thereof¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (LXXII) can be converted into its R by esterification of a carboxylic acid using N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a dehydration condensing agent and a compound of formula (XXX)⁷A compound of formula (LXXIII) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Any conventional conditions for this reaction may be used to carry out reaction step (a ").

A compound of formula (LXIII) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

Reaction formula 8

Compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics may be prepared by starting from compounds of formula (LXXIV) according to reaction scheme 9: wherein X of the compound of formula (I') is-CH₂CH(NHAc)-，R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen OR alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, m is 1, q is 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

wherein A is as defined above, R¹Is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

In reaction formula 9, t, n, A, R⁹And R¹As described above. R⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

The compounds of formula (LXXIV) may be prepared as described in "Murphy et al J.C.S.Perkin 1, 1980, p.1555-1566".

The compound of formula (LXXV) can be prepared by alkylating the compound of formula (LXXIV) by the reaction step (b ″), i.e., by using the compound of formula (VII) according to the same method as described in the reaction step (a) of reaction formula 1, or by using the compound of formula (IX) and potassium carbonate as a base for alkylation. This reaction is carried out in the same manner as described in the reaction step (l) in the above reaction formula 4.

The compound of formula (LXXV) is then selectively brominated by reaction step (c "), i.e., dropwise addition of a 30 wt% solution of HBr in acetic acid at 0 ℃, to produce the compound of formula (LXXVI). Any conventional method capable of selectively converting acetone having a substituent to 1-bromoacetone can be used for the reaction step (c ").

The compound of formula (LXXVI) is converted to the compound of formula (LXXVII) by the reaction step (d "), i.e., by employing the same manner as described in the reaction step (o) of reaction formula 5 above.

The compound of formula (LXXVII) can be converted to the compound of formula (LXXVIII) by the reaction step (e "), i.e., by deesterifying with 4 equivalents of sodium hydroxide. Initial stage of the mono-deesterification reaction and subsequent slow hydrolysis of the remaining ethyl esters was observed. The solvent was removed, and the residue was put in acetic acid to continue hydrolysis, whereby a compound of formula (LXXVIII) was obtained.

The compound of formula (LXXVIII) is R thereof¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (LXXVIII) can be converted into its R by esterification of a carboxylic acid using N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a dehydration condensing agent and a compound of formula (XXX)⁷A compound of formula (LXXIX) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Any conventional conditions for this reaction may be used to carry out reaction step (f ").

A compound of the formula (LXXIX) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

Reaction formula 9

Compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics may be prepared by starting from compounds of formula (LXXIV) according to reaction scheme 10: wherein q of the compound of formula (I') is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X is-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Q isOR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

In reaction formula 10, t, n, A, R⁹And R¹As described above. R⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Y is¹Is chlorine.

In reaction formula 10, a compound of formula (LXXX) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (LXXIV) with a compound of formula (XXIII) (prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 4) in reaction step (g "). This reaction can be carried out in the same manner as described in the reaction step (l) in the above reaction formula 4.

The compound of formula (LXXX) is then selectively brominated by a reaction step (h "), i.e., dropwise addition of a 30 wt% solution of HBr in acetic acid at 0 ℃, to produce the compound of formula (LXXXI). Any conventional method capable of converting acetone having a substituent to 1-bromoacetone can be used for the reaction step (h ").

The compound of formula (LXXXI) is converted to the compound of formula (LXXXII) by reaction step (i "), i.e., by employing the same manner as described in reaction step (o) of reaction formula 5 above.

The compound of formula (LXXXII) is converted to the compound of formula (LXXXIII) by reaction step (j "), i.e., by employing the same manner as described in reaction step (p) of reaction formula 5 above.

The compound of formula (LXXXIII) is R thereof¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (LXXXIII) can be converted into its R by esterification of a carboxylic acid using N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a dehydration condensing agent and a compound of formula (XXX)⁷A compound of formula (LXXXIV) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Any conventional conditions for this reaction may be used to carry out reaction step (k ").

A compound of the formula (LXXXIV) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

Reaction scheme 10

Compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics may be prepared by starting from compounds of formula (LXXIV) according to reaction scheme 11: x of the compound of formula (I') is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-，R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen OR alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, q is 0, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

In reaction formula 11, A, t, R⁹、R¹²、R¹³And n is as described above. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and Y is a leaving group.

The compound of formula (LXXV) can be prepared from the compound of formula (LXXIV) in the same manner as described in reaction step (b ") of reaction formula 9 above.

The compound of formula (LXXV) can be converted to the compound of formula (LXXXV) by reaction step (1 "), i.e., by selectively alkylating the compound of formula (LXXV) with the compound of formula (X). The reaction can be carried out using a conventional base capable of converting a ketone having a substituent into a gamma-ketoester. In carrying out the reaction, lithium diisopropylamide is generally preferred as the base. The alkylation reaction will occur on the less hindered methyl group. Generally the reaction can be carried out at-78 ℃ in an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or 1, 2-dimethoxyethane.

A compound of the formula (LXXXV) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compounds of formula (LXXXV) can be converted into the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

Reaction formula 11

Compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XIII) of formula 12, wherein m is as follows: wherein q of the compound of formula (I') is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X is-CH₂-, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

In reaction formula 12, A is as described above and Y is¹Is chlorine.

The compound of formula (XIII), prepared in the same manner as described in step (d) of reaction formula 4 above, is converted to the compound of formula (LXXXVI) by reaction step (m "), i.e., by employing the same manner as described in reaction step (l) of reaction formula 4 above.

In step (n ″), the compound of formula (LXXXVI) is hydrolyzed to yield the compound of formula (LXXXVII). Any conventional basic hydrolysis method for hydrolyzing esters may be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (LXXXVII) can be converted to an acid chloride of formula (LXXXVIII) by reaction step (o ″), i.e., with thionyl chloride. Any conventional method that can convert an acid to an acyl halide can be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (XVII) is reacted with the compound of formula (LXXXVIII) by reaction step (p ″) to give the compound of formula (LXXXIX). Any conventional base can be used to carry out the reaction, but the preferred base is pyridine. Any conventional conditions that enable the reaction step (p ") to be carried out may be employed.

A compound of the formula (LXXXIX) is R thereof¹A compound of formula (I') which is ethyl.

Reaction formula 12

Compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics may be prepared by starting from compounds of formula (LXXIV) according to reaction scheme 13: wherein the compound of formula (I') q is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-，R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen OR alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

In reaction formula 13, R⁹、R¹²、R¹³、R⁵A, t and n are as described above. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (LXXX) can be prepared from the compound of formula (LXXIV) in the same manner as described in reaction step (g ") in reaction formula 10 above.

The compound of formula (LXXX) may be converted to the compound of formula (XC) by reaction step (q "), i.e. by alkylation of the compound of formula (LXXX) with the compound of formula (X). The reaction is carried out using a conventional base which converts the ketone to a 3-ketoester. In carrying out the reaction, lithium diisopropylamide is generally preferred as the base. The alkylation reaction will occur on the less hindered methyl group. Generally the reaction can be carried out at-78 ℃ in an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or 1, 2-dimethoxyethane.

The compound of formula (XC) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (XC) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e., where R is¹A compound of formula (I') which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

Reaction formula 13

Compounds of formula (II) having the following characteristics may be prepared by reaction of formula 14 starting from a compound of formula (XXVI): wherein Z of the compound of formula (II) is

m is 0, R is 1, q is 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, R⁴is-NHCO₂C(CH₃)₃、-NHCH₃or-NHCH₂CH₃I.e. a compound represented by the formula:

wherein A and R¹As described above.

In reaction formula 14, t, n, A and R¹As described above. R⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. R⁸Is an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Y is¹Is halogen, preferably bromine.

In reaction formula 14, a compound of formula (XXXIII) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XXVI) (prepared in the same manner as described in step (n) of reaction formula 5 above) with a compound of formula (XXXII) in the presence of a base in reaction step (r). In carrying out the reaction, triethylamine is generally preferred as the base. Any conventional method capable of reacting t-butyloxycarbonyl-cysteine ethyl ester (Boc-cys-OEt) with a halogen can be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (XXXIII) is wherein R⁴is-NHCO₂C(CH₃)₃And R is¹A compound of formula (II) which is ethyl.

The compound of formula (XXXIII) may be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (II) which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹Is H and R⁴is-NHCO₂C(CH₃)₃A compound of formula (II).

The compounds of formula (XXXIII) can be converted into compounds of formula (XXXV) by first removing the protecting group tert-butoxy by reaction step(s), i.e. by using trifluoroacetic acid, and then by reaction step (t), i.e. by displacement reaction with lower alkyl groups having 1 or 2 carbon atoms. Any conventional method that can condense an amine with an alkyl halide can be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (XXXV) is wherein R⁴Is an amine having 1 to 2 carbon atoms and R¹A compound of formula (II) which is an alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (XXXV) may be converted into the free acid by reaction step (u), i.e. by employing basic hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (XXXVI) which is H. The compound of formula (XXXVI) is wherein R⁴is-NHCH₃or-NHCH₂CH₃And R is¹A compound of formula (II) which is H.

The compound of formula (XXXVI) can be converted to its R by esterification of a carboxylic acid using N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a dehydration condensing agent and a compound of formula (XXX)⁷A compound of formula (XXXVII) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Any conventional conditions for this reaction may be used to carry out reaction step (v).

The compound of formula (XXXVII) is wherein R¹Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and R⁴is-NHCH₃or-NHCH₂CH₃A compound of formula (II).

Reaction formula 14

Compounds of formula (II) having the following characteristics may be prepared by reaction of formula 15 starting from compounds of formula (VIII) wherein t, n and a are as described below: wherein Z of the compound of formula (II) is

m and q are 0, r is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the following formula:

wherein A is as described above.

In reaction formula 15, the compound of formula (VIII) (prepared in the same manner as described in step (a) or (b) of reaction formula 1 above) is converted into the compound of formula (XXVI) in the same manner as described in reaction step (n) of reaction formula 5 above.

A compound of formula (XXXIX) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XXVI) with a compound of formula (XXXVIII) in the presence of a base, preferably triethylamine. Any conventional method which can condense a thiol with a halide can be used to carry out reaction step (w).

The compounds of formula (II) having the following characteristics can be prepared by reaction of formula 15 starting from compounds of formula (VIII): wherein Z of the compound of formula (II) is

m is 0, R is 1, t is 0 or 1, n is 1 or 2, R⁴Is H, a compound represented by the formula:

wherein t, n, A and R¹As described above.

In reaction formula 15, t, n, A and R¹As described above. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (VIII) is prepared in the same manner as described in the reaction step (a) or (b) in the above reaction formula 1.

The compound of formula (XXVI) is prepared from the compound of formula (VIII) in the same manner as described in reaction step (n) in reaction formula 5 above.

A compound of formula (XLI) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XXVI) with a compound of formula (XL) in the presence of a base, preferably triethylamine. Any conventional method that can react a thiol with 1-bromoketone can be used to carry out reaction step (x).

Said compound of formula (XLI) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (II) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compounds of formula (XLI) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (II) which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (II) which is H.

Reaction formula 15

Compounds of formula (II) having the following characteristics may be prepared by starting from compounds of formula (XLII) in reaction scheme 16: wherein Z of the compound of formula (II) is

1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol

r is 0, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

wherein n, t and A are as described above.

In equation 16, a is as described above. Y is a leaving group such as halogen, methane sulfonate oxy or toluene sulfonate oxy. Y is¹Is halogen, preferably bromine.

In equation 16, the compound of formula (XLII) is converted to the compound of formula (XLIII) by reaction step (y), which selectively displaces the hydroxyl group of the primary alcohol with a halogen. Any conventional halogenating agent can be used to carry out the reaction, but the preferred halogenating agent is phosphorus tribromide. The reaction is carried out at low temperature. Any conventional conditions for the process may be used to carry out reaction step (y). The compound of formula (XLIII) can be used directly without further purification.

Reacting a compound of formula (XLIII) with a compound of formula (XXXVIII) in the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (XLIV). Any conventional method that can condense a thiol with a halide can be used to carry out the reaction (z). Any conventional base can be used to carry out the reaction, with triethylamine being the preferred base.

The compound of formula (XLIV) can be converted into the compound of formula (XLV) by reaction step (a'), i.e. by reaction with the compound of formula (VII). The reaction is carried out in the same manner as described in step (a) of reaction formula 1 above.

R is 0, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, n is 1 or 2, R⁴Is H, a compound represented by the formula:

wherein A and R¹As described above.

In equation 16, t, n and A are as described above. Y is a leaving group such as halogen, methane sulfonate oxy or toluene sulfonate oxy. Y is¹Is halogen, preferably bromine. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XLII) is converted to the compound of formula (XLIII) in the same manner as described in reaction step (y) above.

The compound of formula (XLVI) is prepared by reacting the compound of formula (XLIII) with the compound of formula (XL) through reaction step (b'), i.e., by employing the same manner as described in reaction step (x) of reaction formula 15 above.

The compound of formula (XLVI) is converted to the compound of formula (XLVII) by reaction step (c'). The reaction is carried out in the same manner as described in the reaction step (a) or (b) of the above reaction formula 1.

Said compound of formula (XLVII) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (II) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (XLVII) is converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (II) which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (II) which is H.

Reaction formula 16

Compounds of formula (II) having the following characteristics may be prepared by starting from compounds of formula (XLIII) in reaction scheme 17: wherein Z of the compound of formula (II) is

r is 0, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the following formula:

wherein t, n, A and R¹As mentioned above, R⁴is-NHCO₂C(CH₃)₃、-NHCH₃or-NHCH₂CH₃。

In reaction formula 17, t, n, A and R¹As described above. Y is a leaving group such as halogen, methane sulfonate oxy or toluene sulfonate oxy. R⁷Is an alkyl radical having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, R⁸Is an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Y is¹Is halogen, preferably bromine.

In reaction formula 17, the compound of formula (XLVIII) is prepared by reaction step (d'), i.e., reacting a compound of formula (XLIII), prepared in the same manner as described in reaction step (y) in reaction formula 16 above, with a compound of formula (XXXII) in the presence of a base. In carrying out the reaction, triethylamine is generally preferred as the base. Any conventional method capable of reacting t-butyloxycarbonyl-cysteine ethyl ester (Boc-cys-OEt) with a halide can be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (XLIX) can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XLVIII) with a compound of formula (VII) or a compound of formula (IX). The reaction is carried out in the same manner as described in the reaction step (a) or (b) in the above reaction formula 1. A compound of formula (XLIX) is wherein R⁴is-NHCO₂C(CH₃)₃And R is¹A compound of formula (II) which is an alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XLIX) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (II) which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹Is H and R⁴is-NHCO₂C(CH₃)₃A compound of formula (II).

The compound of formula (XLIX) can be converted into the compound of formula (L) first by reaction step (f '), i.e. by removal of the protecting group t-butoxy using trifluoroacetic acid, and then by reaction step (g'), i.e. by displacement using a lower alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms. Any conventional method that can condense an amine with an alkyl halide can be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (L) is wherein R⁴Is an amine having 1 to 2 carbon atoms and R¹A compound of formula (II) which is an alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (L) may be converted to the free acid by reaction step (h'), i.e. by employing basic hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (LI) which is H.

Said compound of formula (LI) is wherein R⁴is-NHCH₃or-NHCH₂CH₃And R is¹A compound of formula (II) which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (II) which is H.

The compound of formula (LI) can be converted to its R by esterification of a carboxylic acid using N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a dehydration condensing agent and the compound of formula (XXX)⁷A compound of formula (LII) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Any conventional conditions for this reaction may be used to carry out reaction step (i').

The compound of formula (LII) is wherein R¹Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and R⁴is-NHCH₃or-NHCH₂CH₃A compound of formula (II).

Reaction formula 17

Compounds of formula (III) shown below can be prepared by reaction of formula 18 starting from compounds of formula (LIII) wherein n, a and Y are as described above:

wherein n is 1 or 2 and A is as described above. In equation 18, the compound of formula (LIII) is converted to the compound of formula (LIV) by the same manner as described in reaction step (a) or (b) in equation 1 above.

The compound of formula (LIV) is converted to the compound of formula (III) by the reaction step (k'), i.e. heating the compound of formula (LIV) with sodium azide in dimethylformamide in the presence of ammonium chloride. Any conventional conditions capable of converting a nitrile to a triazole can be used to carry out the reaction.

Reaction formula 18

A compound of formula (IV) shown below can be prepared from 2 ', 6' -difluoroacetophenone by reaction of formula 19:

wherein R is¹As described above.

In reaction formula 19, R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (LV) is converted to the compound of formula (LVI) by reaction step (1'), i.e. by employing the same manner as described in reaction step (c) in reaction formula 1 above.

Said compound of formula (LVI) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (IV) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (LVI) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (IV) which is H. By any conventional ester hydrolysisAll the methods can prepare R¹A compound of formula (IV) which is H.

Reaction formula 19

Compounds of formula (V) shown below can be prepared by reaction 20 starting from compounds of formula (VI):

wherein n, A and R¹As mentioned above, R¹⁴Is a hydroxyl group.

In equation 20, n and A are as described above. Y is a leaving group such as halogen, methane sulfonate oxy or toluene sulfonate oxy. R⁷Is an alkyl radical having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, R⁸Is an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (VI) can be converted to the compound of formula (VIIII) in the same manner as described in reaction step (a) or (b) in reaction formula 1 above.

The compound of formula (LVIII) is prepared by reacting the compound of formula (VIII) with the compound of formula (LVII) in the presence of freshly prepared sodium alkoxide at room temperature in reaction step (m'). Any conventional conditions for the alkylation reaction may be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (LVIII) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (V) which is an alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (LVIII) can be converted into the free acid by means of the reaction step (n'), i.e. by using ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (V) which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (V) which is H.

By using N, N as a dehydrating condensing agent-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and a compound of formula (XXX) are reacted with carboxylic acid to convert a compound of formula (LVIII) into R⁷A compound of formula (LIX) which is an alkyl group having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Any conventional conditions for this reaction may be used to carry out reaction step (o').

The compound of formula (LIX) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (V) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

Reaction scheme 20

The compounds of formula (I') which have the following characteristics can be prepared by reaction of formula 21 starting from the compound of formula (XI) shown below, wherein the starting compound of formula (XI) is

In said compound of formula (I'): x is-CH₂CH₂-，R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, q and m are 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e. a compound represented by the formula:

wherein Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰Is hydrogen and R¹¹Is a hydroxyl group. t, n, A and R⁹As described above.

In reaction formula 21, A, t, R⁹、R⁶And n is as described above.

The compound of formula (XI) can be prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 1.

The compound of formula (XI) may be converted to the compound of formula (XCII) by a reaction step (s "), i.e. treatment of the compound of formula (XI) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in an organic solvent, e.g. ethanol or tetrahydrofuran. The reaction is carried out under the condition of using an inorganic base such as potassium hydroxide. Any conventional conditions for the synthesis of hydroxamic acids can be used to carry out this reaction.

In said compound of formula (I'): x is-CH₂-CH₂-, q and m are 0, t is 0 or 1 and n is 1 or 2, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, i.e. a compound represented by the formula:

wherein t, n, A and R⁹As described above. Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰And R¹¹Is hydrogen.

In reaction formula 21, A, t, R⁹And n is as described above. R¹Is H, R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XI) can be prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 1. The compound of formula (XI) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (XI) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. where R is¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (XI) can be converted into the compound of formula (XCIII) by a reaction step (t "), i.e. first activating the reactants with e.g. benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidinophosphine hexafluorophosphate in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane or N, N-dimethylformamide, and then adding ammonia water or ammonia. The reaction can be carried out using an organic base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine. Any conventional conditions for the synthesis of amides may be used to carry out the reaction step (t ").

wherein t, n, A and R⁹As described above. Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰And R¹¹Each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

The compounds of formula (XI) can be converted to compounds of formula (XCIV) by first reacting the compound of formula (XI) with a chlorinating agent, such as thionyl chloride, and then reacting the acyl halide with the corresponding amine. Any conventional method capable of condensing an amine with an acyl halide may be used to carry out the reaction step (u "), or the compound of formula (XI) may be converted into the compound of formula (XCIV) by reacting the corresponding amine with the compound of formula (XI) using 1, 3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a condensing agent.

Any conventional method capable of condensing an amine with an acid may be used to carry out the reaction step (u ").

Reaction formula 21

The compound of formula (I') having the following characteristics can be prepared by reacting the compound of formula (XXV) shown below as a starting material in the reaction formula 22

In said compound of formula (I'): x is-CH₂-CH₂-, q is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl radical having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, m is 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e. a compound represented by the formula:

wherein Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰Is hydrogen, and R¹¹Is a hydroxyl group. A. t, n and R⁹As described above.

In reaction formula 22, q, A, t, R⁵、R⁹And n is as described above。R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XXV) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 4.

The compound of formula (XXV) can be converted to the compound of formula (XCV) by reaction step (v "), i.e., by employing the same manner as described in reaction step (s") of reaction formula 21.

In said compound of formula (I'): x is-CH₂-CH₂-, q is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl radical having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, m is 0, t is 0 or 1 and n is 1 or 2, R¹Is hydrogen, a compound represented by the formula:

wherein q, t, n, A and R⁵And R⁹As described above. Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰And R¹¹Is hydrogen.

In reaction formula 22, q, A, t, R⁵、R⁹And n is as described above. R¹Is hydrogen, and R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XXV) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 4. A compound of the formula (XXV) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compounds of formula (XXV) can be converted into the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹Is H of the formula (I')A compound is provided.

The compound of formula (XXV) can be converted into the compound of formula (XCVI) by the reaction step (w "), that is, by employing the same manner as described in the reaction step (t") of reaction formula 21.

wherein q, t, n, A and R⁵And R⁹As described above. Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰And R¹¹

Each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

In reaction formula 22, q, A, t, R⁵、R⁹And n is as described above. R⁶Is an alkyl radical having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, R¹Is hydrogen.

The compound of formula (XXV) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 4. A compound of the formula (XXV) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compounds of formula (XXV) can be converted into the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (XXV) can be converted into the compound of formula (XCVII) by the reaction step (x "), that is, by employing the same manner as described in the reaction step (u") of reaction formula 21.

Reaction formula 22

The compound of formula (I') having the following characteristics can be prepared by reacting the compound of formula (LXXXV) shown below as a starting material in the reaction formula 23, wherein the starting compound of formula (LXXXV) is

In said compound of formula (I'): x is-CH₂-CH₂-，R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, m is 1, q is 0, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e. compounds represented by the formula:

wherein Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰Is hydrogen, and R¹¹Is a hydroxyl group. t, n, A and R⁹As described above.

In reaction formula 23, A, t, R⁹And n is as described above. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (LXXXV) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 11.

The compound of formula (LXXXV) can be converted into the compound of formula (XCVIII) by the reaction step (y "), that is, by employing the same manner as described in the reaction step (s") of reaction formula 21.

In reaction formula 23, A, t, R⁵、R⁹And n is as described above. R¹Is hydrogen. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (LXXXV) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 11. A compound of the formula (LXXXV) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compounds of formula (LXXXV) can be converted into the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (LXXXV) can be converted into the compound of formula (XCIX) by the reaction step (z "), that is, by employing the same manner as described in the reaction step (t") of reaction formula 21.

wherein t, n, A and R⁹As mentioned above, Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰And R¹¹Are each independently of the other hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

In reaction formula 23, A, t, R⁹And n is as described above. R¹Is hydrogen. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (LXXXV) can be converted to the compound of formula (C) by the reaction step (a' "), i.e., by employing the same manner as described in the reaction step (u") of reaction formula 21.

Reaction formula 23

Compounds of formula (I') having the following characteristics may be prepared by reaction of formula 24 starting from a compound of formula (XC) as shown below, wherein the starting compound of formula (XC) is

In said compound of formula (I'): x is-CH₂-CH₂-，R⁹Is hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, q is 1, R⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, m is 1, t is 0 or 1, and n is 1 or 2, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

wherein Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰Is hydrogen, R¹¹Is hydroxy, t, n, A, R⁵And R⁹As described above.

In the reaction formula 24, q, A, t, n, R⁵、R⁹And R⁶As described above.

The compound of formula (XC) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 13.

The compound of formula (XC) may be converted to the compound of formula (CII) by reaction step (b' "), i.e. by employing the same procedure as described in reaction step (s") of scheme 21.

wherein q, t, n, A and R⁵And R⁹As mentioned above, Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰And R¹¹Is hydrogen.

In reaction formula 24, q, A, t, R⁵、R⁹And n is as described above. R¹Is hydrogen, R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XC) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 13. The compound of formula (XC) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (XC) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e., where R is¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (XC) may be converted to the compound of formula (CIII) by reaction step (c' "), i.e. by employing the same manner as described in reaction step (t") of reaction scheme 21.

wherein q, t, n, A and R⁵And R⁹As mentioned above, Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹And wherein R¹⁰And R¹¹Independently of one another, hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XC) may be converted to the compound of formula (CIV) by reaction step (d' "), i.e. by employing the same procedure as described in reaction step (u") of reaction scheme 21.

Reaction formula 24

The compound of formula (V') having the following characteristics can be prepared by the reaction of formula 25 starting from the compound of formula (XI) shown below, wherein the starting compound of formula (XI) is

In said compound of formula (V'): n is 1 or 2, t is 0, R¹、R⁹And R¹⁴Is H, a compound represented by the formula:

wherein t, n, A, R⁹、R¹⁴And R¹As described above.

In equation 25, A, t and n are as described above. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XI) is prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 1.

The compound of formula (XI) may be converted to the compound of formula (CV) by a reaction step (e' "), i.e. treatment of the compound of formula (XI) with bromine or a similar reagent in an organic solvent, e.g. diethyl ether or carbon tetrachloride, preferably the organic solvent is diethyl ether.

As the reaction temperature, a temperature between ice-cooling and room temperature can be employed, and ice-cooling is preferred.

The compound of formula (CV) can be converted into a compound of formula (CVI) by reaction step (f' ") i.e. carrying out a dehydrobromination reaction. The reaction is carried out in an organic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride using a conventional base, preferably triethylamine. Any conventional conditions for the dehydrobromination reaction may be used to carry out the reaction step (f' ").

The compound of formula (CVI) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (V') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (CVI) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (V') which is H. Any conventional ester hydrolysis method can be used to prepare R thereof¹A compound of formula (V,) which is H.

Reaction formula 25

The compound of formula (CXVI) having the following characteristics can be prepared by reacting formula 26 with a compound of formula (XI) shown below as a starting material, wherein the starting compound of formula (XI) is

In said compound of formula (CXVI): x is-CH₂-CH₂-, t is 0 or 1 and n is 1 or 2, R¹And R⁹Is hydrogen, a compound represented by the formula:

wherein t, n, A and R⁹As mentioned above, R¹Is H.

In reaction formula 26, A, t, n and R⁹As described above. R¹Is H, R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (XI) can be prepared in the same manner as described in reaction formula 1. The compound of formula (XI) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (I') which is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (XI) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. where R is¹A compound of formula (I') which is H. Any conventional ester hydrolysis method can be used to prepare R thereof¹A compound of formula (I') which is H.

The compound of formula (XI) may be converted to the compound of formula (CVII) by a reaction step (g' "), i.e. performing a Wolff-Kishner reduction reaction, treating the compound of formula (XI) with hydrazine hydrate and potassium hydroxide in an organic solvent such as ethylene glycol and the like. Any conventional conditions for the Woff-Kishner reduction reaction may be used to carry out the reaction step (g').

Reaction formula 26

The compound of formula (XCI) having the following characteristics can be prepared by reaction of formula 27 starting from a compound of formula (XI) as shown below, wherein the starting compound of formula (XI) is

In said compound of formula (XCI): n is 1 or 2, R⁹Is H, R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

wherein n, A, R⁹And R¹As described above.

In reaction formula 27, R⁹Is a hydrogen atom, t is 0, R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, A and n are as described above.

The compound of formula (XI) may be converted into a compound of formula (CVIII) by a reaction step (h' ") which selectively reduces the keto group to an alcohol. The reaction is carried out using a conventional reducing agent such as sodium borohydride in ethanol or bis (3-methyl-2-butyl) borane in tetrahydrofuran. Any conventional conditions for the selective reduction reaction may be used to carry out the reaction step (h' ").

The compound of formula (CVIII) may be converted to the compound of formula (CIX) by a reaction step (i' "), i.e. by bromination of the compound of formula (CVIII) with similar reagents such as a solution of phosphorus tribromide in tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, a solution of hydrogen bromide in acetic acid or dioxane, carbon tetrabromide or bis (1, 2-diphenylphosphino) ethane. Any conventional conditions for the bromination reaction may be used to carry out the reaction step (i' ").

The compound of formula (CIX) can be converted into the compound of formula (CX) by performing the reaction step (j') of dehydrobromination. The reaction is carried out in an organic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride using a conventional base, preferably triethylamine. Any conventional conditions for the dehydrobromination reaction may be used to carry out the reaction step (j' ").

The compound of formula (CX) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (XCI) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (CX) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e., wherein R is¹Is H, is a compound of formula (XCI). Any conventional ester hydrolysis method can be used to prepare R thereof¹Is H, is a compound of formula (XCI).

Reaction formula 27

For compounds of formula (CXVII) having the following characteristics, they can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (CXI) shown below with a compound of formula (CXII) according to reaction scheme 28, wherein the compound of formula (CXI) is

The compound of formula (CXII) is

In said compound of formula (CXVII): x is-CH₂-CH₂N is 0 or 2, R¹⁵Is hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R⁹Is a hydroxyl group, hydrogen, alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or halogen atom, R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, i.e., a compound represented by the formula:

wherein n, A and R⁹And R¹⁵As described above.

In reaction formula 28, A, n, R⁹And R¹⁵As described above. R⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

The compound of formula (CXI) can be converted to the compound of formula (CXIII) by a reaction step (k '"), i.e. by treating the compound of formula (CXI) with a condensing agent such as diethylcyanophosphate or 1-ethyl-3- (3' -dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, N-dimethylformamide, and then adding the compound of formula (CXII).

The reaction temperature may be from 0 ℃ to room temperature.

The compound of formula (CXIII) may be converted to the compound of formula (CXIV) by a reaction step (l' "), i.e. by alkylating the compound of formula (CXIII) with the compound of formula (X). The reaction is carried out in the same manner as described in the reaction step (c) of reaction formula 1.

The compound of formula (CXIV) is wherein R⁹Is a compound of formula (CXVII) having an alkoxy group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a halogen atom. The R may be prepared by demethylation, i.e. by using a solution of, for example, boron tribromide in dichloromethane or a similar reagent⁹Is converted into a hydroxyl group. Any conventional conditions for the demethylation reaction can be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (CXIV) is wherein R¹A compound of formula (CXVII) which is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. The compound of formula (CXIV) can be converted to the free acid by ester hydrolysis, i.e. wherein R¹A compound of formula (CXVII) which is H. R can be prepared by any conventional ester hydrolysis method¹A compound of formula (CXVII) which is H.

The compound represented by the general formula (CXI) can be produced by etherifying a compound of the following formula (CI) with a haloalkane and then subjecting the etherified compound to ester hydrolysis.

Wherein R is¹⁶Is a lower alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. R⁹Is a hydroxyl group.

The reaction between the compound of formula (CI) and the alkyl halide may be carried out in an organic solvent such as N, N-dimethylformamide, under the condition of using a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate. Any conventional conditions for the alkylation reaction may be used to carry out the reaction. The ester hydrolysis reaction can be carried out under acidic conditions such as hydrochloric acid, a mixture of hydrochloric acid and an organic solvent such as ethanol, or with acetic acid. The reaction temperature at which the reaction is carried out may be from room temperature to the reflux temperature of the solvent. Any conventional conditions for the hydrolysis of acid esters can be used to carry out the reaction. Further, if necessary, the ester hydrolysis may be carried out by using an alkaline condition such as an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or a mixed solution of a sodium hydroxide solution and an organic solvent such as ethanol. Any conventional conditions for basic hydrolysis may be used to carry out the reaction.

The compound of formula (CXII) can be prepared by reacting the compound of formula (VII) with a chlorinating agent such as trimethylchlorosilane or thionyl chloride in an organic solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide or N, N-dimethylformamide. The reaction temperature may be from room temperature to the reflux temperature of the solvent. Any conventional conditions for the chlorination reaction may be used to carry out the reaction.

The chloromethyl intermediate can be converted into the compound of formula (CXII) by the Gabriel (Gabriel) synthesis method, i.e. by treating the aforementioned chloromethyl intermediate with potassium phthalimide in an organic solvent such as N, N-dimethylformamide or dioxane. The phthalimide is then reacted with a hydrazine by an exchange reaction in an organic solvent such as ethanol or dioxane to produce the compound of formula (CXII). Any conventional conditions commonly used in the Caneberg synthesis may be used to carry out the reaction.

Reaction formula 28

The invention will be better understood by reference to the following examples, which are intended to illustrate and not to limit the invention described.

Examples

Examples of chemical Synthesis

Example 1: synthesis of 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone

A solution made from 4-hydroxyacetophenone (2.80g, 20.6mmol) dissolved in dry DMF (15ml) was added to a suspension of NaH (60% dispersed in oil, 0.794g) and dry DMF (20ml) at room temperature. When no more hydrogen was generated, 2-fluorobenzyl bromide (3g, 15.8mmol) was added dropwise. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours and then saturated NH was used₄Aqueous Cl was quenched and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), then washed with water and brine. With Na₂SO₄The organic layer was dried, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (2: 1 hexanes: ethyl acetate as eluent) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.2-7.3(m，1H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

A solution of lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M (mol/l), 7ml) was added to a stirring solution of 4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone (from step A, 1.5g, 6.1mmol) in dry THF (20ml) and DMPU (N, N' -dimethylolpropyleneurea) (5ml) at-60 ℃ under an argon atmosphere. After stirring for 10 min at-60 deg.C, t-butyl bromoacetate (4.75g, 24.4mmol) was added rapidly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes, and then warmed to room temperature for 4 hours. The crude mixture was dissolved with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering, concentrating and purifying the resulting residue by flash silica gel column chromatography (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to afford the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.2-7.3(m，1H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

A solution of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (step B, 1.27g, 4.2mmol) in dichloromethane (25ml) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (5 ml).

The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, then concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white powder.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃：CD₃OD)：2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.2-7.3(m，1H)；7.4(t，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 2: synthesis of 4- (4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) acetophenone:

a solution of 2-methoxybenzyl alcohol (2.99g, 21.7mmol) in dry THF (5ml) and dry DMF (5ml) was added to a stirred solution of 4-hydroxyacetophenone (3.25g, 23.8mmol), triphenylphosphine (7.36g, 28.0mmol) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (4.51g, 25.9mmol) in dry THF (20ml) at 5-10 ℃. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 2 hours, warmed to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and saturated NaHCO was used₃And washing twice. With NaSO₄The resulting organic layer was dried, filtered, concentrated, and purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (99: 1 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；3.9(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.3(m，1H)；7.4(d，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

a solution of lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M, 5ml) was added to a stirring solution of 4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) acetophenone (from step A, 1.22g, 4.7mmol) in dry THF (20ml) and DMPU (5ml) at-60 ℃ under argon. After stirring for 10 min at-60 deg.C, ethyl bromoacetate (2.59g, 15.6mmol) was added quickly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes, and then warmed to room temperature for 2 hours. The crude mixture was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were washed with Na₂SO₄Dried, filtered and concentrated. Flash silica gel column chromatography (4: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent)) The resulting residue was purified to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；3.8(s，3H)；4.1(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，4H)；7.1-7.3(m，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

a solution of ethyl 4- (4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (from step B, 1.49g, 4.3mmol) in absolute ethanol (20ml) was treated with 1N (eq) sodium hydroxide (6 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid. The resulting white solid was filtered, washed with cold water and dried in vacuo to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃：CD₃OD)：2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；3.8(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，4H)；7.2-7.3(m，2H)；7.8(d，2H)。

Example 3: synthesis of 3- [ (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methylthio ] propionic acid:

step A: preparation of 4-hydroxybenzyl bromide:

a solution of dry pyridine (0.201ml) in dry THF (0.4ml) was added to stirring PBr at-5 deg.C₃(1.38g, 5.0mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (2 ml). To the resulting reaction mixture was added dropwise a solution of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (1.89g, 15.2mmol) in dry THF (23 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 18 hours, then diluted with THF and filtered through a celite pad. The filtrate was evaporated and the resulting semi-solid redissolved in dry toluene (16 ml). The resulting solution was kept at-20 ℃ for 2 hours and then celite was appliedPad filtration gave the title compound as a pale yellow solution, which was used without purification.

And B: ethyl 3- ((4-hydroxyphenyl) methylthio) propionate:

ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate (2.66g, 19.8mmol) was added to a solution of NaH (60% dispersed in oil, 0.731g, 21.7mmol) and dry DMF (15 ml). When no more hydrogen is produced, 4-hydroxybenzyl bromide from step A is added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and then saturated NH was used₄The aqueous Cl solution was quenched and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), then washed with water and brine. The resulting aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate several times. With Na₂SO₄The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 dichloromethane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；2.4-2.6(m，4H)；3.6(s，2H)；4.1(q，2H)；6.7(d，2H)；7.2(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of ethyl 3- [ (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methylthio ] propionate:

ethyl 3- ((4-hydroxyphenyl) methylthio) propionate (from step B, 2.5g, 1.0mmol) was added to a solution of NaH (60% dispersed in oil, 0.054g, 1.3mmol) and dry DMF (10 ml). When no more hydrogen was generated, 2-fluorobenzyl bromide (0.263g, 1.3mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and then saturated NH was used₄The aqueous Cl solution was quenched and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and then washed twice with water and brine. The resulting aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate several times. With Na₂SO₄The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (4: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；2.4-2.6(m，4H)；3.6(s，2H)；4.2(q，2H)；5.15(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.2-7.4(m，5H)；7.5(t，1H)。

Step D: preparation of 3- [ (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methylthio ] propionic acid

To a solution of ethyl 3- [ (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methylthio ] propionate (from step C, 0.122g, 0.35mmol) in ethanol (5ml) was added 1N sodium hydroxide (0.5ml) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, then acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid and concentrated in vacuo to give a white solid which was purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (92.5: 7.5 chloroform: methanol as eluent with acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4-2.6(m，4H)；3.7(s，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.2-7.4(m，5H)；7.5(t，1H)。

Example 4: synthesis of 4- (4- (3-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (3-fluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 1 starting from 3-fluorobenzyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(m，3H)；7.2-7.3(t，2H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (3-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(m，3H)；7.2(t，2H)；7.4(m，1H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (3-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

The title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，3H)；7.2-7.3(m，2H)；7.4(q，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 5: synthesis of 4- (4- (4-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (4-fluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 1 starting from 4-fluorobenzyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.1(t，2H)；7.4(m，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (4-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(m，2H)；7.2(t，2H)；7.4(m，2H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (4-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

The title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，2H)；7.2-7.3(d，2H)；7.4(m，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 6: synthesis of 4- (4- ((2-pyridinyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- ((2-pyridinyl) methoxy) acetophenone:

a solution made from 4-hydroxyacetophenone (1.99g, 14.6mmol) dissolved in dry DMF (5ml) was added to a suspension of NaH (60% dispersed in oil, 0.604g) and dry DMF (20ml) at room temperature. When no more hydrogen was generated, 2-picolyl chloride hydrochloride (2g, 12.1mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and then saturated NH was used₄The aqueous Cl solution was quenched and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate and then washed with water and brine. The resulting aqueous layer was washed twice with ethyl acetate. With Na₂SO₄The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (1: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2(m，1H)；7.5(d，1H)；7.7(t，1H)；7.9(d，2H)；8.6(s，1H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- ((2-pyridinyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate:

a solution of lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M, 5ml) was added to a stirred solution of 4- ((2-pyridinyl) methoxy) acetophenone from step (b) at-60 ℃ under argon atmosphereStep A, 0.968g, 3.6mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (16ml) and DMPU (4 ml). After stirring for 10 min at-60 ℃ tert-butyl bromoacetate (2.64g, 13.5mmol) was added rapidly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes, and then warmed to room temperature for 4 hours. The crude mixture was dissolved with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering, concentrating, and purifying by flash silica gel column chromatography (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.3(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2(m，1H)；7.5(d，1H)；7.7(t，1H)；7.9(d，2H)；8.6(s，1H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- ((2-pyridinyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

a solution of tert-butyl 4- (4- ((2-pyridinyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate (from step B, 1.27g, 4.2mmol) in dichloromethane (25ml) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (5 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, then concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃：CD₃OD)：2.7(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.3(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.3(m，1H)；7.5(d，1H)；7.9(m，3H)；8.6(s，1H)。

Example 7: synthesis of 4- (4- (benzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (benzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 1 starting from benzyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.3-7.5(m，5H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (benzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.3-7.5(m，5H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (benzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

The title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.3-7.5(m，5H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 8: synthesis of 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

a solution made from 4-hydroxyacetophenone (3.61g, 26.5mmol) dissolved in dry DMF (5ml) was added to a suspension of NaH (60% dispersed in oil, 1.21g) and dry DMF (40ml) at room temperature. When no more hydrogen was generated, 2, 6-difluorobenzyl bromide (5g, 24.1mmol) was added dropwise. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours and then saturated NH was used₄The aqueous Cl solution was quenched and concentrated in vacuo. By usingThe crude residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and then washed with water and brine. The resulting aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. With Na₂SO₄The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (2: 1 hexanes: ethyl acetate as eluent) to afford the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，4H)；7.3-7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

a solution of lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M, 30ml) was added to a stirring solution of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone (from step A, 0.6g, 22.8mmol) in dry THF (60ml) and DMPU (12ml) at-60 ℃ under an argon atmosphere. After stirring for 10 min at-60 ℃ tert-butyl bromoacetate (8.97g, 46mmol) was added rapidly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes, and then warmed to room temperature for 4 hours. The crude mixture was dissolved with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering, concentrating, and purifying with flash silica gel column chromatography (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，4H)；7.3-7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

a solution of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) 4-oxobutyrate (from step B, 4.76g, 12.6mmol) in dichloromethane (40ml) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (20 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, then concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white powder.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，4H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 9: synthesis of 4- (4- (2-chlorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2-chlorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 1 starting from 2-chlorobenzyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2-7.5(m，4H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2-chlorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2-7.5(m，4H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2-chlorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

The title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃：CD₃OD)：2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.3(m，1H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 10: synthesis of 4- (4- (2- (2-fluorophenyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2- (2-fluorophenyl) ethoxy) acetophenone

The title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 2 starting from 2-fluorophenethanol.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.3(s，3H)；2.9(t，2H)；4.2(t，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.1(m，2H)；7.3(m，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2- (2-fluorophenyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 2 starting from tert-butyl bromoacetate.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(m，4H)；4.2(t，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.1(m，2H)；7.3(t，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2- (2-fluorophenyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

A solution of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2- (2-fluorophenyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (from step B, 1.2g, 3.2mmol) in dichloromethane (25ml) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (10 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, then concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.2(t，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.1(m，2H)；7.3(t，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 11: synthesis of ethyl 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

Step A: preparation of 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a in example 1.

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

a solution of lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M, 35ml) was added to a stirred solution of 4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone (7.26g, 29.7mmol) in dry THF (80ml) and DMPU (16ml) at-60 ℃ under an argon atmosphere. After stirring for 10 min at-60 deg.C, ethyl bromoacetate (10.12g, 60.5mmol) was added rapidly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes, and then warmed to room temperature for 4 hours. The crude mixture was dissolved with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering, concentrating, and purifying with flash silica gel column chromatography (4: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound as a white powder.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.2(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.5(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 12: synthesis of 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 1 starting from 2-methylbenzyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，3H)；2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，3H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.5(s，9H)；2.4(s，3H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，3H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，3H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 13: synthesis of 4- [4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 2-fluorobenzyl methanesulfonate:

triethylamine (12.03g, 118.9mmol) was added to a solution of 2-fluorobenzyl alcohol (10g, 79.28mmol) in dry dichloromethane (200ml) at room temperature under an argon atmosphere. Methanesulfonyl chloride (10.71g, 93.5mmol) was added to the above reaction mixture at 0 deg.C, followed by stirring for an additional 3 hours. Water (100ml) was added to the resulting reaction mixture, and the mixture was extracted twice with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine. With Na₂SO₄The resulting reaction mixture was dried, filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a yellow oil, which was used without further purification.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.3(t，3H)；2.4-2.6(m，4H)；5.25(s，2H)；6.9-7.5(m，4H)。

And B: preparation of 2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethanol:

a mixture of 2-fluorobenzyl methanesulfonate (from step A, 5g, 24.5mmol) and 2- (methylamino) ethanol (18.4g, 244.9mmol) was heated at 120 ℃ for 7 hours under an argon atmosphere with stirring. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The resulting crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (90: 10 chloroform: methanol as eluent, triethylamine to prevent tailing) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.3(s，3H)；2.6(m，2H)；3.6(m，4H)；6.9-7.5(m，4H)。

And C: preparation of 2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethyl chloride:

thionyl chloride (16ml) was added to a solution of 2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethanol (from step B, 7.51g, 41mmol) in dry toluene (50 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and then concentrated. The resulting crude mixture was diluted with chloroform and washed with NaHCO₃Aqueous solution, water and brine. With Na₂SO₄Drying the obtained organic layer, filtering itConcentration gave the title compound which was used without purification.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.3(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.6(t，2H)；3.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，2H)；7.25(m，1H)；7.4(t，1H)。

Step D: preparation of 4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) acetophenone:

will K₂CO₃(7.77g, 56.2mmol) was added to a solution of 2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethyl chloride (from step C, 7.48g, 37mmol) and 4-hydroxyacetophenone (10.07g, 74mmol) in dry DMF (10 ml). The resulting mixture was heated at 80 ℃ for 6 hours, cooled and quenched with water, and then extracted twice with ethyl acetate. With Na₂SO₄The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated. The resulting crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (2: 1 hexanes: ethyl acetate as eluent) to afford the title compound as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.35(s，3H)；2.4(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.7(s，2H)；4.2(t，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，2H)；7.25(m，1H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Step E: preparation of tert-butyl 4- [4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoate:

lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M, 20ml) was slowly added over 10 minutes to a stirring solution of 4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) acetophenone (from step D, 4.91g, 16.3mmol) in dry THF (60ml) and DMPU (15ml) at-65 ℃ under an argon atmosphere. After stirring for 15 min, tert-butyl bromoacetate (6.35g, 32.6mmol) was added rapidly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at-65 ℃ for 10 minutes, then the reaction was warmed to room temperature for 2 hours, quenched with water, and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (1: 1 hexanes: ethyl acetate as eluent) to afford the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.5(s，9H)；2.4(s，3H)；2.6(t，2H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；3.7(br，2H)；4.2(br，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，2H)；7.25(m，1H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Step F: preparation of 4- [4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid:

a solution of tert-butyl 4- [4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoate (from step E, 2.23g, 5.3mmol) in dichloromethane (20ml) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (10 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, then concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed by flash silica gel column chromatography (eluting with 92.5: 7.5 to 90: 10 chloroform: methanol, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to obtain the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃：CD₃OD)：2.5(t，2H)；2.6(s，3H)；3.0(t，2H)；3.4(t，2H)；4.2-4.5(m，4H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，2H)；7.3(m，1H)，7.5(t，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 14: synthesis of 4- (3- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 3- (2-methylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 12 starting from 3-hydroxyacetophenone.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.3(s，3H)；2.5(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，4H)；7.4(m，2H)；7.6(m，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (3- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.5(s，9H)；2.4(s，3H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，4H)；7.4(m，2H)；7.6(m，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (3- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 1.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，4H)；7.4(m，2H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Example 15: synthesis of ethyl 4- (3- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate

Step A: preparation of 3- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 1 starting from 3-hydroxyacetophenone.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；7.1(m，4H)；7.3(m，2H)；7.6(m，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 11.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.3(s，9H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(t，2H)；7.2(d，2H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.5(t，1H)；7.6(d，2H)

Example 16: synthesis of ethyl 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate

Step A: preparation of 4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 12.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，3H)；2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，3H)；7.4(m，1H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 11.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；2.4(s，3H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.2(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，3H)；7.4(m，1H)；8.0(d，2H)。

Example 17: synthesis of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 8.

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

a solution of lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M, 30ml) was added to a stirring solution of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone (from step A, 0.6g, 22.8mmol) in dry THF (60ml) and DMPU (12ml) at-60 ℃ under an argon atmosphere. After stirring for 10 min at-60 deg.C, ethyl bromoacetate (7.61g, 45.6mmol) was added quickly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes, and then warmed to room temperature for 4 hours. The crude mixture was dissolved with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering, concentrating, and purifying with flash silica gel column chromatography (4: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.3(t，3H)；2.8(t，3H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.1(q，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，4H)；7.3-7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 18: synthesis of 4- (4- (2- (2-thienyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2- (2-thienyl) ethoxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was obtained by purification from 2- (2-thienyl) ethanol using flash silica gel column chromatography (3: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) as per step A of example 2.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.2(t，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.2(d，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2- (2-thienyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 2.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.3(t，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(m，4H)；4.1(q，2H)；4.2(t，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.2(d，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2- (2-thienyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 2.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.3(m，4H)；4.2(t，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.2(d，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 19: synthesis of 4- (2, 6-difluorophenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (2, 6-difluorophenyl) -4-oxobutyrate:

a solution of lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M, 45ml) was added to a stirred solution of 2, 6-difluoroacetophenone (5g, 32mmol) in dry THF (40ml) and DMPU (8ml) at-60 deg.C under an argon atmosphere. After stirring for 10 min at-60 deg.C, tert-butyl bromoacetate (6.99g, 35.8mmol) was added rapidly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes, and then warmed to room temperature for 4 hours. The crude mixture was dissolved with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering, concentrating, and flash silica gel column chromatography (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate)As eluent) to yield the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，2H)；7.4(m，1H)。

And B: preparation of compound AS:

a solution of tert-butyl 4- (2, 6-difluorophenyl) -4-oxobutyrate (from step A, 9.52g, 35.2mmol) in dichloromethane (30ml) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (20 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, then concentrated. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，2H)；7.4(m，1H)。

Example 20: synthesis of 4- (4- (2, 5-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 5-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 8 starting from 2, 5-dimethylbenzyl chloride.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.3(s，3H)；2.5(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.2(m，5H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 5-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.3(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，3H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2, 5-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

1N sodium hydroxide (10ml) was added to a solution of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 5-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (from step B, 2.62g, 7.7mmol) in absolute ethanol (30ml) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours and then acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid. The resulting white solid was filtered, washed with water and dried in vacuo to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.3(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，3H)；8.0(d，2H)。

Example 21: synthesis of 4- (4- (2, 5-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 5-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 8 starting from 2, 5-difluorobenzyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，3H)；7.2(m，2H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 5-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutyrate

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，3H)；7.2(m，2H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2, 5-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

1N sodium hydroxide (40ml) was added to a solution of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 5-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (from step B, 16.51g, 47.4mmol) in absolute ethanol (100ml) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours, then acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid and concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was dissolved with chloroform and washed with water. The aqueous layer was washed with chloroform several times. With Na₂SO₄The combined organic layers were dried. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，3H)；7.2(m，2H)；8.0(d，2H)。

Example 22: synthesis of 4- (4- (2, 4-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 4-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 8 starting from 2, 4-difluorobenzyloxy bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.4(m，1H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 4-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.4(m，1H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2, 4-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 21.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.4(m，1H)，8.0(d，2H)。

Example 23: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 3- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 8 starting from 3-hydroxyacetophenone.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，2H)；7.2(m，1H)；7.4(m，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，2H)；7.2(m，1H)；7.4(m，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 21.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，2H)；7.2(m，1H)；7.4(m，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 24: synthesis of 4- (4- ((cyclohexyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- ((cyclopropyl) methoxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 8 starting from cyclopropylmethyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：0.4(m，2H)；0.6(m，2H)；1.2(m，1H)；2.5(s，3H)；3.8(d，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- ((cyclopropyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 8.

¹H MR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：0.4(m，2H)；0.6(m，2H)；1.2(m，1H)；1.4(s，9H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；3.8(d，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- ((cyclopropyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 8.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：0.4(m，2H)；0.6(m，2H)；1.2(m，1H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；3.8(d，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 25: synthesis of 4- (4- (2-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 8 starting from 2- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.3(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(t，1H)；7.7(d，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (4- (2-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 8.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.3(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(t，1H)；7.7(d，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (4- (2-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 8.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.3(s，2H)；6.9(d，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(t，1H)；7.7(t，2H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 26: synthesis of 3- [ (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methylthio ] propionic acid

Step A: preparation of 4-hydroxybenzyl bromide:

the title compound was obtained by the method of step a in example 3 and used without purification.

And B: preparation of ethyl 3- [ (4-hydroxyphenyl) methylthio ] propionate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 3.

And C: preparation of ethyl 3- [ (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methylthio ] propionate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 3 starting from 2, 6-difluorobenzyl bromide.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；2.4-2.6(m，4H)；3.6(s，2H)；4.2(q，2H)；5.15(s，2H)；6.9(d，4H)；7.2-7.4(m，3H)。

Step D: preparation of 3- [ (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methylthio ] propionic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step D in example 3.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5-2.6(m，4H)；3.7(s，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，4H)；7.2-7.4(m，3H)。

Example 27: synthesis of 4- (2- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 2- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 8 starting from 2-hydroxyacetophenone.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，3H)；7.1(d，1H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.5(t，1H)；7.8(d，1H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (2- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.1(q，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，3H)；7.1(d，1H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.5(t，1H)；7.8(d，1H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (2- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 21.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，3H)；7.1(d，1H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.5(t，1H)；7.8(d，1H)。

Example 28: synthesis of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-oxobutyrate

Step A: preparation of ethyl 4-hydroxybenzyl formate:

pure ethanol (3.26g, 78.84mmol) was added to a stirring solution consisting of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4g, 26.28mmol), dry DMF (15ml), pyridine (1ml) and N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (6.50g, 31.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；3.5(s，2H)；4.1(q，2H)；6.7(d，2H)；7.1(d，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) benzoate:

ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (from step A, 1.59g, 8.8mmol) was added to a solution of NaH (60% dispersed in oil, 0.393g, 9.8mmol) and dry DMF (20 ml). When no more hydrogen was generated, 2, 6-difluorobenzyl bromide (1.64g, 7.9mmol) was added dropwise. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and then saturated NH was used₄The aqueous Cl solution was quenched and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate and then washed twice with water and brine. With Na₂SO₄The resulting organic layer was dried, filtered, concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；3.5(s，2H)；4.1(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9(m，4H)；7.2-7.4(m，3H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) benzoic acid:

to a stirred solution of ethyl 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) benzoate (from step B, 2.14g, 6.9mmol) in absolute ethanol (30ml) was added 1N sodium hydroxide (10ml) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours, then acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid and filtered. The resulting white precipitate was washed with water and dried under high vacuum to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：3.6(s，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9(m，4H)；7.2-7.4(m，3H)。

Step D: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) benzylcarbonyl chloride:

thionyl chloride was added to 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) benzylcarboxylic acid (from step C, 1.61g, 5.79 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 hours and concentrated in vacuo to give a pale yellow oil which was used directly without purification.

Step E: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-oxobutanoate:

pyridine (2ml) was added to a solution of melderronic acid (0.846g, 5.8mmol) in dichloromethane (5ml) over a period of 10 minutes at 0 ℃. To the resulting solution was added a solution of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) benzylcarbonyl chloride (from step D, 1.71g, 5.7mmol) in dichloromethane (5ml) to give an orange solution. The dark orange solution was stirred at 0 ℃ for 1 hour, then warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 1 hour. The resulting reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and poured onto ice water containing 2M HCl. After phase separation, the aqueous phase was extracted twice with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed twice with 2M HCl and brine, then it was washed with Na₂SO₄Dried, filtered and concentrated to a solid. The resulting solid was suspended in pure ethanol (15ml) and refluxed for 2.5 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give the product as a black oil. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (2: 1 hexanes: ethyl acetate as eluent) to afford the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；3.4(s，2H)；3.7(s，2H)；4.2(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9(m，4H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.3(m，1H)。

Example 29: synthesis of 3- (2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxyethyl) thio-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 8.

And B: preparation of 2-bromo-1- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -1-ethanone:

a solution of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone (from step A, 2.74g, 10.4mmol) in dichloromethane (20ml) was added to a stirred solution of copper (II) bromide (3.70g, 16.6mmol) in ethyl acetate (20ml) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 hours, and then water was added thereto. The crude mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and washed with water and brine, then Na₂SO₄Drying, filtration and concentration followed by purification by flash silica gel column chromatography (4: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) gave the title compound as a white scaly solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：4.4(s，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)，7.3(m，1H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of 3- (2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl) thio-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole:

a solution of 2-bromo-1- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -1-ethanone (step B, 0.851g, 2.4mmol) in dry dichloromethane (5ml) was added to a solution of 1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol (0.250g, 2.4mmol) and triethylamine (2.50g, 2.4mmol) in dry dichloromethane (20ml) at room temperatureIn solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 50 minutes and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate and then washed with 0.1M HCl and brine. With Na₂SO₄The resulting organic layer was dried, filtered, concentrated and purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (9: 1 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：4.5(s，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.8-7.0(m，4H)，7.2(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)；8.0(s，1H)。

Example 30: synthesis of 5- ((4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methyl) -1H-tetrazole

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) acetonitrile:

2, 6-difluorobenzyl bromide (7.77g, 37.5mmol) was added to a mixture of 4-hydroxybenzeneacetonitrile (5g, 37.5mmol) and K₂CO₃(6.74g, 48.8mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (20 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate and then washed with water and brine. The aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate several times. The combined organic layers were washed with Na₂SO₄After drying, filtration and concentration gave the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：3.65(s，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.0(m，4H)；7.2-7.4(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 5- ((4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) methyl) -1H-tetrazole:

from 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) acetonitrile (from step A, 5g, 19.3mmol), NaN₃(1.3g, 20mmol) and NH₄A mixture of Cl (1.06g, 20mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (60ml) was heated at 90 ℃ for 16 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting oily residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and water (acidified to pH 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid). The organic layer was washed with water and then washed with Na₂SO₄After drying, it was filtered and concentrated to a brown semi-solid. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (9: 1 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to give the title compound as a pale cream solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：4.0(s，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.7-6.9(m，4H)；7.0(d，2H)；7.2(m，1H)。

Example 31: synthesis of (2RS)2- (N-tert-butoxycarbonyl) -3- [2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl ] thiopropionic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

2, 6-difluorobenzyl bromide (5g, 24.1mmol) was added to the solution₂CO₃(4.33g, 31.3mmol) and 4-hydroxyacetophenone (3.28g, 24mmol) were dissolved in a solution of dry DMF (15 ml). After stirring the reaction mixture at room temperature for 5 hours, it was quenched with water and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate and then washed with water and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. With Na₂SO₄The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, concentrated and purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to afford the title compound.

the title compound was prepared by the method of example 29, step B.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：4.4(s，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.3(m，1H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of (2RS) ethyl 2- (N-tert-butoxycarbonyl) -3- [2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl ] thiopropionate:

tert-Butoxycarbonyl-cysteine ethyl ester (2.94g, 8.6mmol) was added to a stirring solution of 2-bromo-1- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -1-ethanone (from step B, 2.07g, 8.3mmol) dissolved in dry dichloromethane (20ml) and triethylamine (8.39g, 83 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate and then washed with 0.1M HCl and brine. With Na₂SO₄The organic layer was dried, filtered, concentrated and purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (97.5: 2.5 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；1.4(s，9H)；3.0(m，2H)；3.8(s，2H)；4.2(q，2H)；4.5(br，1H)；5.2(s，2H)；5.4(d，1H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.3(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Step D: preparation of (2RS)2- (N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl) -3- [2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl ] thiopropionic acid:

1N sodium hydroxide (3ml) was added to a solution prepared from (2RS)2- (N-tert-butoxycarbonyl) -3- [2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl]A solution of ethyl thiopropionate (from step C, 0.761g, 1.5mmol) in pure ethanol (10ml) was prepared. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, then acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was dissolved with chloroform, and the residue was washed with water and brine. With Na₂SO₄Drying the organic layer and filteringAfter concentration, purification was performed by flash silica gel column chromatography (using 92.5: 7.5 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to obtain the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(s，9H)；3.0(t，2H)；4.0(q，2H)；4.5(br，1H)；5.2(s，2H)；5.4(d，1H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.3(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 32: synthesis of ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) but-2-enoate

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a in example 31.

And B: preparation of ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) but-2-enoate:

a mixture consisting of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone (from step A, 5.64g, 21.5mmol) and diethyl oxalate (3.14g, 21.5mmol) was added to an ice-cooled solution of sodium ethoxide (0.490g, 22.4mmol metallic sodium) dissolved in pure ethanol (25 ml). After allowing to stand at room temperature overnight, the mixture was diluted with water (50ml), acidified with 10% hydrochloric acid and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and then Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering, concentrating and purifying with flash silica gel column chromatography (4: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.4(t，3H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，5H)；7.3-7.4(m，1H)；8.0(d，2H)。

Example 33: synthesis of (2RS)2- (N-acetyl) -4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a in example 31.

And B: preparation of 2-bromo-1- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -1-ethanone

The title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 29.

And C: preparation of diethyl (N-acetyl) (2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl) propionate:

2-bromo-1- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -1-ethanone (from step B, 1.42g, 4.1mmol) was added to a solution of diethyl acetamidomalonate (0.949g, 4.3mmol) and sodium ethoxide (0.301g, 4.4mmol) in pure ethanol. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 0.1N NaOH. The resulting organic layer was washed with water and 0.001M hydrochloric acid, and then Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering and concentrating. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，6H)；2.0(s，3H)；4.2-4.3(m，6H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.3-7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Step D: preparation of (2RS)2- (N-acetyl) -4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

NaOH (0.539g, 13.2mmol) was added to a solution of diethyl (N-acetyl) (2- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -2-oxoethyl) propionate (from step C, 1.28g, 2.6mmol) dissolved in water (20 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 hours, then glacial acetic acid (18ml) was added and reflux continued for 3 hours. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (9: 1 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃：CD₃OD)：2.0(s，3H)；3.5(m，2H)；4.8(t，1H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，4H)；7.3-7.4(m，1H)；7.9(d，2H)。

Example 34: synthesis of 4- (3- ((cyclopropyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 3- ((cyclopropyl) methoxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 31 starting from cyclopropylmethyl bromide and 3-hydroxyacetophenone.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：0.4(m，2H)；0.6(m，2H)；1.2(m，1H)；2.5(s，3H)；3.8(d，2H)；7.1(m，1H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.5-7.6(m，2H)。

And B: preparation of tert-butyl 4- (3- ((cyclopropyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 8.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：0.4(m，2H)；0.6(m，2H)；1.2(m，1H)；1.4(s，9H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；3.8(d，2H)；7.1(m，1H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.5-7.6(m，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (3- ((cyclopropyl) methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 8.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：0.4(m，2H)；0.6(m，2H)；1.2(m，1H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；3.8(d，2H)；7.1(m，1H)；7.4(m，1H)；7.5-7.6(m，2H)。

Example 35: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

methyl iodide (8.28ml, 133.16mmol) was added to a solution of 2, 6-dimethylbenzoic acid (10g, 66.5mmol) and potassium carbonate (9.18g, 66.5mmol) in dimethylformamide (67ml) under ice-water bath conditions, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 16 hours. Toluene and water were added to the reaction mixture, followed by 3% of K₂CO₃The resulting organic layer was washed with 1N hydrochloric acid and brine. Then using Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering and concentrating. The resulting oily residue was redissolved in dry THF (135ml) and then added to LiAlH₄(3.79g, 99.8mmol) and then placed in an ice-water bath and stirred for 4 hours. 1N hydrochloric acid was slowly added to the above reaction mixture, then ethyl acetate was added, the resulting organic layer was washed with brine, and Na was added₂SO₄The organic layer was dried, filtered and concentrated. The resulting oily residue was used without further purification.

¹HNMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

to a stirred solution of 3' -hydroxyacetophenone (8.07g, 59.24mmol) and triphenylphosphine (16.93g, 64.5mmol) in dry THF (180ml) was added dropwise a solution of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol (8.05g, 59.24mmol) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (11.24g, 64.57mmol) in dry THF (45ml) and dry DMF (18ml) at room temperature. After stirring the resulting mixture at room temperature for 1.5 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with ether, washed twice with water, 1N NaOH and brine, and then Na₂SO₄Dried, filtered and concentrated. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (2: 1 hexane: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；2.6(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(dd，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

And C: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.4(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Step D: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

to a solution of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (from step C, 12.31g, 36.2mmol) in absolute ethanol (160ml) was added 1N sodium hydroxide (50ml) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours and then acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid. The resulting white precipitate was filtered off, washed with water and dried in vacuo to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Example 36: synthesis of 4- (3- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid

Step A: preparation of 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoic acid:

the synthesis was carried out according to the method described in example 89(d) on page 43 of International patent publication No. WO 97/34893.

And B: preparation of 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，3H)；4.7(s，2H)；6.85(t，1H)；6.95(d，1H)；7.15(m，1H)。

And C: preparation of 3- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，3H)；2.6(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(m，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Step D: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.4(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Step E: preparation of 4- (3- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

1N sodium hydroxide (40ml) was added to a solution of ethyl 4- (3- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (from step D, 8.56g, 24.9mmol) in absolute ethanol (100ml) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours, acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid and concentrated. The resulting crude residue was dissolved in chloroform and washed with 0.1M hydrochloric acid and brine, Na₂SO₄Dried, filtered and concentrated. Purification was then carried out by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9-7.1(m，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Example 37: synthesis of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

Example 38: synthesis of sodium 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutylate:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

Step E: preparation of sodium 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid (from step D, 5.5g, 17.6mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (20ml) by warming, and NaOH (0.705g) was added to the above solution at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour, concentrated in vacuo, and lyophilized to give a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，D₂O)：2.0(s，6H)；2.5(t，2H)；3.0(t，2H)；4.8(s，2H)；6.8(d，2H)；6.9(m，2H)；7.2(t，1H)；7.5(d，2H)。

Example 39: synthesis of 4- (4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；2.6(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0-7.2(m，5H)；8.0(d，2H)。

And C: preparation of ethyl 4- (4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.4(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0-7.2(m，5H)；8.0(d，2H)。

Step D: preparation of 4- (4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0-7.2(m，5H)；8.0(d，2H)。

Example 40: synthesis of potassium 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutylate:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.3(s，6H)；2.6(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.45(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.4(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.45(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；2.5(t，2H)；3.2(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，2H)；7.45(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Step E: preparation of potassium 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid (from step D, 6g, 19.4mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (20ml) by warming, and KOH (1.21g) was added to the above solution at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour, concentrated in vacuo and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，D₂O)：2.3(s，6H)；2.5(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，2H)；7.45(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Example 41: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：3.9(s，6H)；4.8(s，2H)；6.5(d，2H)；7.25(m，1H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethoxybenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.6(s，3H)；3.9(s，6H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.6(d，2H)；7.3(m，3H)；7.5(d，1H)；7.7(d，1H)。

And C: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；3.8(s，6H)；4.1(q，2H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.5(d，2H)；7.3-7.4(m，3H)；7.6(d，1H)；7.7(d，1H)。

Step D: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；3.8(s，6H)；5.2(s，2H)；6.5(d，2H)；7.3-7.4(m，3H)；7.6(d，1H)；7.7(d，1H)。

Example 42: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2, 2-dimethylbutyric acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

And C: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2, 2-dimethylbutyrate:

a solution of lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide (1.0M, 17.74ml) was added to a stirring solution of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone (from step B, 4.11g, 16.1mmol) in dry THF (60ml) and DMPU (12ml) at-60 ℃ under an argon atmosphere. After stirring for 10 minutes at-60 deg.C, ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (4.73g, 24.2mmol) was added rapidly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes, and then warmed to room temperature for 4 hours. The crude mixture was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and then Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering, concentrating, and purifying the resulting residue with flash silica gel column chromatography (4: 1 hexanes: ethyl acetate as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；1.3(s，6H)；2.3(s，6H)；3.3(s，2H)；4.1(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Step D: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2, 2-dimethylbutyric acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.3(s，6H)；2.3(s，6H)；3.3(s，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Example 43: synthesis of 4- (3- (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

step A: preparation of 3- (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 31 starting from 4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl bromide and 3-hydroxyacetophenone.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.4-7.6(m，6H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.3(t，3H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.1(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.4-7.6(m，6H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (3- (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.7(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.4-7.6(m，6H)。

Example 44: synthesis of 4- (3- ((cyclobutyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

step A: preparation of 3- ((cyclobutyl) -methoxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step A of example 31 starting from cyclobutylmethyl bromide and 3-hydroxyacetophenone.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.9(m，4H)；2.1(m，2H)；2.5(s，3H)；2.7(m，1H)；4.0(d，2H)；7.1(dd，1H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.5-7.6(m，2H)。

And B: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- ((cyclobutyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step C of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；1.9(m，4H)；2.1(m，2H)；2.7(m，1H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.0(d，2H)；4.1(q，2H)；7.1(dd，1H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.5-7.6(m，2H)。

And C: preparation of 4- (3- ((cyclobutyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.9(m，4H)；2.1(m，2H)；2.7(m，1H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.0(d，2H)；7.1(dd，1H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.5-7.6(m，2H)。

Example 45: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) butanoic acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

Step E: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) butanoic acid:

a solution of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid (from step D, 3g, 9.6mmol), hydrazine (1.41ml, 28.8mmol) and potassium hydroxide (1.61g, 28.8mmol) in ethylene glycol (12ml) was refluxed for 4 hours and water (18ml) and 6N hydrochloric acid (10ml) were added to the above reaction mixture. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated, the resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, which was washed with water and brine, then with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering and concentrating. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(m，8H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2-7.3(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Example 46: synthesis of 4- [ [4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) -3-methoxy ] phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) -3-methoxyacetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；2.6(s，3H)；3.9(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.6(m，2H)。

And C: preparation of ethyl 4- [ [4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) -3-methoxy ] phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.4(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；3.9(s，3H)；4.4(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0-7.2(m，4H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Step D: preparation of 4- [ [4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) -3-methoxy ] phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；2.8(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；3.9(s，3H)；5.1(s，2H)；7.0-7.2(m，4H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Example 47: synthesis of 4- {3- [ ((4-trifluoromethylbenzylamino) -carbonyl) -4-methoxy ] phenyl } -4-oxobutanoic acid:

step A: preparation of methyl 2-methoxy-5-acetylbenzoate:

cesium carbonate (24.15g, 74.1mmol) and methyl iodide (9.64g, 68mmol) were added to a stirred solution of methyl 2-hydroxy-5-acetylbenzoate (12g, 61.7mmol) in DMF (200 ml).

The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 16 h, then diluted with ethyl acetate, then Na₂S₂O₅Washed with aqueous solution and brine, then with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering and concentrating. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (1: 2 ethyl acetate: hexanes as eluent) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，DMSO)：2.6(s，3H)；3.8(s，3H)；3.9(s，3H)；7.3(d，1H)；8.1(dd，1H)；8.2(s，1H)。

And B: preparation of 2-methoxy-5-acetylbenzoic acid:

methyl 2-methoxy-5-acetylbenzoate (3g, 14.4mmol from step A) was dissolved in acetic acid (80ml) and then treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid (28 ml). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours, concentrated under reduced pressure and freeze-dried to give a cream-colored solid which was used without further purification.

¹H NMR(270MHz，DMSO)：2.6(s，3H)；3.9(s，3H)；7.3(d，1H)；8.1(dd，1H)；8.2(s，1H)。

And C: preparation of 5-acetyl-2-methoxy-N- [ [4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ] methyl ] benzamide:

4- (trifluoromethyl) benzylamine (2.48g, 14.1mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2-methoxy-5-acetylbenzoic acid (from step B, 2.5g, 12.8mmol), HOBt. H₂O (2.08g, 15.4mmol) and EDC (3.70g, 19.3mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(20ml) and DMF (5ml) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and then redissolved in ethyl acetate. The organic layer was successively treated with 3% K₂CO₃1N hydrochloric acid and brine, then Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering and concentrating. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.6(s，3H)；4.0(s，3H)；4.8(d，2H)；7.0(d，1H)；7.5(d，2H)；7.6(d，2H)；8.1(dd，1H)；8.8(s，1H)。

Step D: preparation of ethyl 4- {3- [ ((4-trifluoromethylbenzylamino) -carbonyl) -4-methoxy ] phenyl } -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.6(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.0(s，3H)；4.4(q，2H)；4.8(s，2H)；7.0(d，1H)；7.4(d，2H)；7.6(d，2H)；8.1(dd，1H)；8.8(s，1H)。

Step E: preparation of 4- {3- [ ((4-trifluoromethylbenzylamino) -carbonyl) -4-methoxy ] phenyl } -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃：CD₃OD)：2.6(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；4.0(s，3H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0(d，1H)；7.4(d，2H)；7.6(d，2H)；8.1(dd，1H)；8.8(s，1H)。

Example 48: synthesis of 4- {3- [ ((2, 6-dimethylbenzylamino) -carbonyl) -4-methoxy ] phenyl } -4-oxobutanoic acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of N- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) phthalimide:

trimethylchlorosilane (15.75ml, 145mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol (from step A, 6.59g, 48.4mmol) in DMSO (20ml) at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture were added ethyl acetate and water, and the resulting organic layer was washed with brine, followed by Na₂SO₄Dried, filtered and concentrated to give an oily residue. The oily residue was redissolved in DMF (100ml) and potassium phthalimide (10.76g, 58.1mmol) was added to the resulting solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours, to which was added ethyl acetate followed by 3% Na₂CO₃And 1N hydrochloric acid washing with Na₂SO₄Dried, filtered and concentrated to give a white solid. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.3(s，6H)；4.8(s，2H)；7.0(m，3H)；7.8(s，4H)。

And C: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzylamine:

hydrazine monohydrate (2.16ml, 44.52mmol) was added to a stirring solution of N- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) phthalimide (from step B, 7.77g, 29.3mmol) in ethanol (80ml) and the resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 3.5 hours. To the reaction mixture was added concentrated hydrochloric acid to make the pH 1, reflux was continued for 3.5 hours, water was added, the reaction mixture was filtered, the resulting filtrate was concentrated, and the pH was adjusted to 10 with 2N sodium hydroxide solution. The resulting residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with brine and then Na₂SO₄Dried, filtered and concentrated to give an oily product which was used without further purification.

¹H NMR(270MHz，DMSO)：2.3(s，6H)；3.8(s，2H)；7.0(m，3H)。

Step D: preparation of 5-acetyl-2-methoxy-N- [ [2, 6-dimethylphenyl ] methyl ] benzamide:

2, 6-dimethylbenzylamine (from step C, 1.72g, 12.8mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2-methoxy-5-acetylbenzoic acid (example 47, step B, 2.5g, 12.8mmol), HOBt (2.08g, 15.4mmol) and EDC (3.70g, 19.3mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(20ml) and DMF (5ml) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and then redissolved in ethyl acetate. The organic layer was successively treated with 3% K₂CO₃1N hydrochloric acid and brine, then Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering and concentrating. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.5(s，6H)；2.6(s，3H)；3.9(s，3H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0(d，1H)；7.2(m，3H)；7.6(br，1H)；8.1(dd，1H)；8.8(s，1H)。

Step E: preparation of ethyl 4- [5- [ [ N- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) aminocarbonyl ] -2-methoxy ] phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoate:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(t，3H)；2.4(s，6H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；3.9(s，3H)；4.4(q，2H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0(m，3H)；7.2(m，1H)；8.1(dd，1H)；8.7(s，1H)。

Step F: preparation of 4- [5- [ [ N- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) aminocarbonyl ] -2-methoxy ] phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step E of example 36.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃：CD₃OD)：2.4(s，6H)；2.7(t，2H)；3.3(t，2H)；3.9(s，3H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0(m，3H)；7.2(m，1H)；8.1(dd，1H)；8.7(s，1H)。

Example 49: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanecarbonylhydroxamic acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

Step D: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanecarbonylhydroxamic acid:

the dry ethanol solution of potassium hydroxide was added to the dry ethanol solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride at 35 ℃. The resulting mixture was cooled, to which were added ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (step C) and potassium hydroxide powder.

After a few hours, the resulting reaction mixture was diluted with water, then neutralized with hydrochloric acid, filtered and recrystallized to give the title compound.

Example 50: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanamide:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step D of example 35.

Step E: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanamide:

triethylamine and BOP were added to the DMF solution of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid (from step D), and after stirring for several hours, the resulting reaction mixture was added to liquid ammonia at-40 ℃, and then the reaction mixture was warmed for 16 hours, thereby obtaining the title compound.

Example 51: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2-butenoic acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

Step D: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-3-bromo-butyric acid ethyl ester:

bromine (0.7971g, 9.9mmol) diluted in ether (30ml) was added dropwise to a solution of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (from step C, 3g, 9mmol) in dry ether (70ml) under ice-cooling. After stirring for 4 hours, the resulting reaction mixture was concentrated and then purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (1: 4 ethyl acetate: hexane as eluent) to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.4(s，6H)；3.1(m，1H)；3.5(m，1H)；4.2(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；5.5(m，1H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)。

Step E: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2-butenoate:

triethylamine (5.95g, 58.9mmol) was added to a solution of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-3-bromo-butyric acid ethyl ester (from step D, 2.47g, 5.8mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (50 ml). After stirring at room temperature for 4 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel several times, which was then concentrated to give the title compound.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：1.2(s，3H)；2.4(s，6H)；4.2(q，2H)；5.1(s，2H)；6.9(dd，1H)；7.1(d，2H)；7.2(m，2H)；7.4(t，1H)；7.6(m，2H)；7.9(dd，1H)。

Step F: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2-butenoic acid:

aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to a solution of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2-butenoate (from step E) in pure ethanol at low temperature for 1 hour, after which it was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing).

Example 52: synthesis of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-butenoic acid:

step A: preparation of 2, 6-dimethylbenzyl alcohol:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step a of example 35.

¹H NMR(270MHz，CDCl₃)：2.4(s，6H)；4.7(s，2H)；7.0-7.15(m，3H)。

And B: preparation of 3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) acetophenone:

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 35.

the title compound was prepared by the method of step B of example 17.

Step D: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-hydroxy-butyric acid ethyl ester:

to the tetrahydrofuran solution of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate (from step C), sodium borohydride dissolved in water was added, and after stirring at room temperature for 3 to 4 hours, quenched with acid. The organic layer was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with water, sodium bicarbonate and brine, and then washed with Na₂SO₄Drying, filtering and concentrating. If desired, the compound can be purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc: hexane as eluent).

Step E: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-bromo-butyric acid ethyl ester:

to the dioxane solution of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-hydroxy-butyric acid ethyl ester (from step D), a solution of phosphorus tribromide in dioxane was added dropwise. After stirring at room temperature for 16 hours, quench with water and chloroform. After a few minutes, the resulting reaction mixture was neutralized with a mild aqueous base, Na₂SO₄The organic layer was dried, filtered, concentrated and purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate: hexane as eluent).

Step F: preparation of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-butenoate:

triethylamine was added to the solution of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-bromo-butyric acid ethyl ester (from step E) in carbon tetrachloride. After stirring for about 4 hours, the mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel several times and then concentrated to give the title compound.

Step G: preparation of 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-butenoic acid:

aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to a solution of ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-butenoate (from step F) in pure ethanol at low temperature, and after 1 hour, it was concentrated and then purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (95: 5 chloroform: methanol as eluent, acetic acid to prevent tailing).

Examples of biological Activity

Example A. Compound AH ameliorates metabolic abnormalities of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Streptozotocin (STZ), a toxin that selectively destroys the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, is widely used to cause insulin-dependent diabetes in experimental animals.

Female Balb/C mice (8 weeks old; 18-20 grams body weight) were treated (i.p.) with Streptozotocin (STZ) (administered intraperitoneally at 50mg/kg daily for 5 consecutive days). 14 days after the last STZ administration, blood glucose was measured to determine whether the animals had diabetes, and the mice were divided into 2 groups of 5 mice, one of which was fed compound AH (250mg/kg) daily and the other group was administered vehicle (0.75% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, suspension in water). The same number of groups of non-diabetic mice, to which STZ was not administered, was observed. Blood samples were taken periodically to determine blood glucose concentration and their body weight was recorded.

Several weeks after treatment, the blood glucose concentration of mice orally administered compound AH began to drop to baseline, while the blood glucose concentration of control mice administered vehicle continued to rise. Body weight, blood sugar concentration, triglyceride concentration and cholesterol concentration 14 weeks after the start of administration are shown in table 1.

TABLE 1 serum chemistry and body weight after AH 14 weeks of oral administration of Compound to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Group of	Glucose mg/dL	Triglyceride mg/dL	Cholesterol mg/dL	Body weight (g)
Group of	Glucose mg/dL	Triglyceride mg/dL	Cholesterol mg/dL	Body weight (g)	Non-diabetic + vehicle	138±6	88±9	88±0.6	21+0.6
Plus carrier for diabetes	615±46	154±16	133±6	17.5+1.0	Non-diabetic + vehicle	138±6	88±9	88±0.6	21+0.6
Plus carrier for diabetes	615±46	154±16	133±6	17.5+1.0	Diabetic + Compound AH	207±12	62±7^*	82±2	21.7+0.8^*

^*Has significant difference with the diabetes group which is applied with STZ, and p is less than 0.001

Oral administration of compound AH significantly ameliorates the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin-dependent diabetes.

Example B oral administration of Compound AH to improve survival from fatal insulin-dependent diabetes

Female Balb/C mice (14 weeks old) were treated with a single dose of streptozotocin (175mg/kg, abdominal cavity) in order to induce severe insulin-dependent diabetes. After 7 days, the mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: compound AH, pioglitazone and a carrier. Mice were fed daily and observed for survival over a period of time.

TABLE 212 survival in weeks

Group of	Number of survivors
Group of	Number of survivors	CarrierBody	0/5
Pioglitazone, 30 mg/kg/day	2/5	CarrierBody	0/5
Pioglitazone, 30 mg/kg/day	2/5	Compound AH, 250 mg/kg/day	4/5

All oral vehicle diabetic animals succumbed to severe, uncontrollable diabetes. Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic insulin sensitizer used to treat non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in humans, and 2 of 5 animals treated with oral pioglitazone survived at 12 weeks, but lost 15-20% of their body weight. Of the 5 animals treated with compound AH orally, 4 survived at 12 weeks and their body weight was not only recovered but also maintained within the normal range.

Example C oral administration of Compound AA reduces mortality in severe insulin-dependent diabetes

Female balb/C mice (19 weeks of age at the beginning of the experiment) were treated with multiple high doses of STZ (75mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days). These animals were divided into two groups (20/group) according to the severity of diabetes. Treatment was started 4 days after the last STZ administration. One group was given vehicle (0.75% HPMC 0.4ml, orally) and the other group was given compound AA (30mgk/kg day). Treatment was performed daily, and after 3 weeks, the cumulative mortality rate of the vehicle-administered control group was 19/20. In contrast, the mortality rate in mice administered compound AA was only 5/20 during this period.

Example D: compound AH reduces the morbidity and mortality of spontaneous diabetes in NOD mice

A significant proportion of NOD ("non-obese diabetic") mice develop insulin-dependent diabetes due to spontaneous autoimmune destruction of islet cells. Two groups of 20 NOD mice (6 weeks old) were given oral vehicle (0.4ml of 0.75% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose solution in water; HPMC) or Compound AH suspended in HPMC (200 mg/kg/day) daily. Mortality due to spontaneously occurring severe insulin-dependent diabetes was observed for 7 months. By this time-out 13/20 deaths were observed in vehicle-treated mice, whereas only 5/20 deaths were observed in mice treated with compound AH.

Example E. Compound AW reduces hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver in ob/ob obese diabetic mice

Leptin genes of ob/ob mice are diseased, and leptin is a protein that regulates appetite and energy metabolism, so they produce appetite increase, obesity, and insulin resistance to develop hyperglycemia and fatty liver.

Male lean C57BL/6 mice (ob/+ heteroconjugate) and obese (ob/ob homoconjugate) C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Jackson Labs (Bar Harbor, ME) at about 8 weeks of age and randomly grouped into 5 mice per group so that the weights and blood glucose concentrations were similar for each group. The animals were kept under controlled temperature (23 ℃), relative humidity (50. + -. 5%) and light (7:00-19:00) so that they could freely contact water and experimental foods (formula Diet 5008, Quality Lab Products, Elkridge, Md.). Blood glucose was measured periodically using glucose dipsticks and a Glucometer Elite XL device (Bayer Corporation). At selected time points, samples of blood (about 100 microliters) were taken from the retro-orbital sinus using heparinized capillaries for chemical analysis of serum. Serum chemistry (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), creatinine, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), SDH, CPK (creatine phosphokinase), and free fatty acids) was analyzed on a hiti model 717 Analyzer, and plasma insulin and pancreatic insulin were measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (origin Analyzer, Igen, inc., Gaithersburg, MD).

Groups of ob/ob mice were divided into treatment groups, administered daily oral doses of compound AW (10, 30, 100, 150 or 300mg), rosiglitazone (1, 3, 10 or 30mg) or pioglitazone (30 or 100 mg). The latter two compounds are insulin sensitizers for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in humans, and are used as controls for the efficacy and safety of the compounds of the present invention. The selection of the dosage range of the compounds in this experiment includes both lower and higher than optimal dosages.

As shown in table 3, compound AW reduced blood glucose compared to the effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. The compound AW, at doses ranging from 100 to 300 mg/kg/day, has a superior effect in lowering serum triglycerides and fatty acids than pioglitazone and rosiglitazone at optimal doses for lowering hyperglycemia.

TABLE 3 Effect of AW, Pioglitazone (PG) and Rosiglitazone (RSG) Compounds on lowering serum glucose, triglycerides and free fatty acids in ob/ob mice

Group of	Glucose. + -. SEMmg/dL	Triglyceride. + -. SEMmg/dL	Free fatty acids. + -. SEM micromoles/liter
Group of	Glucose. + -. SEMmg/dL	Triglyceride. + -. SEMmg/dL	Free fatty acids. + -. SEM micromoles/liter	ob/+ob/obAW-10AW-30AW-100AW-150AW-300PG-30PG-100RSG-1RSG-3RSG-10RSG-30	268.6±12.9384.2±53.8369.6±62.5280.2±46.7286±47.1188.6±28.8128.4±8.8188.2±21.4174.6±11.5142.75±8.8190.2±12.7188.24±21.4174.6±11.5	111.6±12.0106.6±2.909115.6±7.896.4±7.366.2±5.972.6±5.663.6±3.4111.2±7.595.2±4.8109.75±4.4107.8±3.8111.2±7.595.2±4.8	2216±197.43399±345.63697.4±357.82552.2±334.71476±82.11481±158.81452.6±111.12606±139.21983.4±66.12090.75±67.72317.6±85.32606.4±139.21983.4±66.1

The development of chronic inflammatory fatty liver in ob/ob mice is considered an animal model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to progressive cirrhosis and liver dysfunction. In NASH, the accumulation of fat increases the susceptibility of the liver to inflammatory damage. One typical symptom of NASH patients is that enzymes released from damaged liver cells, such as alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH), are elevated in serum without suffering viral infection or alcoholism. The increase in these enzymes in ob/ob mice results in fatty liver and secondary inflammation. Table 4 shows ALT, AST and SDH in serum samples of mice treated with compounds AW, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone as the levels of enzyme in serum of normal lean mice and vehicle-treated diabetic control mice alone. ALT, AST and SDH were significantly elevated in ob/ob mice with obese diabetes compared to lean mice. Serum liver enzymes decreased with dose when treated with compound AW at doses ranging from 30 mg/kg/day to 300 mg/kg/day. In contrast, pioglitazone (30 and 100mg/kg days) and rosiglitazone (1 to 30 mg/kg/day) resulted in elevated ALT and AST, while SDH was unchanged. The serum liver enzyme profile correlates with the histology of the liver. Fat in the liver of vehicle-treated ob/ob obese diabetic mice accumulates significantly as discrete intracellular droplets. Treatment with compound AW for 4 weeks daily resulted in a significant reduction in fat droplets in the liver, whereas neither pioglitazone nor rosiglitazone reduced the size and density of fat droplets in hepatocytes.

TABLE 4 Effect of the Compounds AW, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on serum enzyme indicators of liver injury

Group of	ALT(UL)±SEM	AST(U/L)±SEM	SDH(U/L)±SEM
Group of	ALT(UL)±SEM	AST(U/L)±SEM	SDH(U/L)±SEM	Non-obese diabetic 2022-10AW-30AW-100AW-150AW-300PG-30PG-100RSG-1RSG-3RSG-10RSG-30	106.4±16.3447.2±63.4483.8±81.9320.2±46.2202.8±38.0149.2±15.6188.2±10.3713.6±80.6646.0±56.1668.8±42.9716.6±56.6713.6±80.5646.0±56.1	25.6±2.7645.6±104.8653.4±104.8399.6±74.4143.8±30.4185.8±26.0335.4±44.81024±88.7901.0±49.3798.0±73.8853.8±43.81024.0±88.7901.2±49.3	23.2±4.5745.8±102.4626.8±93.8333.0±66.9121.2±14.1166.2±20.0207.0±29.3782.0±70.6603.0±27.3644.5±51.6615.4±38.6782.0±70.6603.0±27.3

In 4 weeks of treatment, the ob/ob mice gained weight. As shown in table 5, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone caused more severe weight gain compared to vehicle treated mice, while the increase in weight decreased with increasing dose of compound AW.

Table 5: effect of Compounds AW, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on body weight gain in ob/ob mice

Group of	Average value of weight gain (g)
Group of	Average value of weight gain (g)	HPMC (Carrier)	+7.4
AW-3 mg/kg/day	+7.3	HPMC (Carrier)	+7.4
AW-3 mg/kg/day	+7.3	AW-10 mg/kg/day	+6.7
AW-30 mg/kg/day	+6.4	AW-10 mg/kg/day	+6.7
AW-30 mg/kg/day	+6.4	AW-100 mg/kg/day	+3.4
AW-150 mg/kg/day	+4.6	AW-100 mg/kg/day	+3.4
AW-150 mg/kg/day	+4.6	AW-300 mg/kg/day	-0.7
PG-30 mg/kg/day	+10.0	AW-300 mg/kg/day	-0.7
PG-30 mg/kg/day	+10.0	PG-100 mg/kg/day	+13.6
RSG-1 mg/kg/day	+8.2	PG-100 mg/kg/day	+13.6
RSG-1 mg/kg/day	+8.2	RSG-3 mg/kg/day	+8.5
RSG-10 mg/kg/day	+11.0	RSG-3 mg/kg/day	+8.5
RSG-10 mg/kg/day	+11.0	RSG-30 mg/kg/day	+12.0

Example F: the effect of the compounds of the invention on acute hypoglycemia in diabetic mice: experiment 1

The compounds of the present invention exhibit significant antihyperglycemic activity in animals with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Male ob/ob diabetic mice were randomly grouped into 5 mice per group. The weight in the fed state is 50-55g, and the blood sugar is about 300 mg/dL. A single dose of the test substance suspended in 0.5% hydroxypropyl cellulose carrier was fed. At 0, 0.5, 2, 4, 6 and 18 hours after the start of the administration, the tail vein was opened with a razor blade to take a drop of blood, and blood glucose was measured using a blood glucose test paper and a Glucometer Elite XL device (Bayer). A 10% reduction in blood glucose relative to the oral vehicle is considered a positive screening result. The decrease in blood glucose is usually maximal within 6 hours after administration.

Table 6: effect of the Compound of the present invention on acute hypoglycemia in ob/ob-obese diabetic mice

Treatment group	Blood glucose after 6 hours	Percent reduction relative to control
Treatment group	Blood glucose after 6 hours	Percent reduction relative to control	Carrier	297±35	0.0±11.8
Compound AA	242±25	-18.5±8.4	Carrier	297±35	0.0±11.8
Compound AA	242±25	-18.5±8.4	Compound AB	181±19	-39.1±6.4
Compound AF	314±32	-24.6±7.7*	Compound AB	181±19	-39.1±6.4
Compound AF	314±32	-24.6±7.7*	Compound AG	222±23	-25.3±7.7
Compound AH	223±11	-24.9±3.7	Compound AG	222±23	-25.3±7.7
Compound AH	223±11	-24.9±3.7	Compound AI	255±9	-14.1±3.0
Compound AJ	190±14	-36.0±4.7	Compound AI	255±9	-14.1±3.0
Compound AJ	190±14	-36.0±4.7	Compound AK	210±10	-29.3±3.4
Compound AL	168±13	-43.4±4.4	Compound AK	210±10	-29.3±3.4

^*The initial blood glucose in this group was 416 + -29 mg/dL, to which the 6 hour reading was normalized. In all groups in this experiment, the mean initial blood glucose was ≦ 300 mg/dL.

Example G: the effect of the compounds of the invention on acute hypoglycemia in diabetic mice: experiment 2

Male ob/ob mice (50-55g, blood glucose about 300mg/dL) were grouped into 5 groups. Oral single dose of test drug suspended in 0.5% hydroxypropyl cellulose carrier (250 mg/kg); control group only orally administered vehicle. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein 6 hours after oral administration of the test drug or vehicle (control) and glucose content was measured with a glucometer.

Table 7: effect of the Compound of the present invention on acute hypoglycemia in ob/ob-obese diabetic mice

Treatment group	Blood glucose mg/dL after 6 hours	Percent reduction relative to control
Treatment group	Blood glucose mg/dL after 6 hours	Percent reduction relative to control	Vehicle control	305±20	0.0±5.0
Compound AN	152±11	-50.2±4.5％	Vehicle control	305±20	0.0±5.0
Compound AN	152±11	-50.2±4.5％	Compound AQ	220±17	-27.9±4.2％
Compound AR	179±14	-41.3±4.2％	Compound AQ	220±17	-27.9±4.2％
Compound AR	179±14	-41.3±4.2％	Compound AS	167±28	-45.2±2.0％
Compound AT	198±28	-35.1±2.3％	Compound AS	167±28	-45.2±2.0％
Compound AT	198±28	-35.1±2.3％	Compound AU	224±26	-26.6±2.8％
Compound AV	207±23	-32.1±3.0％	Compound AU	224±26	-26.6±2.8％
Compound AV	207±23	-32.1±3.0％	Compound AW	143±15	-53.1±3.1％
Compound AX	165±23	-45.9±2.4％	Compound AW	143±15	-53.1±3.1％
Compound AX	165±23	-45.9±2.4％	Compound AY	185±21	-39.3±2.9％
Compound AZ	186±10	-39.0±6.1％	Compound AY	185±21	-39.3±2.9％

Oral administration of the compounds of the present invention produced significant antihyperglycemic effects in mice with obese diabetes.

Example H: antidiabetic Effect of Compounds of the present invention on db/db mice

db/db mice have a leptin warning deficit, leading to bulimia, obesity, and diabetes. Furthermore, unlike ob/ob mice, which have relatively good islet function, insulin-producing islet cells of db/db mice lose function during chronic hyperglycemia, and thus they shift from hyperinsulinemic diabetes (associated with peripheral insulin resistance) to hypoinsulinemic diabetes.

Male db/db mice were orally administered daily either vehicle (0.75% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) or the antidiabetic compound described below. Blood samples were taken from the retro-orbital sinus for serum chemistry analysis, or from the tail vein for blood glucose determination using a test strip and a blood glucose meter.

Compound AW and compound BH caused a significant drop in blood glucose after 4 weeks of daily oral administration. While pioglitazone did indeed lower blood glucose in the beginning of the first 3 weeks, its activity declined greatly from week 4. The dose of pioglitazone used in this experiment was the most effective dose reported in the literature for the treatment of db/db mice (Shimaya et al, (2000), Metabolism (Metabolism) 49: 411-7).

TABLE 8

Group of	Glucose mg/dL	Glucose (% of control)
Group of	Glucose mg/dL	Glucose (% of control)	Vehicle (control)	562±24	100±4
Compound AW-150mg/kg	313±34^*	56±6^*	Vehicle (control)	562±24	100±4
Compound AW-150mg/kg	313±34^*	56±6^*	Compound BH-150mg/kg	229±49^*	41±9^*
Pioglitazone-100 mg/kg	558±28	99±5	Compound BH-150mg/kg	229±49^*	41±9^*

^*Less than the vector control value, p < 0.05

In a second experiment on db/db mice, the anti-diabetic activity of compound BI was compared to rosiglitazone. Both blood glucose and triglycerides were significantly reduced in mice treated with compound BI or rosiglitazone after 8 weeks of treatment compared to vehicle treated controls. The dose of rosiglitazone employed in this experiment was the most effective dose reported in the literature for the treatment of advanced db/db mice (Lenhard et al, (1999), diabetes (Diabetologia) 42: 545-54), with 6-8 mice per group.

TABLE 9

Group of	Glucose (mg/dL)	Triglyceride (mg/dL)
Group of	Glucose (mg/dL)	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Vehicle (control)	686±47	147±13
Rosiglitazone-20 mg/kg	343±38^*	89±16^*	Vehicle (control)	686±47	147±13
Rosiglitazone-20 mg/kg	343±38^*	89±16^*	Compound BI-150mg/kg	254±30^*	99±8^*

^*Less than vehicle control, p < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA))

Example I: antidiabetic Effect of Compounds of the present invention on db/db mice

db/db mice have a leptin warning deficit, leading to bulimia, obesity, and diabetes. Furthermore, unlike ob/ob mice on a C57BL/6J background, db/db mice develop lesions in insulin-producing islet beta cells on a C57BL/KS background, and as a result they progress from high insulin diabetes (associated with peripheral insulin resistance) to low insulin diabetes.

Male obese (db/db isotype combination) C57BL/Ksola mice of approximately 8 weeks of age were purchased from Jackson Labs (Bar Harbor, ME) and randomly grouped into groups of 5 to 7, so that body weights (50-55g) and blood glucose levels (> 300mg/dL in fed state) were similar between groups. Male lean (db/+ heterozygote) mice were used as a control group. After arrival, they were allowed to acclimate for at least 7 days. All animals were stored at constant temperature (23 ℃), relative humidity (50. + -. 5%) and light (7:00-19:00) and allowed to freely contact standard food (formula Diet 5008, Quality Lab Products, Elkridge, Md) and water.

The treatment groups were administered daily orally (1% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), compound BI, BO, BP, BQ or BR for two weeks. At the end of the treatment period, 100 μ l venous blood was drawn from the retro-orbital sinus of db/db mice using heparinized capillaries for serum chemistry.

The effect of the compounds of the present invention on unpermuted blood glucose is shown in table 10, and the effect on serum triglycerides and free fatty acids is shown in table 11.

Table 10: effect of Compounds BI, BO, BP, BQ or BR on blood glucose in db/db mouse models

Group of	Glucose mg/dL	Glucose (% of control)
Group of	Glucose mg/dL	Glucose (% of control)	Vehicle (control)	632±19	100±3
BI-150mg/kg	297±35^*	44±6^*	Vehicle (control)	632±19	100±3
BI-150mg/kg	297±35^*	44±6^*	BI-100mg/kg	423±53^*	67±8^*
BO-100mg/kg	586±58	93±9	BI-100mg/kg	423±53^*	67±8^*
BO-100mg/kg	586±58	93±9	BP-100mg/kg	629±86	99±14
BQ-100mg/kg	473±49^*	75±7^*	BP-100mg/kg	629±86	99±14
BQ-100mg/kg	473±49^*	75±7^*	BR-82mg/kg	703±64	111±10

The blood glucose levels of non-obese, non-diabetic db/+ heteroconjugate mice were 225. + -.15 mg/dL.

Table 11: effect of Compounds BI, BO, BP, BQ or BR on blood glucose, triglycerides and free fatty acids in db/db mice

Group of	Triglyceride. + -. SEM (mg/dL)	Free fatty acid + -SEM (μ M)
Group of	Triglyceride. + -. SEM (mg/dL)	Free fatty acid + -SEM (μ M)	Non-obese	142.3±6.3	2577.6±80.8
Diabetes mellitus	444.3±57.3	4044.9±158.5	Non-obese	142.3±6.3	2577.6±80.8
Diabetes mellitus	444.3±57.3	4044.9±158.5	BI-150	103.6±8.3	2234.0±132.6
BI-100	134.0±13.1	2999.9±98.7	BI-150	103.6±8.3	2234.0±132.6
BI-100	134.0±13.1	2999.9±98.7	BO-100	261.1±24.3	3766.3±234.5
BP-100	302.1±28.1	3772.6±182.5	BO-100	261.1±24.3	3766.3±234.5
BP-100	302.1±28.1	3772.6±182.5	BQ-100	131.6±20.7	2825.9±110.9
BR-82	253.0±32.0	3653.4±207.5	BQ-100	131.6±20.7	2825.9±110.9

Example J: antidiabetic Effect of Compounds of the present invention on db/db mice

db/db mice have a leptin warning deficit, leading to bulimia, obesity, and diabetes. Furthermore, unlike ob/ob mice on a C57BL/6J background, db/db mice develop lesions in insulin-producing islet beta cells on a C57BL/KS background, and therefore progress from high insulin diabetes (associated with peripheral insulin resistance) to low insulin diabetes.

Male obese (db/db isotype combination) C57BL/Ksola mice of approximately 8 weeks of age were purchased from Jackson Labs (Bar Harbor, ME) and randomly grouped into groups of 5 to 7, so that body weights (50-55g) and blood glucose levels (> 300mg/dL in fed state) were similar between groups. Male lean (db/+ heterozygote) mice were used as a control group. After arrival, they were allowed to acclimate for at least 7 days. All animals were stored at constant temperature (23 ℃), relative humidity (50. + -. 5%) and light (7:00-19:00) and allowed to freely contact standard food (chow) (formula Diet 5008, Quality Lab Products, Elkridge, Md.) and water.

The treatment groups were administered orally (1% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), compound BI, BS, BT, BU, BV or fenofibrate daily for two weeks. At the end of the treatment period, 100 μ l venous blood was drawn from the retro-orbital sinus of db/db mice using heparinized capillaries for serum chemistry.

The effect of the compounds of the present invention on unpermuted blood glucose is shown in table 12, and the effect on serum triglycerides and free fatty acids is shown in table 13.

Table 12: the compounds BI, BS, BT, BU, BV orEffect of fenofibrate on db/db mice

Group of	Glucose mg/dL	Glucose (% of control)
Group of	Glucose mg/dL	Glucose (% of control)	Vehicle (control)	692.5±55.4	100±8
BI-100mg/kg	347.0±43.1^*	50±6^*	Vehicle (control)	692.5±55.4	100±8
BI-100mg/kg	347.0±43.1^*	50±6^*	BS-93mg/kg	372.0±53.8^*	54±8*
BT-107mg/kg	684.3±63.6	99±9	BS-93mg/kg	372.0±53.8^*	54±8*
BT-107mg/kg	684.3±63.6	99±9	BU-128mg/kg	533.3±46.7	77±7
BV-115mg/kg	789.5±38.9	114±6	BU-128mg/kg	533.3±46.7	77±7
BV-115mg/kg	789.5±38.9	114±6	Fenofibrate-113 mg/kg	563.2±49.0	81±7

The blood glucose levels of non-obese, non-diabetic db/+ heteroconjugate mice were 208 + -6.6 mg/dL.

Table 13: effect of Compounds BI, BS, BT, BU, BV or fenofibrate on triglycerides and free fatty acids in db/db mice

Group of	Triglyceride. + -. SEM (mg/dL)	Free fatty acid + -SEM (μ M)
Group of	Triglyceride. + -. SEM (mg/dL)	Free fatty acid + -SEM (μ M)	Non-obese	114.2±8.7	2315.8±238.3
Carrier	232.8±20.7	3511.8±257.6	Non-obese	114.2±8.7	2315.8±238.3
Carrier	232.8±20.7	3511.8±257.6	BI	77.8±5.3	1997.2±196.4
BS	132.0±15.2	2867.4±267.7	BI	77.8±5.3	1997.2±196.4
BS	132.0±15.2	2867.4±267.7	BT	211.5±21.5	3897.7±291.3
BU	172.5±9.9	3587.0±156.3	BT	211.5±21.5	3897.7±291.3
BU	172.5±9.9	3587.0±156.3	BV	153.2±14.2	3373.8±233.6
Fenofibrate	109.3±9.1	3318.5±208.7	BV	153.2±14.2	3373.8±233.6

Example K: alleviation of cataract proliferation of Zucker diabetic obese (ZDF) rats by the compounds of the invention

Cataracts are one of the major factors in progressive visual deterioration and blindness associated with aging and diabetes, and the Zucker diabetic obesity (ZDF) model bears many similarities to human cataract proliferation, including biochemical changes and oxidative stress in the lens. However, these rats typically develop cataractous hyperplasia at 14-16 weeks of age.

Male ZDF rats at 12 weeks of age and congenic (fa/+ or +/+) Zucker Lean (ZL) rats of the same age were purchased from Genetic Models, Inc. All animals were stored at constant temperature (23 ℃), relative humidity (50 ± 5%) and light (7:00-19:00) and allowed free access to standard food (formula Diet 5008, QualityLab Products, Elkridge, MD) and tap water. The treatment groups were given 10 weeks daily oral administration of vehicle and 100mg/kg of BI or BH. Body weight and blood glucose were measured periodically (weekly, usually around 10:00 am) as tail blood samples using blood glucose strips and a Glucometer Elite XL device (Bayer corporation). At the end of the treatment period, 100 μ l venous blood (typically at 10:00 am) was drawn from the tail vein of db/db mice using heparinized capillaries for serum chemistry analysis (Anilytics, inc., Gaithersburg, MD). Serum chemistry analysis (glucose (GL), Triglycerides (TG), aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH) and Free Fatty Acids (FFA)) was performed on a hitachi 717 analyzer (Anilytics, inc. Serum insulin was detected by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECL) (origin Analyzer, Igen, inc., Gaithersburg, MD). Rats were sacrificed, tissues and/or organs (lens and liver) were harvested, weighed (wet weight) and treated with biochemical analysis. The major product of lipid peroxidation in the lens, Malondialdehyde (MDA), was determined according to Ohkawa et al (1979) Analytical biochemistry (Analytical Biochem)95, 351-358.

Table 14 shows the occurrence of cataracts seen in ZDF rats. Table 15 shows other quantitative parameters of cataract proliferation in the same animals.

Table 14: alleviation of cataract proliferation in ZDF rats by compounds BH and BI

Group of animals	Cataract hyperplasia			% protection
	Cataract hyperplasia			% protection		N	Left eye	Right eye	Left eye	Right eye
	Vehicle-control BIBH non-obese	6664	6/63/64/60/4	6/61/65/60/4	05033 none of	N	Left eye	Right eye	Left eye	Right eye	08317 has no more than

Table 15: alleviation of cataract proliferation in ZDF rats by compounds BH and BI

Group of	Weight (mg)		Size (mm)		MDAnmol/g lens of lens
	Weight (mg)		Size (mm)			Left eye	Right eye	Left eye	Right eye
	Non-obese Carrier BIBH	51.2±3.515.1±1.438.1±7.3^**27.0±7.2	59.0±0.416.8±1.754.9±1.2^*20.0±6.6	3.8±0.21.9±0.13.4±0.2^*2.5±0.3		Left eye	Right eye	Left eye	Right eye	3.9±0.12.0±0.23.8±0.1^*2.1±0.4	0.4±0.02.4±0.20.8±0.1#1.9±0.2

Data are mean ± SEM.^*P is less than 0.05 compared to vehicle control (diabetes) and compound BH treated groups, respectively;^**compared with a carrier control group (diabetes), p is less than 0.05; # compared to vehicle control (diabetic) and compound BH right eye lenses, respectively, p < 0.05 (one-way anova, Tukey test); all are paired multiple comparisons.

Example L: oral administration of BI and BL to high fat diet fed C57B1/6J mice reduced circulating triglycerides, free fatty acids, insulin and leptin

High-fat diet fed mice are a model of hypertriglyceridemia and high-circulating fatty acid disease, and insulin and leptin resistance present in humans is at risk for developing obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases. Male C57B1/6J mice, approximately 8 weeks old, were randomly grouped into 6 mice per group. All animals were kept at constant temperature (23 ℃), relative humidity (50. + -. 5%) and light (7:00-19:00) and allowed free access to food and water. High fat diet (diet No. D12451, in which fat calories account for 45% (Research Diets, New Brunswick, NJ)) was fed for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, vehicle (hydroxymethyl cellulose), BI, BL, wy 4, 643 or rosiglitazone were fed for 4 weeks while continuing to feed high fat foods. The chemical composition of its plasma was determined 2 weeks after drug treatment (Anilytics, inc., Gaithersburg, MD). After 4 weeks of treatment with the drug, plasma serum insulin (figure 1) and leptin (figure 2) were measured with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay Analyzer (origin Analyzer, Igen, inc., Gaithersburg, MD).

BI and BL effectively reduced serum levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids as well as insulin and leptin. Serum values from the same group of mice ("non-obese controls") maintained on regular feeding (formula Diet 5008, Quality LabProducts, Elkridge, MD) were used as controls.

TABLE 16

	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Free fatty acid (μmol/L)
	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Free fatty acid (μmol/L)	Carrier	135±40.1	1686±359.3
BI(10mg/kg)	68.8±5.7	1227±193.7	Carrier	135±40.1	1686±359.3
BI(10mg/kg)	68.8±5.7	1227±193.7	BI(30mg/kg)	66.5±14.7	1292±231.4
BI(100mg/kg)	37.4±8.3	992.8±172.1	BI(30mg/kg)	66.5±14.7	1292±231.4
BI(100mg/kg)	37.4±8.3	992.8±172.1	BL(10mg/kg)	80±12.2	1571.8±100.9
BL(30mg/kg)	66.4±13.7	1413.2±228.7	BL(10mg/kg)	80±12.2	1571.8±100.9
BL(30mg/kg)	66.4±13.7	1413.2±228.7	BL(100mg/kg)	41±5.6	1133.5±132.7
Rosiglitazone (1mg/kg)	76.6±16.5	1537±256.3	BL(100mg/kg)	41±5.6	1133.5±132.7
Rosiglitazone (1mg/kg)	76.6±16.5	1537±256.3	Rosiglitazone (3mg/kg)	103.2±10.8	1833.2±169.8
Rosiglitazone (10mg/kg)	129.5±48.7	1810.3±595	Rosiglitazone (3mg/kg)	103.2±10.8	1833.2±169.8
Rosiglitazone (10mg/kg)	129.5±48.7	1810.3±595	Rosiglitazone (100mg/kg)	88±7.2	1568.5±197
Wyl4643(10mg/kg)	70.6±0.8	1512.2±172.9	Rosiglitazone (100mg/kg)	88±7.2	1568.5±197
Wyl4643(10mg/kg)	70.6±0.8	1512.2±172.9	Wyl4643(30mg/kg)	88±12.5	1676±237
Wyl4643(100mg/kg)	88.4±18.8	1839.8±154.8	Wyl4643(30mg/kg)	88±12.5	1676±237
Wyl4643(100mg/kg)	88.4±18.8	1839.8±154.8	Rosiglitazone (3mg/kg) + Wyl4643(100mg/kg)	54.3±10.5	1649.7±260.5

Example M: oral administration of BI to Sprague Dawley rats fed high fat diet reduced blood triglycerides, free fatty acids, insulin and leptin

High fat diet fed rats are a model of insulin and leptin tolerance. SpragueDawley rats have an intact leptin system and develop hyperinsulinemia due to down-regulation of peripheral tissues such as liver, adipose tissue and muscle in response to normal insulin, which is responsive to high fat foods.

Sprague Dawley rats of about 17 weeks of age were purchased from Jackson Labs (Bar Harbor, ME) and randomly grouped into 5-7 rats per group; body weights were similar between groups. All animals were kept at constant temperature (25 ℃) and were subjected to a strict 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle and allowed free access to food and water. Prior to drug treatment, the animals were fed with high fat diet (diet number D12451, wherein fat calories account for 45%) (Research Diets, New Brunswick, NJ) for 1 month.

Vehicle (hydroxymethyl cellulose), BI (10, 30 and 100mg/kg) or rosiglitazone (3mg/kg) were administered once a day for 6 weeks while feeding continued with high fat diet. At the indicated time points, blood samples (approximately 100 μ l) were taken from the tail vein for serum chemistry analysis.

BI (30mg/kg) reduced serum insulin and triglycerides; BI reduces free fatty acids at any dose.

Table 17: effect of BI and rosiglitazone on lowering blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and free fatty acids in Sprague-Dawley rats fed high fat diets

Group of	Glucose (mg/dL)	Insulin (ng/ml)	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Free fatty acid (mu Mol/L)
Group of	Glucose (mg/dL)	Insulin (ng/ml)	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Free fatty acid (mu Mol/L)	Non-obese	123.8±7.0	0.72±0.1	179.0±72.3	743.5±57.4
Carrier	122.3±5.9	1.78±0.3	200.7±39.2	942.5±181.0	Non-obese	123.8±7.0	0.72±0.1	179.0±72.3	743.5±57.4
Carrier	122.3±5.9	1.78±0.3	200.7±39.2	942.5±181.0	BI-10	117.3±8.8	2.18±0.91	183.7±58.4	923.7±161.3
BI-30	127.3±22.2	1.46±0.2	129.3±20.0	738.7±50.0	BI-10	117.3±8.8	2.18±0.91	183.7±58.4	923.7±161.3
BI-30	127.3±22.2	1.46±0.2	129.3±20.0	738.7±50.0	BI-100	19.3±3.5	1.79±0.2	171.7±33.1	725.7±87.5
RG-3	119.8±5.4	1.57±0.2	134.2±15.2	758.8±61.0	BI-100	19.3±3.5	1.79±0.2	171.7±33.1	725.7±87.5

Claims

1. A biologically active agent, wherein said agent is a compound represented by the following formula (I'):

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

n is 1 or 2;

m is 0 or 1;

q is 0 or 1;

t is 0 or 1;

R⁵is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;

a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent;

R⁹is halogen or alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and X is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-or-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, where each R¹²And R¹³Each independently is a hydrogen atom OR a methyl group, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or X is-CH₂CH₂-, Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹Wherein R is¹⁰And R¹¹One is hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl group, and the other is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; or

R⁹Is a hydrogen atom; and is

X is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-or-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, where R¹²And R¹³One of them is a methyl group, the other is a hydrogen atom OR a methyl group, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or X is-CH₂CH₂-, Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹Wherein R is¹⁰And R¹¹One is hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl group, and the other is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;

or when R is¹When hydrogen, the medicament also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the above compounds.

2. A biologically active agent, wherein said agent is a compound represented by the following formula (I):

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

n is 1 or 2;

q is 0 or 1;

t is 0 or 1;

R⁵is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;

m is 1;

a is phenyl having 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; and is

X is-CH₂-，R¹Is an ethyl group; or

m is 0 or 1;

X is-CH₂CH₂-or-CH₂CH(NHAc)-，R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or

m is 0 or 1;

a is cycloalkyl having 3 to 5 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as a monosubstitution; and is

X is-CH₂-，R¹Is an ethyl group; or X is-CH₂CH₂-or-CH₂CH(NHAc)-，R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms;

3. The agent of claim 2, wherein R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl.

4. The agent of claim 2, wherein q is 0.

5. The agent of claim 2, wherein X is-CH₂CH₂-。

6. The agent of claim 2, wherein a is phenyl having 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy.

7. The agent of claim 6 wherein each halogen substituent is independently fluorine or chlorine.

8. The agent of claim 7, wherein each halogen substituent on the phenyl ring A is fluorine.

9. The agent of claim 8, wherein the phenyl ring a has two fluorine substituents.

10. The agent of claim 6, wherein said alkyl or alkoxy group has 1 carbon atom.

11. The agent according to claim 2, wherein a is cycloalkyl having 3 to 5 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted, or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent.

12. The agent of claim 11, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or one or two ring carbon atoms adjacent to the ring carbon atom to which the remainder of the compound of formula (I) is covalently bonded on the cycloalkyl independently have methyl or ethyl as a single substituent.

13. The agent of claim 12, wherein a is unsubstituted cyclopropyl.

14. The agent of claim 2, wherein q is 1 and R is⁵Is methyl.

15. The biologically active agent of claim 2, wherein said agent is a compound represented by the following formula (IA):

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

n is 1 or 2;

m is 0 or 1;

t is 0 or 1;

R⁵is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and

x is-CH₂-，R¹Is an ethyl group;

R²and R³One of which is selected from fluorine, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; another is selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or

X is-CH₂CH₂-or-CH₂CH(NHAc)-，R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms;

R²and R³Each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy;

or when R is¹When hydrogen, the medicament also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds.

16. The agent of claim 15, wherein R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl.

17. The agent of claim 16, wherein said compound is 4- [4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid.

18. The agent of claim 16, wherein said compound is (2RS)2- (N-acetyl) -4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

19. The agent of claim 16, wherein said compound is 4- (3- (4-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

20. The agent of claim 15, wherein the agent is a compound represented by the following formula (IA 1):

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

n is 1 or 2;

m is 0 or 1;

p is 1, R¹Is an ethyl group; and is

p is 2, R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; and is

or when R is¹When hydrogen is present, the agent further comprisesPharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described above.

21. The agent of claim 20, wherein R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl.

22. The medicament of claim 21, wherein the compound is 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

23. The agent of claim 20, wherein R²And R³One is hydrogen or halogen and the other is halogen.

24. The agent of claim 23, wherein said compound is 4- (4- (3-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

25. The agent of claim 23, wherein said compound is 4- (4- (4-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

26. The agent of claim 23, wherein said compound is 4- (4- (2-chlorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

27. The agent of claim 23, wherein R²Is fluorine and R³Is hydrogen.

28. The agent of claim 27, wherein said compound is 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

29. The agent of claim 27, wherein said compound is 4- (4- (2- (2-fluorophenyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

30. The agent of claim 27, wherein the compound is ethyl 4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate.

31. The agent of claim 27, wherein the compound is ethyl 4- (3- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate.

32. The agent of claim 21, wherein R²Is fluorine and R³Is fluorine.

33. The agent of claim 32, wherein said compound is 4- (4- (2, 5-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

34. The agent of claim 32, wherein said compound is 4- (4- (2, 4-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

35. The agent of claim 32, wherein said compound is ethyl 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-oxobutanoate.

36. The agent of claim 21, wherein R²Is methyl.

37. The agent of claim 36, wherein said compound is 4- (3- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

38. The agent of claim 36, wherein said compound is 4- (4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

39. The agent of claim 2, wherein said compound is 4- (3- ((cyclobutyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

40. The method of claim 1A medicament wherein a is 2, 6-dimethylphenyl; t is 0, q is 0, n is 1, m is 0, X is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-，R¹²Is hydrogen and R¹³Is hydrogen.

41. The agent of claim 40, wherein said compound is 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2, 2-dimethylbutyric acid.

42. The agent of claim 40, wherein said compound is 4- [ [4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) -3-methoxy ] phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid.

43. The agent of claim 1, wherein said compound is 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanecarbonylhydroxamic acid.

44. The agent of claim 1, wherein said compound is 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanamide.

45. The biologically active agent of claim 32, wherein said agent is a compound represented by the following formula (IA1 a):

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

n is 1 or 2;

m is 0;

R¹is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms;

46. The agent of claim 45, wherein the compound is 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

47. The medicament of claim 45, wherein the compound is ethyl 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate.

48. The agent of claim 45, wherein the compound is 4- (3- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

49. The agent of claim 45, wherein the compound is 4- (2- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

50. The agent of claim 21, wherein R²And R³One is methyl, methoxy or perfluoromethyl and the other is hydrogen or methyl.

51. The agent of claim 50, wherein R²Is methyl, methoxy or perfluoromethyl, and R³Is hydrogen.

52. The agent of claim 51, wherein the compound is 4- (4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

53. The agent of claim 51, wherein the compound is 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

54. The agent of claim 51, wherein the compound is 4- (3- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

55. The medicament of claim 51, wherein the compound is ethyl 4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate.

56. The agent of claim 51, wherein the compound is 4- (4- (2-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

57. The agent of claim 50, wherein R²Is methyl and R³Is methyl.

58. The agent of claim 57, wherein said compound is ethyl 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate.

59. The agent of claim 58, wherein the compound is 4- (4- (2, 5-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

60. The agent of claim 58, wherein the compound is 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

61. The agent of claim 21, wherein R²Is hydrogen and R³Is hydrogen.

62. The agent of claim 61, wherein the compound is 4- (4-benzyloxyphenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

63. The biologically active agent of claim 2, wherein said agent is a compound represented by the following formula (IB):

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

R¹is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms;

64. Such asThe medicament of claim 63, wherein R¹Is hydrogen or ethyl.

65. The agent of claim 64, wherein the compound is 4- (4- ((cyclopropyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

66. The agent of claim 64, wherein the compound is 4- (3- ((cyclopropyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

67. A compound of formula (XV):

wherein m is 1; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or

A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein the cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of the cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent.

68. The compound of claim 67, wherein m is 1; n is 1; t is 0; a is a phenyl group having two substituents which are alkyl groups having 1 or 2 carbon atoms.

69. A compound of formula (XXIV):

wherein R is⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1;

a is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or has 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen, alkyl having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, perfluoromethyl, alkoxy having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and perfluoromethoxy; or

70. A compound of formula (XXV):

wherein R is⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; r⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

71. A compound of formula (LXIII):

wherein, Y¹Is chlorine; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

72. A compound of formula (LXVIII):

wherein R is⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; y is¹Is chlorine; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

73. A compound of formula (XXIV):

74. A compound of formula (LXXXV):

wherein R is⁶Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1;

75. A compound of formula (LXXXVIII):

76. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (XI):

A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein the cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of the cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as mono-substituent,

the method comprises the following steps: reacting a compound of formula (VIII) as shown below with BrCH in the presence of a base₂CO₂R⁶To yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI), said compound of formula (VIII) being:

the general formula is BrCH₂CO₂R⁶With R in the compound of formula (VIII)⁶N, t and A are as described above.

77. The process of claim 76, further comprising hydrolyzing said compound of formula (XI) so that it strips said R⁶And the corresponding acid is produced.

78. A method for producing a compound of formula (XXV), the compound of formula (XXV):

the method comprises the following steps: reacting a compound of formula (XXIV) with BrCH in the presence of an alkali metal silylamide₂CO₂R⁶To give the corresponding compound of formula (XXV), said compound of formula (XXIV) being:

the general formula is BrCH₂CO₂R⁶With R in the compound of formula (XXIV)⁶N, t and A are as described above.

79. The process of claim 78 further comprising hydrolyzing the compound of formula (XXV) such that it strips said R⁶And the corresponding acid is produced.

80. A method for producing a compound of formula (LXV):

wherein R is¹Is an ethyl group; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

the method comprises the following steps:

a) reacting a compound i) of formula (LX) shown below with a compound of formula A (CH) under Mitsunobu conditions₂)_t+nReaction of a compound of-OH, or ii) And the general formula A (CH)₂)_t+n-Y to produce the corresponding compound of formula (LXI):

the compound of formula (LXI) is:

wherein n, t and A are as described above and Y is a leaving group;

b) (ii) hydrolyzing said compound of formula (LXI) to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXII):

c) reacting said compound of formula (LXII) with thionyl chloride to yield the corresponding compound of formula (LXIII):

wherein Y is¹Is chlorine;

d) treatment of EtOCOCH with about two equivalents of butyl lithium₂COOH; and

e) reacting said (LXIII) compound with the product obtained from step d) to produce said compound of formula (LXV).

81. A method for making a compound of formula (LXIX), said compound of formula (LXIX) being:

wherein R is¹Is an ethyl group; r⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

the method comprises the following steps:

a) reacting a compound of formula (LX) with a compound of formula (XXIII) to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXVI)

The compound of the formula (XXIII) is

Wherein, Y¹Is halogen and R⁵N and t are as described above, said compound of formula (LXVI) is

b) (ii) hydrolyzing said compound of formula (LXVI) to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXVII):

c) reacting said compound of formula (LXVII) with thionyl chloride to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXVIII):

wherein, Y¹Is chlorine;

d) treatment of EtO with about two equivalents of butyl lithium₂CCH₂COOH; and

e) reacting said compound of formula (LXVIII) with the product obtained from step d) thereby producing said compound of formula (LXIX).

82. A method for producing a compound of formula (LXXVIII), said compound of formula (LXXVIII) being:

wherein R is¹Is hydrogen; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

the method comprises the following steps:

a) reacting a compound i) of formula (LXXIV) with a compound of formula A (CH) under Mitsunobu reaction conditions₂)_t+nA compound of the formula-OH, or ii) with a compound of the formula A (CH)₂)_t+n-Y to yield the corresponding compound of formula (LXXV), said compound of formula (LXXIV) being:

the compound of formula (LXXV) is:

wherein n, t and A are as described above and Y is a leaving group;

b) reacting said compound of formula (LXXV) with HBr, thereby obtaining the corresponding compound of formula (LXXVI):

c) reacting said compound of formula (LXXVI) with a sodium salt of acetamido diethyl malonate, thereby yielding the corresponding compound of formula (LXXVII):

d) subjecting said compound of formula (LXXVII) to a de-esterification reaction to obtain said compound of formula (LXXVIII).

83. The method of claim 82, further comprising reacting the compound of formula (LXXVIII) with R⁷-OH to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXXIX), wherein R is⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, said compound of formula (LXXIX) being:

wherein n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; r⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; and is

84. A method for producing a compound of formula (LXXXIII), which is:

wherein R is¹Is hydrogen; r⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

the method comprises the following steps:

a) reacting a compound of formula (LXXIV) with a compound of formula (XXIII) to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXXX):

the compound of formula (XXIII) is:

wherein R is⁵N, t and A are as defined above, Y¹Is chloro, and the compound of formula (LXXX) is:

b) reacting said compound of formula (LXXX) with HBr, thereby obtaining the corresponding compound of formula (LXXXI):

c) reacting said compound of formula (LXXXI) with a sodium salt of acetamido diethyl malonate to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXXXII):

d) subjecting said compound of formula (LXXXII) to a de-esterification reaction to obtain said compound of formula (LXXXIII).

85. The method of claim 84, further comprising reacting a compound of formula (LXXXIII) with R⁷-OH to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXXXIV), wherein R is⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, said compound of formula (LXXIV) being:

wherein n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; r⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; r⁷Is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; and is

86. A method for producing a compound of formula (LXXXV), which is:

the method comprises the following steps:

a) reacting a compound of formula (LXXIV) with i) under Mitsunobu reaction conditions with a compound of formula A (CH)₂)_t+nA compound of the formula-OH, or ii) with a compound of the formula A (CH)₂)_t+n-Y to yield the corresponding compound of formula (LXXV), said compound of formula (LXXIV) being:

the compound of formula (LXXV) is:

wherein n, t and A are as described above and Y is a leaving group;

b) reacting said compound of formula (LXXV) with Br-CH₂-CO₂R⁶Reaction to give the compound of formula (LXXXV) wherein Br-CH₂-CO₂R⁶R in (1)⁶As described above.

87. The method of claim 86, further comprising de-esterifying the compound of formula (LXXXV) to remove R⁶Thereby obtaining the corresponding acid.

88. A method for producing a compound of formula (LXXXIX), said compound of formula (LXXXIX) being:

wherein R is¹Is an ethyl group; r⁵Is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; m is 1; n is 1 or 2; t is 0 or 1; and

the method comprises the following steps:

a) reacting a compound of formula (XIII) with a compound of formula (XXIII) to provide the corresponding compound of formula (LXXXVI)

The compound of the formula (XXIII) is

Wherein, Y¹Is chlorine, and m, n, t, R⁵And A As indicated above, the compound of formula (LXXXVI) is:

b) (ii) hydrolyzing said compound of formula (LXXXVI) to obtain the corresponding compound of formula (LXXXVII):

c) reacting said compound of formula (LXXXVII) with thionyl chloride to give the corresponding compound of formula (LXXXVIII):

wherein, Y¹Is chlorine;

d) reacting the obtained acyl halide with melderronic acid to obtain said compound of formula (LXXXIX).

89. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (XC):

the method comprises the following steps:

a) reacting a compound of formula (LXXX) with Br-CH₂-CO₂R⁶(ii) reacting to obtain said compound of formula (XC), wherein said compound of formula (LXXX) is:

wherein R is⁵、R⁶N, t and A are as described above.

90. The process of claim 89 further comprising de-esterifying said compound of formula (XC) to remove R⁶Thereby producing the corresponding acid.

91. Use of a biologically active agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease selected from the group consisting of insulin resistance and diabetes, including type I diabetes and type II diabetes; or a medicament for treating or reducing the incidence of the following diabetes-related conditions: atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcer or cataract; or a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of hyperlipidemia, cachexia and obesity,

wherein the agent is a compound represented by the following formula (I'):

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

n is 1 or 2;

q is 0 or 1;

t is 0 or 1;

R⁵is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;

R⁹is a hydrogen atom, a halogen or an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;

m is 1;

A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as a monosubstitution; and is

X is-CH₂-, Q is-OR¹And R is¹Is an ethyl group; or

m is 0 or 1;

X is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-or-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, where each R¹²And R¹³Each independently is a hydrogen atom OR a methyl group, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or X is-CH₂CH₂-, Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹Wherein R is¹⁰And R¹¹One is hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl group, and the other is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;

92. The use of claim 91, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of:

4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2-methoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (3-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (4-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4-benzyloxyphenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2-chlorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2- (2-fluorophenyl) ethoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- [4- (2- (N- (2-fluorobenzyl) -N-methylamino) ethoxy) phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2-fluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

4- (4- (2-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

4- (4- (2, 5-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2, 5-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2, 4-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- ((cyclopropyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (2- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -3-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

(2RS)2- (N-acetyl) -4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- ((cyclopropyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester;

sodium 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoate;

4- (4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid potassium;

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethoxybenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxo-2, 2-dimethylbutyric acid;

4- (3- (4-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- ((cyclobutyl) -methoxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- [ [4- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) -3-methoxy ] phenyl ] -4-oxobutanoic acid;

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanecarbonyl hydroxamic acid; and

4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanamide.

93. The use of claim 92, wherein said agent is 4- (4- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

94. The use of claim 92, wherein said agent is 4- (3- (2, 6-difluorobenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

95. The use of claim 92, wherein said agent is 4- (3- (2, 6-dimethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -4-oxobutanoic acid.

96. The use according to any one of claims 91 to 95, wherein the medicament is an orally administrable formulation.

97. A pharmaceutical composition for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of: insulin resistance syndrome, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, cachexia, obesity, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, and is suitable for oral administration, said pharmaceutical composition comprising 1mg to 400mg of an agent,

wherein the agent is a compound represented by the following formula (I'):

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

n is 1 or 2;

m is 0 or 1;

q is 0 or 1;

t is 0 or 1;

R⁵is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;

A is cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein said cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms of said cycloalkyl independently of one another have methyl or ethyl as a monosubstitution;

x is-CH₂-, Q is-OR¹And R is¹Is an ethyl group; or X is-CH₂CR¹²R¹³-or-CH₂CH (NHAc) -, where each R¹²And R¹³Each independently is a hydrogen atom OR a methyl group, Q is OR¹And wherein R¹Is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms; or X is-CH₂CH₂-, Q is NR¹⁰R¹¹Wherein R is¹⁰And R¹¹One is hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl group, and the other is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;