GB2592592A - Device for the elimination of arthropod pests from mammals - Google Patents

Abstract

An applicator device comprising a hand-held dispenser charged with a suitable anti parasitic composition capable of delivering a dose of the composition directly to a parasite located on the surface of a host via a swab, squeeze mechanism, brush, needle or moistened cotton, whilst avoiding direct contact with the host. The composition may contain an active ingredient of amitraz, octopamine, fipronil, or similar known anti parasitic compositions in a liquid medium, typically in the range of 1-50% of the total solution, and may be suitable to target various parasites that exist on most host mammals.

Description

Device for the elimination of arthropod pests from mammals

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an applicator device for the safe and rapid expulsion of arthropod external pests from a mammal, by delivering an ectoparasiticidal active substance directly to the parasite. The present invention also relates to a method of treatment of a parasitic infestation, using the above applicator.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

External parasite infestations of animals and humans, such as ticks and insects, continue to be a major issue. For example, disease-ridden tick populations are set to dramatically increase in the UK, since the adoption of more relaxed European pet travel regulations and warmer winters due to climate change. This multiplying and more various tick population is presenting a greater threat to British dogs and their owners. A dramatic indication of this was the recent observation that 16% of dogs presenting at UK veterinary practices had existing tick infestations. The best-known disease transmitted to dogs by ticks is Lyme disease. However, these newer tick migrations are already bringing new diseases, such as Babesia canis, and most recently, tick borne encephalitis, to the UK. The Big Tick Project, launched by Chris Packham, the TV wildlife presenter, found the numbers of ticks had increased at 73 per cent of locations surveyed in the UK. Prevention is urged, by use of tick collars or spot-on treatments such as FrontlineTM. However, despite good vigilance, it is practically unavoidable that a dog will pick up some tick infestation in its lifetime. Furthermore, the ixodid ticks that carry diseases, such as the brown deer tick lxodes ricinus, are the most refractory to control by spot-on products that are applied to the whole animal, such as Frontlinen". The presence of ticks in the household also causes more distress to the dog owner than any other type of parasite. Visible infestations can be removed by using a special purpose-built hook device. The hook is slid under the tick at skin level to grip the head of the tick then rotated to pull the parasite cleanly out.

This is not a simple or pleasant procedure, and is not risk-free -there is a risk of leaving part of its head or mouth inside the body, thus creating ideal conditions for bacterial infections.

Furthermore, the option of applying an antiparasitic agent to a human for removal of parasite infestations is not possible, as no such agents have been licenced for use on human beings.

There therefore exists a need for a simple, convenient, effective and safe method of removing established external parasite infestations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Viewed from a first aspect the present invention provides a device for removing external parasites from a host, using a hand-held dispenser, charged with a suitable active antiparasitic composition, capable of delivering an effective dose of the active composition directly to the parasite located on the host animal. Unlike topical treatments that typically treat the whole non-human animal with a substantial dose of an antiparasitic agent, the present method targets the parasite specifically, and avoids contact of the host with pesticidal molecules. Furthermore, treatment of humans with topical antiparasitic agents is unfeasible, as no such agents have been licensed for human use.

The invention comprises a hand-held dispenser containing a charge of a solution of an acaricide or insecticide such as amitraz or fipronil. In general, expellent acaricides such as amitraz are preferred due to their rapid onset of action, resulting in pathological hyperactivity, detachment and death of the parasites. The device is used to deliver an effective amount of the acaricide to the parasite. After treatment, the treated animal may be allowed out of doors so the parasites can detach and drop off the animal, or be brushed out. For example, Ticks treated with amitraz are known to have their egg laying capability severely compromised, and their viability severely damaged, so transmission of further infestations in the locale will be prevented.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a device for removing external parasites from a host, using a hand-held dispenser, where the dispenser enables the parasite cuticle to be penetrated by a blunt needle, and a minute amount of the acaricide is dispensed, for example by push button or plunger, to the parasite.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a device for removing external parasites from a host, using a hand-held dispenser, where the dispenser is equipped with a pad, moistened with a solution of the active, which may be used to deliver an effective dose.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a device for removing external parasites from a host, using a hand-held dispenser, where the dispenser is a sealed tube containing either single or multiple doses of the active compound wherein the sealed cap has an attached swab such that when twisted off, the cap provides a handle for a pre-loaded swab for direct application of the active to the body of the parasite..

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a device for removing external parasites from a host, using a hand-held dispenser, where the dispenser is a blow moulded single dose tube with a twist off cap such that the container can be squeezed to deliver active directly to the body of the parasite.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a device for removing external parasites from a host, using a hand-held dispenser, where the dispenser is a sealed plastic cartridge suitable for insertion into a commercially available water brush ink pen to permit the active to be painted on to the parasite.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a device for removing external parasites from a host, using a hand-held dispenser, where the dispenser is a commercially available skin tag removal device equipped with a needle to enable the active to be injected directly into the body of the parasite.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a device for removing external parasites from a host, using a hand held dispenser, where the dispenser is a disposable bud, comprising an absorbent material such as cotton, moistened with the antiparasitic composition, mounted on a plastic stick, in a sealed pack.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the terms "ectoparasite" or "ectoparasiticide" or "ectoparasiticidal" refer to an external parasite of an animal or human, a treatment to control such a parasite, and an entity that is capable of killing such a parasite.

As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt which, upon administration to the patient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound as described herein. However, it will be appreciated that non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts also fall within the scope of the invention since those may be useful in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The preparation of salts can be carried out by methods known in the art.

For instance, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds provided herein are synthesized from the parent compounds, which contain a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts are, for example, prepared by reacting the free acid or base of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent or in a mixture of both. Generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2-propanol or acetonitrile are preferred. Examples of the acid addition salts include mineral acid addition salts such as, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and organic acid addition salts such as, for example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate. Examples of the alkali addition salts include inorganic salts such as, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium salts, and organic alkali salts such as, for example, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, N,N-dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids salts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes a device for the removal of external parasites from a host, using a hand-held dispenser, charged with a suitable active antiparasitic composition, capable of delivering an effective dose of the active composition directly to the parasite located on the host animal.

The present invention provides an ideal treatment of existing parasitic infestations on animals, that is convenient, rapid acting, safe, and minimizes environmental exposure to the active ingredients.

The present invention comprises a device that is capable of delivering an effective amount of an antiparasitic active substance to a parasite infesting an animal. Non-limiting examples of hand-held dispensers are: a sealed tube containing either single or multiple doses of the active compound wherein the sealed cap has an attached swab such that when twisted off, the cap provides a handle for a pre-loaded swab for direct application of the active to the body of the parasite; a blow moulded single dose tube with a twist off cap such that the container can be squeezed to deliver active directly to the body of the parasite; a sealed plastic cartridge suitable for insertion into a commercially available water brush ink pen to permit the active to be painted on to the parasite; a commercially available skin tag removal device equipped with a fine needle to enable the active to be injected directly into the body of the parasite.

Preferred devices are a sealed tube containing either single or multiple doses of the active compound wherein the sealed cap has an attached swab such that when twisted off, the cap provides a handle for a pre-loaded swab for direct application of the active to the body of the parasite; a blow moulded single dose tube with a twist off cap such that the container can be squeezed to deliver active directly to the body of the parasite; a sealed plastic cartridge suitable for insertion into a commercially available water brush ink pen to permit the active to be painted on to the parasite.

A particularly preferred device is a sealed tube containing either single or multiple doses of the active compound wherein the sealed cap has an attached swab such that when twisted off, the cap provides a handle for a pre-loaded swab for direct application of the active to the body of the parasite.

Antiparasitic active substances suitable for incorporation in the delivery device are arthropod ectoparasites. Representative examples include agents of the arylpyrazole class, such as fipronil; agents from the class of neonicofinoids, such as imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid or acetamiprid; agents from the class of octopaminergics and a-adrenergics, such as amitraz, chlordimeform, demiditraz, octopamine, clonidine and norepinephrine; agents from the class of macrocyclic lactones, such as ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, milbemycin a, milbemycin oxime, milbemycin D, moxidectin, selamectin, emamectin and eprinomectin; agents from the spinosyn class, such as spinosad and spinetoram; agents from the anthranilamide class, such as chloranthripole; agents from the carbamate class, such as aldicarb, carbofuran, carbaryl, ethienocarb, fenobucarb, oxamyl, and methomyl; bromocyclen, chlordane, DDT, endosulfan, lindane, methoxychlor, toxaphene, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, carbophenothion, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, crotoxyphos, cythioate, diazinon, dichlorenthion, diemthoate, dioxathion, ethion, famphur, fenitrothion, fenthion, fospirate, iodofenphos, malathion, naled, phosalone, phosmet, phoxim, propetamphos, ronnel, stirofos, allethrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, permethrin, phenothrin, pyrethrins, resmethrin, benzyl benzoate, diflubenzuron, diphenylamine, disulfiram, methoprene, monosulfiram, rotenone, deet, dimethyl phthalate, and the isoxazoline compounds iincluding afoxolaner, sarolaner, fluralaner and lotilaner.

Combinations of two or more of the above actives are within the scope of the present invention.

Preferred actives include fipronil, doramectin, ivermectin, abamectin, amitraz, octopamine and clonidine.

Especially preferred actives include amitraz, clonidine and octopamine.

The active ectoparasiticides will generally be formulated in a liquid medium, either as a solution, or as a dispersion or suspension. Preferred formulations of the actives are homogeneous solutions, containing the active in a concentration in the range 1 -50%.

The active or active combination may be formulated for use in manners known to those skilled in the art. In general, a formulation will include an active ingredient and one or more physiologically acceptable adjuvants. The actives will be formulated and applied in effective amounts, that is, in an amount to control the ectoparasites and result in expulsion from the host. In this manner, formulations include concentrated versions; in which the active compound is present in a concentration of from 0.001 to 98.0 percent; with the remaining content being physiologically (pharmaceutically or veterinarily) acceptable carriers.

The active or combination of actives will typically be formulated as solutions. Formulations suitable for topical administration are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,710. These formulations may be advantageously oily, and generally comprise a diluent or vehicle and also a solvent (e.g. an organic solvent) for the active ingredient if the latter is not soluble in the diluent. Organic solvents that can be used in such formulations include acetyltributyl citrate, fatty acid esters such as the dimethyl ester, diisobutyl adipate, acetone, acetonitrile, benzyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, butyl diglycol, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, monomethylacetamide, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, liquid polyoxyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, 2-pyrrolidone (e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol, triacetin, C1.10 esters of carboxylic acids such as butyl or octyl acetate, and diethyl phthalate, or a mixture of at least two of these solvents. For actives that ae water soluble, for example by virtue of having a water soluble salt form, aqueous formulations can advantageously be employed, either as pure water or with a water-miscible organic co-solvent.

The incorporation of viscosity control agents in the formulation, such as thickeners, gums and glues, or viscosity enhancing polymers such as viscosity enhancer polymers (e.g. Kollidon, Natrosol, HPMC, Klucel) are especially advantageous for ensuring good adherence of the active to the parasite.

The amount of the actives to be applied directly to the parasite is generally in the range of doses from about 0.0001ug to about 5004 per parasite to provide the desired control.

For the preferred actives fipronil, doramectin, ivermectin, abamectin, amitraz, octopamine and clonidine, the doses will generally be in the range 0.001 -1001ig per parasite.

For control of tick parasites, the dose of the above preferred actives will generally be in the range 0.1 -5049 per parasite.

The present invention is also directed to a dosage form comprising a composition as hereinbefore defined. Preferred dosage forms are outlined above.

The present invention is also directed to a compound, composition, combination or dosage form as hereinbefore defined for use as a treatment.

The present invention is also directed to a device as hereinbefore defined for use in the treatment of a parasitic infestation. Preferably, the parasitic infestation is a parasitic infestation of a human, a non-human mammal or a bird, preferably a human or non-human mammal. Preferably, the non-human mammal is selected from cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, dogs, cats, camels, water buffalo, donkeys, rabbits, fallow deer, reindeer, minks, chinchillas, racoons, mice, rats, guinea pigs, golden hamsters, more preferably cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cats or dogs, even more preferably cats or dogs. Preferably, the bird is selected from chickens, turkeys, pheasants, geese, ducks and ostriches, more preferably chickens, turkeys, or ostriches.

Preferably, the parasitic infestation is caused by a parasite selected from the order of the,Anoplura, for example., Haernatopinus spp., Linognatiws spp., Solenopotes spp., Red/cu/us spp., Pthirus spp.; from the order of the Maliophaga, for example, Trimenopon spp., Menopon spp., Eornenacanthus spp., Menacanthus spp., Trichodectes app,, Fefipple spp." Darnel/nee app., Boy/cola spp.; from the order of the Diptera, for example, Chrysops spp., Tabanus spp., Musca spp,, Hydrotaea spp,, Muscine spp,., Haematobosca spp., Haernatobia spp., Stornoxys spp., Fannie app., Glossina app., Lucille app., Cal/Ohara app., Auchmeromyia app., Cardylobia app., Cochlornyla spp., Chrysomyia app.; Sarcophaga spp., Wohlfartia spp." Gast.erophilus app., Oesteromyia spp," Oedernagerta sp., Hypoderrna app., Oestrus app., Rhinoestrus app., Melophagus spp., Hippobosca spp.; from the order of the Siphonaptera, for example, Ctenocephalides app., Echidnophage app., Ceratophyllus app.; from the order of the Metastigmata, for example; Hyalomrna app.. Rhipicephalus spp." Boophilus app., Arnblyomma app., Haernophysaiis spp., Dermacentor app., ixodes app., Argas app., Ornitnodorus spp., Otob/us app.; from the order of the Mesosiigmeta; for example, Derrnanyssus spp., Ornithonyssus spp., Pneurnonyssus app., from the order of the Prostigmata, for example, Obeyletiella app., Psorergates app., Myobia spp., Demodex spp., Neotrornbicula app.; from the order of the Astigmata, for example; Acerus app., Myocoptes app., Psoroptes app., Chodoptes app., Otodectes app., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres app., Knemidocoptes spp., Neoknemidocoptex app., Cytodites spp., and/or Laminosioptes spp.

Preferred infestations to be controlled by this invention are Rya/amine app., Rhipicephaius app., Boophi!us app., Ambiyomma spp." Haemophysalis app., Dermacentor app." Nodes app., Argas app., Ornithodorus spp., Otob/us spp Preferably, the parasitic infestation is a parasitic infestation of a human, a non-human mammal or a bird, preferably a human or non-human mammal.

Preferably, the non-human mammal is selected from cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, dogs, cats, camels, water buffalo, donkeys, rabbits, fallow deer, reindeer, minks, chinchillas, racoons, mice, rats, guinea pigs, golden hamsters, more preferably cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cats or dogs, even more preferably cats or dogs. Preferably, the bird is selected from chickens, turkeys, pheasants, geese, ducks and ostriches, more preferably chickens, turkeys, or ostriches.

EXAMPLES

Formulation Example 1 To a mixture of ethanol (95%) (25mL) and deionized water (25mL) is added xanthan gum (2g) followed by amitraz monohydrochloride (12.5g), portion wise, with good stirring. This mixture is stirred at room temperature till homogeneous, then a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and deionized water is added to make the total volume up to 100mL.

Formulation Example 2 To a mixture of ethanol (95%) (25mL) and deionized water (25mL) is added xanthan gum (2g) followed by norepinephrine hydrochloride (12.5g), portion wise, with good stirring. This mixture is stirred at room temperature till homogeneous, then a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and deionized water is added to make the total volume up to 100mL.

Formulation Example 3 To a mixture of ethanol (95%) (25mL) and deionized water (25mL) is added xanthan gum (2g) followed by octopamine hydrochloride (12.5g), portion wise, with good stirring. This mixture is stirred at room temperature till homogeneous, then a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and deionized water is added to make the total volume up to 100mL.

Formulation Example 4 To a mixture of ethanol (95%) (25mL) and deionized water (25mL) is added xanthan gum (2g) followed by clonidine hydrochloride (12.5g), portion wise, with good stirring.

This mixture is stirred at room temperature till homogeneous, then a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and deionized water is added to make the total volume up to 100mL.

Applicator Example 1: Pre-saturated disposable swab suitable for direct application of the active to the parasite.

The applicator device SwabDoseTM is supplied and filled by Unicep with the formulation of Formulation Example 1 (1.5mL). To apply the product the SwabDoseTM is snapped open, the handle of the swab ensuring zero operator exposure and the ready moistened swab applied to the parasite. The swab is returned to the tube and the device safely disposed of.

Applicator Example 2: Sealed tube containing multiple doses of the active compound wherein the sealed cap has an attached swab such that when twisted off, the cap provides a handle for a pre-loaded swab for direct application of the active to the body of the parasite.

The applicator device Modified SwabDoseTm is supplied and filled by Unicep with the formulation of Formulation Example 1 (1.5mL). To apply the product the Modified SwabDoseTM is snapped open, the handle of the swab ensuring zero operator exposure and the ready moistened swab applied to the parasite. The swab is then returned to the tube for future use.

Applicator Example 3: A blow molded single dose tube with a twist off cap such that the container can be squeezed to deliver active directly to the body of the parasite.

The applicator device Modified-Blow-Fill-SealTM is supplied and filled by Unicep with the formulation of Formulation Example 1 (2mL).. The device is filled with a dosage of active sufficient to kill a single parasite, the device being equipped with a twist off cap and featuring squeezable body and a fine applicator tip. The user will twist off the cap, squeeze the body of the device to deposit the dosage onto the parasite and the device safely disposed of.

Applicator Example 4: A sealed plastic cartridge suitable for insertion into a commercially available water brush ink pen to permit the active to be painted on to the parasite.

The device Refillable Pocket Brush PenTM is supplied by Pentel with cartridges filled by Unicep with the formulation of Formulation Example 1 (3mL). The cartridge is filled with, for example, sufficient active for up to 20 doses. The cartridge is placed into the Refillable Pocket Brush PenTM which is then ready for use once the cap is removed.

The Active can then be 'painted' directly onto the parasite, the cap replaced on the device which is then available for further use.

Applicator Example 5: A commercially available skin micro injection device equipped with a fine needle to enable the active to be injected directly into the body of the parasite.

The device Autopen ClassicR manufactured by Owen Mumford Gmbh, and the cartridges filled by Unicep with the formulation of Formulation Example 1 (3mL). The active is formulated such that the appropriate dosages for a wide range of parasites fall within the range of dosages which can be dialed into the device. The device is loaded with the cartridge, the appropriate dosage dialed in, the fine needle inserted into the parasite and the dosage administered.

Claims (32)

1. CLAIMS: 1. An applicator device comprising a hand held dispenser, the hand held dispenser being charged with a suitable antiparasitic composition and being adapted to deliver an effective dose of the antiparasitic composition directly to a parasite located on the surface of a host animal, whilst avoiding delivery of the antiparasitic composition to the host animal.
2. 2. An applicator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dispenser is a sealed tube containing either single or multiple doses of the antiparasitic composition wherein the sealed cap has an attached swab such that when twisted off, the cap provides a handle for a pre-loaded swab for direct application of the antiparasitic composition to the body of the parasite.
3. 3. An applicator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dispenser is a blow moulded single dose tube with a twist off cap such that the container can be squeezed to deliver antiparasitic composition directly to the body of the parasite.
4. 4. An applicator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dispenser is a sealed plastic cartridge suitable for insertion into a commercially available water brush ink pen to permit the antiparasitic composition to be painted on to the parasite.
5. 5. An applicator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dispenser is a commercially available skin tag removal device equipped with a needle to enable the antiparasasitic composition to be injected directly into the body of the parasite.
6. 6. An applicator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dispenser is a disposable bud, comprising an absorbent material such as cotton, moistened with the antiparasitic composition, mounted on a plastic stick, in a sealed pack.
7. 7. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is amitraz, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
8. 8. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is octopamine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
9. 9. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is fipronil.
10. 10. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is a macrocyclic lactone, chosen from ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, selamectin, moxidectin, emamectin, or a pharmaceu fically acceptable salt thereof, or eprinomecfin, or a combination thereof.
11. 11. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is a synthetic pyrethroid, chosen from permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin or a combination thereof.
12. 12. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is pyriprole.
13. 13. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is a carbamate pesticide such as carbaryl.
14. 14. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is lotilaner, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
15. 15. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is fluralaner, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
16. 16. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is sarolaner, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
17. 17. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is afoxalaner, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
18. 18. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is an a-adrenergic agonist such as clonidine or norepinephrine..
19. 19. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the active component of the antiparasitic composition is imidacloprid.
20. 20. An applicator as claimed in any one of claims 7 -18, wherein the antiparasitic composition comprises a combination of two or more of the active components disclosed in claims 7-18.
21. 21. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in any one of claims 7 -18 and 20, where the parasite is a species of tick, class Arachnida, Order Acarina, family lxodidae or family Argasidae_ including Argas spp. Otobius spp.and Omithodoros spp.
22. 22. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in claim 21, where the parasite is Rhipcephalus sanguineus.
23. 23. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in claim 21, where the parasite is lxodes spp, including lxodes ricinus, lxodes scapularis, lxodes hexagonus.
24. 24. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in claim 21, where the parasite is Dermacentor spp, including Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor reticulatus.
25. 25. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in any one of claims 9-17 and 19, where the parasite is an insect.
26. 26. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -25, where the host is a companion animal.
27. 27. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in claim 26, where the host is a dog
28. 28. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in claim 26, where the host is a cat.
29. 29. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in claim 26, where the host is a horse.
30. 30. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in claim 26, where the host is a bird species.
31. 31. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -25, where the host is a human.
32. 32. A method for parasite control on a host using an applicator as claimed in any one of claims 1 -25, where the host is a livestock animal, such as cow, sheep, pig, or chicken.