GB2453553A

GB2453553A - An extraction device

Info

Publication number: GB2453553A
Application number: GB0719731A
Authority: GB
Inventors: John Young; Robert Lee Bracegirdle; Andy Scaplehorn
Original assignee: Krystallon Ltd
Current assignee: Krystallon Ltd
Priority date: 2007-10-09
Filing date: 2007-10-09
Publication date: 2009-04-15
Also published as: GB0719731D0

Abstract

An extraction device for a gas comprises a diffuser (9) for transmitting a gas through a surface of the diffuser (9). The device further includes means (3, 4, 5) for jetting a stream of liquid over the diffuser surface and a deflector (13) having a surface for deflecting the stream of liquid. The deflector (13) is configured to return the stream of liquid over the incoming stream of liquid.

Description

An Extraction Device The present invention relates to an improvement to an extraction device for a gas, such as a gas-liquid contacting device for mass, heat and/or momentum transfer between a gas and a liquid, and particularly to a scrubbing device for the removal of water soluble gases from mixed gas streams.

The requirement for such an extraction device is common in many industries, for example in the chemical and power generation sectors, where there are devices to carry out this function, generally known as gas scrubbers. These devices exhibit varying degrees of efficiency depending on their design and the application to which they are put.

The need to remove certain components from exhaust or process gas streams in industry can arise from their potential to damage the environment or to create a toxic hazard. For example, sulphur compounds found in hydrocarbon fuels result in the release of sulphur dioxide following combustion of the fuel. Once released in this way the sulphur dioxide may be absorbed by water in the atmosphere and contribute to acid rain.

There is increasing pressure to reduce the level of impurities in exhaust gases as much as possible. Current regulations set maximum emission levels for various components, and these levels are expected to be lowered in the future.

Some impurities may be soluble in liquids, for example in water. It is common therefore to provide stages within chemical or industrial processes where gas streams containing the potentially hazardous or polluting impurities are mixed in some way with liquid streams to promote the absorption of the gas to hence create a gas-liquid solution that may subsequently be treated to reduce its harmful effects. Such processes are commonly known as washing or scrubbing processes.

A typical process uses fine mists or liquid sprays within a gas stream to expose the gas to small droplets of high surface area and hence promote absorption in that way. Also, it is known to generate bubbles of the gas to be scrubbed within a liquid bath to provide a path for gas to liquid absorption.

This is usually achieved by passing the gas through a plurality of holes in a plate and through water located above the plate. Another known process uses counter or co-flowing streams of gas and liquid where the contact surface area between the liquid and gas components is enhanced in some manner, for example by using so-called "packed beds".

The effectiveness of such systems varies considerably, and may depend upon the properties of the gases and liquids, such as solubility, reactivity, temperature, pH, etc. However, one key feature of all such systems is that the physical mixing of the gas and liquid streams is of fundamental importance to the effectiveness of the process. The effective mixing of the gas and water streams involves long contact times between the gas and liquid phases, and large areas of contact surface. Turbulence and the turbulent mixing processes that result generate high levels of efficiency, but also can generate flow energy losses within the system that are either detrimental to the overall system performance, or difficult or costly to counter-act by other, for example mechanical, means.

US 5 527 496 (Rogers et al) describes a spray header integrated tray device, and incorporates a series of horizontal sprays orientated in parallel lines across a perforated plate. In a second embodiment, the sprays direct liquid upwardly so that it then falls back down onto the plate. This device uses a large number of small spray nozzles to improve flow distribution over the perforated plate, and is also built as part of a large spray tower. The use of a large number of spray nozzles runs the risk of plugging by debris in the liquid flow, but for land based systems the plugged nozzles can be replaced during maintenance. The use of a multitude of nozzles over the perforated plate will not ensure the avoidance of gas bypass since gas can pass through the plate in the regions between adjacent nozzles without contacting liquid. There is a greater barrier to the passage of gas in the regions between the spray headers where opposing flows of liquid collide, compared with in the regions between adjacent nozzles where there is no liquid. Accordingly, increased amounts of gas pass through those regions, resulting in significant amounts of gas passing without being scrubbed.

An improved device and method for mass, heat and/or momentum transfer between a gas and a liquid is described in our earlier application, PCT/GB2006/004704 That system jets a stream of liquid over the whole of a diffusing zone whilst a gas is transmitted through the diffusing zone. The gas therefore comes into contact with the stream of liquid and is entrained in the stream of liquid, thereby becoming well mixed with the liquid.

Jetting a stream of liquid over the whole of a diffusing zone has the advantage that all the gas that passes through the diffuser contacts the liquid, thereby providing excellent transfer between the gas and liquid of, for example, heat, mass or momentum. Thus, with this device and method, the continuous medium is liquid, thereby reducing gas bypass. In other prior art systems, the continuous medium is gas, which can result in gas bypass.

The device disclosed in PCT/GB2006/004704 also ensures a low pressure loss across the diffuser, since the jet of liquid acts to draw gas through the diffusing zone. Not only does this act as an eductor, but it also means that the energy available to generate the mixing is related directly to the kinetic energy of the liquid jet rather than the gas stream, and is thus of significantly greater magnitude.

However, it has been found that when the liquid jet hits the wall surrounding the diffuser, the bubbly region which forms as a result of the turbulence may largely remain adjacent the wall. A proportion of the bubbly region therefore collects to one side of the diffusing zone and, to a certain extent, stagnates.

The present invention has therefore been developed with this point in mind.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, an extraction device for a gas comprises a diffuser for transmitting a gas through a surface of the diffuser, means for jetting a stream of liquid over the diffuser surface and a deflector configured to return the stream of liquid over the incoming stream of liquid. Preferably, the deflector has a deflecting surface for deflecting the stream of liquid.

According to a second aspect of the invention, a method of treating a gas comprises providing a diffuser, transmitting a gas through a diffusing surface of the diffuser, jetting an incoming stream of liquid over the diffusing surface such that the gas is entrained by the incoming stream and deflecting the incoming stream such that it is returned as a returning stream of liquid over the incoming stream of liquid.

Returning the stream of liquid increases the residence time of the entrained gas in the liquid and results in a greater mixing efficiency with the bubbly region becomes larger in size, optimally covering the whole diffusing area.

The invention therefore maximises the contact area and time between the gas and liquid.

The stream of liquid may not be returned in a direction generally parallel to the incoming stream of liquid, or at an angle thereto, but at least partially in the direction from which the incoming stream came. Optionally, the returning stream follows a path which is downstream from the incoming stream in the direction of gas transmission through the diffusing surface.

Preferably, at least part of the deflector surface is inclined relative to the diffuser surface. In other words, at least part of the deflector surface is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the diffuser surface. The surface therefore guides the stream of liquid to return it in a different direction. The angle of inclination of the deflecting surface relative to the diffuser surface may vary over the length of the deflecting surface. The length of the deflecting surface is defined as being generally in the direction in which liquid flows over the deflecting surface in use.

In one embodiment the deflecting surface may include one or more planar, angled portions. However, preferably the deflecting surface is curved along its length. This enables a gradual change in direction of the stream of liquid.

The stream of liquid can therefore be returned with a minimum loss of pressure. An end of the deflector surface may be generally parallel or at an angle to the diffuser surface to cause the returning stream of liquid to be released from the deflector with a trajectory which is generally parallel or at an angle to the diffuser surface.

The deflector surface may have an outer portion which is axially upstream and radially outwards from an inner portion. The inner portion can form the end.

Optionally, the deflector may comprise an annular flange extending around the means for jetting a stream of liquid. The flange preferably extends continuously around the means for jetting a stream of liquid. Advantageously, the flange is positioned generally opposite (i.e. in substantially the same axial plane as) the means for jetting a stream of liquid. More preferably, the deflector is arranged such that, in use, the stream of liquid is incident on the outer portion, as defined above, of the flange.

The deflector can be mounted on a side wall of the extraction device such that the deflecting surface extends away from the side wall.

The incoming stream of liquid may be jetted generally parallel to the surface of the diffuser. This reduces the potential for gas by-pass, which can significantly reduce the effectiveness of the device or method. This also achieves good entrainment of the gas within the liquid.

The means for jetting a stream of liquid over the surface should preferably provide a spatially continuous, uninterrupted liquid stream covering the whole of the surface of the diffuser through which gas can pass, i.e. the whole of the diffusing zone. For example, the liquid stream may be in the form of a sheet of liquid. In this way, a uniform stream of liquid is obtained across the diffusing zone. The means for jetting the stream of liquid may be a liquid inlet.

The inlet is optionally a nozzle or sprayer, though other suitable liquid dispensers can be used.

The inlet may jet liquid linearly across the diffuser or radially inwardly towards a central point of the diffuser. However, it is preferred that the liquid is directed radially outwardly from the inlet.

Advantageously, the inlet is of a design specifically aimed at creating a COfltinuous jetted sheet of liquid over the whole of the diffusing zone.

Preferably, the inlet comprises a conduit and a generally conical stopper, preferably a curved conical stopper, positioned adjacent the mouth of the conduit so as to create, in use, a radial sheet of liquid. Such an inlet provides a spatially continuous and unbroken sheet of liquid, preventing gas bypass.

The inlet may be generally centrally located over the diffusing zone.

In a preferred embodiment, the diffuser is a plate at least part of which has a plurality of openings or holes extending there-through constituting the diffusing zone. Thus the diffusing zone is that part of the diffuser though which gas can pass, for example by way of holes or openings. The diameter of the holes is typically between 1 mm and 25 mm, and the percentage of the open area can be between 5% and 25% of the plate surface. In a preferred example, the hole diameter is 5 mm and the open area is 15%.

The diffusing zone is surrounded by an impermeable or non-porous region.

Therefore the flow of gas or liquid through the diffuser in that region can be blocked. This can be formed by a part of the plate which has no holes there-through. With this arrangement, when the liquid is jetted over the diffusing zone followed by turbulent mixing to one side of the diffusing zone (i.e. not directly above the diffusing zone), liquid cannot flow back through the diffuser since the region below the turbulent mixing is non-porous. Although the primary purpose of the non-porous region is to prevent the flow of liquid in that region through the diffuser against the flow of gas, it is thought that this may also avoid problems which can arise with some known devices which cause locatised turbulent mixing directly above the diffusing zone, It is thought that localised turbulent mixing directly above the diffusing zone can cause non-uniform pressure over the surface of the diffuser, which can decrease the efficiency of the transfer device.

One or more conduits, such as downcomers can be provided to allow liquid to pass from a downstream side of the diffuser to an upstream side. The height of the opening of the conduits above the diffuser controls the level of the liquid and bubbly region above the diffuser.

The device and method described herein are not limited in their application and may be used in any situation where a transfer is required between a gas and a liquid stream. For example, the device and method can be a transfer device and method respectively. In a preferred embodiment, the device is a scrubbing device for scrubbing an impurity from a gas and the method is a method of scrubbing an impurity from a gas. In certain examples, the impurity is sulphur dioxide and/or the liquid may be seawater.

The device and method can be particularly advantageous in scrubbing an impurity from a combustion engine exhaust gas, especially on a marine vessel. Scrubbing exhaust gases using a pool of water through which the gas is bubbled, as in some prior art techniques used in land based power stations, cannot be used with combustion engines since the depth of water that would be needed to absorb a sufficient percentage of the impurity would cause a significant back-pressure. The magnitude of the back-pressure would damage the turbo-charger from which the exhaust gas is emitted. Also, a fan cannot be used to pressurise turbo-charger systems. Therefore, the low pressure loss obtainable with this system is particularly beneficial in the scrubbing of marine vessel exhaust gases.

Some scrubbing methods used in land based power stations use seawater, typically in the form of mists or sprays, as a scrubbing medium. These processes involve the concomitant use of chemical buffers and/or acid neutralisers to return the pH of the used seawater to a safe level. However, the significant amounts of chemicals needed cannot be stored and carried on marine vessels since space is limited. The present invention, though, has been found to operate successfully with seawater as a scrubbing medium without the use of large quantities of chemicals since seawater is freely available in vast quantities and the device and method of the invention ensure an enhanced contact area and residence time for the gas in the liquid.

The present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a partial cross section through one embodiment of the device; Figure 2 is a plan view of the section of the extraction device shown in Figure 1, and Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a scrubbing system incorporating the extraction device of the present invention.

The extraction device shown in Figure 1 comprises a gas stream inlet I which opens into a region immediately beneath a diffuser plate 9, part of which forms a sump 2 for the liquid stream discussed below. A liquid inlet comprises a central pipe 3 directed downward to a position immediately above the diffuser plate 9 and a curved, conical stopper device 4. The mouth of the pipe 3 and the stopper device 4 form a slot 5, the curved, conical stopper device 4 re-directing the flow of liquid through the slot 5 and horizontally across the diffuser plate. In the embodiment shown, the slot 5 forms a circumferential inlet for the liquid, which may be between 5 and 20 mm in height, according to the pressure and liquid volume flow rate needed to form a continuous sheet of liquid across the diffuser plate.

The diffuser plate 9 contains a plurality of openings or holes 6 through which the gas stream may pass. In the embodiment shown, the holes 6 extend to a point short of the edge of the device, such that a peripheral region 7 of the plate 9 has no holes there-through. The area of the plate which is provided with holes constitutes a diffusing zone. In other words, the diffusing zone is that area of the plate 9 through which gas may pass.

A deflector is provided around the circumference of the diffuser plate 9. The deflector comprises a curved flange 13 which curves inwardly and upwardly away from the sidewall 11, thereby providing a concave surface facing the liquid inlet. An outer end of the flange 13 is connected to the sidewall 11 generally opposite to (i.e. generally in the same axial plane as) the slot 5 of the liquid inlet. The level of inclination of the concave surface of the flange 13 relative to the diffuser plate 9 decreases from the outer end connected to the sidewall 11 to the inner, free end of the flange 13. The surface 14 of the inner, free end is generally parallel to the direction of flow of liquid from the slot 5 of the inlet. Alternatively the surface may be at an angle to the liquid flow direction.

The flange 13 extends continuously around the diffuser plate 9, but slots may be formed therein to accommodate downcomers 15 discussed below with reference to Figure 2.

In use, liquid is passed down the pipe 3 and is redirected by the stopper device 4 such that a stream of liquid is jetted radially outwardly from the slot 5.

The stream of liquid forms a spatially continuous, unbroken sheet of liquid over the whole diffusing zone and therefore over all of the holes 6. In this arrangement, the plate 9 is arranged substantially horizontally and the stream of liquid is also jetted substantially horizontally. In essence, the stream of liquid is jetted substantially parallel to the plate.

An exhaust gas is fed into the system through the gas inlet I and then passes through the holes 6. The jet of liquid which moves rapidly over the holes 6 causes eduction of the exhaust gas, thereby essentially sucking the exhaust gas through the plate 9. This helps to achieve a lower pressure drop across the scrubbing device.

Further, the exhaust gas is entrained in the liquid as the liquid is jetted outwardly. The liquid jet and entrained gas 10 are incident on the outer end of the flange 13. The curvature of the flange 13 causes the jet of liquid to be redirected radially inwardly, back towards the liquid inlet. The returning jet may be parallel or at an angle to the incoming jet and preferably follows a path just above that of the incoming jet. The curved flange 13 causes the redirection of the liquid jet with a minimum loss of pressure.

The entrainment of the gas in the liquid and the redirection of this liquid/gas flow causes mixing of the gas with the liquid which in turn causes bubble formation. Much of the bubble formation occurs around the periphery of the plate 9. However, the bubbly body moves inwardly from the periphery due to the returning flow of liquid. The bubbly body therefore extends generally over all of the diffuser plate 9 and is therefore more evenly distributed. This maintains substantially uniform pressure over the plate 9. Some re-entrainment of this held-up bubble region by the top surface of the returning liquid jet further enhances the mixing process.

Further, returning the jet of liquid enables a significantly longer residence time of the gas in the liquid, thus improving the transfer efficiency. The possibility of gas by-pass is also further reduced.

Further, the mixed liquid-gas flow is prevented from directly flowing into the sump in the outer region by the peripheral, non-porous region 7 of the diffuser plate which has no holes.

Figure 2 shows a partial plan view of the device. The flange 13 is. This view illustrates how the liquid jet is arranged to flow in a radial direction from the inlet to form a continuous sheet 12 above the diffuser plate 9. This incoming liquid jet impinges on the flange and then is returned radially inwards towards the liquid inlet.

Figure 2 also shows the use of a local weir and down-corner 15 that allows the flow of excess liquid from above the diffuser plate and into the sump 2 below. The height of the weir may be set so as to control the height of the liquid layer above the diffuser plate.

The holes 6 in the diffusing zone and the non-porous region 7 can be seen in the cut-away portion shown by dotted lines in Figure 2. The relationship between the shape, size and distribution of the holes 6 in the diffuser plate 9, the volumetric flow rate of liquid sprayed from the inlet 3, and, the flow rate of the gas through the plate 9 are such that, in use, flow of liquid down through the holes 6 is prevented. A sufficient volume and volume flow rate of liquid is maintained above the plate to prevent large volumes of gas flowing freely through the liquid without adequately mixing with it.

For a gas flow of 6000m3 per hour, the plate 9 can have a diameter of 1 m and about 15% can be open, by way of holes. The holes can have a diameter of 5 mm and can be arranged on a 12 mm centre triangular pitch.

The inlets to the holes, in this embodiment, have a 450 chamfer. This arrangement results in a pressure drop across the plate which maximises the gas throughput whilst satisfying other design constraints, such as the avoidance of plate weeping.

The scrubbing device therefore provides a liquid flow rate which is sufficiently high as to cause entrainment of the gas and to allow the formation of a return jet of liquid. There is also turbulent mixing of the gas with the water, for example, around the periphery of the plate 9, such that a bubble domain

S

forms above the plate 9, ensuring that a significant surface area of liquid is available for contact with the exhaust gas.

In this embodiment, though not essential, partition walls may be provided adjacent the plate 9 to improve distribution and prevent sloshing of the liquid over the plate.

The scrubbing device described above can act as an energised gas-liquid mixing device in a scrubbing system such as that shown in Figure 3.

The scrubbing system shown in Figure 3 has an exhaust gas inlet 20 and outlet 21, and three scrubbing devices arranged in series between the inlet and outlet. The inlet 20 passes exhaust gas to a heat exchanger 22 that allows the outlet exhaust gas to be warmed by the inlet gas stream and then to a quenching device 23, which passes gas to a scrubbing device 24, which in turn passes gas to a polishing device 25. A de-mister 26 is arranged down-stream of the polishing device 25, followed by the outlet 21.

The quenching stage 23 includes a nozzle 30 (or other suitable spraying device) arranged to spray the scrubbing liquid into the conduit 31. From its mouth, the width of the conduit decreases in diameter, tapering to a narrow waist, which constitutes a constriction 32. From the constriction 32, the conduit tapers outwardly, thus increasing the diameter of the conduit. The rate of decrease in diameter from the mouth to the constriction is greater than the rate of increase in diameter downstream of the constriction. The increase in diameter of the conduit allows maximum pressure recovery, and the length of the conduit determines the residence time for the mixing process The outlet 33 of the quenching device 23 opens into the sump 2 of the scrubbing device 24 which can be the extraction device described above.

The sump 2 collects used scrubbing liquid from the quenching device 23 as well as from the other stages of the system.

Downstream of the extraction device 24 is the polisher 25. The polisher includes a porous packing comprising, for example, random metallic packing, which is wetted by scrubbing liquid dispensed from a further spray 35. Other suitable materials for the packing are known to those skilled in the art. The polisher 25 can be a conventional polisher known in the art.

Between the polisher 25 and the exhaust gas outlet 21 is the de-mister 26 of conventional construction, such as a Knitted Mesh De-Mister, available from Knitwire Europe Ltd. The de-mister 26 removes scrubbing liquid from the exhaust, thus preventing release into the atmosphere of scrubbing liquid containing impurities.

The exhaust gas inlet 20 and outlet 21 form a heat exchanger to transfer heat from the hot gas entering the scrubbing system to the cooler gas leaving the scrubbing system. The outlet is a conduit running through a larger conduit which acts as the inlet to the system.

S

The extraction device and the scrubbing system can be used with seawater to remove sulphur dioxide from a combustion engine exhaust gas. For example, hot exhaust gas containing sulphur dioxide from a combustion engine enters the scrubbing system through the inlet 20. As the gas passes into the quenching device 23, it is mixed with a spray of seawater. The seawater may be from the sea and may therefore be cold, or it may be from the engine cooling system and so may be already warm. In any case, the seawater is cooler than the hot exhaust gas and thus cools the gas down.

The mixture is caused to accelerate towards the constriction 32 due to the decreasing diameter of the conduit towards the constriction.

The mixing of the gas and seawater during this stage results in contact of the gas with the seawater, and thus absorption of sulphur dioxide from the gas by the water.

The exhaust gas passes from the quenching device 23 to the energised extraction device 24. On entering the sump 34 of the energised extraction device the gas has been cooled, wetted with the seawater and reduced in volume flow rate. The flow and thermal properties can be so arranged that the sump is at a slightly higher pressure than is downstream of the energised extraction device 24 which, with the entrainment action of the sheet of liquid seawater above the diffuser plate as described above, ensures the flow of gas through this part of the system.

When gas is released from the bubbly region within the energised extraction device as described above, it passes into and through the wetted packing of the polisher 25 where it encounters more seawater and therefore additional sulphur dioxide is absorbed.

After the polisher 25, the gas passes through the de-mister 26 and into the exhaust gas outlet 21. Seawater is blocked from passing into the outlet 21 by the de-mister 26.

Exhaust gas in the outlet 21 is heated by the hot exhaust gas entering the scrubbing system through the inlet 20, thus preventing condensation forming in the exhaust and minimising the formation of an exhaust plume.

About 50% of the sulphur dioxide is absorbed in the quenching device 23; after the energised extraction device 24 about 90% has been absorbed; and after the polishing device 25 about 95% has been absorbed by the scrubbing system.

The scrubbing devices, particularly the quenching 23 and energised extraction 24 devices, also act to remove particulate material from the exhaust gas, since the particulates become entrained in the seawater.

Variations of the specific example described above can be contemplated, such as by providing two quenching devices in series or in parallel in the gas stream, and/or two bubbling devices may be provided in series or in parallel in the gas stream. More than one scrubbing system may be combined, to increase scrubbing capacity. More than one nozzle may be used to spray the seawater during the different stages, or different spraying devices may be used.

The specific examples have been described with reference to the removal of sulphur dioxide from a combustion engine exhaust gas using seawater. The apparatus may, however, be used to remove other impurities in other applications using other suitable liquids into which the impurity can be absorbed. The impurities can be soluble in and/or reactive with the liquid.

Other chemicals may be used in combination with the liquid. Also, the device and method may be another form of extraction or transfer device and method respectively, such as a gas stripping or dehumidification device and method.

The overall geometry of the devices may be of any section, such as circular, rectangular or others, as best suits the layout of the space available and the flow behaviour of the liquid stream. Materials of construction suitable for use with the gases and liquids involved in the process are known to the skilled artisan.

Claims

S CLAIMS

1. An extraction device for a gas comprising a diffuser for transmitting a gas through a surface of the diffuser, means for jetting a stream of liquid over the diffuser surface and a deflector having a surface for deflecting the stream of liquid, the deflector being configured to return the stream of liquid over the incoming stream of liquid.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein at least part of the deflector surface is inclined relative to the diffuser surface.

3. The device of claim I or claim 2, wherein at least part of the deflector surface is generally parallel to the diffuser surface.

4. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the angle of inclination of the deflecting surface relative to the diffuser surface varies over the length of the deflecting surface.

5. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the deflecting surfaceiscurved.

6. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the deflector comprises an annular flange extending around the means for jetting a stream of liquid.

7. The device of claim 6, wherein the flange is mounted on and extends away from a side wall of the extraction device.

8. A method of treating a gas comprising providing a diffuser, transmitting a gas through a diffusing surface of the diffuser, jetting an incoming stream of liquid over the diffusing surface such that the gas is entrained by the incoming stream and deflecting the incoming stream such that it is returned as a returning stream of liquid over the incoming stream of liquid.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the returning stream follows a path which is downstream from the incoming stream in the direction of gas transmission through the diffusing surface.

10. The method of claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the deflecting step is carried out by providing a deflector having a deflecting surface for deflecting the incoming stream, the incoming stream following the deflecting surface so as to be returned as the returning stream.

11. The method of claim 10, using the extraction device of any one of claims 1 to 7.

12. An extraction device substantially as described herein or shown in any of the accompanying drawings.

13. A method of treating a gas substantially as described herein or shown in any of the accompanying drawings.