GB1596894A

GB1596894A - Tubular heat exchange panel

Info

Publication number: GB1596894A
Application number: GB15003/78A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Olin Corp
Current assignee: Olin Corp
Priority date: 1978-04-17
Filing date: 1978-04-17
Publication date: 1981-09-03

Description

(54) TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGE PANEL (71) We, OLIN CORPORATION, a corporation organised and existing under the laws of the State of Virginia, of 427, North Shamrock Street, East Alton, Illinois 62024, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The present invention relates to metal panels having a system of internal tubular pasageways disposed between spaced apart portions of the thickness of the panel. Said panel possess utility in heat exchange applications wherein a heat exchange medium is circulated through said passageways.A particular application of said panels resides in devices utilizing solar energy, and specifically, solar energy absorbing devices for elevating fluid temperature.

It is well known that the radiation of the sun can be collected as a source of energy for heating or cooling or for direct conversion to electricity. Heating and cooling depend upon collection of rays of solar energy in a fluid heat transfer system. The heated fluid is pumped or allowed to flow to a place of utilization for the thermal energy it has acquired.

In certain areas of the world, solar energy is the most abundant form of available energy if it could be harnessed economicaly. Even in more developed areas of the world, the economic harnessing of solar energy would provide an attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels for energy generation.

One of the problems attending the development of an efficient system for the conversion of solar energy resides with the structure and design of the solar energy absorbing device, or solar collector. This solar collector generally comprises a rectangular plate-like structure possessing channels or passageways for the circulation of the energy absorbing fluid medium. Conventionaly, these panels have comprised a pair of opposed expanded passageways, known as headers, which are placed at opposite ends of the panel, and are connected by a plurality of tubular passageways which are often in parallel relation with respect to each other. The passageways, as well as the headers themselves, have generally been disposed at right angles with respect to each other and in parallel relation with respect to the horizontal and vertical dimensions, respectively, of the panel.

The aforementioned configuration suffers from certain deficiences, in that fluid flow tends to encounter pockets of stagnation which cut down on the efficient circulation of solar energy. Further as a partial result of the turbulent operating conditions attending heat exchange applications, various entrained gases tend to collect in the passageways, with the result that air locks which greatly inhibit flow and reduce the maximum fluid circulation capacity of the panel are often formed. Such difficulties as reduced fluid velocity, nonuniform flow and excessive pressure drop have been characterized as resulting from the inefficiencies of such prior art designs. It is, therefore, toward the alleviation of the above difficulties that the present invention is directed.

In accordance with the present invention, a heat exchanger is provided which exhibits improved operating efficiency and particular utility in solar energy applications.

The panel of the present invention comprises an array of tubular passageways for a fluid heat exchange medium, said array comprising at least three headers extending longitudinally of the panel, at leat two of those headers extending substantially the whole length of the panel and the third header being located between said at least two headers, a first connecting header located at said one end of the panel, said connecting header extending transversely across the panel and interconnecting said at least three headers at said one end, a second connecting header extending transversely across the panel adjacent said other end and interconnecting said at least two headers, a plurality of transverse passageways spaced along the length of the panel on opposite sides of the third header and interconnecting said at least two headers to said third header at intervals along their length, and inlet and outlet connections extending from said connecting headers to an adjacent edge of the panel for feeding said fluid heat exchange medium therethrough. Preferably said third header extends only part way along the length of the panel from said one end and stops short of said second connecting header.

In the preferred embodiments of this invention the at least two longitudinally extending headers are essentially triangular in shape, that is to say they have a width which gradually increases along the length of the panel, whilst the third, shorter header, located between the other two correspondingly tapers in the opposite direction.

The panel of the present invention may possess a wide variation in the configuration of the fluid distributing pattern to account for variations in size and utility of the particular panel to be prepared. Thus, the panel of the present invention may employ connecting portions disposed at an angle of at least 91" with respect to the longitudinal dimension of the panel to assist in fluid flow. Also, the headers of the present invention may be provided with bonded portions to assist in fluid distribution and to enhance structural stability and resistance to rupture under pressure. Generally, as is conventional in the art the panels will be painted black to increase absorption of solar energy.

Thus panels of the present invention are characteristically provided with a sysem of parallel headers connected by foreshortened connecting portions which greatly facilitate flow efficiency and heat exchange.

The panels may be employed in either the horizontal or the vertical plane whereby fluid entering the panels is under pressure developed by a circulating pump or the like, and in the instance of vertical installation, additionally by the force of gravity.

The fluid is split within the panel into a plurality of channels through which it passes to effect the heat exchange phenomenon.

A problem which has arisen in this arrangement results from the turbulence of fluid movement through the panel which results in a pressure drop between the headers and the connecting portions thereof. This pressure drop causes air pockets to form and tends to impede the movement of fluid.

This further results in a reduction in fluid flow and velocity which deleteriously affects the efficiency of the panel. The provision of a panel employing a plurality of longitudinally extended headers in combination with connecting passageways of reduced length in accordance with the present invention is believed to cure the aforenoted deficiencies.

The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a diagram showing schematically the manner in which the panels of the present invention can be employed.

Figure 2 is a perspective view of a sheet of metal having a pattern of weld-inhibiting material applied to a surface thereof.

Figure 3 is a perspective view of a composite metal blank wherein a second sheet of metal is superimposed on the sheet of metal shown in Figure 2 with the pattern of weld-inhibiting material sandwiched therebetween.

Figure 4 is a schematic perspective view showing the sheets of Figure 3 being welded together while passing through a pair of mill rolls.

Figure 5 is a top view showing a panel according to the present invention having internal tubular passageways disposed between spaced apart portions of the thickness of the panel in the areas of the weldinhibiting material.

Figure 6 is a sectional view taken along lines 6-6 of Figure 5.

Figure 7 is an alternate view showing a variation in the tube configuration similar to the view of Figure 6.

Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11 are top views showing alternate embodiments of the present invention.

Referring to the drawings, the panels of the present invention are preferably utilized in a solar heating system as shown in Figure 1 wherein a plurality of panels of the present invention 10 are mounted on roof 11 of building 12 with conduits 13 and 14 connected in any convenient fashion to the equipment in the building, with the connections not shown. Thus, for example, cold water may go into conduit 13 from the building 12 by means of a conventional pump or the like. The water flows along common manifold 13a and is distributed into panels 10. The water flows through panels 10, is heated by means of solar energy, is collected in common manifold 14a and flows into conduit 14. The heated water is then stored or utilized in a heat exchange system inside the building in a known manner. Naturally, if desired, the water flow may be reversed with the cold water entering via conduit 14 and collected via conduit 13. Alternatively, the solar heating unit of the present invention may be used or placed in any suitable environment, such as on the ground with suitable fasteners to prevent displacement by wind or gravity. The solar heating unit of the present invention may be used for residential heating purposes, such as in providing hot water in a residential environment. For example, three panels of the present invention having dimensions of 8 feet x 4 feet would efficiently supply an average household of four with hot water for home use. Alternatively, the solar panels of the present invention may be conveniently used for heating water for swimming pools or for preheating water for domestic gas or oil fired domestic hot water heaters.The fluid is preferably retained in a closed system with the water in the system heated in the solar unit and delivered into an insulated cistern or container so that the heated fluid may be stored up during sunshine for use on cool cloudy days or at night when the heating of the fluid in the panel will not be of sufficient degree to provide the desired heat at the point of use.

A thermostat not shown in desirably installed at the top of the solar heater and this thermostat may be set to turn on a circulating pump whenever the temperature reaches a predetermined reading. The pump will then pump the water through the system as generally outlined above.

As indicated above, the present invention contemplates a particularly preferred panel design for optimum efficiency in a solar heating system as described above. The metal panel or plate of the present invention is desirably fabricated by the ROLL-BOND < R) process as shown in U.S.

Patent 2,690,002. Figure 2 illustrates a single sheet of metal 20 as aluminum or copper or alloys thereof, having applied to a clean surface 21 thereof a pattern of weld-inhibiting material 22 corresponding to the ultimate desired passageway system.

Figure 3 shows the sheet 20 having superimposed thereon a second sheet 23 with a pattern of weld-inhibiting material 22 sandwiched between the units. The units 20 and 23 are tacked together as by support welds 24 to prevent relative movement between the sheets as they are subsequently welded together as shown in Figure 4 by passing through a pair of mill rolls 25 to form welded blank 26. It is normally necessary that the sheets 20 and 23 be heated prior to passing through the mill rolls to assure that they weld to each other in keeping with techniques well known in the rolling art.

The resultant blank 26 is characterized by the sheets 20 and 23 being welded together except at the area of the weldinhibiting material 22. The blank 26 with the unjoined inner portion corresponding to the pattern of weld-inhibiting material 22 may then be softened in any appropriate manner as by annealing, and thereafter the blank may be cold rolled to provide a more even thickness and again annealed.

The portions of the panel adjacent the weld-inhibiting material 22 are then inflated by the introduction of fluid distending pressure, such as with air or water, in a manner known in the art to form a system of internal tubular passageways 30 corresponding to the pattern of weldinhibiting material, as shown in Figure 5.

The passageway 30 extends internally within panel 10 and are disposed between spaced apart portions of the thickness of said panel. Thus, panel 10 comprises a hollow sheet metal panel or plate having a system of fluid passageways 30 for a heat exchange medium extending internally therein. If the passageways are inflated by the introduction of fluid distending pressure between flat die platens, the resultant passageways have a flat topped configuration 31 as shown in Figure 6. If, on the other hand, passageways 30 are formed without the presence of superimposed platens, the resultant passageway configuration has a semicircular shape 32 as shown in Figure 7.

As shown in Figure 5, the passageways 30 include a plurality of headers comprising inlet header 33 and outlet headers 34, all of which are longitudinally extended to substantially the length of panel 10. At one end of panel 10, generally rectangular, transversely extending connecting header 35 is provided which links up headers 33 and 34. In addition, headers 33 and 34 are connected by connecting portions 36, comprising a plurality of relatively short tubular passageways extending in a direction substantially transverse to the longitudinally extended headers.Preferably, connecting portions 36 are provided as a plurality of spaced, parallel individual tubes running between header 33 and headers 34, which provide the optimum situs for the heat exchange phenomenon, Also, passageways 30 include entry portion 37 and exit portion 38 extending, respectively, and in opposite direction to each other, from the inlet header 33 and connecting header 35, to provide ingress and egress openings for the heat exchange medium.

In accordance with the present invention as illustrated in Figure 5, headers 33 and 34 are generally triangular in shape and are situated respecting each other whereby the inlet header 33 and the outlet headers 34 possess respective areas of the greatest width at opposite ends of panel 10. The relationship of the configurations of headers 33 and 34 has been found to enhance uniformity of fluid flow, as the differential in velocity of flow between the area of header 33 adjacent the entry portion and the area furthest therefrom is provided for by the reduction in header size at the - furthest point. Likewise, the differential in flow experienced in outlet headers 34 is compensated for by the corresponding differential in header width as fluid builds up to exit the panel.The problem of pressure drop has been dealt with by the provision of connecting portions 36 which are foreshortened in relation to headers 33 and 34, as it is believed that the employment of said connecting portions in lengths exceeding those of the corresponding header structures contributed to a differential in fluid pressures. Thus, connecting portions 36, though not specifically limited to a particular dimension, are generally provided in lengths substantially less than that of the longitudinal dimensions of header structures 33 and 34. The residence time of fluid within connecting portions 36 is thus drastically reduced, and the opportunity for pressure drop to occur is correspondingly diminished. Fluid thus draining from headers 33 and 34 is able to flow evenly into connecting header 35 where it is transferred out of panel 10 through exit portion 38.

As can be appreciated, the present invention is broadly applicable in a wide variety of designs embodying various modifications to suit the application of the panel.

Thus, for example, Figure 8 depicts a panel 40 which employs substantially the same arrangement of headers as set forth in Figure 5, with the exception of the provision of connecting portions 41 in a direction slightly inclined toward the direction of fluid flow in the horizontal dimension of panel 40. Specifically, connecting por tions 41 may be provided to define an angle of at least 910 as measured in the direction of fluid flow with respect to the longitudinal dimension of panel 40. Connecting portions 41 are inclined at an angle of at least 91", and preferably 92 to 1000, measured with respect to the longitudinal dimension of the panel.Though this disposition of the connecting portions is illustrated herein, it is not obligatory and does not form a limitation on the scope of the present invention, as connecting portions may be employed at right angles to the longitudinal dimensions of the panel. The primary feature of the present invention is rather the disposition of the various header structures in the longitudinal dimension in association with the foreshortened connecting portions, as illustrated in Figure 5, to improve fluid distribution and flow.

A further modification useful in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in Figure 9. in this figure, panel 50 is provided which is substantially identical in configuration to panel 10 illustrated in Figure 5, with the addition of a plurality of bonded portions 51 located intermittently in inlet header 52 and outlet headers 53.

Bonded portions 51 are provided to interrupt the direction of flow through the header and to reduce the adverse effects of excess turbulence. Also bonded portions 51 provide additional strength and structural integrity to headers 52 and 53 which increases their resistance to rupture under pressure during the employment of panel 50 in a heat exchange system. Though illustrated as essentially circular islands, bonded portions 51 may be provided in a wide variety of shapes, such as parallel elongated structures defining internal channels, not shown, which would further serve to assist in directing fluid flow within the headers. The foregoing is illustrative of a wide variety of modifications which can be made to the bonded portions 51 within the scope of the invention as claimed, and the invention should not be construed as limited thereby.

Referring now to Figure 10, an alternate embodiment employing essentially the basic structure of the present invention is illustrated. Panel 60 can be seen to be of substantially identical configuration to that of panel 10 in Figure 5, with the exception that two inlet headers 61, each possessing entry portions 62 are provided which correspond to outlet headers 34 of panel 10.

Fluid thus may enter from two locations into headers 61 where it will pass through foreshortened connecting portions 62 to collect within centrally located outlet header 63. Outlet header 63 is identical in configuration to inlet header 33 shown in Figure 5, and headers 61 and 63 are illustrated as of essentially triangular shape with their areas of greatest width located at opposite ends of panel 60. Fluid draining into outlet header 63 passes out of panel 60 through exit portion 64 corresponding to entry portion 37 in Figure 5. Similarly to Figure 5, a connecting header 65 is provided between headers 61 adjacent entry portions 62 and serves to even out the flow of incoming heat exchange fluid, in the event, for example, that the flow through one of ports 62 exceeds that of the other. The panel of Figure 10 may be modified by the provision of inclined connecting portions 62 and the inclusion within headers 61 and 63 of a plurality of bonded portions, as disclosed and discussed above with respect to Figures 8 and 9.

Figure 11 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention wherein the panel 70 comprises a fluid distribution pattern defined by the placement of the pattern of the present invention as illustrated in Figure 5 in an abutting relationship to itself. Thus, panel 70 comprises a centrally located header 71 serving as the inlet header for heat exchange fluid which is substantially identical in displacement and configuration to header 33 of Figure 5. Fluid entering header 71 through entry portion 72 is then directed through a plurality of bonded portion 73 which extend essentially transversely to communicate headers 74. Lateral headers 74 are likewise with lateral headers 74. Lateral headers 74 are likewise extensions of headers 34 by the provision of identical structure in abuttment thereto.Headers 74, like header 71 are essentially triangular in shape, however, unlike header 71, possess their area of greatest width at a location approximately intermediate their length. Fluid collecting within headers 74 is then directed through connecting portions 73 which flow into central outlet header 75 bearing identical configuration to inlet header 71. Both headers 71 and 75 are identical in shape to header 33 in Figure ' and are thus essentially triangular structures. Fluid collecting in header 75 is then permitted to leave panel 70 through exit portion 76, which corresponds in configuration and size to entry portion 72. As can be seen from the Figure, the embodiment of panel 70 does not possess a transversely extending rectangular connecting header, as no utility for such a structure exists within the context of this panel configuration.

It should be noted that in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present invention, the connecting portions of the fluid passageways have been illustrated in parallel, spaced apart relationship to each other.

This configuration is preferred but is not obligatory, as connecting portions may be employed which may vary somewhat in size, width, and direction provided that a transverse passageway is established for fluid flow between the headers.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: - 1. A metal heat exchange panel having defined therein an array of tubular passageways for the passage therethrough of a fluid heat exchange medium, wherein said array comprises at least three headers extending longitudinally of the panel, at least two of those headers extending substantially the whole length of the panel and the third header being located between said at least two headers a first connecting header located at one end of the panel, said connecting header extending transversely across the panel and interconnecting said at least three headers at said one end, a second connecting header extending transversely across the panel adjacent said other end and interconnecting said at least two headers, a plurality of transverse passageways spaced along the length of the panel on opposite sides of said third header and interconnecting said at least two headers to said third header at intervals along their length, and inlet and outlet connectiions extending from said connecting headers to an adjacent edge of the panel for feeding said fluid heat exchange medium therethrough.

2. A panel according to claim 1, wherein said longitudinally extending headers have a gradually increasing width along the length of the panel.

3. A panel according to claim 2, wherein the said at least two longitudinal headers have a width which gradually increases along the length of the panel from said one end to the other and said third header has a width which gradually increases in the opposite direction.

4. A heat exchange panel according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said third header extends only part way along the length of the panel from said one end and stops short of said second connecting header.

5. A panel according to claim 4, wherein the said at least two longitudinal headers have a width which gradually increases along the length of the panel from said one end to approximately the mid-point of the panel and which gradually diminishes from said mid-point to said other end of the panel, said third header has length stopping short of said mid-point and a width which gradually diminishes from said one end towards said mid-point, and wherein a fourth header is provided extending longitudinally from said other end of the panel towards, but stopping short of said midpoint, and a width which gradually increases from said mid-point towards the said other end, said fourth header lying between said at least two longitudinal headers and being connected thereto by said transverse passageways and being connected also at said other end to said second connecting header.

6. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said longitudinal headers have a plurality of island-like bonded portions therein which provide interruption to the direct flow of said heat exchange medium therethrough.

7. A panel according to claim 6, wherein said bonded portions are circular.

8. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the transverse passageways are at an angle of at least 91" to the longitudinal axis of the panel.

9. A panel according to claim 8, wherein said transverse passageways are at an angle of from 92" to 100" to the longitudinal axis of the panel.

10. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the inlet and outlet connections to the connecting headers are centrally located.

11. A panel according to any one of

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. inlet header for heat exchange fluid which is substantially identical in displacement and configuration to header 33 of Figure 5. Fluid entering header 71 through entry portion 72 is then directed through a plurality of bonded portion 73 which extend essentially transversely to communicate headers 74. Lateral headers 74 are likewise with lateral headers 74. Lateral headers 74 are likewise extensions of headers 34 by the provision of identical structure in abuttment thereto. Headers 74, like header 71 are essentially triangular in shape, however, unlike header 71, possess their area of greatest width at a location approximately intermediate their length.Fluid collecting within headers 74 is then directed through connecting portions 73 which flow into central outlet header 75 bearing identical configuration to inlet header 71. Both headers 71 and 75 are identical in shape to header 33 in Figure ' and are thus essentially triangular structures. Fluid collecting in header 75 is then permitted to leave panel 70 through exit portion 76, which corresponds in configuration and size to entry portion 72. As can be seen from the Figure, the embodiment of panel 70 does not possess a transversely extending rectangular connecting header, as no utility for such a structure exists within the context of this panel configuration. It should be noted that in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present invention, the connecting portions of the fluid passageways have been illustrated in parallel, spaced apart relationship to each other. This configuration is preferred but is not obligatory, as connecting portions may be employed which may vary somewhat in size, width, and direction provided that a transverse passageway is established for fluid flow between the headers. WHAT WE CLAIM IS: -

1. A metal heat exchange panel having defined therein an array of tubular passageways for the passage therethrough of a fluid heat exchange medium, wherein said array comprises at least three headers extending longitudinally of the panel, at least two of those headers extending substantially the whole length of the panel and the third header being located between said at least two headers a first connecting header located at one end of the panel, said connecting header extending transversely across the panel and interconnecting said at least three headers at said one end, a second connecting header extending transversely across the panel adjacent said other end and interconnecting said at least two headers, a plurality of transverse passageways spaced along the length of the panel on opposite sides of said third header and interconnecting said at least two headers to said third header at intervals along their length, and inlet and outlet connectiions extending from said connecting headers to an adjacent edge of the panel for feeding said fluid heat exchange medium therethrough.

7. A panel according to claim 6, wherein said bonded portions are circular.

11. A panel according to any one of

claims 1-9, comprising a single central inlet (or outlet) connection communicating with said first connecting header and two outlet (or inlet) connections communicating with said second connecting header adjacent the opposite longitudinal edges of the panel.

12. A panel according to claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

13. A solar heating sysem comprising one or more heat exchange panels as claimed in any one of the proceeding claims and means for circulating a fluid heat exchange medium therethrough.