FR3063083A1 - COMBUSTIBLE COMPOSITION, METHOD OF MANUFACTURE AND USE - Google Patents

Abstract

A fuel composition comprising a solidified matrix and a combustible charge incorporated in said solidified matrix, said solidified matrix being a crosslinked oil obtained by crosslinking an oil comprising unsaturated aliphatic chain residues.

Description

Holder (s): RENIVES 1 UNIVERSITY, HIGHER NATIONAL SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY OF RENNES.

Extension request (s)

Agent (s): CABINET PATRICE VIDON.

($ 4) FUEL COMPOSITION, METHOD OF MANUFACTURE AND USE.

(57) Combustible composition comprising a solidified matrix and a combustible charge incorporated into said solidified matrix, said solidified matrix being a crosslinked oil obtained by crosslinking of an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains.

FR 3 063 083 - A1

Combustible composition, manufacturing process and use

1. Field of the invention

The field of the invention is that of combustible compositions.

More precisely, the present invention relates to a combustible composition comprising a combustible matrix and a charge incorporated in the combustible matrix as well as to a manufacturing method. The combustible composition according to the present invention is more particularly suitable for use as a solid fire starter, in particular for igniting charcoal, firewood, stove pellets, or as a fuel suitable for flat heating systems, like caquelons, etc.

2. Prior art

A fuel is a material which, in the presence of oxygen and energy, can combine with oxygen in a combustion reaction to generate heat.

A general distinction is made between solid fuels, liquid fuels and gaseous fuels. Examples of commonly used solid fuels are wood, peat, hard coal, charcoal, hard coal and peat charcoal.

These fuels have the advantage of burning slowly but generally have a fairly high ignition point. Examples of commonly used liquid fuels are ethanol, isopropanol, methyl / ethyl esters of vegetable oil (biodiesel) or liquid hydrocarbons such as kerosene. These fuels are volatile and have a very low ignition point than that of the solid fuels mentioned above.

A fire starter is an easily flammable preparation designed to initiate the combustion of fuels that have a high flash point. Solid fire starters are generally recommended compared to liquid fire starters because they are considered less dangerous, and in particular to avoid the risk of flashback.

It is known from the prior art, solid fire starters based on kerosene: they are formed mainly of kerosene, typically up to 70 to 85% by weight, and of a binder such as for example a urea-formaldehyde resin . Kerosene is a highly flammable liquid fuel, with an auto-ignition temperature of 220 ° C. However, the use of kerosene has many drawbacks, in particular due to its volatility and its fairly low flash point, with a temperature between 49 ° C. and 55 ° C. Kerosene-based fire starters should be stored away from ambient air. Kerosene vapors rapidly spreading in the area around the fire starter, cause an increased risk of burns during ignition and are also responsible for a strong smell of hydrocarbons. In addition, kerosene burns very quickly, making kerosene-based fire starters sometimes ineffective in starting a fire because much of the heat generated is lost. In addition, too rapid and incomplete combustion of the fire starter leads to the production of soot. Finally, since kerosene comes from petroleum, it constitutes a non-renewable resource.

It is also known from the prior art of so-called “natural” fire starters. Among the natural fire starters are fire starters based on plants or compressed wood. They are mostly composed of 50% of compressed plant or wood residues (fibers, sawdust, shavings) and 50% of paraffin, waxes or vegetable oils, in particular rapeseed oil. Among the natural fire starters are also fire starters based on plants or uncompressed wood. These include softwood sticks, wood chips or wood fibers in the form of balls.

Natural fire starters have the advantage of being at least partially bio-based and of not generating unpleasant odors or toxic fumes during their combustion.

However, they have several drawbacks: a first drawback is that they have limited effectiveness for lighting a fire since they burn up quickly enough without sometimes generating enough heat. A second drawback is that they cannot generally be kept in the ambient air for long periods of time: in fact, fire starters based on plants or on uncompressed wood are very sensitive to humidity; fire starters based on plants or compressed wood can ooze if they are kept too long, especially in hot weather. A third drawback, in particular for fire starters based on plants or compressed wood, which include 50% paraffin, waxes or vegetable oils, is that they tend to flow in the form of drops when burned. . This dripping phenomenon is not desired for reasons of security and energy efficiency.

It will also be noted, among the drawbacks of bio-sourced fire starters of the prior art, the fact that they are brittle and difficult to fragment in order to use the desired quantity. They also mostly have an unpleasant fatty touch.

3. Objectives of the invention

The present invention aims to provide a fuel composition alternative to those of the prior art cited above and which overcomes at least some of its drawbacks.

An object of the invention is to provide a combustible composition which is easily flammable.

Another object of the invention is to provide a combustible composition which is safe to use, in particular making it possible to reduce the risk of burns.

Another object of the invention is to provide a combustible composition which can be stored for a prolonged period, including in the open air.

Another object of the invention is to provide a combustible composition which, when consumed, does not generate any toxic odors or fumes.

Another object of the invention is, at least according to certain embodiments of the invention, to provide a combustible composition which is capable of slow combustion.

Another objective of the invention is to propose, at least according to certain embodiments of the invention, a combustible composition which does not flow during combustion.

Another objective of the invention is to propose, at least according to certain embodiments of the invention, a combustible composition which is partially or entirely biobased.

Another objective of the invention is to propose, at least according to certain embodiments of the invention, a combustible composition which has a low cost price.

Another object of the invention is to provide a process for preparing a combustible composition according to the invention.

4. Statement of the invention

The present invention relates to a combustible composition comprising a solidified matrix and a combustible charge incorporated into said solidified matrix, said solidified matrix being a crosslinked oil obtained by crosslinking of an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains.

The inventors of the present invention have come to realize that a crosslinked oil obtained by crosslinking an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains could constitute a solid fuel with advantageous properties. Indeed, the inventors have demonstrated that a crosslinked oil is easily flammable and emits little or no toxic vapors during its combustion. The inventors then had the idea of proposing a combustible composition comprising such a crosslinked oil and a combustible charge incorporated in the crosslinked oil. The crosslinked oil, forming the solidified matrix, in particular allows an easier ignition of the combustible composition. The fuel charge makes it possible in particular to modulate the rate of combustion and / or the calorific value of the fuel composition. The composition of the present invention is not volatile and stable even in a hot and humid environment: it can be stored in the open air and the risk of burns when starting a fire is reduced.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “combustible” composition means any composition which has the property of entering into combustion and of giving off usable heat.

The term “highly flammable” substance means a substance which can easily ignite in the presence of an ignition source at ambient temperature and pressure.

By "ambient temperature" is meant a temperature between 15 ° C and 35 ° C.

The term “ambient pressure” means a pressure of the order of 1.10 ⁵ Pa.

The term "unsaturated aliphatic chain" means an acyclic or cyclic, linear or branched carbon chain comprising at least one unsaturation.

The term “residue” means a portion, and in particular a large portion of a molecule. By way of example, the substituent (9Z, 12Z) octadeca-9,12-dienyl is considered to be an unsaturated aliphatic chain residue for the molecule of linoleic acid.

The term “crosslinking” is understood to mean a step which makes it possible to obtain a three-dimensional network by forming new chemical bonds between (macro) molecules. Crosslinking allows the oil to solidify into a solidified matrix.

According to a preferred characteristic of the invention, said oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains comprises triglycerides of formula (I):

H ₂ CO-CO-R.!

HC- ₀ -CO-R ₂ . h ₂ c__ ₀ __ _c0 _ ^ ô ₃ '(D, where the radicals R _i; R ₂ and R ₃ represent, each independently, carbon fatty acid chains, and where at least one of the radicals R _i; R ₂ and R ₃ have at least one unsaturation.

Triglycerides of formula (I) are naturally present in vegetable and animal oils. Said oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains can therefore advantageously be biobased.

According to another preferred characteristic of the invention, said crosslinked oil is a polyester or a polyurethane.

A polyester or a polyurethane can be obtained by a process comprising successively:

a step of epoxidizing the unsaturated aliphatic chains of said oil to form epoxidized compounds;

a step of adding a crosslinking agent comprising at least two nucleophilic groups.

According to a particular embodiment, said crosslinked oil is a polyester.

Advantageously, said crosslinking agent is a polycarboxylic acid, that is to say an acid comprising more than one carboxyl function. The crosslinking agent can in particular be a di- or tri-carboxylic acid. The advantage of di- or tri-carboxylic acids is that they are generally not toxic, unlike the anhydride compounds derived from these acids. In addition, some of them have the advantage of being able to be biobased, such as for example citric acid.

According to another preferred characteristic of the invention, said combustible charge is a solid combustible charge. The term “solid” fuel is understood to mean a fuel which is in the solid state at ambient temperature and pressure. A solid fuel charge has the advantage of not being volatile and of being able to burn slowly, in particular by total combustion. Thus, the incorporation of solid fuel charge into the solidified matrix makes it possible to extend the combustion time of the fuel composition.

Advantageously, said fuel charge comes from lignocellulosic biomass. The term “lignocellulosic biomass” is understood to mean any living organism comprising lignin, hemicellulose and / or cellulose. Lignocellulosic biomass has the advantage of being a generally inexpensive and biobased resource, therefore renewable.

Said combustible composition can comprise from 1% to 90% by mass of solid fuel charge relative to the total weight of said composition. This makes it possible in particular to ensure slow combustion of the combustible composition according to the present invention while maintaining a sufficient flame to cause the ignition of any other solid combustible material in the vicinity, such as wood, coal or stove pellets. Preferably, the composition comprises from 5 to 60% by mass of solid fuel charge relative to the total weight of said composition. Extremely preferably, the composition comprises from 10% to 25% by mass of solid fuel charge relative to the total weight of said composition. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises from 12.5% to 25% by mass of solid fuel charge relative to the total weight of said composition.

The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a combustible composition from an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains. The process successively comprises:

a step of epoxidizing the unsaturated aliphatic chains of the oil to form an epoxidized oil;

- a step of adding a combustible charge to the epoxidized oil;

a step of crosslinking the epoxidized oil with a crosslinking agent to form a solidified matrix.

This process makes it possible to easily obtain a combustible composition comprising a combustible charge homogeneously incorporated into a solidified matrix. Usual chemical reactions, well mastered by the skilled person, are used.

The present invention also relates to the use as a fire starter of a combustible composition comprising a solidified matrix and a combustible charge incorporated in the solidified matrix, the solidified matrix being a crosslinked oil obtained by crosslinking of an oil comprising chain residues unsaturated aliphatics.

5. Detailed description of the invention

The combustible composition according to the present invention comprises a solidified matrix and a combustible charge incorporated into said solidified matrix, said solidified matrix being a crosslinked oil obtained by crosslinking of an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains. The combustible composition can be stored in the open air and the risk of burns when starting a fire is reduced.

The solidified matrix is easily flammable and emits little or no toxic vapors during combustion. The heat produced during the combustion of the solidified matrix is sufficient to allow the ignition of the fuel charge.

The oil, used to implement the solidified matrix, comprises residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains. The oil can be an oil of mineral origin, an oil of vegetable origin, an oil of animal origin, or a mixture thereof. The oil can in particular be an oil of plant origin, an oil of animal origin, or a mixture thereof. In this case, the oil is biobased, therefore from a renewable resource. The oil can in particular be of vegetable origin.

The oil preferably comprises triglycerides of formula (I):

H ₂ CO-CO-R ₁

HC- ₀ -CQ-R ₂ h ₂ c —— o — co — r ₃ (D, where the radicals R _i; R ₂ and R ₃ represent, each independently, carbon fatty acid chains, and where at least one of the radicals R _i; R ₂ and R ₃ have at least one unsaturation.

A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can in particular be natural fatty acids, having a carbon chain of 4 to 36 carbon atoms. Examples of saturated natural fatty acids, that is to say not presenting unsaturation, are: caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid and cerotic acid. Examples of natural unsaturated fatty acids, that is to say having at least one unsaturation, are: myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, erucic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, acid elaïdique, trans-vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, Iinolélaïdique acid, a-linolenic acid, y-linolenic acid, dihomo-y-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, acid eicosapentaenoic acid, clupanodonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid.

The oil advantageously has an average number of unsaturations by triglycerides greater than 2.

The crosslinked oil is preferably a polyester or a polyurethane. Methods for obtaining polyesters obtained by crosslinking of an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains are known from the prior art: a polyester obtained by crosslinking of epoxidized Jatropha oil is known, for example with a solution of citric acid (Gogoi, P .; Boruah, M .; Sharma, S .; Dolui, SK Blends of Epoxidized Alkyd Resins Based on Jatropha Oil and the Epoxidized Oil Cured with Aqueous Citric Acid Solution: A Green Technology Approach ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2015, 3, 261-268), a polyester obtained by crosslinking an epoxidized broccoli oil with dicarboxylic acids (Gobin, M .; Loulergue, P .; Audic, J.-L .; Lemiègre, L. Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Based Polyester Materials from Vegetable Oil and Short to Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acids. Industrial Crops and Products 2015, 70, 213-220), a polyester obtained by the crosslinking of soybean oil , epoxidized, by maleic anhydride ( Rucigaj, A .; Alic, B .; Krajnc, M .; Sebenik, U. Investigation of Cure Kinetics in a System with Reactant Evaporation: Epoxidized Soybean Oil and Maleic Anhydride Case Study. Eur. Polym. J. 2014, 52, 105-116 or also: Espana, J. M .; SanchezNacher, L .; Boronat, T .; Fombuena, V .; Balart, R. Properties of Biobased Epoxy Resins from Epoxidized Soybean Oil (Esbo) Cured with Maleic Anhydride (Ma). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2012, 89, 2067-2075), or a polyester obtained by crosslinking soybean oil, linseed oil or a mixture of these epoxidized oils, by a mixture of phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride (Samper, MD; Fombuena, V .; Boronat, T .; GarciaSanoguera, D .; Balart, R. Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Epoxy Resins (Elo and Eso) Cured with Anhydrides. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2012, 89, 15211528).

It is also known from the prior art of processes for obtaining polyurethanes obtained by crosslinking of an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains: for example, it is known to obtain a polyurethane by crosslinking of soybeans, epoxidized then carbonated, by monomers or oligomers being diamines (Poussard, L .; Mariage, J .; Grignard, B .; Detrembleur, C .; Jérôme, C .; Calberg, C .; Heinrichs, B. ;

De Winter, J .; Gerbaux, P .; Raquez, J. M .; Bonnaud, L .; Dubois, P. Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes from Carbonated Soybean Oil Using Monomeric or Oligomeric Diamines to Achieve Thermosets or Thermoplastics. Macromolecules 2016, 49, 2162-2171).

The crosslinked oil may have a glass transition temperature close to 0 ° C, in particular a glass transition temperature between -5 ° C and 5 ° C. This range of glass transition temperature values makes it possible to obtain a flexible, non-brittle solidified matrix at ambient temperature and pressures.

The combustible charge can be any suitable combustible charge, in suitable form, to be incorporated during the formation of the solidified matrix. The fuel charge makes it possible in particular to modulate the rate of combustion and / or the calorific value of the fuel composition.

Preferably, the fuel charge is solid. A solid fuel charge has the advantage of not being volatile and of being able to burn slowly, in particular by total combustion. In addition, a solid combustible charge makes it possible to prevent the flow phenomena, in particular in the form of drops, of the solidified matrix during the combustion of the combustible composition. Thus, the incorporation of the solid fuel charge into the solidified matrix makes it possible to lengthen the combustion time of the fuel composition and helps to maintain the structure of the fuel composition well during combustion.

The solid fuel charge can be of fossil origin or from biomass. In particular, the solid fuel charge from biomass can come from lignocellulosic biomass. In this case, the solid fuel load can be formed from residues from the wood and paper industry and agricultural residues. Residues from the wood and paper industry include wood twigs, pieces of crates, wood chips or sawdust, cardboard, paper. Agricultural residues include straw, vegetable fibers, seed hulls, dried algae. The solid fuel charges originating from lignocellulosic biomass and which can form embers during their combustion are advantageously used for uses of the combustible composition as a fire starter or as a fuel for plate warmers.

The solid fuel charge can be incorporated into the solidified matrix in the form of pieces having a size of centimeter order, millimeter order or micrometer order.

Advantageously, the combustible composition comprises from 1% to 90% by mass of solid combustible charge relative to the total weight of said composition. This makes it possible in particular to ensure slow combustion of the combustible composition according to the present invention while maintaining a sufficient flame to cause the ignition of any other solid combustible material in the vicinity, such as wood, coal or stove pellets. The composition may in particular comprise from 5 to 60% by mass, from 10 to 25% by mass or also from 12.5% to 25% by mass of solid fuel charge relative to the total weight of the composition.

The process for the production according to the present invention of a combustible composition from an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains successively comprises:

a step of epoxidizing the unsaturated aliphatic chains of the oil to form an epoxidized oil;

a step of adding a solid combustible charge to the epoxidized oil;

a step of crosslinking the epoxidized oil with a crosslinking agent to form a solidified matrix.

The oil preferably comprises triglycerides of formula (I):

H ₂ CO-CO-R.!

HC- ₀ -CQ-R ₂

H ₂ C —O - CO - R ₃ (D, where the radicals R _i; R ₂ and R ₃ represent, each independently, carbon fatty acid chains, and where at least one of the radicals R _i; R ₂ and R ₃ have at least one unsaturation. A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can in particular be natural fatty acids, having a carbon chain of 4 to 36 carbon atoms. Examples of fatty acids saturated natural, that is to say not presenting unsaturation, are: caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, acid arachidic, behenic acid, lignoceric acid and cerotic acid. Examples of natural unsaturated fatty acids, ie having at least one unsaturation, are: myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, l acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, lino acid leic, Iinolélaïdique acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-y-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, clupanodonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid.

The oil preferably has an average number of unsaturations by triglycerides greater than 2.

The aim of the epoxidation of the unsaturated aliphatic chains of the oil is to transform the unsaturations of the unsaturated aliphatic chains into epoxides. It can in particular be implemented by performic acid, formed in situ by adding dropwise hydrogen peroxide to formic acid.

The step of adding a solid combustible charge to the epoxidized oil takes place after the step of epoxidizing the oil and before the step of adding a crosslinking agent. This makes it possible in particular to be able to distribute the solid fuel charge homogeneously within the epoxidized oil. Stirring means can advantageously be used.

The fuel charge can be any suitable fuel charge, in suitable form, to be added to the epoxidized oil. The fuel charge is preferably solid. It can be of fossil origin or from biomass. In particular, the solid fuel charge from biomass can come from lignocellulosic biomass. In this case, the solid fuel load can be formed from residues from the wood and paper industry and agricultural residues. Residues from the wood and paper industry include wood twigs, pieces of crates, wood chips or sawdust, cardboard, paper. Agricultural residues include straw, vegetable fibers, seed hulls, dried algae.

The solid fuel charge can be added to the epoxidized oil in the form of pieces having a centimeter, millimeter or micrometric size.

Advantageously, the solid fuel charge represents 1% to 90% by mass of the total weight of the fuel composition. The solid fuel charge can represent from 5 to 60% by mass, from 10 to 25% by mass or even from 12.5% to 25% by mass of the total weight of the combustible composition.

The step of adding a crosslinking agent comprising at least two nucleophilic groups is intended to react the epoxy functions with the nucleophilic groups of the crosslinking agent and thus to form new chemical bonds. The oil thus crosslinked forms a solidified matrix.

The crosslinking agent can be a polycarboxylic acid, that is to say an acid comprising more than one carboxyl function. In this case, the solidified matrix is a polyester. In particular, the crosslinking agent can be a di- or tri-carboxylic acid. In particular, the crosslinking agent can be chosen from the group formed by: pentane-1,5-dioic acid, hexane-1,6dioic acid, octane-l, 8-dioic acid, decane acid -1,10-dioic acid, dodecane-1,12-dioic acid, tetradecane-1,14-dioic acid, hexadecane-1,16-dioic acid and 1,2phenylenediacetic acid, acid citric, their mixture.

6. Description of embodiments of the invention

Preparation of a solidified matrix alone and of six samples according to the invention

The preparation of sample no. 1 corresponds to obtaining a solidified matrix alone.

A mixture of used frying oils was used as starting oil for the synthesis of a solidified matrix according to the invention. NMR analysis of the triglycerides contained in the oil indicated an average of 3.9 unsaturations per triglyceride.

In a first step, the oil was epoxidized. The oil (300g, 0.32 mol, 1 equiv.), Toluene (1.4 L) and formic acid (24 mL, 0.64 mol, 2 equiv.) Were introduced into a reactor and stirred. Hydrogen peroxide (35% by weight of water) (143 mL, 1.91 mol, 6 equiv.) Was then added dropwise to the mixture at a temperature of 50 ° C. After 25 hours, the aqueous phase was extracted twice with toluene and the recombinant organic phases were dried (MgSO ₄ ). The solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure and an epoxidized oil was obtained (319 g, 99%).

In a second step, the oil was crosslinked with glutaric acid. The epoxidized oil (3.0 g, 3.0 mmol, 1 equiv.), Glutaric acid (6 mmol, 2 equiv.) And MeONa (16 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.1 equiv.) Were mixed at 120 ° C. The mixture was then poured into a mold and heated for 16 hours at 120 ° C in an oven. A solidified matrix is thus obtained.

Samples 2-7 were obtained in the same manner as sample 1, except that a solid fuel charge was added at the start of the second step. The solid fuel charge composition of samples 1-7 is shown in Table 1 below:

No. sample Fuel load solid Mass ratio (load weight solid fuel / weight fuel composition) 1 - - 2 Hemp 10.5 3 sawdust 12.5 4 sawdust 25 5 seed hulls crushed soybeans roughly 12.5 6 seed hulls micronized soy 12.5 7 seed hulls micronized soy 25

Table 1

Fire / flammability test

A vertical flammability test, type UL9, was carried out on test pieces of size 0.7cmxlcmx4.7cm from samples 1-7 as well as from commercial fire starters purchased for the test: a lighter fire formed from a ball of wood wool (sample

8, “Natural fire lighter with wood wool” from Naturia®, Scandinavian Tobacco Group France), a fire lighter formed from wood and wax (sample 9, “Natural fire lighter cube” from Zip®, Standard Brands) and a fire starter formed from compressed wood impregnated with vegetable wax (sample 10, "Natural fire starter cubes" by HARRIS® French Fire Expert, Harris). For this test, a methane blue flame 2 cm high was applied at an angle of 45 °. The samples were all 4.7 cm long.

Each test was filmed and the following parameters were evaluated:

• t,: the ignition time, ie the minimum time necessary for the sample to start to burn;

·. tf: the apparent combustion time, ie the time during which a flame is observed; it should nevertheless be noted that the samples used for these tests are shorter (4.7cm) than those usually used for this type of test (10cm);

• “dripping”: that is to say the existence or not of a flow of the sample in the form of drops;

• re-ignition, indicating whether or not there is an ignition of the sample which has finished burning the first time if it is re-exposed a second time to a flame;

• embers, indicating whether or not there are embers after the flame has gone out.

The fire test results for samples 1-10 are shown in Table 2 below:

No. sample mass ti t _f Dripping Re- inflammation Embers 1 3.8g 4s 4min 21s YES NO NO 2 3.8g 3s 6min 36s NO NO NO 3 3.8g 3s 7min 08s NO NO YES 4 3.8g 3s 6min 46s NO NO YES 5 3.8g 3s 5min 30s NO NO YES 6 3.8g 4-5s 5min 23s NO NO NO 7 3.8g 3s 4min 45s NO NO YES 8 3.7g 3s 3 min 55s NO NO YES 9 1.8g 3s 2 min 15s NO NO YES 10 2.3g 3s 3 min 27s NO NO YES

Table 2

These results show in particular that samples 2-7 burn without flowing in the form of a drop, by total combustion, and can in some cases form embers.

Samples 2-7 ignite quickly, having a comparable ignition time with natural commercial fire starters. Samples 2-7 have an extended burning time compared to natural commercial fire starters.

Claims (10)

1. A combustible composition comprising a solidified matrix and a combustible filler incorporated into said solidified matrix, said solidified matrix being a crosslinked oil obtained by crosslinking an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains. 2. Combustible composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said oil comprises triglycerides of formula (I): H ₂ CO-CO-R! HC-O-CO-R ₂ I ^/ _H2C _q___qq__r ₃ (l), where the radicals Ri, R ₂ and R ₃ represent, each independently, carbon fatty acid chains, and where at least one of the radicals Ri, R ₂ and R ₃ have at minus an unsaturation. 3. Combustible composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said crosslinked oil is a polyester or a polyurethane. 4. Combustible composition according to claim 3, characterized in that said crosslinking successively comprises: a step of epoxidizing the unsaturated aliphatic chains of said oil to form epoxidized compounds; a step of adding a crosslinking agent comprising at least two nucleophilic groups. 5. A combustible composition according to claim 4, characterized in that said crosslinked oil is a polyester and said crosslinking agent is a polycarboxylic acid. 6. Fuel composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said combustible charge is a solid combustible charge. 7. Fuel composition according to claim 6, characterized in that said solid fuel charge comes from lignocellulosic biomass. 8. Composition according to any one of claims 6 and 7, comprising from 1 to 90%, preferably from 5 to 60%, more preferably from 10 to 25%, by mass of said solid combustible charge relative to the total weight of said composition. 9. A method of manufacturing a combustible composition from an oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains, said method successively comprising: a step of epoxidizing the unsaturated aliphatic chains of said oil to form an epoxidized oil; a step of adding a combustible charge to said epoxidized oil; a step of crosslinking said epoxidized oil with a crosslinking agent to form a solidified matrix. 10. Use of a combustible composition as a fire starter or as a fuel for a tealight, said combustible composition comprising a solidified matrix and a combustible charge incorporated in said solidified matrix, said solidified matrix being a crosslinked oil obtained by crosslinking of a oil comprising residues of unsaturated aliphatic chains.